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'{{Infobox Christian leader | type = Pope| English name=Nicholas V| image=Paus Nicolaas V door Peter Paul Rubens.jpg| birth_name=Tomaso Parentucelli| term_start=March 6, 1447| term_end=March 24, 1455| predecessor=[[Pope Eugene IV|Eugene IV]]| successor=[[Pope Callixtus III|Callixtus III]] | ordination = | ordinated_by = | consecration =17 March, 1447 | consecrated_by = | cardinal =16 December, 1446| birth_date={{birth date|1397|11|15|df=y}}| birth_place= [[Sarzana]], [[Republic of Genoa]] | dead=dead|death_date={{death date and age|1455|3|24|1397|11|15|df=y}}| death_place=[[Rome]], [[Papal States]]| other=Nicholas}} {{Infobox pope styles | image = C o a Niccolo V.svg | dipstyle = [[His Holiness]] | offstyle = Your Holiness | relstyle = Holy Father | deathstyle = None }} {{See also|Antipope Nicholas V}} '''Pope Nicholas V''' ([[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Niccolò V'') (November 15, 1397 – March 24, 1455), born '''Tommaso Parentucelli''', was [[Pope]] from March 6, 1447 to his death in 1455.<ref>Filelfo, Francesco and Diana Robin, ''Odes'', (Harvard University Press, 2009), 370.</ref> ==Biography== He was born at [[Sarzana]], [[Liguria]], where his father was a [[physician]].<ref>Gregorovius, Ferdinand and Annie Hamilton, ''History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages'', (Cambridge University Press, 1900), 106.</ref> His father died while he was young, yet Parentucelli became a tutor, in [[Florence]], to the families of the [[Strozzi]] and [[Albizzi]], where he met the leading [[Humanism|humanist]] scholars. He studied at [[Bologna]] and [[Florence]], gaining a degree in [[theology]] in 1422.<ref>Hay, Denys, ''The Italian Renaissance in its historical background'', (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 164.</ref> [[Bishop]] [[Niccolò Albergati]] was so awe-struck with his capabilities that he took him into his service and gave him the chance to pursue his studies further, by sending him on a tour through [[Germany]], [[France]] and [[England]]. He was able to collect books, for which he had an intellectual's passion, wherever he went. Some of them survive, with his marginal annotations. He attended the [[Council of Florence]]<ref>Hollingsworth, Mary, ''Patronage in Renaissance Italy: From 1400 to the Early Sixteenth Century '', (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 238.</ref> and in 1444, when his patron died, he was appointed [[bishop of Bologna]] in his place.<ref>Terpstra, Gregory, ''Lay Confraternities and Civic Religion in Renaissance Bologna'', (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 34.</ref> Civic disorders at Bologna were prolonged, so [[Pope Eugene IV]] (1431&ndash;1447) soon named him as one of the legates sent to [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]]. He was to assist in negotiating an understanding between the [[Papal States]] and the [[Holy Roman Empire]], regarding undercutting or at least containing the reforming decrees of the [[Council of Basel]] (1431&ndash;1439). His successful diplomacy gained him the reward, on his return to [[Rome]], of the title of [[Cardinal priest]] of [[Santa Susanna]] (December 1446). He was elected Pope in succession to Eugene IV on 6 March of the following year, taking the name of Nicholas V in honour of his early benefactor, [[Niccolò Albergati]]. The eight scant years of his pontificate (1447&ndash;1455) were important in the political, scientific, and literary history of the world. Politically, he made the [[Concordat of Vienna]], or ''Aschaffenburg'' (February 17, 1448) with the German King, [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]] (1440&ndash;1493), by which the decrees of the Council of Basel against papal [[annates]] and reservations were abrogated so far as Germany was concerned; and in the following year he secured a still greater tactical triumph, when the resignation of the [[Antipope Felix V]] (1439&ndash;1449) (7 April) and his own recognition by the rump of the Council of Basel (1431&ndash;39), assembled at [[Lausanne]], put an end to the [[Western Schism]] (1378&ndash;1417). The next year, 1450, Nicholas V held a [[Jubilee (Christian)|Jubilee]] at Rome; and the offerings of the numerous pilgrims who thronged to Rome gave him the means of furthering the cause of culture in Italy, which he had so much at heart. In March 1452 he crowned [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]] as Emperor in [[St. Peter's Basilica|St. Peter's]], the last occasion of the coronation of an [[Emperor]] at Rome. <!--{{infobox popestyles |image = Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg |dipstyle = [[His Holiness]] |offstyle = Your Holiness |relstyle = Holy Father |deathstyle = None |}}--> Within the city of Rome, Nicholas V introduced the fresh spirit of the [[Renaissance]]. His plans were of embellishing the city with new monuments worthy of the capital of the [[Christian]] world. His first care was practical, to reinforce the city's fortifications,<ref>Cheetham, Nicolas, ''Keeper of the Keys'', (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983), 180.