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'{{Infobox military conflict |image= |caption= |conflict=Pueblo Revolt |partof=[[Spanish colonization of the Americas]] |date=August 10–21, 1680 |place=[[Santa Fe de Nuevo México]], [[New Spain]] |result=Pueblo victory |combatant1=[[File:Flag_of_New_Spain.svg|22px|Kingdom of Spain]] [[Kingdom of Spain]] |combatant2='''[[Puebloan peoples|Revolting Puebloans]]''' *[[Taos Pueblo|Taos]] *[[Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico|Picuris]] *[[Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico|Jemez]] *[[Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico|Kha'p'oo Owinge]] *[[Santo Domingo Pueblo, New Mexico|Kewa]] *[[Tesuque Pueblo|Tesuque]] *[[Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico|Ohkay Owingeh]] *[[Nambé Pueblo, New Mexico|Nambé]] |commander1=[[File:Flag_of_New_Spain.svg|22px|Kingdom of Spain]] [[Antonio de Otermín]] |commander2=[[Popé]]<br> see list below for others |strength1= |strength2= |casualties1=400, including civilians |casualties2=Unknown }} {{Campaignbox Indian Wars of northwest New Spain}} The''' Pueblo Revolt''' of 1680, or '''Popé's Rebellion''', was an uprising of several [[pueblo]]s of the [[Pueblo people]] against [[Spain|Spanish]] colonization of the [[Americas]] in the province of [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México]].<ref name="Zia_History">pg 189 - {{cite book | last = David Pike| authorlink = | title = Roadside New Mexico |edition= August 15, 2004|pages= 440 | publisher = University of New Mexico Press| isbn= 0826331181|language=}}</ref> ==Background== Primarily due to their denigration and prohibition of their traditional religion, many Pueblo people harbored a latent hostility toward the Spanish. The Spanish also disrupted the traditional economy of the pueblos, the people being forced to labor on the colonists' [[encomienda]]s.<ref>Sando, Joe S., ''Pueblo Nations: Eight Centuries of Pueblo Indian History'', Clear Light Publishers, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1992 pp. 59–60</ref> Some Pueblo people may have also been forced to labor in the mines of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]. However, the Spanish had also introduced new farming implements and likewise provided some measure of security against [[Navajo people|Navajo]] and [[Apache]] raiding parties. As a result, the Pueblos had lived in relative peace with the Spanish since the founding of the Northern New Mexico colony in 1598. In the 1670s, drought swept the region, which caused famine among the Pueblo and provoked increased attacks from neighboring nomadic tribes—attacks against which Spanish soldiers were unable to defend. At the same time, European-introduced diseases were ravaging the natives, greatly decreasing their numbers. Unsatisfied with the protection offered by the [[Spanish monarchy|Spanish crown]] and disenchanted with the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] religion it had brought along, the people turned to their old religions. This provoked a wave of repression on the part of [[Franciscan]] missionaries. While previously the church and Spanish officials tended to ignore occasional manifestations of the old religion as long as the Puebloans attended mass and maintained a public veneer of Catholicism, Fray [[Alonso de Posada]] (in New Mexico 1656–1665) "forbade [[Kachina]] dances by the Pueblo Indians and ordered the missionaries to seize every mask, prayer stick, and effigy they could lay their hands on and burn them&nbsp;... In matters regarding their religion, the Pueblos of the seventeenth Century were not that different from those of today. To give up their religion would have been like giving up life itself." <ref>Sando, Joe S., ''Pueblo Nations: Eight Centuries of Pueblo Indian History'', Clear Light Publishers, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1992 pp. 61–62</ref> Several Spanish officials, such as [[Nicolas de Aguilar]], who attempted to curb the power of the Franciscans were charged with heresy and tried before the [[Inquisition]]. In 1675, Governor [[Juan Francisco Treviño]] ordered the arrest of forty-seven Pueblo [[Medicine man|medicine men]] and accused them of practicing "[[sorcery]]". <ref> Sando, Joe