Examine individual changes

'{{Otheruses4|the Berber dialect of Central Morocco called Tamazight exclusively|other uses of the word "Tamazight"|Berber language}} {{Infobox Language |name=Central Morocco Tamazight |nativename=ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ''{{unicode|tamaziɣt}}'' |familycolor=Afro-Asiatic |states={{flagcountry|Morocco}},<br />much fewer in:<br />{{flagcountry|Algeria}}<br />{{flagcountry|France}}<ref name="eth" /> |region=Central Morocco - [[Middle Atlas]] |speakers=Between 4 and 5 million <ref name="inalco" /> <br /> 3,150,000<ref name="eth" /> |ld1=Ayt Ayache |ld2=Ayt Seghrouchen |ld3=South Oran |script=[[Latin script|Latin]], [[Tifinagh]], [[Arabic]] |rank=34 (rank of [[Berber languages]] as a whole) |fam2=[[Berber languages|Berber]] |fam3=[[Northern Berber languages|Northern Berber]] |fam4=[[Moroccan Atlas languages|Atlas]] |iso2=ber |iso3=tzm |map=[[Image:Central Morocco Tamazight.svg|center|Distribution of Central Morocco Tamazight]] }} :''For a correct [[Tifinagh]] font display, please install [http://www.ircam.ma/doc/polices/wintt/T_I_UNICODE.ttf this IRCAM font].'' '''Central Morocco Tamazight''' ('''Central Atlas Tamazight''', '''Tamazight''', '''Braber''', native name: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ''tamaziɣt'') is a dialect of the [[Berber language]]<ref group="nb">Alternatively Central Morocco Tamazight is a language in the Berber language family. As Berber languages have a high degree of mutual intelligibility, there is little consensus on what is considered a "[[language]]" and what a "[[dialect]]".</ref> spoken by approximately 3 to 5 million people, mostly in Central [[Morocco]] but also in [[Algeria]] and [[France]].<ref name="eth">{{ethnologue|code=tzm}}</ref><ref name="inalco">{{fr}} [http://www.inalco.fr/crb/crb_2/fiches_dialectes/tamazight.htm INALCO report on Central Morocco Tamazight]: maps, extension, dialectology, name</ref> It is among the four most-spoken Berber languages (the other three being [[Kabyle language|Kabyle]], [[Tashelhiyt language|Tashelhiyt]], and [[Tarifit language|Tarifit]]),<ref>[http://looklex.com/e.o/berber_l.htm Berber]</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|El Aissati|1993|p=5-6}}</ref> and rivals Tashelhiyt as the most-spoken Berber language in Morocco.<ref name="ross20">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MA Ethnologue report for Morocco]</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ross|2004|p=20}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ciemen.org/mercator/butlletins/54-10.htm Dossier no. 14 – The Amazigh language within Morocco’s language policy] - 1.3 The distribution of speakers in the territory</ref> Central Morocco Tamazight belongs to the [[Atlas languages|Atlas]] subgroup of the [[Northern Berber languages|Northern Berber]] language family, and is situated in the middle of a [[dialect continuum]] between [[Tarifit language|Tarifit]] and [[Tashelhiyt language|Tashelhiyt]].<ref name="inalco" /> Among its distinguishing features is the exclusive use of the [[endonym]] ''Tamaziɣt'' for the language and ''Amaziɣ'' (plural ''Imazɣen'') for its speakers.<ref name="inalco" /> Tamazight is an [[Afro-Asiatic language]], related genetically to the [[Semitic languages]], the [[Egyptian language]], and the [[Chadic languages]], among others. Along with most other members of this family, it has a two-[[grammatical gender|gender]] system, [[verb-subject-object|VSO]] [[linguistic typology|typology]], [[emphatic consonants]] (realized in Tamazight as [[velarization|velarized]]), and a templatic [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]]. While Berber languages are used in Morocco for some broadcasts and educational materials in development,<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|van Heelsum|2002|p=9}}</ref> it does not have official status. It is banned from courts<ref name="sfgate" /> and is not found on signs or buildings<ref>{{PDFlink|1=[http://www.ru.nl/aspx/download.aspx?File=/contents/pages/498535/amazigh_voice_in_morocco_and_algeria.pdf Ethnic identity, language shift and The Amazigh voice in Morocco and Algeria]|2=109&nbsp;KB}}, pp. 12-13}}</ref>. However, [[King Mohammed VI]] declared it to be part of the national heritage,<ref>{{PDFLink|[http://www.aui.ma/VPAA/shss/mpeyron-workingpapers4.pdf Michael Peyron’s working papers : Part IV]}}, p. 14.</ref> and its use is regulated by the [[Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture]]. == Nomenclature == Central Morocco Tamazight is the only Berber language to be called ''Tamazight'' (literally, 'language') by speakers (as opposed to ''Tarifit'' or ''Tashelhiyt''). Tamazight speakers use the [[endonym]]ic [[ethnonym]] ''Amazigh'' (plural: ''Imazghen'').<ref name="inalco" /><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Chaker|2004|p=1}}</ref>) to refer to their language regularly and exclusively, it is also used along with more common local names by other Berber groups.<ref name="inalco" /> The language was also traditionally termed "Braber" in dialectal Arabic, a term often found in older studies.