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'{{About||the television film|Apollo 11 (film)}} {{Good article}} {{Infobox Space mission |mission_name=Apollo 11 |insignia=Apollo_11_insignia.png |insignia_alt=Circular insignia: eagle with wings outstretched holds olive branch on moon with earth in background, in blue and gold border. |stats_ref=<ref name="Orloff">{{cite web |url=http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_00g_Table_of_Contents.htm |title=''Apollo'' by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference (SP-4029) |author=Richard W. Orloff |publisher=NASA}}</ref> |crew_size=3 |command_module=CM-107<br/>mass {{convert|12,250|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |service_module=SM-107<br/>mass {{convert|51,243|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |lunar_module=LM-5<br/>mass {{convert|33,278|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |spacecraft_mass={{convert|96,771|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |spacecraft_name= CSM: ''Columbia''<br/>LM: ''Eagle'' |callsign= CSM: Columbia<br/>LM: Eagle in-flight; ''Tranquillity Base'' on lunar surface |booster=[[Saturn V]] SA-506 |launch_pad=[[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|LC 39A]]<br/>{{nowrap|[[Kennedy Space Center]]}}<br/>Florida, United States |launch_date={{Start date|1969|07|16}}<br/>13:32:00 [[UTC]] |lunar_landing=July 20, 1969<br/>20:17:40 UTC<br/>[[Mare Tranquillitatis|Sea of Tranquillity]]<br/>{{Coord|0|40|26.69|N|23|28|22.69|E|globe:moon_type:landmark}}<br/>(based on the [[International Astronomical Union|IAU]] Mean Earth Polar Axis [[coordinate system]]) |lunar_eva_duration=2 h 36 m 40 s |lunar_surface_time=21 h 31 m 20 s |lunar_sample_mass={{convert|21.55|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |lunar_orbits=30 |time_lunar_orbits=59 h 30 m 25.79 s |landing=July 24, 1969<br/>16:50:35 UTC<br/>North Pacific Ocean<br/>{{Coord|13|19|N|169|9|W|type:event|name=Apollo 11 splashdown}} |mission_duration=8 d 03 h 18 m 35 s |crew_photo=apollo_11.jpg |crew_photo_alt=Three astronauts in spacesuits without helmets sitting in front of a large photo of the moon. |crew_caption=Left to right: [[Neil Armstrong|Armstrong]], [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Collins]], [[Buzz Aldrin|Aldrin]] |previous_mission=[[File:Apollo-10-LOGO.png|35px|alt=Insignia]] [[Apollo 10]] |next_mission=[[File:AP12goodship.png|35px|alt=Insignia]] [[Apollo 12]] }} '''Apollo 11''' was the [[spaceflight]] which landed the first humans, [[Neil Armstrong]] and [[Buzz Aldrin|Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, Jr]], on [[Moon|Earth's Moon]] on July 20, 1969, at 20:17:39 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]. The [[United States]] mission is considered the major accomplishment in the [[history of space exploration]]. Launched from the [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39]] in [[Merritt Island, Florida]] on July 16, ''Apollo'' 11 was the fifth manned mission, and the third lunar mission, of [[NASA]]'s [[Apollo program|''Apollo'' program]]. The crew consisted of Armstrong as Commander and Aldrin as Lunar Module Pilot, with Command Module Pilot [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]]. Armstrong and Aldrin landed in the [[Mare Tranquillitatis|Sea of Tranquillity]] and became the first humans to walk on the Moon on July 21. Their [[Apollo Lunar Module|Lunar Module]], ''Eagle'', spent 21 hours 31 minutes on the lunar surface, while Collins remained in orbit in the [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Command/Service Module]], ''Columbia''.<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_11i_Timeline.htm NASA Apollo 11 Timeline].</ref> The three astronauts returned to Earth on July 24, landing in the [[Pacific Ocean]]. They brought back {{convert|47.5|lb|kg}} of lunar rocks. ''Apollo 11'' fulfilled U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]]'s goal of reaching the Moon before the [[Soviet Union]] by the end of the 1960s, which he had expressed during a 1961 [[Apollo program#Background|mission statement]] before the [[United States Congress]]: "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/TECH/space/05/25/kennedy.moon/ |title=Man on the Moon: Kennedy speech ignited the dream |work=CNN | first=Richard | last=Stenger | date=May 25, 2001 | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100606035837/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/TECH/space/05/25/kennedy.moon/|archivedate=June 6, 2010}}</ref> Six additional ''Apollo'' missions flew to the Moon and five landed between 1969 and 1972.<!--is this necessary for the topic? Yes, more general information for casual readers--> ==Crew== {{Spaceflight crew |terminology = Astronaut |position1 = Commander |crew1_up = [[Neil Armstrong|Neil A. Armstrong]] |flights1_up = Second |position2 = Command Module Pilot |crew2_up = [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]] |flights2_up = Second |position3 = Lunar Module Pilot |crew3_up = [[Buzz Aldrin|Edwin "Buzz" E. Aldrin, Jr.]] |flights3_up = Second }} Each crewman of Apollo 11 had made a spaceflight before this mission, making it only the second all-veteran crew (the other being Apollo 10) in human spaceflight history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4205/ch12-6.html |title=Chariots for Apollo: Setting the Stage |work=NASA |accessdate=2010-07-20}}</ref> Collins was originally slated to be the Command Module Pilot (CMP) on [[Apollo 8]] but was removed when he required surgery on his back and was replaced by [[Jim Lovell]], his backup for that flight. After Collins was medically cleared, he took what would have been Lovell's spot on Apollo 11; as a veteran of Apollo 8, Lovell was transferred to Apollo 11's backup crew, but promoted to backup commander. ===Backup crew=== {{Spaceflight crew |terminology = Astronaut |position1 = Commander |crew1_up = [[Jim Lovell|James A. Lovell, Jr.]] |position2 = Command Module Pilot |crew2_up = [[Bill Anders|William A. Anders]] |position3 = Lunar Module Pilot |crew3_up = [[Fred Haise|Fred W. Haise, Jr.]] }} In early 1969, Bill Anders accepted a job with the [[National Space Council]] effective in August 1969 and announced his retirement as an astronaut. At that point Ken Mattingly was moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup Command Module Pilot in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch (at which point Anders would be unavailable if needed) and would later join Lovell's crew and ultimately be assigned as the original [[Apollo 13]] CMP.<ref>Donald K. Slayton, "Deke!" (New York: Forge, 1994), 237.</ref> ===Support crew=== <!--IMAGE-->[[File:5927 NASA.jpg|thumb|Aldrin unpacks experiments from the LM, named ''Eagle''.]] *[[Charles Moss Duke, Jr.|Charlie Duke]], [[Capsule communicator|Capsule Communicator]] (CAPCOM) *[[Ronald Evans]] (CAPCOM) *[[Owen K. Garriott]] (CAPCOM) *[[Don L. Lind]] (CAPCOM) *[[Ken Mattingly]] (CAPCOM) *[[Bruce McCandless II]] (CAPCOM) *[[Harrison Schmitt]] (CAPCOM) *[[William Pogue|Bill Pogue]] *[[Jack Swigert]] ===Flight directors=== *[[Cliff Charlesworth]] (Green Team), launch and [[Extra-vehicular activity|EVA]] *[[Gene Kranz]] (White Team), lunar landing *[[Glynn Lunney]] (Black Team), lunar ascent ==Call signs== [[File:Apollo 11 Command Module.jpg|thumb|left| [[Boilerplate (spaceflight)|Boilerplate]] Apollo command module depicting the Apollo 11 Command Module ''[[Columbia (name)|Columbia]]'' at the Udvar-Hazy Center]] After the crew of [[Apollo 10]] named their spacecraft ''Charlie Brown'' and ''Snoopy'', assistant manager for public affairs Julian Scheer wrote [[Manned Spacecraft Center]] director [[George M. Low]] to suggest the Apollo 11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft. During early mission planning, the names ''Snowcone'' and ''Haystack'' were used and put in the news release,<ref name="Snowcone">See, ''e.g.'', {{cite web|url=http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700011707_1970011707.pdf|author=NASA|title=Technical information summary: Apollo 11 (AS-506) Apollo Saturn V space vehicle (TM-X-62812; S/E-ASTR-S-101-69)|format=PDF|date=June 25, 1969}}, p. 8.</ref> but the crew later decided to change them. The [[Apollo Command Module|command module]] was named ''[[Columbia (name)|Columbia]]'' after the ''[[Columbiad#In fiction|Columbiad]]'', the giant cannon shell "spacecraft" (coincidentally "launched" from Florida) by a giant cannon in [[Jules Verne|Jules Verne's]] 1865 novel ''[[From the Earth to the Moon]]''.