Examine individual changes

'{{Infobox settlement |name = Mexicali |official_name = ''Ciudad de Mexicali''<br />City of Mexicali |nickname = The Beautiful City that Captured the Sun |settlement_type = [[City]] |motto = Warm Land |image_skyline = MexicaliMontage.jpg |image_caption = Images from top, left to right: Mexicali at night, [[Autonomous University of Baja California|UABC]] Mexicali campus, UABC Engineering Faculty, Civic Centre Monument |image_size = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = Coat of Arms Mexicali.gif |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x =15 |dot_y =-1 |pushpin_map = Mexico |pushpin_label_position = Down |pushpin_map_caption = Location of Mexicali in Mexico |coordinates_region = MX |subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] |subdivision_name = {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico]] |subdivision_type1 = [[States of Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon|Baja California}} [[Baja California]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Mexico|Municipality]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Mexicali (municipality)|Mexicali]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = [[Ayuntamiento]] |leader_title = Municipal President |leader_name = Francisco J. Pérez Tejada Padilla [[Institutional Revolutionary Party|PRI]] |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = Founded |established_date = March 14, 1903 |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = Metric |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2010 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 789,775 |population_density_km2 = 81.94 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = 875,000 |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_metro = 996,826 |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_blank1_title =[[Demonym]] |population_blank1 = [[Cachanilla]] |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |timezone = [[Pacific Standard Time|PST]] |utc_offset = −8 |timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]] |utc_offset_DST = −7 |latd=32 |latm=39 |lats=48 |latNS=N |longd=115 |longm=28 |longs=04 | longEW=W|coordinates_display=d |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 8 |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = [[Postal code]] |postal_code = 21000 |area_code = [[Area codes in Mexico|+52 686]] |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Mexicali''' ({{IPA-es|mexiˈkali}}) is the capital of the [[States of Mexico|State]] of [[Baja California]], seat of the [[Mexicali Municipality|Municipality of Mexicali]], and [[List of Baja California cities|2nd largest]] city in Baja California. The City of Mexicali has a population of 689,775, according to the 2010 census, while the population of the entire metropolitan area (as well the municipality) reaches 936,826. The city maintains a highly educated and skilled populace. Its standard of living is one of the highest in Mexico.<ref name="Mexicali Economy">{{cite web |title=Economy |url=http://translate.google.com/translate?js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&sl=es&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mexicaliturismo.com%2Fesp%2Fpages%2Fmexicali.php%3Fidweb%3D7&act=url |accessdate=March 10, 2011 }}</ref> As the city has modernized and become a [[Cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] and [[international]] center in a desert region, it has maintained a sizable middle class and an even larger upper class. In Mexico, it is recognized for its substantial investment in education as well as its low unemployment levels. Mexicali's economy was historically based on agricultural products, and to this day it remains a large sector of the economy. As time has progressed however, its economy has gradually gone from being agriculturally based to industrially based. Companies such as [[Mitsubishi]], [[Honeywell]], [[Nestle]], [[Coca Cola]] and [[Goodrich Corporation]] have built plants in the city and its metropolitan area. [[Silicon Border]] is located here as well; a large industrial park that is a high tech manufacturing area.<ref name="Silicon Border">{{cite web |title=Silicon Border |url=http://www.siliconborder.com/ |accessdate=March 8, 2011 }}</ref> Its goal is to become a global center for semiconductor manufacturing. Mexicali's proximity to the United States has made the city a popular tourist destination with Americans from [[Arizona]], [[California]], and [[Nevada]]. The city is a well known sports city with many ball sports being popular in the region. In North America, it is the only city that maintains an abundant amount of electrical power, water and natural gas supplies.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} Founded on March 14, 1903, Mexicali is situated on the [[U.S.-Mexico border]] adjacent to its sister city [[Calexico, California]] with which it forms a metropolitan region, [[Calexico-Mexicali]]. Mexicali also has the distinction of being the northernmost city in [[Latin America]]. == History == ===Early history=== The Spanish arrived in the area after crossing the [[Sonora Desert]]'s "[[Camino del Diablo]]" or Devils Road. This led to the evangelization of the area and also the population reduction of the native peoples. Today, indigenous [[Cocopah]] people still inhabit a small government-protected corner of the delta near the junction of the [[Hardy River|Hardy]] and Colorado rivers. These people mostly work on agricultural [[ejido]]s or fish the rivers, although many have migrated to Mexicali.<ref name="bajaweb">{{cite web |url=http://www.baja-web.com/mexicali/mexicali.htm |title=Baja Web Mexicali |accessdate=2008-11-02 }}</ref> The early European presence in this area was limited to the [[Jesuit]]s, who left in the 1780s. After this, the Spanish and later the Mexicans had little to do with the northeastern corner of the [[Baja California peninsula]], perceiving it as an untamable, flood-prone desert delta.