Examine individual changes

'{{For|the baseball player known as the Big Tilde|Magglio Ordóñez}} {{ref improve|date=November 2011}} {{SpecialChars}} {{Punctuation marks|&#x007e;&nbsp;&#x25cc;&#x0303;}} The '''tilde''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|t|ɪ|l|d|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|t|ɪ|l|d|i}}; '''˜''' or '''~''' ) is a [[grapheme]] with several uses. The name of the character comes from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]], from the [[Latin]] ''[[wikt:titulus|titulus]]'' meaning "title" or "superscription", though the term "tilde" has evolved and now has a different meaning in [[linguistics]]. It was originally written over a letter as a mark of [[abbreviation]], but has since acquired a number of other uses as a [[diacritic]] mark or a character in its own right. These are encoded in Unicode at {{unichar|0303|Combining Tilde|cwith=&#x25cc;}} and {{unichar|007e|Tilde|note=as a spacing character}}. And there are [[#Similar characters|additional similar characters]] for different roles. In [[lexicography]], the tilde as a separate character or '''[[swung dash]]''' ({{Unicode|⁓}}) is used in dictionaries to indicate the omission of the entry word.<ref>[http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=swung%20dash WordNet Search 3.0<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{Dead link|date=November 2009}}</ref> ==Common use== This symbol (in English) sometimes means "approximately", such as "~30 minutes ago" meaning "approximately 30 minutes ago".<ref name="bymath1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bymath.com/symbols/symbols.html |title=All Elementary Mathematics - Mathematical symbols dictionary |publisher=Bymath.com |accessdate=11 November 2011}}</ref> It can mean "similar to",<ref name="htmlhelp1">{{cite web|author=Liam Quinn |url=http://htmlhelp.com/reference/html40/entities/symbols.html |title=HTML 4.0 Entities for Symbols and Greek Letters |publisher=Htmlhelp.com |accessdate=11 November 2011}}</ref> including "of the same [[order of magnitude]] as",<ref name=wolfram_tilde>{{cite web|url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Tilde.html |title=Tilde - from Wolfram MathWorld |publisher=Mathworld.wolfram.com |date=3 November 2011 |accessdate=11 November 2011}}</ref> such as "x ~ y" meaning that x and y are of the same order of magnitude. Another [[approximation]] symbol is [[≈]], meaning "approximately equal to."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.solving-math-problems.com/math-symbols-approximately-equal.html |title=Math Symbols . . . Those Most Valuable and Important: Approximately Equal Symbol |publisher=Solving-math-problems.com |date=20 September 2010 |accessdate=11 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/2245/index.htm |title=Unicode Character 'APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO' (U+2245) |publisher=Fileformat.info |accessdate=11 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="htmlhelp1"/><ref name="bymath1"/> ==Diacritical use== In some languages, the tilde is used as a [[diacritic]]al mark ('''&thinsp;˜&thinsp;''') placed over a [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] to indicate a change in pronunciation, such as [[nasalization]]. ===Pitch=== It was first used in the [[Greek diacritics|polytonic orthography]] of [[Ancient Greek]], as a variant of the [[circumflex]], representing a rise in [[pitch accent|pitch]] followed by a return to standard pitch. ===Abbreviation=== [[Image:Hic Fabricatur Naves.jpg|left|thumb|''[[Carta marina]]'' showing Finnish economy, with the captions ''Hic fabricantur naves'' and ''Hic fabricantur [[Bombard (weapon)|bombarde]]'' abbreviated]] Later, it was used to make [[scribal abbreviation|abbreviation]]s in medieval [[Latin language|Latin]] documents. When an ⟨n⟩ or ⟨m⟩ followed a vowel, it was often omitted, and a tilde (i.e., a small ⟨n⟩) was placed over the preceding vowel to indicate the missing letter; this is the origin of the use of tilde to indicate nasalization. (Compare [[Umlaut (diacritic)#Umlaut|the development of the umlaut]] as an abbreviation of ⟨e⟩.) The practice of using the tilde over a vowel to indicate omission of an ⟨n⟩ or ⟨m⟩ continued in printed books in [[French language|French]] as a means of reducing text length until the 17th century. It was also used in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. The tilde was also used occasionally to make other abbreviations, such as