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Farmer | first = Gene | coauthors = Dora Jane Hamblin| title = First On the Moon: A Voyage With Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr.| publisher = Little, Brown and Co.| page = 39 | year = 1970| location = Boston | url = | doi = | id = Library of Congress 76-103950| isbn = }}</ref> The name ''Columbia'' is also associated with the feminine personification of the United States used traditionally in song and poetry. The [[Apollo Lunar Module|lunar module]] was named ''Eagle'' for the [[national bird]] of the United States, the [[bald eagle]], which is featured prominently on the mission insignia. Backup commander Jim Lovell recommended the name.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} {{Clear}} ==Mission highlights== ===Launch and lunar orbit injection=== [[File:Thousands of spectators camped out to watch the launch of Apollo 11 adjacent to the Kennedy Space Center.jpg|thumb|left|Thousands of spectators camp out adjacent to Kennedy Space Center to watch the launch of Apollo 11.]] [[File:Engineers Working in the Launch Control Center Preparing for the Launch of Apollo 11.gif|thumb|Engineers in the [[Launch Control Center]] prepare for liftoff]] [[File:Apollo 11 Launch2.jpg|thumb|The Saturn V carrying ''Apollo 11'' slowly rises past the [[Service structure|launch tower]]]] [[File:Apollo 11 launch.jpg|thumb|A [[Prandtl-Glauert singularity|condensation cloud]] forms around the second-to-third interstage skirt as the Saturn V approaches [[Mach number|Mach]] 1, one minute into the flight.]] [[File:Apollo 11 first stage separation.jpg|left|thumb|The [[S-II]] second stage ignites after the spent [[S-IC]] first stage separates from the vehicle]] [[File:Apollo 11 Lunar Module Eagle in landing configuration in lunar orbit from the Command and Service Module Columbia.jpg|thumb|left|The ''Eagle'' in lunar [[orbit]] immediately after separating from ''Columbia''.]] In addition to throngs of people crowding highways and beaches near the launch site, millions watched the event on television, with NASA Chief of Public Information [[Jack King (NASA)|Jack King]] providing commentary. President [[Richard Nixon]] viewed the proceedings from the [[Oval Office]] of the White House. A [[Saturn V]] launched ''Apollo 11'' from Launch Pad 39A, part of the Launch Complex 39 site at the [[Kennedy Space Center]] on July 16, 1969 at 13:32:00 UTC (9:32:00 a.m. local time). It entered orbit 12 minutes later.<ref name="Orloff" /> After one and a half orbits, the [[S-IVB]] third-stage engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon with the [[Trans Lunar Injection]] burn at 16:22:13 UTC. About 30 minutes later the [[Apollo Command/Service Module|command/service module]] pair separated from this last remaining Saturn V stage and docked with the [[lunar module]] still nestled in the [[Apollo spacecraft#Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter (SLA)|Lunar Module Adaptor]]. After the lunar module was extracted, the combined spacecraft headed for the Moon, while the third stage booster flew on a trajectory past the Moon and into [[Heliocentric orbit|solar orbit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_11i_Timeline.htm|title=Apollo 11 Timeline|publisher=NASA|accessdate=October 30, 2009}}</ref> On July 19 at 17:21:50 UTC, ''Apollo 11'' passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter [[lunar orbit]]. In the thirty orbits<ref>[http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/apollo/apollo-11/apollo-11.html Apollo-11] NASA.</ref> that followed, the crew saw passing views of their landing site in the southern Sea of Tranquillity ([[Mare Tranquillitatis]]) about {{convert|20|km|mi}} southwest of the crater Sabine D (0.67408N, 23.47297E). The landing site was selected in part because it had been characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated ''[[Ranger 8]]'' and ''[[Surveyor 5]]'' landers along with the ''[[Lunar Orbiter]]'' mapping spacecraft and unlikely to present major landing or [[extra-vehicular activity]] (EVA) challenges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-lib.ksc.nasa.gov/lib/archives/apollo/pk/apollo11pt1.pdf| title=Apollo 11 Press Kit (p.1-100) |format=PDF |author=NASA|date=July 6, 1969|accessdate=September 23, 2006}}</ref> ===Lunar descent=== On July 20, 1969 the [[Apollo Lunar Module|lunar module]] (LM) ''Eagle'' separated from the command module ''Columbia''. Collins, alone aboard ''Columbia'', inspected ''Eagle'' as it pirouetted before him to ensure the craft was not damaged. As the descent began, Armstrong and Aldrin found that they were passing landmarks on the surface 4 seconds early and reported that they were "long": they would land miles west of their target point. Five minutes into the descent burn, and {{convert|6000|ft|m|-2}} above the surface of the Moon, the [[Apollo Guidance Computer|LM navigation and guidance computer]] distracted the crew with the first of several unexpected "1202" and "1201" program alarms. Inside [[Johnson Space Center|Mission Control Center]] in Houston, Texas, computer engineer [[Jack Garman]] told [[Flight controller|guidance officer]] [[Steve Bales]] it was safe to continue the descent and this was relayed to the crew. The program alarms indicated "executive overflows", meaning the guidance computer could not complete all of its tasks in real time and had to postpone some of them.<ref>Michael Collins, in [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-350/cover.html Apollo Expeditions to the Moon], NASA pub. no. SP-350 (1975), chapter [http://history.nasa.gov/SP-350/ch-11-4.html 11.4].</ref> During the mission, the cause was diagnosed as the rendezvous radar switch being in the wrong position, causing the computer to process data from both the rendezvous and landing radars at the same time.<ref name="Apollo 11 Mission Report">{{cite web|url=http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/A11_MissionReport.pdf|title=Apollo 11 Mission Report|format=PDF|publisher=NASA}}</ref><ref name="Martin">{{cite web|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.1201-fm.html|title=Apollo 11: 25 Years Later|author=Martin, Fred H.|publisher=NASA}}</ref> However, in 2005, software engineer Don Eyles concluded in a Guidance and Control Conference paper, that the problem was actually due to a hardware design bug that had been seen previously on testing of the first unmanned LM for [[Apollo 5]]. Having the rendezvous radar on (so that it was warmed up, in case of an emergency landing abort) should have been irrelevant to the computer, but an electrical phasing mismatch between two parts of the rendezvous radar system could cause the stationary antenna to appear to the computer as dithering back and forth between two positions, depending upon how the hardware randomly powered up. The extra spurious [[cycle stealing]], as the rendezvous radar updated an involuntary counter, caused the computer alarms.<ref name="Eyles">{{cite web|url=http://klabs.org/history/apollo_11_alarms/eyles_2004/eyles_2004.htm|title=Tales from the Lunar Module Guidance Computer|author=Don Eyles|publisher=American Astronautical Society}}</ref> When Armstrong again looked outside, he saw that the computer's landing target was in a boulder-strewn area just north and east of a {{convert|300|m|ft}} diameter crater (later determined to be "West crater", named for its location in the western part of the originally planned landing ellipse). Armstrong took semi-automatic control<ref name="Digital Apollo">{{Cite book | author = Mindell, David A | title = Digital Apollo | publisher = MIT Press | year = 2008 | pages = 195–197 | isbn = 978-0-262-13497-2}}</ref> and, with Aldrin calling out altitude and velocity data, landed at 20:17 UTC on July 20 with about 25 seconds of fuel left.<ref name="ALSJ 1"/> ''Apollo 11'' landed with less fuel than other missions, and the astronauts also encountered a premature low fuel warning. This was later found to have been due to greater propellant 'slosh' than expected, uncovering a fuel sensor. On subsequent missions, extra baffles were added to the tanks to prevent this.