<ref name="bajaweb"/> ===19th century=== In the mid-19th century, a geologist working for the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]] came to the delta area, discovering what the native Yumans had known for centuries: that the thick river sediment deposits made the area prime farming land. These sediments extended far to the west of the river itself, accumulating in a shallow basin below the Sierra de Cucapá.<ref name="bajaweb"/> However, from this time period until the 1880s, the area was almost completely unpopulated, mostly due to its climate. In 1888, the federal government granted a large part of northern Baja state, including Mexicali, to Guillermo Andrade, with the purpose of colonizing the area on the recently-created border with the United States. However, around 1900, the only area with any real population, aside from the Cocopah, were concentrated in [[Los Algodones, Baja California|Los Algodones]], to the east of Mexicali.<ref name="EncMuc">{{cite web |url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/bajacalifornia/municipios/02002a.htm |title= Enciclopedia de los Municipios Baja California Mexicali |accessdate=2008-11-03 |language=Spanish }}</ref> ===20th century=== In 1900, the U.S.-based [[California Development Company]] received permission from the [[Porfirio Diaz|Díaz]] government to cut a [[Alamo Canal|canal]] through the delta's Arroyo Alamo, to link the dry basin with the [[Colorado River]]. To attract farmers to the area, the developers named it "[[Imperial Valley (California)|The Imperial Valley]]". In 1903, the first 500 farmers arrived; by late 1904, 405&nbsp;km² (100,000 acres) of valley were irrigated, with 10,000 people settled on the land harvesting cotton, fruits, and vegetables. The concentration of small housing units that straddled the border was called Calexico on the U.S. side, Mexicali on the Mexican side.<ref name="bajaweb"/> The Mexican side was named Mexicali (a [[portmanteau]] composed of "Mexico" and "California") by Coronel Agustín Sanginéz. Initially the area belonged to the municipality of [[Ensenada Municipality|Ensenada]].<ref name="EncMuc"/> The town of Mexicali was officially created on 14 March 1903 when [[Manuel Vizcarra]] was named as the town's first authority and assistant judge (''juez auxiliar'').<ref name="bajaweb"/> Mayor Baltazar Aviléz declared the municipality of Mexicali on November 4, 1914 and called for elections to create the first [[ayuntamiento]] or district council, which was then headed by Francisco L. Montejano.<ref name="EncMuc"/> [[Image:CdrlSraGdpeMexicali.JPG|thumb|right|Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe Cathedral in the city center]] Another U.S. land development company set out to do the same with the nearby Valley of Mexicali. Led by ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' publisher [[Harry Chandler]], the company controlled 800,000 hectares of land in northern Baja California by 1905 and began to construct the irrigation system for this valley. However, instead of using Mexican labor to dig the ditches, Chandler brought in thousands of Chinese laborers.<ref name="bajaweb"/> Mexicali became culturally more Chinese than Mexican. In the 20th century, the Colorado Riverland Company was dedicated to renting land here to farmers; however, these farmers were almost always foreigners, such as Chinese, East Indians and Japanese. The Mexicans were employed only as seasonal labor. This situation led to the agrarian conflict known as the "Asalto a las Tierras" (Assault on the Lands) in 1937.<ref name="EncMuc"/> Agricultural production continued to increase during the 20th century. Cotton became the most important crop and with it developed the textile industry. In the early 1950s, the Mexicali Valley became the biggest cotton-producing zone in the whole country and in the 1960s, production reached more than half a million parcels a year. Currently, the valley still is one of Mexico's most productive agricultural regions, mostly producing wheat, cotton and vegetables. The city of Mexicali is one of Mexico's most important exporter of asparagus, broccoli, carrots, green onions, lettuce, peas, peppers, radishes and tomatoes to the world.<ref name="bajaweb"/> The government of the municipality was reorganized when the Baja California territory became the 29th state in 1953.<ref name="EncMuc"/> ===21st century=== Today Mexicali is an important center for industrial production in the automotive, aerospace, telecommunications, metallurgical, and health services as well as manufacturing and exporting products to various countries.<ref name="Mexicali History">{{cite web |title=Mexicali History |publisher=Trust for Mexicali Tourism |url=http://translate.google.com/translate?js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&sl=es&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mexicaliturismo.com%2Fesp%2Fpages%2Fmexicali.php%3Fidweb%3D1 |accessdate=March 10, 2011 }}</ref> The [[2010 Baja California earthquake]] was an earthquake occurred at 15:40:40 local time (UTC-8), Sunday, April 4, 2010, which reached a magnitude of 7.2. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, the epicenter of the quake struck 60&nbsp;km south-southeast of Mexicali.<ref Name="usgs">{{cite web | author = [[United States Geological Survey]] | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/ci14607652.php|title=Magnitude 6.9 - Baja California, Mexico | date = April 4, 2010 | accessdate = April 4, 2010}}</ref> The quake was felt strongly in the northern regions of [[Baja California]] and the United States-Mexico border, and was also felt in western cities such as [[Tijuana]], [[San Diego]], [[Los Angeles]] and parts of Arizona. ==Geography== The Mexicali Valley is one of the largest and most fertile valleys in Mexico.