S., Pueblo Nations: Eight Centuries of Pueblo Indian History, Clear Light Publishers, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1992 p. 63 </ref> Four medicine men were sentenced to death by hanging; three of those sentences were carried out, while the fourth prisoner committed suicide. The remaining men were publicly whipped and sentenced to prison. When this news reached the Pueblo leaders, they moved in force to [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], where the prisoners were held. Because a large number of Spanish soldiers were away fighting the Apache, Governor Treviño released the prisoners. Among those released was a [[Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo|San Juan]] (called "Ohkay Owingeh" by the Pueblo) Indian named "[[Popé]]" (pronounced Po'Pay).<ref>Sando, Joe S., ''Pueblo Nations: Eight Centuries of Pueblo Indian History'', Clear Light Publishers, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1992 p. 63</ref> ==Rebellion== Following his release, [[Popé]], along with a number of other Pueblo leaders (see list below), planned and orchestrated the Pueblo Revolt. He plotted the revolt from [[Taos, New Mexico]]. Popé dispatched runners to all the Pueblos carrying knotted cords, the knots signifying the number of days remaining until the appointed day. Each morning the Pueblo leadership was to untie one knot from the cord, and when the last knot was untied, that would be the signal for them to rise against the Spaniards in unison. The day for the attack had been fixed for August 11, 1680, but the Spaniards learned of the revolt after capturing two [[Tesuque Pueblo]] youths entrusted with carrying the message to the pueblos. Popé then ordered the execution of the plot on August 10, before the uprising could be put down. The attack was commenced by the Taos, [[Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico|Picuris]], and [[Tewa people|Tewa]] Indians in their respective pueblos. They killed twenty-one of the province's forty Franciscans, and another three hundred and eighty Spaniards, including men, women, and children. Spanish settlers fled to [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], the only Spanish city, and [[Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo|Isleta Pueblo]], one of the few Pueblos that did not participate in the rebellion. Meanwhile Popé's insurgents besieged Santa Fe, surrounding the city and cutting off its water supply. New Mexico Governor [[Antonio de Otermín]], barricaded in the [[Palace of the Governors|Governor’s Palace]], called for a general retreat. On August 21 the remaining 3,000 Spanish settlers streamed out of the capital city and headed for [[El Paso del Norte]]. The Pueblo Indians acquired horses from the Spanish, thus allowing the further spread of horses to the Plains tribes.<ref name="Horses">pg 32 - {{cite book | last = Phillip M. White| authorlink = | title = American Indian chronology |edition= August 30, 2006|pages= 184 | publisher = Greenwood Press| isbn= 0313338205|language=}}</ref> Believing themselves the only survivors, the refugees at Isleta left for [[Ciudad Juárez#History|El Paso del Norte]] on September 15. ==Popé's world== [[File:Pope-SR-03.jpg|thumb|159px|right|Statue of Popé, now in the [[National Statuary Hall]] Collection in the US [[United States Capitol|Capitol Building]] as one of [[New Mexico]]'s two statues.]] The retreat of the Spaniards left New Mexico in the power of the Pueblos.<ref name="newmexicohistory">{{cite web |year= 2009 |url = http://www.newmexicohistory.org/filedetails.php?fileID=481|title = Bartolome de Ojeda|format = |publisher = New Mexico Office of the State Historian| accessdate = July 6, 2009 | last=Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint |quote=}}</ref> Popé was a mysterious figure in the history of the southwest as there are many tales of what happened to him after the revolt had transpired. One tale tells that he ordered the Puebloan people, under penalty of death, to burn or destroy crosses and other religious imagery, as well as any other vestige of the Roman Catholic religion and Spanish culture, including Spanish livestock and fruit trees. He supposedly also forbade the planting of wheat and barley. Popé supposedly went so far as to command those Indians who had been married according to the rites of the Catholic Church to dismiss their wives and to take others after the old native tradition. Another tale says that he left after the revolt to Taos where he lived out the rest of his days incognito to avoid persecution from the returning Spaniards and the anger of the Puebloans who didn't support him during the revolt. Another tale states that he simply disappeared.