<ref name="ALSJ 1" /> Throughout the descent Aldrin had called out navigation data to Armstrong, who was busy piloting the LM. A few moments before the landing, a light informed Aldrin that at least one of the {{convert|67|in|cm|0|adj=on}} probes hanging from ''Eagle'''s footpads had touched the surface, and he said "Contact light!". Three seconds later, ''Eagle'' landed and Armstrong said "Shutdown". Aldrin immediately said "Okay, engine stop. ACA - out of [[detent]]." Armstrong acknowledged "Out of detent. Auto" and Aldrin continued "Mode control - both auto. Descent engine command override off. Engine arm - off. 413 is in." [[Charles Duke]], acting as CAPCOM during the landing phase, acknowledged their landing by saying "We copy you down, Eagle". Armstrong continued with the remainder of the post landing checklist, "Engine arm is off." before responding to Duke with the words, "Houston, [[Tranquillity Base]] here. The ''Eagle'' has landed." Armstrong's abrupt change of call sign from "Eagle" to "Tranquillity Base" caused momentary confusion at Mission Control and Duke remained silent for a couple of seconds before expressing the relief of Mission Control: "Roger, Twan-- Tranquillity, we copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot."<ref name="ALSJ 1">{{cite web | url = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.landing.html | title = Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal: The First Lunar Landing | author = Jones, Eric M. (editor) | publisher = NASA }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/moonlandings/7630.shtml?all=2&id=7630|title=BBC - Archive-Moon Landings - James May speaks to Charles Duke|publisher=BBC.co.uk|accessdate=June 7, 2009}}</ref> Two and a half hours after landing, before preparations began for the [[Extra-vehicular activity|EVA]], Aldrin broadcast that: {{quote|"This is the LM pilot. I'd like to take this opportunity to ask every person listening in, whoever and wherever they may be, to pause for a moment and contemplate the events of the past few hours and to give thanks in his or her own way."<ref name="ALSJ 2">{{cite web | url = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.postland.html | title = Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal: Post-landing Activities | author = Jones, Eric M. (editor) | publisher = NASA }}</ref>}} He then took [[Eucharist|communion]] privately. At this time NASA was still fighting a lawsuit brought by atheist [[Madalyn Murray O'Hair]] (who had objected to the ''[[Apollo 8]]'' crew reading from the [[Genesis (Old Testament)|Book of Genesis]]) demanding that their astronauts refrain from religious activities while in space. As such, Aldrin chose to refrain from directly mentioning this. He had kept the plan quiet (not even mentioning it to his wife) and did not reveal it publicly for several years.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} Aldrin was an elder at Webster [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian Church]] in [[Webster, Texas]]. His communion kit was prepared by the pastor of the church, the Rev. Dean Woodruff. Aldrin described communion on the Moon and the involvement of his church and pastor in the October 1970 edition of ''Guideposts'' magazine and in his book ''Return to Earth''. Webster Presbyterian possesses the chalice used on the Moon and commemorates the event each year on the Sunday closest to July 20.<ref name="chaikin">{{Cite book|author=Chaikin, Andrew|title=A Man on the Moon|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year =1998|pages=204 & 623|isbn=0-14-027201-1}}</ref> The schedule for the mission called for the astronauts to follow the landing with a five-hour sleep period, since they had been awake since early morning. However, they elected to forgo the sleep period and begin the preparations for the EVA early, thinking that they would be unable to sleep. {{Clear}} ===Lunar surface operations=== {{See also|Neil Armstrong#First Moon walk|l1=First Moon walk}} {{Listen|filename=Frase de Neil Armstrong.ogg|title="That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind"|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}} [[File:As11-40-5886.jpg|thumb|left|Neil Armstrong works at the LM in one of the few photos taken of him from the lunar surface. NASA photo AS11-40-5886.]] [[File:Apollo 11 bootprint.jpg|thumb|right|Aldrin bootprint; part of an experiment to test the properties of the lunar [[regolith]]]] [[File:Apollo 11 first step.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Apollo TV camera|mounted slowscan TV camera]] shows Armstrong as he climbs down the ladder to surface.]] [[File:Aldrin Apollo 11 original.jpg|thumb|Aldrin poses on the Moon, allowing Armstrong to photograph both of them using the visor's reflection.]] [[File:President Nixon telephones the Apollo 11 crew on the Moon.ogg|thumb|left|President Nixon phones Armstrong and Aldrin from the Oval Office.]] [[File:Apollo11 under LM.jpg|right|thumb|Under the ''Eagle''.]] The astronauts planned placement of the Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package (EASEP)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/docs/ApolloCat/Part1/EASEP.htm |title=Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package - Apollo 11 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=July 18, 2009}}</ref> and the U.S. flag by studying their landing site through ''Eagle'''s twin triangular windows, which gave them a 60° field of view. Preparation required longer than the two hours scheduled. Armstrong initially had some difficulties squeezing through the hatch with his [[Primary Life Support System|Portable Life Support System]] (PLSS). According to veteran moon-walker [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]], a redesign of the [[Apollo Lunar Module|LM]] to incorporate a smaller hatch had not been followed by a redesign of the PLSS backpack, so some of the highest heart rates recorded from Apollo astronauts occurred during LM egress and ingress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.summary.html|title=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal|author=Eric M. Jones|date=April 6, 2006|accessdate=September 23, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/books/apollo/s2ch4.htm|title=Metabolism and heat dissipation during Apollo EVA periods - Chapter 4|author=J.M. Waligora, D.J. Horrigan|accessdate=September 23, 2006}}</ref> At 02:39 UTC on Monday July 21 (10:39pm EDT, Sunday July 20), 1969, Armstrong opened the hatch, and at 02:51 UTC began his descent to the lunar surface. The Remote Control Unit controls on his chest kept him from seeing his feet. Climbing down the nine-rung ladder, Armstrong pulled a D-ring to deploy the Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly (MESA) folded against Eagle's side and activate the TV camera, and at 02:56 UTC (10:56pm EDT) he set his left foot on the surface.<ref name="ALSJ 4">{{cite web | url = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.step.html | title = Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal: One Small Step | author = Jones, Eric M. (editor) | publisher = NASA }}</ref> The first landing used [[slow-scan television]] incompatible with commercial TV, so it was displayed on a special monitor and a conventional TV camera viewed this monitor, significantly reducing the quality of the picture.<ref name="Blunder 5">*{{cite news | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/one-giant-blunder-for-mankind-how-nasa-lost-moon-pictures/2006/08/04/1154198328978.html|title = One Giant Blunder for Mankind: How NASA Lost Moon Pictures | date=August 5, 2006 | work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> The signal was received at [[Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex|Goldstone]] in the United States but with better fidelity by [[Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station]] in Australia. Minutes later the feed was switched to the more sensitive [[Parkes Observatory|Parkes radio telescope]] in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/news_events/apollo11/tv_broadcasts.html |title=On Eagle's Wings: The Story of the Parkes Apollo 11 Support |publisher=Parkes.atnf.csiro.au |date= |accessdate=2011-01-10}}</ref> Despite some technical and weather difficulties, ghostly black and white images of the first lunar EVA were received and broadcast to at least 600 million people on Earth.