<ref name="inalco" /> == Classification == Tamazight is an [[Afro-Asiatic language]], related genetically to a number of languages in [[North Africa]] and [[Southwest Asia]], including the [[Semitic languages]], the [[Egyptian language]], and the [[Chadic languages]], among others. Along with most other members of this family, it has a two-[[grammatical gender|gender]] system, [[verb-subject-object|VSO]] [[linguistic typology|typology]], [[emphatic consonants]] (realized in Tamazight as [[velarization|velarized]]), and a templatic [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]]. It also contains a [[causative]] morpheme /s/, which is found in all Afro-Asiatic subfamilies along with other macrofamilies, including the [[Niger-Congo languages]]. Central Morocco Tamazight belongs to the [[Atlas languages|Atlas]] subgroup of the [[Northern Berber languages|Northern Berber]] language family. It belongs to the class of Berber languages in which the phonemes that were originally plosives have shifted into fricatives, contrasting with a group where they have remained plosives and one where they have become affricates.<ref>[http://acaoh.ca/?p=38 The Tamazight Language Profile] III.9 ''Dialectic variation''</ref> Tamazight is in the middle of a [[dialect continuum]] from [[Tarifit language|Tarifit]] in the north-east to [[Tashelhiyt language|Tashelhiyt]] in the south-west, and the transition between the two and Tamazight is smooth.<ref name="inalco" /> The basic lexicon of Tamazight differs markedly from Tashelhiyt, and its verbal system is more similar to Tarifit or [[Kabyle language|Kabyle]].<ref name="inalco" /> However, some {{Who|date=June 2009}} argue that Central Morocco Tamazight should be considered a dialect of Tashelhiyt. === Dialects === Tamazight has a relatively large amount of internal diversity (greater than that in Tashelhiyt<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Kossmann|Stroomer|1997|p=1}}</ref>). Its dialects are divided up into three geographic groups: Middle Atlas, High Atlas, and Djebel Sargho and its foothills.<ref name="inalco" /> Spirantization of /t/ > [θ] or [h], /d/ > [ð], /k/ > [ʃ], and /g/ > [ʃ] or [j] is found in many Middle Atlas dialects but is rarer in High Atlas dialect and is absent in those of Djebel Sargho.<ref name="inalco" /> Ayt Ayache and Ayt Seghrouchen are two mutually intelligible dialects of Tamazight (Ayt Seghrouchen being a much larger tribe).<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=xiii}}</ref> South Oran is another dialect.<ref name="eth" /> Other groups speaking Tamazight include: Beni Ouarain, Ait Morghi, Ait Alaham, Ait Youb, Marmoucha, Ait Youssi, Beni Mguild, Zaiane, Zemmour, Ait Rbaa, Ait Seri, Beni Mtir, Guerouane, Ait Segougou, Ait Morghad, Ait Hadiddou, Ait Izdeg, Ait Sikhmane, and Ait Atta.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971a|p=ix}}</ref> ({{IPA|/ajt~/}} literally means "children of ~".<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=118}}</ref>)According to some{{Who|date=June 2009}} Tamazight should be grouped with [[Tashelhiyt]]. == Geographic Distribution == [[Image:Morocco ethno 1973 all.svg|thumb|300px|Morocco - Ethnolinguistic Groups in 1973]] Central Morocco Tamazight is mostly spoken in the entire [[Middle Atlas]] and its outcroppings, and the central and eastern [[High Atlas]] mountains, largely in Morocco but also in Algeria.<ref name="eth" /><ref name="inalco" /> It is thus spoken across areas with widely varying ecological conditions - from the mountainous and forested regions of the Middle Atlas mountains to the Eastern Sahara (''Tifilalet'').<ref name="inalco" /> Berber in Morocco is spread into three areas: [[Tarifit]] in the north, Tamazight in the center, and [[Tashelhiyt]] in the south/southwest.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Chaker|2004|p=2}}</ref> However transitional varieties exist between these dialects, creating a smooth transition.<ref>{{PDFLink|[http://levis.webkontakt.hu/leviscd/extpages/eurocult/www.eurocult.org/Saib.pdf THE LANGUAGE SITUATION IN MOROCCO]}}, p. 2.</ref> Tamazight is spoken by about 43% of Morocco's Berber-speakers, while Tashelhiyt commands 32% and Tarifit 25%.<ref name="ross20">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MA Ethnologue report for Morocco]</ref> However figures for the number of speakers of Berber languages are generally a matter of estimates rather than linguistic censuses.<ref>[http://www.isp.msu.edu/afrlang/Berber-root.html Berber Language Page] - 2 NUMBER OF SPEAKERS</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|El Aissati|1993|p=5-6}}</ref> In Algeria Berber speakers are focused in the [[Kabylie]], [[M'zab]], and Aure.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|El Aissati|1993|p=6}}</ref> Central Morocco Tamazight is spoken in the [[Atlas mountains]] in western Algeria, in valleys next to [[Taza]], near [[Rabat]], and close to the Moroccan border in the south.<ref name="eth" /> === Status === In the 1930s the French created separate laws for Arabs and Berbers, which sparked Arab nationalism.