<ref name="Mexicali Economy" /> The Valley has over fifty different crops and is similar to the [[Imperial Valley]] in its agricultural production. National and international industries have invested in Mexicali and surrounding cities to take advantage of its fiscal opportunities.<ref name="Mexicali Economy" /> The Valley's resources puts the region above other similar areas as its abundance of natural resources are the largest in North America.<ref name="Mexicali Economy" /> The Mexicali Valley is a primary source of water for the region, having the largest irrigation district in Mexico. ===Ecology=== The [[New River (Mexico – United States)|New River]], which runs north to the state of California from Mexicali, is considered the most polluted river in [[North America]], containing toxic levels of lead and other heavy metals, fecal bacteria, pathogens, and industrial waste. Air pollution is also a problem during summer and winter months with dust and other particulate levels exceeding healthy levels. In spite of its arid desert location, Mexicali is watered through a system of aquifers in the valley. Under a 1944 water treaty, the city is "...guaranteed [an] annual quantity of {{convert|1,500,000|acre.ft|km3}} [of water] to be delivered..." from the [[Colorado River]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://crc.nv.gov/1944mexicanwatertreaty.htm |title=The Mexican Water Treaty: |publisher=Crc.nv.gov |date= |accessdate=2011-06-22}}</ref> However, a proposed concrete lining in the United States on the All-American Canal would cut off billions of leaked gallons of water, which is used to irrigate onions, alfalfa, asparagus, squash and other crops in Mexicali.<ref>{{cite news |last= Archibold |first= Randal C. |publisher= The New York Times |title= Border Fight Focuses on Water, Not Immigration |date= July 7, 2006 |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/07/us/07border.html?scp=8&sq=mexicali&st=nyt |accessdate=2008-06-19}}</ref> The nearby [[Cerro Prieto]] [[volcano]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1401-00- |title=Global Volcanism Program &#124; Cerro Prieto &#124; Summary |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-06-22}}</ref> is adjacent to the [[Cerro Prieto Geothermal Power Station]].<ref>[http://www.cfe.gob.mx/es/LaEmpresa/generacionelectricidad/visitasvirtuales/cerroprietogeotermoelectrica/ CFE - Cerro Prieto, geotermoeléctrica]{{dead link|date=June 2011}}</ref> The Geography of this place is like magnificant. == Climate == {{climate chart |Mexicali |5|21|13.0 |7|24|9.1 |9|26|7.9 |12|30|1.3 |16|34|0.8 |20|39|0.3 |24|42|1.5 |25|41|8.1 |22|38|9.1 |15|33|8.9 |8|26|4.6 |5|21|10.9 |source=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/MXBC0004?from=36hr_bottomnav_business |title=Average Weather for Mexicali, BC - Temperature and Precipitation |publisher=Weather.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-22}}</ref> |float=right }} The climate of Mexicali, because of its low annual precipitation is an [[arid climate]] (''BWh''). Under the criteria for the [[Köppen climate classification]], Mexicali maintains desert climate temperatures every year. In December 12, 1932, the city experienced snowfall. Rainfall usually occurs in the winter months of December, January and February. Although summer is extremely dry in Mexicali, one of every two days there is an end moisture content. In 1997, Mexicali experienced a heat wave, the temperature reached up to 54°C (130°F), it was so hot that day that most trees and vegetation in the area dried up. In 2008, during the months of July and August there were several heavy thunderstorms that let down large amounts of rain and hail. This is somewhat unusual in that the summer rainfall in the city is infrequent. During winter time, Mexicali is affected by the snows that occur in the town of Rumorosa located in the Sierra de Juarez, about 45 minutes west of the city, causing decreases in temperature in the urban area lasting from 2 days to 1 week. <div style="width:75%"> {{Weather box |location = Mexicali |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan high F = 67 |Feb high F = 72 |Mar high F = 79 |Apr high F = 86 |May high F = 93 |Jun high F = 102 |Jul high F = 106 |Aug high F =104 |Sep high F = 100 |Oct high F = 88 |Nov high F =76 |Dec high F = 68 |Year high F = 87 |Jan low F = 42 |Feb low F = 46 |Mar low F = 50 |Apr low F = 54 |May low F = 60 |Jun low F = 68 |Jul low F = 77 |Aug low F = 77 |Sep low F = 70 |Oct low F = 58 |Nov low F = 49 |Dec low F = 43 |Year low F = 58 |Jan precipitation inch = 0.4 |Feb precipitation inch =0.3 |Mar precipitation inch = 0.3 |Apr precipitation inch = 0.1 |May precipitation inch = 0 |Jun precipitation inch = 0 |Jul precipitation inch = 0.1 |Aug precipitation inch = 0.5 |Sep precipitation inch = 0.2 |Oct precipitation inch = 0.3 |Nov precipitation inch = 0.2 |Dec precipitation inch = 0.5 |Year precipitation inch = 2.9 |source 1 = Weatherbase <ref name=Weatherbase> {{cite web |url =http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=150067&refer=wikipedia |title =Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Mexicali, Baja California |publisher=Weatherbase |year=2011 }} Retrieved on November 24, 2011. </ref> |date=November 2011 }} </div> ==Economy== In its beginnings Mexicali was an important center for cotton production for export until synthetic fabrics reduced the worldwide demand for the fiber. Currently horticulture is the most successful agricultural activity with scallion (green onion), and asparagus being among the most important crops. Cotton and wheat are still cultivated but with government price guarantees and subsidies making wheat farmer protests an annual event. There is an annual agribusiness fair in March drawing interested people from all over Mexico and the United States called [http://www.agrobaja.com Agrobaja]. The current prospects for economic growth in Mexicali rely on in-bond and assembly plants, mainly for export, including companies