<ref name="Parkes">{{cite web|url=http://www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/apollo11/pasa/on_eagles_wings.pdf|title=On Eagle's Wings: The [[Parkes Observatory]]'s Support of the Apollo 11 Mission |format=PDF |publisher=Astronomical Society of Australia |date=July 1, 2001 |accessdate=September 22, 2006}}</ref> Although copies of this video in broadcast format were saved and are widely available, [[Apollo 11 missing tapes|recordings of the original slow scan source transmission from the lunar surface]] were accidentally destroyed during routine magnetic tape re-use at NASA. After describing the surface dust as "very fine-grained" and "almost like a powder",<ref name="ALSJ 4" /> Armstrong stepped off ''Eagle'''s footpad and uttered his famous line "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind"<ref>A NASA transcript explains that the "a" article was intended, whether or not it was said;[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.step.html#1092413] the intention was to contrast ''a man'' (an individual's action) and ''mankind'' (as a species).</ref><ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/F_Apollo_35th_Anniversary.html NASA Moon landing 35th anniversary] includes the "a" article as intended.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5398560.stm BBC |title=Armstrong 'got Moon quote right' |date=2 October 2006 |work=BBC News}} News story on reanalysis which suggests the line was said correctly (with the "a" article).</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8081817.stm | title=Armstrong's 'poetic' slip on Moon | date=June 3, 2009 | work=BBC News | first=Pallab | last=Ghosh}} News story on later reanalysis which suggests the line was said incorrectly.</ref><ref>[http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/4225856.html Houston Chronicle] coverage of the same story.</ref> six and a half hours after landing.<ref name="Orloff"/> Aldrin joined him, describing the view as "Magnificent desolation."<ref>[http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.step.html#1094324 NASA transcript].</ref> <!-- {{Listen|pos=left|filename=Frase de Neil Armstrong.ogg|type=sound|title="That's one small step for (a) man, one giant leap for mankind."|description=}} --> About seven minutes after stepping onto the Moon's surface, Armstrong collected a contingency soil sample using a sample bag on a stick. He then folded the bag and tucked it into a pocket on his right thigh. This was to guarantee there would be some lunar soil brought back in case an emergency required the astronauts to abandon the [[Extra-vehicular activity|EVA]] and return to the [[Apollo Lunar Module|LM]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/lsc/10010.pdf |author=C Meyer |year=2009 |title=Lunar Sample Compendium: Contingency Soil (10010)}}</ref> In addition to fulfilling President [[John F. Kennedy]]'s mandate to land a man on the Moon before the end of the 1960s,<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1969/Apollo-11/12303189849225-2/ "Apollo 11: 1969 Year in Review, UPI.com"].</ref> Apollo 11 was an engineering test of the Apollo system; therefore, Armstrong snapped photos of the LM so engineers would be able to judge its post-landing condition. He removed the TV camera from the MESA and made a panoramic sweep, then mounted it on a tripod {{convert|68|ft|m}} from the LM. The TV camera cable remained partly coiled and presented a tripping hazard throughout the EVA. Armstrong said that moving in the lunar gravity, one-sixth of Earth's, was "even perhaps easier than the simulations... It's absolutely no trouble to walk around".<ref name="ALSJ 4"/> Aldrin joined him on the surface and tested methods for moving around, including two-footed kangaroo hops. The PLSS backpack created a tendency to tip backwards, but neither astronaut had serious problems maintaining balance. Loping became the preferred method of movement. The astronauts reported that they needed to plan their movements six or seven steps ahead. The fine soil was quite slippery. Aldrin remarked that moving from sunlight into ''Eagle'''s shadow produced no temperature change inside the suit, though the helmet was warmer in sunlight, so he felt cooler in shadow.<ref name="ALSJ 4"/> The astronauts planted a [[Lunar Flag Assembly|specially designed U.S. flag]] on the lunar surface, in clear view of the TV camera. Some time later, President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone-radio transmission which Nixon called "the most historic phone call ever made from the White House."<ref>National Archives and Records Administration, ''[http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals/apollo11.html Apollo 11 and Nixon]'', March 1996. Retrieved April 13, 2008.</ref> Nixon originally had a long speech prepared to read during the phone call, but [[Frank Borman]], who was at the White House as a NASA liaison during Apollo 11, convinced Nixon to keep his words brief, to respect the lunar landing as Kennedy's legacy.<ref>This was related by Frank Borman during the 2008 documentary ''[[When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions]]'', part 2.</ref> The MESA failed to provide a stable work platform and was in shadow, slowing work somewhat. As they worked, the moonwalkers kicked up gray dust which soiled the outer part of their suits, the integrated thermal meteoroid garment. They deployed the EASEP, which included a passive seismograph and a [[Lunar laser ranging experiment|laser ranging]] [[retroreflector]]. Then Armstrong loped about {{convert|120|m|ft}} from the LM to snap photos at the rim of Little West Crater <!-- There is no "East Crater", see http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11EastCraterRIP.html --> while Aldrin collected two core tubes. He used the [[geological hammer]] to pound in the tubes - the only time the hammer was used on ''Apollo 11''. The astronauts then collected rock samples using scoops and tongs on extension handles. Many of the surface activities took longer than expected, so they had to stop documenting sample collection halfway through the allotted 34 min. During this period Mission Control used a coded phrase to warn Armstrong that his metabolic rates were high and that he should slow down. He was moving rapidly from task to task as time ran out. However, as metabolic rates remained generally lower than expected for both astronauts throughout the walk, Mission Control granted the astronauts a 15-minute extension.<ref name="ALSJ 6">{{cite web|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.clsout.html|title=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal: EASEP Deployment and Closeout|author=Jones, Eric M. (editor)|publisher=NASA }}</ref> {{Clear}} ===Lunar ascent and return=== [[File:Aldrin with experiment.jpg|thumb|Aldrin stands next to the Passive Seismic Experiment Package with the [[Lunar Module]] in the background.]] Aldrin entered ''Eagle'' first. With some difficulty the astronauts lifted film and two sample boxes containing more than {{convert|22|kg|lb}} of lunar surface material to the LM hatch using a flat cable pulley device called the Lunar Equipment Conveyor. Armstrong reminded Aldrin of a bag of memorial items in his suit pocket sleeve, and Aldrin tossed the bag down; Armstrong then jumped to the ladder's third rung and climbed into the LM. After transferring to LM [[life support]], the explorers lightened the ascent stage for return to lunar orbit by tossing out their PLSS backpacks, lunar overshoes, one [[Hasselblad]] camera, and other equipment. They then pressurized the LM, and settled down to sleep.<ref name="ALSJ 7">{{cite web | url = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.posteva.html | title = Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal: Trying to Rest | author = Jones, Eric M. (editor) | publisher = NASA }}</ref> During this time another spacecraft, [[Luna 15]] — an unmanned Soviet spacecraft in lunar orbit, began its own descent to the lunar surface. Launched only three days before the Apollo 11 mission, this was the third Soviet attempt to return lunar soil back to Earth. The Russian craft crashed on the lunar surface at 15:50 UT — just a few hours before the scheduled American liftoff.