</ref> cleaning and even paving some main streets and restoring the water supply. The end of ancient Rome is sometimes dated from the destruction of its magnificent array of [[aqueduct]]s by 6th century invaders. In the [[Middle Ages]] Romans depended for water on wells and cisterns, and the poor dipped their water from the yellow [[Tiber]]. The [[Aqua Virgo]] [[aqueduct (Roman)|aqueduct]], originally constructed by [[Agrippa]], was restored by Pope Nicholas V, and emptied into a simple basin that [[Leon Battista Alberti]] designed, the predecessor of the [[Trevi Fountain]]. But the works on which Nicholas V especially set his heart were the rebuilding of the [[Vatican Palace|Vatican]] and the [[Borgo (rione of Rome)|Borgo]] district, and [[St Peter's Basilica]], where the reborn glories of the papacy were to be focused. He got as far as pulling down part of the ancient basilica, made some alterations to the [[Lateran Palace]] (of which some frescos by [[Fra Angelico]] bear witness), and laid up 2,522 cartloads of marble from the dilapidated [[Colosseum]] for use in the later constructions. [[Image:Filippo Calandrini.jpg|thumb|left|Much later portrait of [[Filippo Calandrini]], the half-brother of Nicholas V, and his [[cardinal-nephew]]]] Under the generous patronage of Nicholas V, [[humanism]] made rapid strides as well. The new humanist learning had been hitherto looked on with suspicion in Rome, a possible source of [[Schism (religion)|schism]] and [[heresy]], an unhealthy interest in [[paganism]]. Nicholas V instead employed [[Lorenzo Valla]] to translate Greek histories,<ref>Sider, Sandra, ''Handbook to Life in Renaissance Europe'', (Oxford University Press, 2005), 147.</ref> pagan as well as Christian, into [[Latin]]. This industry, coming just before the dawn of [[printing]], contributed enormously to the sudden expansion of the intellectual horizon. Nicholas V founded a library of nine thousand volumes. The Pope himself was a man of vast erudition, and his friend Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, later [[Pope Pius II]] (1458&ndash;1464), said of him that "what he does not know is outside the range of human knowledge." He was compelled, however, to add that the lustre of his pontificate would be forever dulled by the [[fall of Constantinople]], which the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] took in 1453. The Pope bitterly felt this catastrophe as a double blow to [[Christendom]] and to [[Greek literature|Greek letters]]. "It is a second death," wrote Aeneas Silvius, "to Homer and [[Plato]]." Nicholas V preached a [[crusade]], and endeavoured to reconcile the mutual animosities of the Italian states, but without much success. He did not live long enough to see the effect of the Greek scholars armed with unimagined manuscripts, who began to find their way to Italy. In undertaking these works Nicholas V was moved "to strengthen the weak faith of the populace by the greatness of that which it sees." The Roman populace, however, appreciated neither his motives nor their results, and in 1452 a formidable conspiracy for the overthrow of the papal government, under the leadership of [[Stefano Porcaro]], was discovered and crushed. This revelation of disaffection, together with the fall of Constantinople in 1453, darkened the last years of Pope Nicholas V. "As Thomas of Sarzana," he said, "I had more happiness in a day than now in a whole year." == Pope Nicholas V and slavery == Nicholas issued the bull "[[Dum Diversas]]" (June 18, 1452) in response to a request from the Portuguese monarchy. King Alfonso V was conferred the right to "attack, conquer, and subjugate Saracens, Pagans and other enemies of Christ wherever they may be found." It gave title over all lands and possessions seized and permitted the Portuguese to take the inhabitants and consign them to perpetual slavery. The geographical area of the concession given in the bull is not explicit but Richard Raiswell{{Who|date=January 2011}} argues that the use of the terms "pagans" and "other enemies of Christ" indicates the scope of the bull was applicable to the newly discovered lands along the west coast of Africa and that the ambiguity of the text was such that it encouraged the Portuguese to extend their explorations further afield. He further argues that the use of crusading language in the bull served to make the Christian-Muslim relationship the model for Africa.<ref>"The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery", Richard Raiswell, p. 469</ref> The ownership of the [[Canary Islands]] continued to be a source of dispute between Spain and Portugal and Nicholas was asked to settle the matter, ultimately in favor of the Portuguese.