over the letter ⟨q⟩ ("[[wikt:q̃|q̃]]") to signify the word ''que'' ("that"). ===Nasalization=== It is also as a small ⟨n⟩ that the tilde originated when written above another letters, marking a [[Latin language|Latin]] ⟨n⟩ which had been [[elision|elided]] in old Galician-Portuguese. It indicates nasalization of the base vowel: ''mão'' "hand", from Lat. ''manu-''; ''razões'' "reasons", from Lat. ''rationes''. Current languages and alphabets in which the tilde is used as a sign of [[nasalization]] include: * [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] * Several [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|native languages of South America]], such as [[Guarani language|Guarani]] and [[Nheengatu]], inherited from Portuguese. * In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) and many other phonetic alphabets. For example, {{IPA|[ljɔ̃]}} is the transcription of the pronunciation of the word "Lyon" in French (inherited from Portuguese as well). In [[Breton language|Breton]], the symbol ⟨ñ⟩ after a vowel means that the letter ⟨n⟩ serves only to give the vowel a nasalised pronunciation, without being itself pronounced, as it normally is. For example ⟨an⟩ gives the pronunciation {{IPA|[ãn]}} whereas ⟨añ⟩ gives {{IPA|[ã]}}. ===Palatal n=== The tilded ⟨n⟩ (⟨ñ⟩, ⟨Ñ⟩) developed from the digraph ⟨nn⟩ in Spanish. In this language, ⟨ñ⟩ is considered a separate letter called ''[[Ñ|eñe]]'' ({{IPA-es|ˈeɲe|IPA}}), rather than a letter-diacritic combination; it is placed in Spanish dictionaries between the letters ⟨n⟩ and ⟨o⟩. In addition, the word ''tilde'' can refer to any diacritic in this language; for example, the acute accent in ''José'' is also called a ''tilde'' in Spanish.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ortografía de la lengua española |year=2010 |publisher=Real Academia Española |location=Madrid |isbn=978-84-670-3426-4 |page=279 }}</ref> Current languages in which the tilded ⟨n⟩ (⟨ñ⟩) is used for the [[palatal nasal]] consonant {{IPA|/ɲ/}} include: * [[Asturian language|Asturian]] * [[Basque language|Basque]] * [[Filipino language|Filipino]] * [[Galician language|Galician]] * [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]] * [[Mapudungun]] * [[Papiamento]] * [[Spanish language|Spanish]] * [[Tetum language|Tetum]] ===Tone=== In [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], a tilde over a vowel represents a dipping [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] (''nigã''). ===International Phonetic Alphabet=== In [[phonetics]], a tilde is used as a diacritic either placed above a letter, below it or [[superimpose]]d onto the middle of it (see [[IPA diacritics|International Phonetic Alphabet → Diacritics]]): * A tilde above a letter indicates [[nasalization]], e.g. {{IPA|[ã], [ṽ]}}. * A tilde superimposed onto the middle of a letter indicates [[velarization]] or [[pharyngealization]], e.g. {{IPA|[ɫ], [z̴]}}. If no precomposed [[unicode]] character exists, the unicode character 'COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY' (U+0334) "&nbsp;̴&nbsp;" can be used to generate one. * A tilde below a letter indicates [[Creaky voice|laryngealisation]], e.g. {{IPA|[d̰]}}. If no precomposed unicode character exists, the unicode character 'COMBINING TILDE BELOW' (U+0330) "&nbsp;̰&nbsp;" can be used to generate one. ===Letter extension=== In [[Estonian language|Estonian]], the symbol ⟨õ⟩ stands for the [[close-mid back unrounded vowel]], and it is considered an independent letter. ===Other uses=== Some languages and alphabets use the tilde for other purposes: * [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: A symbol resembling the tilde ([[Arabic diacritics#Maddah|madda]]) is used over the letter ⟨ا⟩ to become ⟨[[آ]]⟩, denoting a long {{IPA|/aː/}} sound ({{IPA|[ʔæː]}}). * [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]]: The tilded ⟨G̃⟩ (note that ⟨G/g⟩ with tilde is not available as a precomposed glyph in [[Unicode]]) stands for the [[velar nasal]] consonant. Also, the tilded ⟨y⟩ (⟨Ỹ⟩) stands for the nasalized upper central rounded vowel {{IPA|[ɨ̃]}}. * [[Unicode]] has a [[combining character|combining]] vertical tilde character, {{unicode|&nbsp;̾&nbsp;}} (U+033E). It is used to indicate [[tone accent|middle tone]] in linguistic transcription of certain dialects of the [[Lithuanian language]]<ref>Lithuanian Standards Board (LST), [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2597.pdf proposal for a zigazag diacritic].