like, [[Selther]], [[Daewoo]], [[Mitsubishi]], [[Honeywell]], [[Paccar]], [[Vitro]], [[Skyworks Solutions]], [[CareFusion]], [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]], [[Price Pfister]], [[Gulfstream Aerospace|Gulfstream]], [[Goodrich Corporation|Goodrich]], [[Kenworth]] and [[Kwikset]]. Mexicali is also home to many food processing plants such as [[Nestlé]], [[Jumex]], [[Grupo Bimbo|Bimbo]], [[Coca-Cola]] and [[Sabritas]]. There are joint efforts on behalf of the [http://www.bajacalifornia.gob.mx Baja California government] and the private sector to attract more companies to Mexicali based on a cluster strategy focusing on the regions' strengths of qualified labor, abundant energy and water supplies, a pro-business environment and its location on the California border. Mexicali is considered among the most prosperous cities in Mexico, although US tourists can observe the level of poverty in rural villages surrounding the modern, upper-middle class enclave of Mexicali proper.There is recent research that indicate a high level of disease prevalence like respiratory illness,asthma,and other medical issues in the local inhabitants. The [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] of 1994 that eliminated most trade restrictions between the two nations offers Mexicali an economic boom in the next decade. ===Silicon Border=== {{Main|Silicon Border}} Silicon Border is a {{convert|40|km2|acre|adj=on}} development tailored to the specific needs of high-technology manufacturing and is situated in Mexicali, along the western border of the U.S. and Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siliconborder.com/semiconductors.html |title=Silicon Border |publisher=Silicon Border |date=2004-07-14 |accessdate=2011-06-22}}</ref> The aim of the manufacturing park, which began in 2004, is to transform Mexicali into the world's next semiconductor manufacturing center. The Mexican federal and Baja California state governments have committed more than $2 million to the design and manufacturing of the project. Former President [[Vicente Fox]] has also offered 10 years of tax-free status to any firms that locate in the park and invest $1 billion or more.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/174336/partners_pushing_silicon_center/index.html |title=Partners Pushing 'Silicon' Center - Technology News |publisher=redOrbit |date=2005-07-14 |accessdate=2011-06-22}}</ref> Silicon Border’s vision is to provide Mexico with an infrastructure that enables high-tech companies anywhere in the world to move manufacturing operations to the country and exploit its competitive advantages such as geographical location, human capital, research, legal and tax benefits, intellectual property, international treaties and logistics provided by the country for manufacturing high technology products while allowing research to develop processes, design, fabrication and testing able to compete with Asian operations and costs.<ref name="negocios.promexico.gob.mx">{{cite web|url=http://negocios.promexico.gob.mx/english/12-2009/art07.html |title=Pro Mexico |publisher=Negocios.promexico.gob.mx |date= |accessdate=2011-06-22}}</ref> [[Q-Cells]], the world's largest manufacturer of photovoltaic cells,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.q-cells.com/en/company/index.html |title=Q-Cells SE - Company |publisher=Q-cells.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-22}}</ref> has manifested its intention to develop a major thin film photovoltaic manufacturing facility at Silicon Border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bnamericas.com/news/electricpower/Q-Cells_announces_US*3,5bn_PV_plant_planned_for_Mexicali |title=Q-Cells announces US$3.5bn PV plant planned for Mexicali, Mexico, Electric Power, news |publisher=Bnamericas.com |date=2008-06-06 |accessdate=2011-06-22}}</ref> With the world economic depress of 2008, Q-Cells delayed its plans to settle in the park.<ref>[http://www.lacronica.com//EdicionEnLinea/Notas/Noticias/13082009/395687.aspx ]{{dead link|date=October 2011}}</ref> A variety of electrical and water facilities are already built at Silicon Border in addition to energy-saving lighting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oem.com.mx/laprensa/notas/n1402024.htm |title=Lista primera etapa del plan Silicon Border |publisher=Oem.com.mx |date= |accessdate=2011-06-22}}</ref> The infrastructure build-out, financed by ING Clarion, consists of potable water plant and distribution, fiber optic telephone and data cable, power substations, and waste treatment facilities. Silicon Border not only provides manufacturing space to companies creating "green" products, but does so in an environmentally conscious manner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/energy-utilities/utilities-industry-electric-powerity/12268892-1.html |title=Business solutions from |publisher=AllBusiness.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-22}}</ref> The [[Autonomous University of Baja California]] and [[CETYS]], a private not-for-profit university located in Mexicali, have started new programs such as Aerospace Engineering, Semiconductors and Microelectronics Engineering, Renewable Energy Engineering, Bioengineering, History and Sociology to prepare the required human capital for potential high-tech firms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laciberprensa.com/ultimas/universitaria/1734.html |title=laciberprensa.com |publisher=laciberprensa.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-22}}</ref> California's Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] has continued to promote cooperation with the project and has encouraged economic partnerships with Silicon Border in his radio addresses.