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/5737854/Russian-spacecraft-landed-on-moon-hours-before-Americans.html|title=Russian Spacecraft Landed on Moon Hours Before Americans|date=July 4, 2009|publisher=telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=November 15, 2009 | location=London}}</ref> In a race to reach the Moon and return to Earth, the parallel missions of Luna 15 and Apollo 11 were, in many ways, the climax of the [[Space Race]] that underlay the space programs of both the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1960s. The simultaneous missions became one of the first instances of Soviet/American space cooperation as the USSR released Luna 15's flight plan to ensure it would not collide with Apollo 11, though its exact mission was unknown.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/recording-tracks-russias-moon-gatecrash-attempt-1730851.html |title=Recording Tracks Russia's Moon Gatecrash Attempt |publisher=Independent.co.uk |date=2009-07-03 |accessdate=2011-01-10 |location=London |first=Jonathan |last=Brown}}</ref> [[Image:Apollo 11 plaque closeup on Moon.jpg|left|thumb|The historical plaque on the ladder of Apollo 11's [[Apollo Lunar Module|lunar module "Eagle"]], still remaining on the moon]] While moving within the cabin, Aldrin accidentally broke the [[circuit breaker]] that would arm the main engine for lift off from the Moon. There was concern this would prevent firing the engine, stranding them on the Moon. Fortunately a felt-tip pen was sufficient to activate the switch.<ref name="ALSJ 7" /> Had this not worked, the Lunar Module circuitry could have been reconfigured to allow firing the ascent engine.<ref name="Murray">{{Cite book | author=Murray, Charles & Cox, Catherine | title=Apollo: Race to the Moon | publisher=Touchstone Books | year=1990 | isbn=0-671-70625-X }}</ref> [[Image:Apollo 11 lunar module.jpg|right|thumb|Lunar Module ''Eagle's'' ascent stage in lunar orbit, as seen from ''Columbia''.]] After about seven hours of rest, the crew was awakened by Houston to prepare for the return flight. Two and a half hours later, at 17:54 UTC, they lifted off in ''Eagle'''s ascent stage, carrying 21.5 kilograms of lunar samples with them, to rejoin CMP Michael Collins aboard ''Columbia'' in lunar orbit. During the launch Aldrin looked up in time to see the exhaust from the ascent module's engine knock over the American flag they had planted.<ref name="Orloff" /> After more than 2½ hours on the lunar surface, they had left behind scientific instruments which included a [[retroreflector]] array used for the [[Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment]] and a Passive Seismic Experiment used to measure Moon quakes. They also left an [[Flag of the United States|American flag]], an [[Apollo 1]] mission patch, and a [[lunar plaque|plaque]] (mounted on the LM Descent Stage ladder) bearing two drawings of Earth (of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres), an inscription, and signatures of the astronauts and President Richard M. Nixon. The inscription read: {{quote|''Here Men From The Planet Earth First Set Foot Upon the Moon, July 1969 A.D. We Came in Peace For All Mankind.''}} They also left behind a memorial bag containing a gold replica of an olive branch as a traditional symbol of peace and a silicon message disk. The disk carries the [[Apollo 11 goodwill messages|goodwill statements]] by Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon and messages from leaders of 73 countries around the world. The disc also carries a listing of the leadership of the US Congress, a listing of members of the four committees of the House and Senate responsible for the NASA legislation, and the names of NASA's past and present top management.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://history.nasa.gov/ap11-35ann/goodwill/Apollo_11_material.pdf|title=News Release No. 69-83F|publisher=NASA|date=July 13, 1969}}</ref> (In his 1989 book, ''Men from Earth'', Aldrin says that the items included Soviet medals commemorating [[Cosmonaut]]s [[Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov|Vladimir Komarov]] and [[Yuri Gagarin]].) Also, according to [[Deke Slayton]]'s book 'Moonshot', Armstrong carried with him a special diamond-studded [[Astronaut pin]] from Slayton. Film taken from the LM Ascent Stage upon liftoff from the Moon reveals the American flag, planted some {{Convert|25|ft|m|0}} from the descent stage, whipping violently in the exhaust of the ascent stage engine. Buzz Aldrin witnessed it topple: "The ascent stage of the LM separated ...I was concentrating on the computers, and Neil was studying the [[attitude indicator]], but I looked up long enough to see the flag fall over."<ref>{{cite web | last = National Aeronautics and Space Administration | title = NASA Apollo Mission Apollo-11 | publisher = Kennedy Space Center | url = http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/apollo/apollo-11/apollo-11.html | accessdate = March 26, 2007}}</ref> Subsequent Apollo missions usually planted the American flags at least {{Convert|100|ft|m|sigfig=1}} from the LM to prevent its being blown over by the ascent engine exhaust. [[File:Buzz salutes the U.S. Flag.jpg|thumb|Aldrin salutes the U.S. flag erected on the lunar surface.]] After rendezvous with ''Columbia'', ''Eagle's'' ascent stage was jettisoned into lunar orbit at July 21, 1969 at 23:41 UT (7:41 PM EDT). Just before the Apollo 12 flight, it was noted that ''Eagle'' was still likely to be orbiting the Moon. Later NASA reports mentioned that ''Eagle's'' orbit had decayed, resulting in it impacting in an "uncertain location" on the lunar surface.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo_tables.html| title=Apollo Tables|author=NASA|accessdate=September 23, 2006}}</ref> The location is uncertain because the ''Eagle'' ascent stage was not tracked after it was jettisoned, and the lunar gravity field is sufficiently non-uniform to make the orbit of the spacecraft unpredictable after a short time. NASA estimated that the orbit had decayed within months and would have impacted on the Moon. On July 23, the last night before splashdown, the three astronauts made a television broadcast in which Collins commented, :"... The Saturn V rocket which put us in orbit is an incredibly complicated piece of machinery, every piece of which worked flawlessly ... We have always had confidence that this equipment will work properly. All this is possible only through the blood, sweat, and tears of a number of a people ...All you see is the three of us, but beneath the surface are thousands and thousands of others, and to all of those, I would like to say, 'Thank you very much.'" Aldrin added, :"This has been far more than three men on a mission to the Moon; more, still, than the efforts of a government and industry team; more, even, than the efforts of one nation. We feel that this stands as a symbol of the insatiable curiosity of all mankind to explore the unknown ... Personally, in reflecting on the events of the past several days, a verse from Psalms comes to mind. 'When I consider the heavens, the work of Thy fingers, the Moon and the stars, which Thou hast ordained; What is man that Thou art mindful of him?'" Armstrong concluded, :"The responsibility for this flight lies first with history and with the giants of science who have preceded this effort; next with the American people, who have, through their will, indicated their desire; next with four administrations and their Congresses, for implementing that will; and then, with the agency and industry teams that built our spacecraft, the Saturn, the Columbia, the Eagle, and the little [[Extravehicular Mobility Unit|EMU]], the spacesuit and backpack that was our small spacecraft out on the lunar surface. We would like to give special thanks to all those Americans who built the spacecraft; who did the construction, design, the tests, and put their hearts and all their abilities into those craft. To those people tonight, we give a special thank you, and to all the other people that are listening and watching tonight, God bless you. Good night from Apollo 11."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/apollo/apollo-11/apollo-11.html|title=NASA Apollo Mission Apollo 11|accessdate=January 30, 2007}}</ref> On the return to Earth, the Guam tracking station failed, which would have prevented communication on the last segment of the Earth return. Repair was not possible until a staff member had his ten-year old son, [[Greg Force]], do repairs made possible by his small hands. Force later was thanked by Armstrong.