</ref> and for transliteration of the [[Cyrillic]] palatalization sign, {{unicode|&nbsp;҄&nbsp;}} (U+0484).{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} ==Similar characters== There are a number of [[Unicode]] characters similar to the tilde. {| class="wikitable Unicode" |- ! Character ! Code point ! Name ! Comments |- | ~ || U+007E || TILDE || |- | ˜ || U+02DC || SMALL TILDE || |- | ◌̃ || U+0303 || COMBINING TILDE || |- | ◌̰ || U+0330 || COMBINING TILDE BELOW || Used in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] to indicate [[creaky voice]] |- | ◌̴ || U+0334 || COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY || Used in IPA to indicate [[velarization]] or [[pharyngealization]] |- | ס֘ || U+0598 || HEBREW ACCENT ZARQA|| [[Hebrew]] [[cantillation]] mark |- | ס֮ || U+05AE || HEBREW ACCENT ZINOR || Hebrew cantillation mark |- | ◌᷉ || U+1DC9 || COMBINING ACUTE-GRAVE-ACUTE || Used in IPA as a [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] mark |- | ⁓ || U+2053 || SWUNG DASH || |- | ∼ || U+223C || TILDE OPERATOR || Used in mathematics |- | ∽ || U+223D || REVERSED TILDE || <small>In some fonts it is the tilde's simple [[mirror image]]; others extend the tips to resemble a [[∞]]</small> |- | ∿ || U+223F || SINE WAVE || |- | ≈ || U+2248 || ALMOST EQUAL TO || |- | 〜 || U+301C || WAVE DASH || Used in [[Japanese punctuation#Wave dash|Japanese punctuation]] |- | 〰 || U+3030 || WAVY DASH || |- | ﹋ || U+FE4B || WAVY OVERLINE || |- | ﹏ || U+FE4F || WAVY LOW LINE || |- | ～ || U+FF5E || FULLWIDTH TILDE || |} ==Punctuation== The swung dash (~) is used in various ways in punctuation: ===Range=== In some languages (though not English), a tilde-like wavy dash may be used as [[punctuation]] (instead of an unspaced [[hyphen]] or [[en-dash]]) between two [[number]]s, to indicate a [[Interval (mathematics)|range]] rather than [[subtraction]] or a hyphenated number (such as a part number or model number). For example, 12~15 means "12 to 15", ~3 means "up to three" and 100~ means "100 and greater". [[Japanese (language)|Japanese]] and other [[East Asian languages]] almost always use this convention, but it is often done for clarity in some other languages as well. [[Chinese language|Chinese]] uses the wavy dash and full-width em dash interchangeably for this purpose. In English, the tilde is often used to express ranges and model numbers in [[electronics]] but rarely in formal grammar or type-set documents, as a wavy dash preceding a number sometimes represents an approximation (see the Mathematics section, below). ===Japanese=== {{further|[[Japanese punctuation#Wave dash|Japanese punctuation]]}} The {{Nihongo|'''wave dash'''|波ダッシュ|nami dasshu}} is used for various purposes in Japanese, including to denote ranges of numbers, in place of dashes or brackets, and to indicate origin. The wave dash is also used to separate a title and a subtitle in the same line, as a [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] is used in English. When used in conversations via email or instant messenger it may be used as a [[sarcasm mark]] or, in East Asia, as an extension of the final syllable to produce the same effect as “whyyyyyy” with “why〜〜”. Used at the end of a word or sentence in text communications, it often denotes something said in a sing-song or playful voice, or similar to the use in instant messengers and email, depending on context. In some contexts, the tilde represents a lustful or exhausted sigh: "Hello there~." ====Unicode and Shift JIS encoding of wave dash==== {{double image|right|Wave Dash.svg|100|Wave Dash2.svg|100|Correct JIS wave dash.|Incorrect Unicode wave dash.|Correct JIS wave dash.|Incorrect Unicode wave dash.}} In practice the {{Nihongo|'''full-width tilde'''|全角チルダ|zenkaku chiruda}} (Unicode U+FF5E) is often used instead of the {{Nihongo|'''wave dash'''|波ダッシュ|nami dasshu}} (Unicode U+301C), because the [[Shift JIS]] code for the wave dash, 0x8160, which is supposed to be mapped to U+301C,<ref>[http://x0213.org/codetable/sjis-0213-2004-std.txt Shift_JIS-2004 (JIS X 0213:2004 Appendix 1) vs Unicode mapping table]</ref><ref>[http://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/OBSOLETE/EASTASIA/JIS/SHIFTJIS.TXT Shift-JIS to Unicode]</ref> is ''not'' mapped to U+301C but mapped to U+FF5E<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/dbcs/932/932_81.htm |title=Windows 932_81 |publisher=Microsoft.com |date= |accessdate=2010-07-30}}</ref> in [[code page 932]] (Microsoft's [[code page]] for Japanese), a widely-used