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} In short no living person actually knows what happened to Pope, but his impact on the native population of New Mexico will forever be felt.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} Following their success, the diverse Pueblo tribes, separated by hundreds of miles and eight different languages, quarreled as to who would occupy Santa Fe and rule over the country. These power struggles, combined with raids from nomadic tribes, Spanish raids (including the destruction of Zia with 600 Indians killed<ref name="600_Killed">pg 33 - {{cite book | last = Margaret Szasz| authorlink = | title = Between Indian and White Worlds|edition= September 2001|pages= 386 | publisher = University of Oklahoma Press| isbn= 0806133856|language=}}</ref>) and a seven-year drought, weakened the Pueblo resolve and set the stage for a Spanish reconquest. =="Bloodless" reconquest== In July 1692, [[Diego de Vargas]] returned to Santa Fe with a converted Zia war captain, Bartolomé de Ojeda.<ref name="600_Killed"/> Vargas, with only six soldiers, seven cannon (which he used as leverage against the Pueblo inside Santa Fe), and one Franciscan priest, entered the city before dawn and called on the Indians, promising clemency and protection if they would swear allegiance to [[Charles II of Spain|the King of Spain]] and return to the Christian faith. The Indian leaders gathered in Santa Fe, met with Vargas and Ojeda, and agreed to peace. On September 14, 1692,<ref name="Kiva">Kessell, John L., 1979. ''Kiva, Cross & Crown: The Pecos Indians and New Mexico, 1540-1840''. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior: Washington, DC.</ref> Vargas proclaimed a formal act of repossession. It was the thirteenth town he had reconquered for God and King in this manner, he wrote jubilantly to [[Gaspar de la Cerda, 8th Count of Galve|the Conde de Galve]], [[viceroyalty of New Spain|viceroy of New Spain]].<ref name="Kiva"/> Though the 1692 agreement to peace was bloodless, in the years that followed Vargas maintained increasingly severe control over the increasingly defiant Pueblo. During Vargas's absence from Santa Fe in 1693 the Pueblo retook the city. Vargas and his forces staged a quick and bloody recapture that concluded with seventy executions and 400 Pueblo sentenced to ten years' servitude.<ref name="Restored"/> In 1696 the Indians of fourteen pueblos attempted a second organized revolt, launched with the murders of five missionaries and thirty-four settlers and using weapons the Spanish themselves had traded to the Indians over the years; Vargas's retribution was unmerciful, thorough and prolonged.<ref name="Restored">Kessell, John L., Rick Hendricks, and Meredith D. Dodge (eds.), 1995. ''To the Royal Crown Restored (The Journals of Don Diego De Vargas, New Mexico, 1692-94).'' University of New Mexico Press: Albuquerque.</ref><ref>Kessell, John L., Rick Hendricks, and Meredith D. Dodge (eds.), 1998. ''Blood on the Boulders (The Journals of Don Diego De Vargas, New Mexico, 1694-97)''. University of New Mexico Press: Albuquerque.</ref> By the end of the century the last resisting Pueblo had scattered and the Spanish reconquest was essentially complete. While their independence from the Spaniards was short-lived, the Pueblo Revolt granted the Pueblo Indians a measure of freedom from future Spanish efforts to eradicate their culture and religion following the reconquest. Moreover, the Spanish issued substantial land grants to each Pueblo and appointed a public defender to protect the rights of the Indians and argue their legal cases in the Spanish courts. ==In the arts== In 1995, in [[Albuquerque]], La Compañía de Teatro de Albuquerque produced the bilingual play ''[[Casi Hermanos]]'', written by [[Ramon Flores]] and [[James Lujan]]. It