<ref>Stogre, p. 65</ref> The bull issued by Nicholas "[[Romanus Pontifex]]" (8 January 1455) reaffirmed "Dum Diversas" and also sanctioned the purchase of black slaves from "the infidel".<ref>"Black Africans in Renaissance Europe", P. 281</ref> According to Raiswell (1997) he expressed enthusiasm when recalling the number of slaves that had been captured<!--“many Guineans and other Negroes were taken thence by force, and some by barter.” -->, brought back to Portugal, baptised and expressed his hope that the entire populations of these new found lands would be converted. Stogre (1992) notes that this bull, perhaps in part due to misleading information provided by the Portuguese, introduced the concept of military force, rather than peaceful evangelisation, for missionary purposes and that it applied to lands that had never previously been subject to Christian ownership, subsequently leading to the "brutal dispossession and enslavement of the indigenous population".<ref>Stogre, p. 66</ref> The bull also conferred exclusive trading rights to the Portuguese between Morocco and the Indies with the rights to conquer and convert the inhabitants.<ref>The Historical Encyclopedia of world slavery", Richard Raiswell, p. 469</ref> A significant concession given by Nicholas in a brief issued to King Alfonso in 1454 extended the rights granted to existing territories to all those that might be taken in the future.<ref>"''Slavery and the Catholic Church"'', John Francis Maxwell, p. 55, Barry Rose Publishers, 1975</ref> It is argued that collectively the two bulls issued by Nicholas gave the Portuguese the rights to acquire slaves along the African coast by force or trade. The concessions given in them were confirmed by bulls issued by Pope Calixtus III "Inter Caetera quae" (1456), Sixtus IV "Aeterni regis" (1481) and Leo X (1514) and they became the models for subsequent bulls issued by Pope Alexander VI : "Eximiae devotionis" (May 3, 1493), "[[Inter Caetera]]" (May 4, 1493) and "Dudum Siquidem (September 23, 1493) when he conferred similar rights to Spain relating to the newly discovered lands in the Americas.<ref>"The Historical Encyclopedia of world slavery", Richard Raiswell, p. 469, "Black Africans in Renaissance Europe", P. 281, Luis N. Rivera, 1992, p. 25</ref> ==See also== *[[Ludwig von Pastor]] *[[Romanus Pontifex]] *[[Dum Diversas]]* == References == * "''The Historical Encyclopedia of World slavery''", Editor Junius P. Rodriguez, ABC-CLIO, 1997, ISBN 0874368855 * "''That the world may believe: the development of Papal social thought on aboriginal rights''", Michael Stogre S.J, Médiaspaul, 1992, ISBN 2890395499 ** "''A violent evangelism''", Luis N. Rivera, Luis Rivera Pagán [http://www.synodne.org/article.php/20070507103958523/print], Westminster John Knox Press, 1992, ISBN 0664253679 == Notes == <references/> == External links == *''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 1911 *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11058a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' 1908]: Nicholas V. *[http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/indig-romanus-pontifex.html Full text of his Papal Bull ''Pontifex Romanus'' in English translation] : {{s-start}} {{s-rel|ca}} {{s-bef|before=[[Pope Eugene IV|Eugene IV]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Pope]]|years=1447&ndash;1455}} {{s-aft|after=[[Pope Calixtus III|Calixtus III]]}} {{end}} {{Popes}} {{Catholicism}} {{History of the Roman Catholic Church}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nicholas 5}} [[Category:1397 births]] [[Category:1455 deaths]] [[Category:People from Sarzana]] [[Category:Italian popes]] [[Category:15th-century Roman Catholic bishops]] [[Category:15th-century Italian people]] [[Category:Italian Renaissance humanists]] [[Category:Defenders of slavery]] [[Category:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica]] [[Category:Renaissance Papacy]] [[ar:نيقولا الخامس]] [[af:Pous Nicolaas V]] [[be:Мікалай V, Папа Рымскі]] [[br:Nikolaz V]] [[bg:Николай V]] [[ca:Nicolau V]] [[cs:Mikuláš V.]] [[da:Pave Nikolaus 5.]] [[de:Nikolaus V. (Papst)]] [[et:Nicolaus V]] [[el:Πάπας Νικόλαος Ε΄]] [[es:Nicolás V]] [[eo:Nikolao la 5-a]] [[eu:Nikolas V.a]] [[fa:نیکلاس پنجم]] [[fr:Nicolas V]] [[gl:Nicolao V, papa]] [[ko:교황 니콜라오 5세]] [[hr:Nikola V.]] [[id:Paus Nikolas V]] [[it:Papa Niccolò V]] [[he:ניקולאס החמישי]] [[jv:Paus Nikolas V]] [[ka:ნიკოლოზ V (პაპი)]] [[sw:Papa Nikolasi V]] [[la:Nicolaus V]] [[lt:Mikalojus V]] [[hu:V. Miklós pápa]] [[mk:Папа Никола V]] [[mr:पोप निकोलस पाचवा]] [[nl:Paus Nicolaas V]] [[ja:ニコラウス5世 (ローマ教皇)]] [[no:Nikolas V]] [[pl:Mikołaj V]] [[pt:Papa Nicolau V]] [[ro:Papa Nicolae al V-lea]] [[ru:Николай V (папа римский)]] [[scn:Nicculò V]] [[sk:Mikuláš V.]] [[sl:Papež Nikolaj V.]] [[fi:Nikolaus V]] [[sv:Nicolaus V]] [[tl:Nicolás V]] [[th:สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปานิโคลัสที่ 5]] [[uk:Миколай V]] [[vec:Papa Niccolò V]] [[vi:Giáo hoàng Nicôla V]] [[war:Papa Nicolas V]] [[yo:Pope Nicholas V]] [[zh:尼各老五世]]'