<ref>{{cite news|author=Rachel Rodriguez|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/space/07/20/apollo11.irpt/index.html |title=The 10-year-old who helped Apollo 11, 40 years later|publisher=Cnn.com |date= July 20, 2009|accessdate=2011-01-10}}</ref> ===Splashdown and quarantine=== [[File:Splashdown 3.jpg|thumb|The ''Columbia'' floats on the ocean as navy divers assist in retrieving the astronauts.]] On July 24, the astronauts returned home aboard the command module Columbia just before dawn at {{Coord|13|19|N|169|9|W|type:event|name=Apollo 11 splashdown}}, in the Pacific Ocean {{convert|2660|km|nmi}} east of [[Wake Island]], or {{convert|380|km|nmi}} south of [[Johnston Atoll]], and {{convert|24|km|mi}} from the recovery ship, [[USS Hornet (CV-12)|USS ''Hornet'']]. At roughly 11:45 a.m. [[Central Standard Time|CST]] the [[drogue parachute]]s deployed. At 11:51, the command module struck the water forcefully. Initially the command module landed upside down but was righted in several minutes by flotation bags triggered by the astronauts. "Everything's okay. Our checklist is complete. Awaiting swimmers," was Armstrong's last official transmission from the ''Columbia''. A diver from the Navy helicopter hovering above attached a sea anchor to the command module to prevent it from drifting. Additional divers attached flotation collars to stabilize the module and position rafts for astronaut extraction. Though the chance of bringing back [[pathogen]]s from the lunar surface was considered remote, it was considered a possibility and NASA took great precautions at the recovery site. Divers provided the astronauts with Biological Isolation Garments (BIGs) which were worn until they reached isolation facilities onboard the ''Hornet''. Additionally astronauts were rubbed down with a sodium-hydrochloride solution and the command module wiped with [[Betadine]] to remove any lunar dust that might be present. The raft containing decontamination materials was then intentionally sunk.<ref name="hornet">{{Cite book|last=Fish|first=Bob|title=Hornet Plus Three|publisher=Beagle Bay Books|date=June 10, 2009|edition=1st|isbn=0974961078}}</ref> [[File:Mission Operations Control Room at the conclusion of Apollo 11.jpg|thumb|left|Mission Control at the conclusion of Apollo 11.]] A second [[H-3 Sea King|Sea King]] helicopter hoisted the astronauts aboard one by one, where a NASA [[flight surgeon]] gave each a brief physical check during the {{convert|0.5|nmi|m}} trip back to the ''Hornet''. [[File:Apollo 11 crew in quarantine.jpg|thumb|The crew of ''Apollo 11'' in [[quarantine]] after returning to Earth, visited by Richard Nixon.]] After touchdown on the ''Hornet'', the astronauts exited the helicopter, leaving the flight surgeon and three crewmen. The helicopter was then lowered into hangar bay #2 where the astronauts walked the {{convert|30|ft|m}} to the [[Mobile Quarantine Facility]] (MQF) where they would begin their 21 days of quarantine. This practice would continue for two more Apollo missions, [[Apollo 12]] and [[Apollo 14]], before the Moon was proven to be barren of life and the quarantine process dropped.<ref name="hornet" /><ref name="Smithsonian ">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/ATTM/a11.jh.3.html|title=After Splashdown|date=July 1999|work=Apollo to the Moon |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Air and Space Museum}}</ref> President Richard Nixon was aboard ''Hornet'' to personally welcome the astronauts back to Earth. He told the astronauts, "As a result of what you've done, the world has never been closer together before."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thenewnixon.org/2008/07/23/24-july-1969-home-from-the-moon/|title=24&nbsp;July 1969: Home From The Moon|author=Nixon Foundation|accessdate=July 20, 2009}}</ref> After Nixon departed, the ''Hornet'' was brought alongside the five-ton command module where it was placed aboard by the ship's crane, placed on a dolly and moved next to the MQF. The ''Hornet'' sailed for [[Pearl Harbor]] where the command module and MQF were airlifted to the Johnson Space Center.<ref name="hornet" /> Years later, it was publicly revealed that Nixon had prepared a speech to be given in the event the Lunar Module had failed to lift off from the lunar surface, which would have resulted in Armstrong's and Aldrin's deaths, similar to common [[Obituary#Media|newspaper obituary]] or government [[contingency plan]] procedures and policies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/390634.stm |title=A silent death. Retrieved July 20, 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date= July 10, 1999|accessdate=2011-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/390933.stm | work=BBC News | title=Full text: Nixon's unused Apollo speech | date=July 10, 1999 | accessdate=March 30, 2010}}</ref> [[File:Land on the Moon 7 21 1969-repair.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Washington Post]]'' on Monday, July 21, 1969 stating "'The Eagle Has Landed'—Two Men Walk on the Moon".]] In accordance with the recently passed [[Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law]], the astronauts were placed in quarantine for fear that the Moon might contain undiscovered [[pathogen]]s and that the astronauts might have been exposed to them during their Moon walks. However, after almost three weeks in confinement (first in their trailer and later in the [[Lunar Receiving Laboratory]] at the [[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center|Manned Spacecraft Center]]), the astronauts were given a clean bill of health.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasaexplores.com/extras/apollo11/hirasaki.html| title=NASA Explores... Hirasaki, the NASA engineer quarantined with the Apollo 11 crew|author=NASA Explores|accessdate=November 1, 2006}}</ref> On August 13, 1969, the astronauts exited quarantine to the cheers of the American public. Parades were held in their honor in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles on the same day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.denverpost.com/captured/2009/07/17/40th-anniversary-of-apollo-11-moon-landing/|title=40th Anniversary of Apollo Moon Landing photos|date=July 17, 2009|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=August 5, 2009|work=Denver Post}}</ref> A few weeks later, they were invited by Mexico for a parade honoring them in Mexico City. That evening in Los Angeles there was an official [[State dinner|State Dinner]] to celebrate the flight, attended by members of Congress, 44 governors, the [[Chief Justice of the United States]], and ambassadors from 83 nations at the [[Century Plaza Hotel]]. President Richard Nixon and Vice President [[Spiro T. Agnew]] honored each astronaut with a presentation of the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]. This celebration was the beginning of a 45-day "Giant Leap" tour that brought the astronauts to 25 foreign countries and included visits with prominent leaders such as [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] of the United Kingdom. Many nations would honor the first manned [[Moon landing]] by issuing Apollo 11 commemorative postage stamps or coins.