extension of Shift JIS, in order to avoid the shape definition error in Unicode: the wave dash glyph in JIS/Shift JIS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/ISO-IR/233.pdf |title=Microsoft Word – 233cover_rev.doc |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-07-30}}</ref> is identical to the Unicode reference glyph for '''U+FF5E''',<ref>http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFF00.pdf</ref> while the reference glyph for '''U+301C'''<ref>http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U3000.pdf</ref> was incorrectly turned upside down when Unicode imported the JIS wave dash. In other platforms such as Mac OS and Mac OS X, 0x8160 is correctly mapped to U+301C. It is generally difficult, if not impossible, for Windows users in Japan to type U+301C, especially in legacy, non-Unicode applications. Nevertheless, the Japanese wave dash is still formally mapped to '''U+301C''' as of [[JIS X 0213]]. Those two code points have the identical or very similar glyph in several fonts, reducing the confusion and incompatibility. ==Mathematics== In [[mathematics]], the tilde operator (Unicode U+223C), sometimes called “twiddle”, is often used to denote an [[equivalence relation]] between two objects. Thus “''x'' ~ ''y''” means “''x'' is equivalent to ''y''”. (Note that this is quite different from stating that ''x'' [[equality (mathematics)|equals]] ''y''.) The expression “''x'' ~ ''y''” is sometimes read aloud as “''x'' twiddles ''y''”, perhaps as an analogue to the verbal expression of “''x'' = ''y''”. The tilde is also used as a modifier for symbols. The symbol “<math>\tilde{f}</math>” is often pronounced “eff twiddle” or, particularly in American English, “eff wiggle”.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SY5fZIK63NMC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=schlange+twiddle&source=bl&ots=W8Nhtaa2dK&sig=ZVdU6tWie9x6V_otGyHr7L4VyYE&hl=en&ei=enqHTrTaLMv0sgalos3hAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAA |title=Proceedings of the Analysis Conference, Singapore 1986 |publisher=Elsevier |year=1988 |author=Stephen T. L. Choy |coauthors=Judith Packer Jesudason, Peng Yee Lee |accessdate=11 November 2011}}</ref> This can be used to denote the [[Fourier transform]] of ''f'', or a [[lift (mathematics)|lift]] of ''f'', and can have a variety of other meanings depending on the context. The tilde can indicate approximate equality in a variety of ways. It can be used to denote the [[asymptotic analysis|asymptotic equality]] of two functions. For example, ''f''(''x'') ~ ''g''(''x''), means that lim_x→∞ ''f''(''x'')/''g''(''x'') = 1.<ref name=wolfram_tilde/> A tilde is also used to indicate “[[approximately]] equal to” (e.g. 1.902 ~= 2). This usage probably developed as a typed alternative to the [[:Image:Libra.svg|libra symbol]] used for the same purpose in written mathematics, which is an equal sign (=) with the upper bar replaced by a bar with an upward hump or loop in the middle or, sometimes, a tilde (≃). The symbol "≈" is also used for this purpose. Similarly, a tilde can be used on its own between two expressions (e.g. a ~ 0.1) to state that the two are of the same [[order of magnitude]].<ref name=wolfram_tilde/> In [[statistics]] and [[probability theory]], ⟨~⟩ means “is distributed as”.<ref name=wolfram_tilde/> See [[random variable]]. A tilde placed on top of a variable is sometimes used to represent the median of that variable. A tilde can also be used to represent geometric [[Similarity (geometry)|similarity]], for example: ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF (meaning "[[triangle]] ABC is similar to triangle DEF"). A triple tilde ('''{{Unicode|≋}}''') is often used to show [[congruence (geometry)|congruence]], an equivalence relation in geometry. A tilde placed below a letter in mathematics can represent a [[Euclidean vector|vector]] quantity. ===Logic=== In written mathematical [[logic]], the tilde represents [[negation]]: “~''p''” means “not ''p''”, where "''p''" is a [[proposition]]. Modern use has been replacing the tilde with the negation symbol (¬) for this purpose, to avoid confusion with [[equivalence relation]]s. ==Economics== For relations involving preference, economists sometimes use the tilde to represent indifference between two or more bundles of goods. For example, to say that a consumer is indifferent between bundles ''x'' and ''y'', an economist would write ''x'' ~ ''y''. ==Electronics== It can approximate the sine wave symbol ({{Unicode|∿}}, [[Unicode|U+]]223F), which is used in [[electronics]] to indicate [[alternating current]], in place of +, −, or {{Unicode|⎓}} for [[direct current]]. ==Computing== === Directories and URLs === On [[Unix]]-like [[operating system]]s (including [[BSD]], [[GNU/Linux]] and [[Mac OS X]]), tilde often indicates the current user's [[home directory]]: for example, if the current user's home directory is <tt>/home/bloggsj</tt>, then <tt>cd</tt>, <tt>cd ~</tt>, <tt>cd /home/bloggsj</tt> or <tt>cd $HOME</tt> are equivalent. This practice derives from the [[Lear-Siegler]] [[ADM-3A]] terminal in common use during the 1970s, which happened to have the tilde symbol and the word "Home" (for moving the cursor to the upper left) on the same key.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}<!-- may be true, but we need a source for "derives" --> When prepended to a particular username, the tilde indicates that user's home directory (e.g., <tt>~janedoe</tt> for the home directory of user <tt>janedoe</tt>, such as <tt>/home/janedoe</tt>).<ref>"Tilde expansion." ''The GNU C Library Manual.'' Retrieved 4 July 2010. http://www.gnu.org/s/libc/manual/html_node/Tilde-Expansion.html</ref> Used in [[Uniform Resource Locator|URLs]] on the [[World Wide Web]], it often denotes a personal website on a [[Unix]]-based server. For example, <tt><nowiki>http://www.example.com/~johndoe/</nowiki></tt> might be the personal web site of John Doe. This mimics the Unix shell usage of the tilde. However, when accessed from the web, file access is usually directed to a [[subdirectory]] in the user's home directory, such as <tt>/home/''username''/public_html</tt> or <tt>/home/''username''/www</tt>.<ref>"Apache Module mod_userdir." ''Apache HTTP Server Documentation, Version 2.0.'' Retrieved 4 July 2010. http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/mod/mod_userdir.html</ref> In URLs, the characters <tt>[[Percent-encoding|%7E]]</tt> (or <tt>%7e</tt>) may substitute for tilde if an input device lacks a tilde key.<ref>[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#page-12 RFC3986]</ref> Thus, <tt><nowiki>http://www.example.com/~johndoe/</nowiki></tt> and <tt><nowiki>http://www.example.com/%7Ejohndoe/</nowiki></tt> will behave in the same manner. === Computer languages === The tilde is used in the [[Awk]] [[programming language]] as part of the pattern match operators for [[regular expression]]s: *<code>''variable'' ~ /''regex''/</code> returns true if the variable is matched. *<code>''variable'' !~ /''regex''/</code> returns false if the variable is matched. A variant of this, with the plain tilde replaced with <code>=~</code>, was adopted in [[Perl]], and this semi-standardization has led to the use of these operators in other programming languages, such as [[Ruby programming language|Ruby]] or the [[SQL]] variant of the database [[PostgreSQL]]. In [[APL (programming language)|APL]] and [[Matlab (programming language)|Matlab]], tilde represents the monadic logical function NOT. In the [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]] and [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] programming languages, the tilde character is used as an [[Operators in C and C++|operator]] to invert all [[bit]]s of an [[integer]] (bitwise NOT), following the notation in logic (an <code>!</code> causes a logical NOT, instead). In C++ and C#, the tilde is also used as the first character in a [[Class (computer science)|class]]'s [[method (computer science)|method]] name (where the rest of the name must be the same name as the class) to indicate a [[destructor (computer science)|destructor]] – a special method which is called at the end of the [[Object lifetime|object's life]]. In the [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] stylesheet language, the tilde is used for the indirect adjacent combinator as part of a selector. In the [[D programming language]], the tilde is used as an [[Array data structure|array]] [[concatenation]] operator, as well as to indicate an object destructor and binary not operator. Tilde operator can be overloaded for user types, and binary tilde operator is mostly used to merging two objects, or adding some objects to set of objects. It was introduced because plus operator can have different meaning in many situations. For example what to do with "120" + "14" ? Is this a string "134" (addition of two numbers), or "12014" (concatenation of strings) or something else? D disallows + operator for arrays (and strings), and provides separate operator for concatenation (similarly [[PHP]] programming language solved this problem by using dot operator for concatenation, and + for number addition, which will also work on strings containing numbers). In [[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]], the tilde is used for object comparison. If ''a'' and ''b'' denote objects, the boolean expression ''a'' ~ ''b'' has value true if an only if these objects are equal, as defined by the applicable version of the library routine ''is_equal'', which by default denotes field-by-field object equality but can be redefined in any class to support a specific notion of equality. If ''a'' and ''b'' are references, the object equality expression ''a'' ~ ''b'' is to be contrasted with ''a'' = ''b'' which denotes reference equality. Unlike the call ''a''.''is_equal'' (''b''), the expression ''a'' ~ ''b'' is [[type safety|type-safe]] even in the presence of [[Covariance and contravariance (computer science)|covariance]]. In the [[Groovy (programming language)|Groovy programming language]] the tilde character is used as an operator mapped to the bitwiseNegate() method.<ref>[http://groovy.codehaus.org/Operator+Overloading "Groovy operator overloading overview"]</ref> Given a String the method will produce a java.util.regex.Pattern. Given an integer it will negate the integer bitwise like in different C variants. <code>=~</code> and <code>==~</code> can in Groovy be used to match a regular expression.<ref>[http://groovy.codehaus.org/Regular+Expressions "Groovy Regular Expression User Guide"]</ref><ref>[http://groovy.codehaus.org/FAQ+-+RegExp "Groovy RegExp FAQ"]</ref> In [[Haskell (programming language)|Haskell]], the tilde is used in type constraints to indicate type equality; also, in pattern-matching patterns, the tilde makes a subpattern irrefutable. In the [[Inform]] programming language, the tilde is used to indicate a quotation mark inside a quoted string. <!-- but what does it use to indicate a ~ inside a quoted string? --> In "text mode" of the [[LaTeX]] typesetting language a tilde diacritic can be obtained using, e.g., <code>\~{n}</code>, yielding "ñ". A stand-alone tilde can be obtained by using <code>\textasciitilde</code> or <code>\string~</code>. In "math mode" a tilde diacritic can be written as, e.g., <code>\tilde{x}</code>. For a wider tilde <code>\widetilde</code> can be used. The <code>\sim</code> command produce a tilde-like binary relation symbol that is often used in mathematical expressions, and the double-tilde is obtained with <code>\approx</code>. The <code>url</code> package also supports entering tildes directly, e.g., <code><nowiki>\url{http://server/~name}</nowiki></code>. In both text and math mode, a tilde on its own (<code>~</code>) is rendering a white space with no line breaking. In [[Common Lisp]], the tilde is used as the prefix for format specifiers in format strings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lispworks.com/documentation/HyperSpec/Body/22_c.htm |title=CLHS: Section 22.3 |publisher=Lispworks.com |date=2005-04-11 |accessdate=2010-07-30}}</ref> In [[Max/MSP]], a tilde is used to denote objects that process at the computer's sampling rate, i.e. mainly those that deal with sound. In [[Standard ML]], the tilde is used as the prefix for negative numbers and as the unary negation operator. In [[OCaml]], the tilde is used to specify the label for a labeled parameter. In Microsoft's SQL Server [[Transact-SQL|Transact-SQL (T-SQL)]] language, the tilde is a unary [[Bitwise NOT#NOT|Bitwise NOT]] operator. === Backup filenames === The dominant [[Unix]] convention for naming backup copies of files is appending a tilde to the original file name. It originated with the [[Emacs]] text editor{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} and was adopted by many other editors and some command-line tools. Emacs also introduced an elaborate numbered backup scheme, with files named <tt>filename.~1~</tt>, <tt>filename.~2~</tt> and so on. It didn't catch on, probably because [[version control]] software does this better.