<ref>[http://www.siborder.com/Government_support.html Siborder.com]{{dead link|date=June 2011}}</ref><ref>http://www.siborder.com/media/Radio_Address_2.pdf</ref> At the beginning of 2006, the California governor created the “California/Baja Silicon Border Work Group,” run by deputy secretary of the California Business, Transportation, and Housing Agency, Yolanda Benson. State officials promised to hasten the roadways needed to link up with those being built for Silicon Border in Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2009/nov/18/cover/ |title=Obama taps Alan Bersin to oversee the border |publisher=San Diego Reader |date= |accessdate=2011-06-22}}</ref> Silicon Border is the only site in North America with abundant and inexpensive electrical power, natural gas and water, as well as a large labor pool of high skilled and motivated individuals. The area is supplied with water from the Colorado River and a major electrical sub-station supplied by three separate power plants.<ref name="negocios.promexico.gob.mx"/> Further infrastructure improvements associated with Silicon Border are to include a new highway (under construction) and an additional border crossing.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lindquist |first=Diane |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/20050714-9999-1b14silicon.html |title=News > Mexico - Partners pushing 'silicon' center |publisher=Signonsandiego.com |date=2005-07-14 |accessdate=2011-06-22}}</ref> Silicon Border estimates that in the next ten years, the Silicon Border Science Park could generate 100,000 jobs, both within Mexico and the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/345508%22 |title=Laser, Optics, Photonics News, Products and Technology |publisher=Laser Focus World |date= |accessdate=2011-06-22}}</ref> ===Tourism=== [[Image:MexicaliBorderhmx.jpg|thumb|Cars crossing the border station from Mexicali-Calexico]] Mexicali also relies on tourism as a medium revenue, and visitors cross by foot or car from [[Calexico, California|Calexico]] in the United States every day. Restaurants and taco stands, pharmacies, bars and dance clubs are part of the draw for the city's tourists. Many shops and stalls selling Mexican crafts and souvenirs are also located in walking distance from the border. Many residents from California, Arizona and Nevada look for medical and dental services in Mexicali, because they tend to be less expensive than those in the United States. Mexicali is home to several pharmacies marketed toward visitors from the United States. These pharmacies sell some pharmaceutical drugs without prescriptions and at much lower costs than pharmacies in the US. Many medications still require a doctor's prescription, although several accessible doctor offices are located near the border as well. Mexico's drinking age of 18 (vs. 21 in the United States) makes it a common weekend destination for many high school and college aged Southern Californians who tend to stay within the Calzadas Justo Sierra, Benito Juarez and Francisco L. Montejano. Mexicali hosts [[Baja Prog]], one of the world's most important events in [[Progressive Rock]]. Since 1997, Baja Prog has been in the eyes of the world for being an event gathering the best acts of the progressive rock scene.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Mexicali possesses a diversity of shopping venues and malls, the most visited being Plaza La Cachanilla, located just a few minutes away from the US border. The mall hosts a variety of shops, which sell a wide array of things, ranging from cheap Mexican curiosities to expensive imports. The Plaza La Cachanilla also represents a common place for people to socialize, especially during summer days when the weather reaches high temperatures, many families come and spend the day inside the air conditioned mall. Just about everything for recreation can be found in Mexicali, including pool halls, bowling alleys, traditional cantinas, car clubs, full contact strip clubs, movie theaters, museums, a zoo, a state university, a convention center, supermarkets, and fast food restaurants. The Galerias del Valle, anchored by [[WalMart]] Supercenter, 12-screen movie theater Cinepolis and Ashley Furniture is located by Boulevard Lazaro Cardenas and Calle 11. The mall's food court contains such eateries including [[Carl's Jr.]], [[Applebees]], [[Starbucks]], and [[Burger King]]. ===Proposed Infrastructure=== Mexicali is located in a strategic location which puts it in line to benefit from two multi billion dollar infrastructure projects if they go forward. These are a hydro-engineering project and the [[Punta Colonet]] port project. The hydro-engineering project is the renovation of a Canal connecting the [[Gulf of California]] with [[Laguna Salada]] south west of Mexicali or construction of a new canal direct to Mexicali. The water project would then connect by pipe or canal further to the [[Salton Sea]] in California. The water project would supply the area with sea water for [[desalination]] and hydro electric power. The second proposed project Punta Colonet would connect Mexicali by rail with a deep water container port on the western side of the Baja California peninsula. ==Cityscape== [[Image:MexicaliMetroNight.jpg|thumb|[[Mexicali-Calexico]] metropolitan area]] ===Boroughs=== {{Main|Municipality of Mexicali#Boroughs}} The municipality of Mexicali is divided into 1 city area and 14 administrative boroughs of which the city of Mexicali occupies 3 beside the city area. These boroughs offer administrative services such as urban planning, civil registry, inspection, verification, public works and community development and are served by a Municipal Delegate. Aside from the administrative boroughs listed below, others include: Shopping and Historical Center, Xochimilco, Santa Isabel, Progressive, Hotel Zone, Independence - ProHogar, Colonia Hidalgo, San Pedro, Pedregal Valley, and Puebla Valley. Civic Center - In this sub-area are located the main federal, state and municipal buildings. A few miles from the Civic Center is the New River, where other buildings like the CEART, Forest-Mexicali Zoo and the Faculty of Administrative Sciences of the Universidad Autonoma de Baja California are. West Mexicali - This subzone consists of all the communities to the west of New River Line to International Boulevard Héctor Terán Terán. The prominent communities are Pueblo Nuevo, Baja California, Orizaba, Villafontana, Villanova, Santa Monica, Nationalist, Esperanza, Santa Clara and San Marcos. Located in West Mexical are the military headquarters. New Mexicali - This subzone is the most populated in the city with a population still unconfirmed, though it is estimated to have 200,000 inhabitants. The best known communities of this subzone are González Ortega, also called Palaco (a name derived from the Pacific Land Company<ref>Temple, Robert D. ''Edge Effects: The Border-Name Places'', (2nd edition, 2009), iUniverse, ISBN 978-0-595-47758-6, page 324.