<ref>{{Wayback |url=http://www.lunarhall.org/missions/apollo/11.html |title=Lunar Hall of Fame: Apollo 11 mission |date=20081024222503}}</ref> On September 16, 1969, the three astronauts spoke before a [[joint session of the United States Congress|joint session of Congress]] on Capitol Hill. They presented two U.S. flags, one to the House of Representatives and the other to the Senate, that had been carried to the surface of the Moon with them. ==Luna 15== [[File:Luna-16.jpg|thumb|210px|an artist's impression of Luna 15]] Luna 15 was a Soviet probe designed to collect lunar soil and return it to Earth and study circumlunar space and the lunar gravitational field, which could have given the Soviets more Moon glory. The mission along with Apollo 11 played a important role in the culmination of the [[Space Race]]. Luna 15 was launched just 3 days before Apollo 11 and managed to reach the lunar surface before Apollo 11. but during the descent a malfunction eventually caused Luna 15 to crash on the [[Mare Crisium]] of the Moon, just after Armstrong and Aldrin completed their first moon walk. The [[Jodrell Bank]] radio telescope was later discovered to have recorded transmissions from Luna 15 during its descent and was first published in July 2009 as to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11. ==Spacecraft location== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header = Spacecraft locations | header_align = center | image1 = Apollo11 command module.JPG | width1 = 240 | caption1 = Command module at the [[National Air and Space Museum]] | image2 = Apollo11-LRO-March2012.jpg | width2 = 180 | caption2 = Lunar module landing site photographed by the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter|LRO]] in 2012 }} The command module is displayed at the [[National Air and Space Museum]], Washington, D.C. It is in the central ''Milestones of Flight'' exhibition hall in front of the Jefferson Drive entrance, sharing the main hall with other pioneering flight vehicles such as the [[Wright Flyer]], the ''[[Spirit of St. Louis]]'', the [[Bell X-1]], the [[North American X-15]], [[Project Mercury|Mercury]] spacecraft ''[[Friendship 7]]'', and [[Gemini 4]]. Armstrong's and Aldrin's space suits are displayed in the museum's ''Apollo to the Moon'' exhibit. The quarantine trailer, the flotation collar, and the righting spheres are displayed at the Smithsonian's [[Udvar-Hazy Center]] annex near [[Washington Dulles International Airport]] in Virginia. In 2009 the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] imaged the various Apollo landing sites on the surface of the Moon with sufficient resolution to see the descent stages of the lunar modules, scientific instruments, and foot trails made by the astronauts. {{Clear}} ==Mission insignia== The [[Mission patch|patch]] of ''Apollo 11'' was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for "peaceful lunar landing by the United States." He chose an eagle as the symbol, put an [[olive branch]] in its beak, and drew a lunar background with the Earth in the distance. NASA officials said the talons of the eagle looked too "warlike" and after some discussion, the olive branch was moved to the claws. The crew decided the [[Roman numeral]] [[11 (number)|XI]] would not be understood in some nations and went with "Apollo 11;" they decided not to put their names on the patch, so it would "be representative of ''everyone'' who had worked toward a lunar landing."<ref>{{Cite book |last = Collins |first = Michael |year = 2001 |title = Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys |publisher = Cooper Square Press |isbn = 0-8154-1028-X |pages = 332–333}}</ref> All colors are natural, with blue and gold borders around the patch. The LM was named ''Eagle'' to match the insignia. When the [[Eisenhower Dollar|Eisenhower dollar coin]] was released a few years later, the patch design provided the eagle for its reverse side.<ref>{{cite web | author=NGC Photo Proof | title=1971-78 Dollar Eisenhower | url=http://coinsite.com/CoinSite-PF/pparticles/$1eisen.asp | work=CoinSite | publisher=ROKO Design Group, Inc | year=1994 | accessdate=July 20, 2009}}</ref> The design was retained for the smaller [[Susan B. Anthony dollar]] which was unveiled in 1979, ten years after the Apollo 11 mission.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} ==40th anniversary events== [[File:Mike Simons, Director of the National Electronic Museum in Baltimore assembles an Apollo TV camera for display.jpg|thumb|Mike Simons, director of the [[National Electronics Museum]] in [[Baltimore, Md.]], assembles an Apollo TV camera for display prior to NASA's briefing to release restored Apollo 11 [[List of spacewalks and moonwalks|moonwalk]] footage at the [[Newseum]].]] On July 15, 2009, [[Life (magazine)|Life.com]] released a photo gallery of previously unpublished photos of the astronauts taken by Life photographer [[Ralph Morse]] prior to the Apollo 11 launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.life.com/image/88999401/in-gallery/29522/exclusive-up-close-with-apollo-11 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Up Close With Apollo 11 |publisher=LIFE |accessdate=July 15, 2009}}</ref> From July 16–24, 2009 NASA streamed the original mission audio on its website in real time 40 years to the minute after the events occurred.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/apollo11_radio/index.html |title=Apollo 11 Radio Index |publisher=NASA |accessdate=July 18, 2009}}</ref> In addition, it is in the process of restoring the video footage and has released a preview of key moments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/hd/apollo11.html |title=Apollo 11 Partial Restoration HD Video Streams |publisher=NASA |accessdate=July 18, 2009}}</ref> The [[John F. Kennedy Library]] set up a [[Adobe Flash|Flash]] website [[wechoosethemoon.org]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wechoosethemoon.org/|title=We Choose the Moon|publisher=[[John F. Kennedy Library]]|accessdate=July 19, 2009}}</ref> that rebroadcasts the transmissions of Apollo 11 from launch to landing on the Moon. A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary events reflected on the significance of the Moon landing: <blockquote> It was carried out in a technically brilliant way with risks taken ... that would be inconceivable in the risk-averse world of today...The Apollo programme is arguably the greatest technical achievement of mankind to date...nothing since Apollo has come close [to] the excitement that was generated by those astronauts - Armstrong, Aldrin and the 10 others who followed them.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/5848707/Moon-landings-British-scientists-salute-space-heroes.html |title=Moon landings: British scientists salute space heroes |publisher=Telegraph |date=July 17, 2009 |accessdate=July 17, 2009 | location=London}}</ref></blockquote> {{Wikinews|Fortieth anniversary of first manned Moon landing}} On August 7, 2009, an act of Congress awarded the three astronauts a [[Congressional Gold Medal]], the highest civilian award in the United States. The bill was sponsored by Florida Sen. [[Bill Nelson]] and Florida Rep. [[Alan Grayson]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-s951/text |title=Text of S. 951 as Introduced in Senate |publisher=OpenCongress.org |date=May 1, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-h2245/text |title=Text of H.R. 2245 as Introduced in House |publisher=OpenCongress.org |date=May 5, 2009}}</ref> In July 2010, air to ground voice recordings and film footage shot in Mission Control during the Apollo 11 powered descent and landing was re-synchronised and released for the first time. <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2010/jul/20/sound-apollo-11-moon-landing|title=Sound restored to mission control film shot during Apollo 11 moon landing | location=London | work=The Guardian |first=Christopher |last=Riley |date=July 20, 2010}}</ref> {{Clear}} ==Video gallery== <center><gallery> File:AP11 FINAL APPROACH.ogv|Apollo 11 - Landing on the Sea of Tranquillity - July 20, 1969, 16mm landing film. File:A11v 1092338.ogg|Neil Armstrong describes the Moon's surface before setting foot on it. File:A11v 1094228.ogg|Buzz Aldrin steps onto the Moon. </gallery></center> ==Photo gallery== <center><gallery> File:Guenter Wendt and the Apollo 11 Crew.jpg|Apollo 11 astronauts egress from the Apollo spacecraft after participation in the Countdown Demonstration Test File:Earth from Apollo 11 after translunar injection.jpg|Earth seen from Apollo 11 after [[translunar injection]] File:Apollo AS11-40-5868.jpg|Using a [[70 mm film|70 mm]] camera, Armstrong photographs Buzz Aldrin stepping out of the lunar module. File:23_A11neilmesa.jpg|Panoramic montage showing Neil Armstrong File:Earth over Apollo 11 Lunar Module.jpg|Earth as seen from the base of the Eagle File:American flag seen from inside the Apollo 11 Lunar Module.jpg|The flag of the United States seen from inside the Lunar Module File:Mexico and the Southwest United States seen from Apollo 11.jpg|Mexico and the Southwest United States seen on the return journey File:Apollo 11 photo map.pdf|Map showing landing site and photos taken File:First Man on Moon 1969 Issue-10c.jpg|[[US space exploration history on US stamps|First Man on Moon Commemorative Issue of 1969]] File:Apollo 11 - Crew at the White House.jpg|Apollo 11 crew at the White House in 2004 File:Apollo 11 crew members.jpg|Apollo 11 crew at the National Air and Space Museum in [[Washington, D.C.]], July 19, 2009 File:Vatican-City-Moon-Flag.jpg|The [[Flag of Vatican City|flag of the]] [[Vatican City]] taken to the Moon by Apollo 11. It is on display in the [[Vatican Museums]] along with Moon rocks. </gallery></center> ==See also== {{Portal|Spaceflight|Houston}} *[[Apollo 11 in popular culture]] *[[Apollo 11 missing tapes]] *[[Apollo Guidance Computer]] *[[Extra-vehicular activity]] *[[Google Moon]] *[[List of artificial objects on the Moon]] *[[List of spacewalks and moonwalks]] *[[Moon landing conspiracy theories]] *[[NASA's Story]] *[[Splashdown (spacecraft landing)]] *[[Wernher von Braun]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Further reading== *{{Cite book|author=Cappellari, J.O. Jr.