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} === Microsoft filenames === The tilde was part of [[Microsoft]]'s [[filename mangling]] scheme when it developed the [[File Allocation Table|FAT]] file system. This upgrade introduced long filenames to [[Microsoft Windows]], and permitted additional characters (such as the space) to be part of filenames, which were prohibited in previous versions. Programs written prior to this development could only access filenames in the so-called 8.3 format—the filenames consisted of a maximum of eight alphanumeric characters, followed by a period, followed by three more alphanumeric characters. In order to permit these legacy programs to access files in the FAT file system, each file had to be given two names—one long, more descriptive one, and one that conformed to the 8.3 format. This was accomplished with a name-mangling scheme in which the first six characters of the filename are followed by a tilde and a digit. For example, "<tt>Program Files</tt>" might become "<tt>PROGRA~1</tt>". Also, the tilde symbol is used to prefix hidden temporary files that are created when a document is opened in Windows. For example, when you open a Word document called "Document1.doc," a file called "~$cument1.doc" is created in the same directory. This file contains information about which user has the file open, to prevent multiple users from attempting to change a document at the same time. === Games === In many games, the tilde key (on U.S. English keyboards) is used to open the [[w:Console (video game CLI)|console]]. This is true for games such as ''[[Half-Life (video game)|Half-Life]]'', ''[[Halo: Combat Evolved|Halo CE]]'', ''[[Quake (video game)|Quake]]'', ''[[Half-Life 2]]'', ''[[Soldier of Fortune II: Double Helix]]'', ''[[Unreal]]'', ''[[Counter-Strike]]'', ''[[Crysis]]'', ''[[The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion|Oblivion]]'', ''[[RuneScape]]'', and others based on the [[Quake engine]] or [[Source (game engine)|Source engine]]. It is sometimes used in [[rogue-like|''Rogue''-like]] games to represent water or [[snakes]]. === Other uses === [[Computer programmers]] use the tilde in various ways and sometimes call the symbol (as opposed to the diacritic) a '''squiggle''', '''squiggly''', or '''twiddle'''. According to the [[Jargon File]], other synonyms sometimes used in [[programming]] include '''not''', '''approx''', '''wiggle''', '''enyay''' (after ''[[ñ|eñe]]'') and (humorously) '''sqiggle''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|ɪ|ɡ|əl}}). In [[Perl 6]], "<nowiki>~~</nowiki>" is used instead of "[[=~]]". ==Juggling notation== In the [[juggling notation]] system Beatmap, tilde can be added to either "hand" in a pair of fields to say "cross the arms with this hand on top". [[Mills Mess]] is thus represented as (~2x,1)(1,2x)(2x,~1)*.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jugglingdb.com/help/?id=125 | title=The Internet Juggling Database | archivedate=28 July 2005 | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050728104414/http://www.jugglingdb.com/help/?id=125 | accessdate=6 November 2009}}</ref> ==Keyboards== Where a tilde is on the keyboard depends on the computer's language settings according to the following chart. On many keyboards it is primarily available through a [[dead key]] that makes it possible to produce a variety of [[precomposed character]]s with the diacritic. In that case, a single tilde can typically be inserted with the dead key followed by the space bar, or alternatively by striking the dead key twice in a row. To insert a tilde with the dead key, it is often necessary to simultaneously hold down the [[Alt Gr]] key. On the keyboard layouts that include an ''Alt Gr'' key, it typically takes the place of the right-hand [[Alt key]]. With a [[Macintosh]] either of the Alt/[[Option key|Option]] keys function similarly. In the US and European [[Windows]] systems, the [[Alt code]] for a single tilde is <code>126</code>. {| class="wikitable" > !Keyboard!!Insert a single tilde (~)!!Insert a precomposed character with tilde (e.g. ã) |- |Arabic ([[Saudi]]) |{{keypress|Shift|`ذّ}} |- |[[Croatian language|Croatian]] |<span style="white-space:nowrap">{{keypress|Alt Gr}}+{{keypress|1}}</span> |- |[[Dvorak Simplified Keyboard|Dvorak]] |{{keypress|Alt Gr|<nowiki>=</nowiki>}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or <span style="white-space:nowrap">{{keypress|Alt Gr|Shift|'}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}</span> |{{keypress|Alt Gr|<nowiki>=</nowiki>}} followed by the relevant letter, or {{keypress|Alt Gr|Shift|'}} followed by the relevant letter |- |[[English language|English]] ([[Australia]]) |{{keypress|Shift|`}} |- |English ([[Canada]]) |{{keypress|Shift|`}} |- |English ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |{{keypress|Shift|<nowiki>#</nowiki>}} |- |English ([[United