</ref>), New Mexicali, Villa Florida, Villa del Roble, Toledo Commercial, Residential Laureles, Victoria Residential, Residential Sevilla, Condor, Villa Verde, Valley of Colorado and Villas del Palmar. Ortega Palace is recognized as one of the most popular colonies colony along with Independence, New and Pueblo Nuevo. Within this subzone, is the Plaza New Mexicali, Centenary Sports Centre, the Universidad del Valle de Mexico, the Attorney General of the Republic, the Instituto Tecnologico de Mexicali, the University of Baja California, the New Campus of the University Xochicalco, and soon construction will soon begin on the new General Hospital of Mexicali. === Chinatown, Mexicali === {{Main|Chinatown, Mexicali}} [[Image:AmistadPagodaMexicali.JPG|thumb|Plaza de la Amistad (Friendship Plaza) pagodas]] The city claims to have the largest per capita concentration of residents of Chinese origin, around 25,000. While this does not compare to U.S. cities like [[San Francisco]] or [[New York]], early in the 20th century Mexicali was numerically and culturally more Chinese than Mexican. The [[Chinese immigration to Mexico|Chinese immigrants]] came to the area as laborers for the Colorado River Land Company, an American enterprise which designed and built an extensive irrigation system in the Valley of Mexicali. Some immigrants came from the United States, often fleeing anti-Chinese policies there, while others sailed directly from China. Thousands of Chinese were lured to the area by the promise of high wages, but for most that never materialised.<ref name="CPA">{{cite web |last= Cummings |first= Joe |url=http://www.cpamedia.com/history/sharks_fin_tacos/ |title= Mexicali's Chinatown: Sharks fin Tacos and Barbecued Chow Mein |accessdate=2008-10-25 }}</ref> Since 2000, new migrants from China to Mexicali come from many of the same areas as before 1960, with perhaps 90% from Guangdong or Hong Kong.<ref>Auyón Gerardo, Eduardo. 2003. El dragón en el desierto: los pioneros chinos en Mexicali. Mexicali, Baja California: Centro de Investigación de la Cultura China</ref> Recently a successful Chinese businessman Angel Zhen along with other prominent Chinese business owners established the Chamber of Chinese Entrepreneurs. The chamber was established to expand resources and to connect all Chinese Associations from each city and state in the northwestern region of Mexico (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, and Chihuahua). The Chamber serves and works actively to defend the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese business associations in the region. The Chamber is also responsible for raising the social status and influence of its associates. ==Demographics== The city itself had a 2005 census population of 653,046, whereas the [[municipality of Mexicali|municipality]]'s population was 895,962. It is the 13th largest municipality in Mexico as of the Census 2005 with population estimates exceeding one million alone. The population is constantly growing due to the number of [[Maquiladoras]] in the area, lack of urban planning, and migrational aspects, like seasonal labor and the constant in-and-out flow of immigrants to the U.S. or into Mexico. ==Education== {{main|List of schools in Mexicali}} [[Image:UABCMuseoMexicali.JPG|thumb|left|UABC Cultural Research Center]] According to a previous census conducted by the [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía|INEGI]] (National Institute of Statistics and Geography)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifras/default.aspx?ent=02/ |title=Página oficial de la INEGI |publisher=Inegi.org.mx |date= |accessdate=2011-06-22}}</ref> in 2008, the number of students who have graduated from Mexicali's public and private schools are as follows: Pre-scholar students: 18,648<br> Primary school students: 17,272<br> Secondary school students: 12,337<br> Technical education students: 531<br> Baccalaureate students: 6,152 Some public universities in the city include [[Autonomous University of Baja California]], [[Universidad Politécnica de Baja California]] and the [[Technological Institute of Mexicali]]. Private universities include [[Centro de Enseñanza Técnica y Superior]], [[Universidad del Valle de México|University of the Valley of Mexico]] and [[Universidad Xochicalco|Xochicalco University]]. ==Culture== [[Image:CasaCulturalMexicali.JPG|thumb|Mexicali's "House of Culture" decorated for [[Dia de los Muertos]].]] The residents of Mexicali (''Mexicalenses'') call themselves "Cachanillas" (due to a local plant, the [[cachanilla]], used by the Cucapah tribe to build shacks) and are from culturally diverse backgrounds, and it is among the most ethnically diverse cities in Mexico, with people from various Native American, European, African, (east) Asian, and Middle Eastern origins.<ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.mexicali.gob.mx/ImagenesCS/CONAMM/index.html Mexicali.gob.mx]</ref> There is a very popular song called “Puro Cachanilla” also known as “El Cachanilla” that identifies people from Mexicali. In 2004, there were 11 theaters<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sic.conaculta.gob.mx/infraestructura/teatros/todo.php3?J=10 |title=Sistema de Información Cultural - Conaculta - Mexico |publisher=Sic.conaculta.gob.mx |date= |accessdate=2011-06-22}}</ref> in the city: #Teatro del Estado. #Teatro al Aire Libre del Centro Comunitario Estudiantil. #Teatro de Casa de Cultura de Mexicali. Idem. #Teatro del CREA #Teatro Universitario de Mexicali, it is mainly used for UABC ceremonies and occasionally for plays. #Teatro al Aire Libre de Rectoría #Teatro del Seguro Social that was inaugurated in the 1970s. #Teatro al aire libre del Centro de Enseñanza Técnica y Superior CETYS unveiled on September 2006. #Teatro del Centro de Enseñanza Técnica y Superior CETYS. #IMAX Teatro in The Sol del Niño Museum #Centro Estatal de las Artes with multiple theater and convention center Mexicali also has the [[Baja Prog]] festival, a series of progressive rock concerts that take place during four consecutive days in springtime. It is hosted by [[Cast (Mexican band)|CAST]], a [[progressive rock]] band from Mexicali. ==Sports == Mexicali has many sites where people from all over the country visit, as well as visitors from United States and Canada, such as the [[bullfighting]] arena, Plaza [[Calafia]], where many bullfights ("corridas") are organized along the year. Mexicali has also a professional 18-hole [[Golf Course]] "Club Campestre" where both national and international championships take place regularly. Beside the amateur leagues, there are a few professional sport teams which plays in different leagues. ===Basketball=== Mexicali's [[basketball]] teams are the ''Bomberos de Mexicali'' of the CIBACOPA Pacific Circuit and ''Soles de Mexicali'' of the [[Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional]] (LNBP) of [[Mexico]]. Soles lifted the National Trophy as the 2006/2007 LNBP Champions. Their stadium is the "[[Auditorio del Estado]]" located in the "Ciudad Deportiva de Mexicali". The ''Bomberos de Mexicali'' were founded in 2010 and participate in the Pacific Coast Basketball Circuit, CIBACOPA. The team demonstrated strong results in the first leg of its inaugural season, yet was negatively affected by the April 4th earthquake of the Mexicali region, seeing its second leg play out as a road team in Tijuana’s Municipal Auditorium. Due to the earthquake and its aftershocks, the Civil Protection Ministry of Mexicali ceased all massive events within closed structures. The Bomberos look to return in 2011 with reinforcements and a competitive team that will vie for the league title. Bomberos arrived to Mexicali and reached an agreement with the Municipal Government to renovate the hardwood of the Mexicali Gymnasium and call the Silver Colossus their home. Mexicali was also home to the now defunct franchise Calor de Mexicali (Mexicali Heat), which participated in the 2007 edition of the Pacific Coast Basketball Circuit. They played their home games at the "Gimnasio de Mexicali" located on "Avenida Reforma". Mexicali was also home to a 2006 [[American Basketball Association (21st century)|American Basketball Association]] franchise, the [[Mexicali Sentinels|Centinelas de Mexicali]] (The Sentinels). ===Football=== The "Ciudad Deportiva" also houses a [[Football (Soccer)|football]] stadium where the ''Cachanillas de Mexicali'', a [[Tercera División de México|Mexican third division]] football team plays. The home of the Pioneros del Valle, also a Mexican third division football team, is located in the Mexicali Valley. ===Baseball=== In addition, "Ciudad Deportiva" is the location of the "CasasGeo" stadium where the professional [[baseball]] team "[[Águilas de Mexicali]]" plays every season. The Águilas de Mexicali is a Mexican baseball team playing for the [[Liga Mexicana del Pacífico]] in Mexicali, Baja California. The team was founded on October 14, 1976. They have won the championship three times, 1985-1986 (coach Benjamin Reyes), in 1988-1989 (coach Dave Machemer), in 1998-1999 (coach Francisco Estrada). The team also won the 1986 Caribbean Series, played in Venezuela. The "Águilas de Mexicali" were formed in 1976 and have been a member of the Mexican Pacific League since. They are located in the border city of Mexicali, Baja California and have won three LMP pennants. Their brightest moment came when they won the 1986 Caribbean Series, only becoming the second Mexican team to take the title. Mexicali was the host for the Caribbean Series in 2009. The Azules de Mexicali is a professional Mexican baseball team which plays in the [[Liga Norte de Sonora|North Sonora League]], the main supporting league of the "LMP". Mexicali young baseball players through the Little League program had played three times the Little league World Series in [[Williamsport, Pennsylvania]]. First time in 1985 Felix Arce Little league representing the West of United States and 2005 and 2007 the Seguro Social Little League representing Mexicali.<ref name="Federacion Mexicana de Beisbol">{{cite web |title=IMSS MEXICALI, A LA SERIE MUNDIAL DE WIILIAMSPORT |url=http://www.femebe.