depicted events leading up to the Pueblo Revolt, inspired by accounts of two half-brothers who met on opposite sides of the battlefield. In 2005, in Los Angeles, Native Voices at the Autry produced ''[[Kino and Teresa]]'', an adaptation of ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' written by Taos Pueblo playwright James Lujan. Set five years after the Spanish Reconquest of 1692, the play links actual historical figures with their literary counterparts to dramatize how both sides learned to live together and form the culture that is present-day New Mexico. The Pueblo Revolt is referred to in the ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' episode "[[Journey's End (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|Journey's End]]," in which Capt. [[Jean-Luc Picard]] learns that an ancestor of his, Javier Maribona Picard, helped suppress the uprising. hi im bob ==Pueblo revolt leaders and their home pueblos== * ''Ku-htihth'' ([[Cochiti Pueblo|Cochiti]]): Antonio Malacate * ''Galisteo'' ([[Galisteo_Basin#History|Galisteo]]): Juan El Tano * ''Walatowa'' ([[Jemez Pueblo|Jemez]]): Luis Conixu * ''Nambé'' ([[Nambé Pueblo|Nambé]]): Diego Xenome * ''Welai'' ([[Picuris Pueblo|Picuris]]): [[Luis Tupatu]] (White Elk) * ''Powhogeh'' ([[San Ildefonso Pueblo|San Ildefonso]]): Francisco El Ollito and Nicolas de la Cruz Jonv * ''Ohkay'' ([[Ohkay Owingeh|San Juan]]): Po'pay and Tagu * ''San Lazaro'': Antonio Bolsas and Cristobal Yope * ''Khapo'' ([[Santa Clara Pueblo|Santa Clara]]): Domingo Naranjo and Cajete * ''Kewa'' ([[Santo Domingo Pueblo|Santo Domingo]]): Alonzo Catiti * ''Teotho'' ([[Taos Pueblo|Taos]]): El Saca * ''Tehsugeh'' ([[Tesuque Pueblo|Tesuque]]): Domingo Romero <ref>Sando, Joe S. and Herman Agoyo, editors, ''Po'pay: Leader of the First American Revolution'', Clear Light Publishing, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 2005 p. 110</ref> ==See also== *[[List of conflicts in the United States]] *[[Spanish missions in New Mexico]] *[[Fiestas de Santa Fe]] *[[Zozobra]] *[[King Philip's War]] *[[Indian massacre of 1622]] ==References== <references /> ==Bibliography== *Knaut, Andrew L. ''The Pueblo Revolt of 1680'', Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995. 14. *Ponce, Pedro, "Trouble for the Spanish, the Pueblo Revolt of 1680", ''Humanities'', November/December 2002, Volume 23/Number 6. [http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2002-11/pueblorevolt.html] *PBS [http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/events/1650_1800.htm ''The West'' - Events from 1650 to 1800] *Salpointe, Jean Baptiste, ''Soldiers of the Cross; Notes on the Ecclesiastical History of New-Mexico, Arizona and Colorado'', Salisbury, N.C.: Documentary Publications, 1977 (reprint from 1898). *Simmons, Mark, ''New Mexico: An Interpretive History'', Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1977. *Weber, David J. ed., ''What Caused the Pueblo Revolt of 1680?'' New York: Bedford/St. Martin's Press, 1999. *Preucel, Robert W., 2002. ''Archaeologies of the Pueblo Revolt: Identity, Meaning, and Renewal in the Pueblo World''. University of New Mexico Press: Albuquerque. ==External links== *[http://www.ancientweb.org/America/index.htm ancientweb.org/America] * PBS: [http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/one/pueblo.htm ''The West - Archives of the West.''] "Letter of the governor and captain-general, Don Antonio de Otermin, from New Mexico, in which he gives him a full account of what has happened to him since the day the Indians surrounded him. [September 8, 1680.]" Retrieved Nov. 2, 2009. *[http://www.desertusa.com/ind1/P_rebellion.html Pueblo Rebellion] [[Category:Conflicts in 1680]] [[Category:High-importance New Mexico articles]] [[Category:High-importance articles|New Mexico articles]] [[Category:Native American history of New Mexico]] [[Category:Pueblo culture]] [[Category:Rebellions in the United States]] [[Category:Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America]] [[Category:17th-century rebellions]] [[de:Pueblo-Aufstand]] [[nv:Kiisʼáanii Naakáí yikʼéʼ daʼdéísdlį́į́h]] [[eo:Ribelo de Puebloj]] [[fr:Révolte des Pueblos]] [[it:Rivolta Pueblo]] [[nl:Pueblo-opstand]] [[ja:プエブロの反乱]] [[no:Pueblo-opprøret]] [[fi:Pueblo-kapina]]'