States|US]]) |{{keypress|Shift|`}} |{{keypress|Ctrl|~}} followed by the relevant letter |- |[[Finnish language|Finnish]] |{{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or {{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}}{{keypress|¨}} |{{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}} followed by the relevant letter |- |[[French language|French]] ([[Canada]]) |{{keypress|Alt Gr|ç}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or {{keypress|Alt Gr|ç}}{{keypress|ç}} |{{keypress|Alt Gr|ç}} followed by the relevant letter |- |French ([[France]]) |{{keypress|Alt Gr|é}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or {{keypress|Alt Gr|é}}{{keypress|é}} |{{keypress|Alt Gr|é}} followed by the relevant letter |- |French ([[Switzerland]]) |{{keypress|Alt Gr|^}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or {{keypress|Alt Gr|^}}{{keypress|^}} |{{keypress|Alt Gr|^}} followed by the relevant letter |- |[[German language|German]] ([[Germany]]) |{{keypress|Alt Gr|+}} |- |German ([[Switzerland]]) |{{keypress|Alt Gr|^}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or {{keypress|Alt Gr|^}}{{keypress|^}} |{{keypress|Alt Gr|^}} followed by the relevant letter |- |[[Hindi]] ([[India]]) |<span style="white-space:nowrap">{{keypress|Alt Gr|Shift}}+ the key to the left of {{keypress|1}}</span> |- |[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |<span style="white-space:nowrap">{{keypress|Alt Gr}}+{{keypress|1}}</span> |- |[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] |{{keypress|Alt Gr|'}} (the same key as {{keypress|?}}) |- |[[Italian language|Italian]] |{{keypress|Alt|5}} (on Mac OS X) |- |[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] |{{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or {{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}}{{keypress|¨}} |{{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}} followed by the relevant letter |- |[[Polish language|Polish]] |{{keypress|Shift|`}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or {{keypress|Shift|`}}{{keypress|`}} |The dead key is not generally used for inserting characters with tilde; when followed by <nowiki>{a|c|e|l|n|o|s|x|z}</nowiki>, it results in <nowiki>{ą|ć|ę|ł|ń|ó|ś|ź|ż}</nowiki> instead. |- |[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] |{{keypress|~}} followed by {{keypress|Space}} |{{keypress|~}} followed by the relevant letter |- |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] ([[Spain]]) |{{keypress|Alt Gr|4}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or {{keypress|Alt Gr|4}}{{keypress|4}} |{{keypress|Alt Gr|4}} followed by the relevant letter |- |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] ([[Latin America]])<!-- Actually called Latin American keyboard--> |{{keypress|Alt Gr|+}} |- |[[Swedish language|Swedish]] |{{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or {{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}}{{keypress|¨}} |{{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}} followed by the relevant letter |- |[[Turkish language|Turkish]] |{{keypress|Alt Gr|ü}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or {{keypress|Alt Gr|ü}}{{keypress|ü}} |{{keypress|Alt Gr|ü}} followed by the relevant letter |} == See also == * {{unichar|034A|COMBINING NOT TILDE ABOVE|html=}} * [[Circumflex]] * [[Punctuation]] * [[Special characters]] * [[Tittle]] == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * [http://diveintomark.org/archives/2002/10/04/history_of_the_tilde History of the Tilde] * [http://diacritics.typo.cz Diacritics Project] * [http://www.starr.net/is/type/kbh.html Keyboard Help: Learn to create accent marks and other diacritics on a computer] {{Latin alphabet||tilde}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2011}} [[Category:Alphabetic diacritics]] [[Category:Punctuation]] [[Category:Typographical symbols]] [[Category:Greek alphabet]] [[Category:Logical symbols]] [[Category:Mathematical symbols]] [[ar:تلدة]] [[ast:Vírgula]] [[br:Tildenn]] [[bg:Тилда]] [[ca:Titlla]] [[cs:Vlnovka]] [[da:Tilde]] [[de:Tilde]] [[es:Virgulilla]] [[eo:Tildo]] [[eu:Tilet]] [[fa:مدک]] [[fr:Tilde]] [[gl:Til]] [[xal:Дольган темдг]] [[ko:~]] [[hr:Tilda]] [[id:Tanda gelombang]] [[io:Tildo]] [[it:Tilde]] [[he:טילדה]] [[kk:Тильда]] [[lb:Tilde]] [[hu:Hullámvonal]] [[mk:Тилда]] [[nl:Tilde]] [[ja:チルダ]] [[no:Tilde]] [[pl:Tylda]] [[pt:Til]] [[ru:Тильда]] [[simple:Tilde]] [[fi:Tilde]] [[sv:Tilde (tecken)]] [[tr:Yaklaşık işareti]] [[zh:波浪號]]'