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=569 |accessdate=15, August, 2011 }}</ref> ===American football=== The team plays in the newly-built convention center, while local businessmen negotiate a deal for an [[American football]] team with the [[af2]] under ownership of the [[Arena Football League (1987–2008)|Arena Football League]] in 2008. {{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} The owners announced they made a new team, the Mexicali Borregos Salvajes but has not officially joined af2 but could play in the Mexican Pro American Football League in games against teams from across Mexico. {{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} ==Infrastructure== [[Image:RailTracksMexicali.JPG|thumb|upright|Rail tracks on Avenida Lopez Mateos leading north to the border crossing.]] ===Transportation=== ====Land==== Mexicali is located at a Junction of major interstates and federal highways. These included [[Interstate 8]], leading from San Diego to the Arizona Sun Corridor where the cities of Phoenix and [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]] dominate and [[Mexican Federal Highway 2]] linking [[Tijuana]] with Mexicali. Other roads lead southwest to Ensenada or north to the [[Imperial Valley]]. The road system in the city of Mexicali and its conurbation is very complex. Over the urban area long boulevards are traversed from one end of which most are 6 lanes with a median of 2 lanes. The backbone of the city is the Lazaro Cardenas Boulevard extending from east to west. This boulevard is 24.5&nbsp;km long and consists of 6 lanes (3 each direction), a shoulder in each direction, and ridges of 3 lanes creating a wingspan of 50 meters. In certain sections the boulevard is made of 8 to 10 lanes. Other important boulevards include: Blvd Adolfo Lopez Mateos, Blvd Benito Juárez, Blvd Anahuac, Justo Sierra Blvd, Blvd Venustiano Carranza, Calz Manuel Gómez Morin, Calz Francisco L Montejano, Calz Cetys, Ninth Street, Road to San Felipe, Blvd Héctor Terán Terán, Calzada Independencia, H. Calz Military College, among others. There are two corridors within the city: New River Ecological Corridor, which is guided in the ancient river bed of the Industrial Corridor Palace, this crosses the Industrial zone of Mexicali. There is also the beltway, located in the east of the city, connecting the Lazaro Cardenas Blvd Blvd Agricultural Islands and the road to Cologne Abasolo, and this in turn with the Airport Road. Within the urban area are vehicular bridges, of which highlight the overpass Lázaro Cárdenas-Benito Juárez, Héctor Terán Underpass-Carr to San Felipe, Puente López Mateos-Calz Independence Distributor Road, Lázaro Cárdenas-Palaco Industrial Corridor and Lázaro Cárdenas Distributor Road-Lopez Mateos. The latter has a 15-m high bridge which makes it the highest in the Northwest of Mexico. It was also designed with first-world seismic technology, which supports earthquakes of similar magnitude as 7.2 degrees Richter of the day April 4, 2010. The road layout in the urban sprawl is very efficient. Many communities are portrayed by satellite imagery as rectangular while many streets are straight and wide maintaining standard deviations with few bends. On 6 January 2011 at a press conference, the city of Mexicali, led by Francisco José Pérez-Tejada Padilla, along with the state governor José Guadalupe Osuna Millán, unveiled the modernized Palaco Industrial Corridor. This project will be the largest and most expensive in the history of road infrastructure in Mexicali with an initial investment of 285 million pesos and 546 million more for the installation of the Express Line 1 (Bus Rapid Transit line), with a total investment of 831 million pesos. The new Palaco Industrial Corridor will begin construction in March 2011, with 6 lanes, berms at the edges that will include two additional lanes to service the BRT. Its opening is planned for March 14, 2012. ===Metropolitan Transit=== In the past 10 years, the public transport system has greatly improved with the implementation of modern units for the convenience of users. Currently there are over 40 routes across the city and its urban area, where companies like Atusa, Getusmex, among others, offer this service. The fees for bus service marked by the Municipal Transportation System are: *Modern service unit with A/C: 9.00 pesos *Standard service unit without A/C: 6.50 pesos ====Air==== The city is linked to other Mexican cities by the [[General Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada International Airport|Mexicali International Airport]], which serve the city and the surrounding towns. ====Sea==== The proposed canal linking the Gulf of California with Mexicali, by way of Laguna Salada, would provide sea transportation to and from the Gulf from other important west coast cities and regional inland centers such as [[San Diego]], [[Ensenada, Baja California|Ensenada]], and [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]. ==Sister cities== *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Nanjing]], [[China]] *{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Gumi, South Korea|Gumi]], [[South Korea]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Calexico, California|Calexico]], [[United States]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Indio, California|Indio]], United States *{{flagicon|USA}} [[San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino]], United States *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Yuma, Arizona|Yuma]], [[United States]] ==See also== {{Portal|Mexico}} * ''[[List of people from Mexicali]]'' ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|Mexicali}} *[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005] INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática {{Baja California}} {{MexicoStateCapitals}} [[Category:Mexicali| ]] [[Category:Mexican state capitals]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1903]] [[Category:Populated places in Baja California]] [[Category:Populated places in the Colorado Desert]] [[ar:مكسيكالي]] [[zh-min-nan:Mexicali]] [[be:Горад Мехікалі]] [[bg:Мехикали]] [[ca:Mexicali]] [[de:Mexicali]] [[et:Mexicali]] [[es:Mexicali]] [[eo:Mexicali]] [[eu:Mexicali]] [[fr:Mexicali]] [[gl:Mexicali]] [[ko:멕시칼리]] [[ilo:Mexicali]] [[id:Mexicali]] [[it:Mexicali]] [[he:מקסיקלי]] [[kl:Mexicali]] [[ka:მეხიკალი]] [[sw:Mexicali, Baja California]] [[lt:Meksikalis]] [[lmo:Mexicali]] [[ms:Mexicali]] [[nl:Mexicali]] [[ja:メヒカリ (バハ・カリフォルニア州)]] [[no:Mexicali]] [[nn:Mexicali i Baja California]] [[pl:Mexicali]] [[pt:Mexicali]] [[ro:Mexicali, Baja California]] [[ru:Мехикали]] [[simple:Mexicali]] [[fi:Mexicali]] [[sv:Mexicali]] [[tl:Mexicali]] [[vi:Mexicali]] [[vo:Mexicali]] [[war:Mexicali]] [[zh:墨西卡利]] ;)~Love you!'