|title=Where on the Moon? An Apollo Systems Engineering Problem|publisher=The Bell System Technical Journal|year=1972|id=Volume 51, Number 5}} *{{note label|Barbour1969|Barbour 1969|}}{{Cite book|author=John Barbour|year=1969|title=Footprints on the Moon|publisher=Associated Press}} *[[In the Shadow of the Moon (book)|In the Shadow of the Moon: A Challenging Journey to Tranquillity]] by [[Francis French]] and [[Colin Burgess (author)|Colin Burgess]], [[University of Nebraska Press]], September 2007, ISBN 978-0-8032-1128-5. First hand interviews with the astronauts about the Moon landing. *{{Cite book|first=Tahir|last=Rahman|title=We Came in Peace for all Mankind- the Untold Story of the Apollo 11 Silicon Disc|publisher=Leathers Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-1585974412}} '''For young readers''' *Aldrin, Buzz. ''Reaching for the Moon.'' HarperCollins, 2005, 40 pages, ISBN 978-0-060-55445-3 *Floca, Brian. ''Moonshot: The Flight of Apollo 11''. Atheneum Books for Young Readers/Simon & Schuster, 2009, 48 pages, ISBN 978-1416950462 *Thimmesh, Catherine. ''Team Moon: How 400,000 People Landed Apollo 11 on the Moon.'' Houghton Mifflin, 2006, 80 pages, ISBN 978-0-618-50757-3 ==External links== {{Commons category}} *[http://apollo11.spacelog.org/ Apollo 11 Radio Transcripts on spacelog.org] *[http://www.scn.org/~odea/apollo11.moonwalk.html Magnificent Desolation: The Apollo 11 Moonwalk Pictures.] Complete gallery of Apollo 11 EVA pictures. *[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo11info.html Apollo 11 Mission Detailed Information] *[http://blaisephoto.fr/photographies-de-la-mission-apollo-11-nasa.php All photographs of the Apollo 11 mission] *[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/system/topicRoot/Men_on_the_moon/ Men on the Moon] Original reports from The Times *{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/40th/|title=Apollo 40th Anniversary|publisher=NASA|date=July 2009|accessdate=July 18, 2009}} - NASA Website honoring the mission *[http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-111507a.html Silicon disc about the size of a half dollar coin etched with 73 messages], left on the Moon by Buzz Aldrin. *[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0714_040714_moonlanding.html Apollo Anniversary: Moon Landing "Inspired World"] - National Geographic News, July 16, 2004 - 35th anniversary; Steven Dick, NASA's chief historian: '...a thousand years from now, that step may be considered the crowning achievement of the 20th century.' * [http://www.popsci.com/military-aviation-amp-space/article/2009-06/40-years-later-ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-apollo-ii-moon-landing Ten Things You Didn't Know About the Apollo 11 Moon Landing] by ''Popular Mechanics'' *[http://www.radiotapes.com/ Radio station recordings (airchecks) covering the flight of Apollo 11 including the launch, third stage separation, Moon landing, first steps on the Moon, lunar liftoff and splashdown.]. *[http://buzzaldrin.com/the-man/space-missions/ Apollo 11] in Aldrin's words. ===NASA reports=== *[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690022248_1969022248.pdf Apollo 11 lunar landing mission - NASA Press Kit] *{{cite web|url=http://history.nasa.gov/apsr/apsr.htm|title=''Apollo'' Program Summary Report|publisher=NASA|month=April|year=1975|accessdate=September 23, 2006}} - 200+ pages *{{cite web|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4009/contents.htm|title=The ''Apollo'' Spacecraft: A Chronology Vol. I-IV|date=August 1968-April 1975|author=Ivan D. Ertel, et al.|publisher=NASA|accessdate=September 23, 2006|work=NASA SP-4009}} *{{cite web|url=http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710015566_1971015566.pdf|title=''Apollo 11'' Mission Report|format=PDF |year=1971|publisher=NASA}} - 200+ pages *{{cite web|author=Office of Public Affairs, NASA|url=http://history.nasa.gov/ap11-35ann/apollo11_log/log.htm|title=EP-72 Log of ''Apollo 11''|publisher=NASA History Office|accessdate=January 16, 2006}} - Timeline of the mission *[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?Ne=26&Ntt=Apollo+11&Ntk=Keywords&Ntx=mode+matchall&N=269&Ns=HarvestDate|1&as=false Apollo 11 repository on NASA National Technical Reports Server] ===Multimedia=== *[http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/23232/apollo-11-scenes-from-the-moon Apollo 11: Scenes From the Moon] - slideshow by ''Life Magazine'' *{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/hd/apollo11.html |title=''Apollo 11'' Moonwalk|author=N.A.S.A.|accessdate=July, 2009}} - Remastered videos of the original landing. *{{cite web|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.html |title=''Apollo 11'' Lunar Surface Journal|author=Eric M. Jones|accessdate=September 23, 2006}} - Transcripts and audio clips of important parts of the mission *{{cite web|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html |title=Apollo 11 image library|publisher=NASA|accessdate=September 23, 2006}} - Hundreds of high-resolution images of the mission, including assembled panoramas. Captions written by Eric M. Jones *{{cite web|publisher=[[USGS]]| url=http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/LunarAtlas/maps/|title=''Apollo'' Mission Traverse Maps|accessdate=September 23, 2006}} - Several maps showing routes of moonwalks *{{cite web | url = http://moon.google.com/ | title = Google Moon }} - with lunar landing sites tagged *[http://moonpans.com/vr Apollo Lunar Surface VR Panoramas] QTVR panoramas *[http://apollo.sese.asu.edu/ Apollo Image Archive] *[http://www.apollotv.net/ Apollo/Saturn V Development Apollo 11 Launch] ApolloTV.net Video *[http://wechoosethemoon.org/ Real-time audiovisual recreation of the Apollo 11 mission] to coincide with the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11, from the [[John F. Kennedy Library and Museum]] * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.1257628|name="Moonwalk One, ca. 1970"}} * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.45017|name="The Eagle Has Landed: The Flight of Apollo 11 (1969)"}} * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.7500|name="Apollo 11: One Giant Leap for Mankind"}} {{Project Apollo| before=''[[Apollo 10]]''| after=''[[Apollo 12]]''}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2010}} {{Include-NASA}} [[Category:Apollo program]] [[Category:Lunar human spaceflights]] [[Category:Missions to the Moon]] [[Category:Sample return missions]] [[Category:1969 in the United States]] [[Category:1969 in spaceflight]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Individual spacecraft in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution]] {{Link FA|hu}} {{Link FA|sk}} {{Link GA|cs}} [[am:አፖሎ ፲፩]] [[ar:أبولو 11]] [[ast:Apolo XI]] [[az:Apollon 11]] [[bn:অ্যাপোলো ১১]] [[bg:Аполо 11]] [[bs:Apollo 11]] [[ca:Apollo 11]] [[cv:Аполлон-11]] [[cs:Apollo 11]] [[cy:Apollo 11]] [[da:Apollo 11]] [[de:Apollo 11]] [[et:Apollo 11]] [[el:Απόλλων 11]] [[es:Apolo 11]] [[eo:Apollo 11]] [[fa:آپولو ۱۱]] [[fr:Apollo 11]] [[gl:Apollo 11]] [[gu:એપોલો ૧૧]] [[ko:아폴로 11호]] [[hi:अपोलो ११]] [[hr:Apollo 11]] [[id:Apollo 11]] [[it:Apollo 11]] [[he:אפולו 11]] [[jv:Apollo 11]] [[kn:ಅಪೋಲೊ ೧೧]] [[ka:აპოლო 11]] [[lv:Apollo 11]] [[lt:Apollo 11]] [[hu:Apollo–11]] [[mk:Аполо 11]] [[ml:അപ്പോളോ 11]] [[mr:अपोलो ११]] [[ms:Apollo 11]] [[my:အပိုလို ၁၁]] [[nl:Apollo 11]] [[ja:アポロ11号]] [[no:Apollo 11]] [[nn:Apollo 11]] [[pl:Apollo 11]] [[pt:Apollo 11]] [[ro:Apollo 11]] [[ru:Аполлон-11]] [[si:ඇපලෝ 11]] [[simple:Apollo 11]] [[sk:Apollo 11]] [[sl:Apollo 11]] [[sr:Apolo 11]] [[fi:Apollo 11]] [[sv:Apollo 11]] [[ta:அப்பல்லோ 11]] [[th:อะพอลโล 11]] [[tr:Apollo 11]] [[uk:Аполлон-11]] [[vi:Apollo 11]] [[yi:אפאלא 11]] [[zh:阿波罗11号]]'