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|van Heelsum|2002|p=9}}</ref> After independence, all the [[Maghreb]] countries to varying degrees pursued a policy of [[Arabization]], aimed primarily at displacing [[French language|French]] from its colonial position as the dominant language of education and literacy, but under these policies the use of Berber languages was suppressed or even banned. In both Morocco and Algeria Berber languages have low status, being used mainly in the home, and are not official languages of the state.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|El Aissati|1993|p=8}}</ref> However broadcasts, music, and newspapers are available.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|El Aissati|1993|p=8,10}}</ref> 40% of Central Morocco Tamazight speakers, mostly older people, are monolingual while the others use Arabic as a second language.<ref name="eth" /> The majority of Berbers in Morocco are poor, though there is a class of rich Berbers who have even created neighborhoods in [[Casablanca]].<ref name="sfgate">[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/03/16/MN145053.DTL SFGate: Morocco's Berbers Battle to Keep From Losing Their Culture]</ref> Tamazight speakers reportedly have a lower birth rate than the country of Morocco as a whole.<ref name="ea7" /> Tamazight along with its relative [[Tashelhiyt]] are undergoing "contraction" as rural families move to cities and stop speaking Tamazight.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hoffman|2006|p=148}}</ref> However Tamazight speakers are reported to immigrate less than many other Berber groups.<ref name="ea7">{{Harvcoltxt|El Aissati|1993|p=7}}</ref> ==== Official status ==== '''Morocco''' [[Image:IRCAM-Rabat.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe|IRCAM]] (Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe) in [[Rabat]]]] There are multiple political parties and cultural associations in Morocco that advocate for the advancement of Berber, calling for it to be recognized as an official language, used in the mass media, and taught in schools.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|El Aissati|1993|p=11-12}}</ref> Since 1994 the situation has improved: [[King Hassan II]] declared that a national Berber dialect would acquire a formal status; television broadcasts are summarized in three Berber languages (Tamazight, Tashelhiyt, and Tarifit), and educational materials for schools have begun development.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|van Heelsum|2002|p=9}}</ref><ref>[http://www.isp.msu.edu/afrlang/Berber-root.html Berber Language Page] - 3 DIALECT SURVEY</ref> Tamazight was also declared to be part of the national heritage of Morocco.<ref>{{PDFLink|[http://www.aui.ma/VPAA/shss/mpeyron-workingpapers4.pdf Michael Peyron’s working papers : Part IV]}}, p. 14.</ref> However, Berber names are not permitted in Morocco, since names may only be chosen from a list of known names, most of which are Arab.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|van Heelsum|2002|p=9}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|York|2009}}</ref> Berber is banned in courts, and monolingual Berber speakers are barred from government jobs.<ref name="sfgate" /> On October 17, 2001 [[King Mohammed VI]] sealed the decree ([[Moroccan Dahir|Dahir]] 1-01-299) creating and organizing the [[Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture]] (IRCAM).<ref>[http://news.marweb.com/morocco/entertainment/amazigh-oblivion-classroom.html Amazigh from oblivion to the classroom]</ref><ref>[http://www.ciemen.org/mercator/butlletins/54-12.htm Dahir no. 1-01-299, of October 17, 2001 (29 rajab al khaïr 1422) Establishing the Creation of the Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture]</ref> IRCAM's board is composed of Amazigh experts, artists, and activists, all of whom are appointed by the king.<ref name="choice">[http://www.tamazgha.fr/Which-Script-for-Tamazight-Whose-Choice-is-it,359.html Which Script for Tamazight, Whose Choice is it ?]</ref> '''Algeria''' [[Tamazight]] (referring to Berber languages in general rather than Central Moroccan Tamazight specifically) has recently been recognized as a [[national language]]<ref>{{fr icon}} - [http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/french/constitution96/loi02_03.htm « Loi n° 02-03 portent révision constitutionnelle »], adopted on April 10, 2002, allotting in particular to "Tamazight" the status of national language</ref> (but not [[official language]]<ref name="linguamon">[http://www10.gencat.net/pres_casa_llengues/AppJava/frontend/noticies_detall.jsp?id=134&idioma=5 The Academy is to coordinate teaching of and research into Tamazight]</ref>) of [[Algeria]]. In 2007 Algeria's Government Council also approved the creation of the Academy of the Tamazight Language and of the Higher Council of the Tamazight Language, which control standardization of Tamazight and political integration of the language, respectively.<ref name="linguamon" /> == Orthography == [[Image:Central Morocco Tamazight in Tifinagh.svg|thumb|200px|''Tamaziɣt'' in [[Tifinagh]]]] [[Image:Bedd.jpg|thumb|100px|Bilingual stop sign in Morocco<br />Arabic: ''qif''<br />Berber: ''bedd'']] Originally Tamazight, along with most other Berber languages, was exclusively unwritten.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971a|p=viii}}</ref> As of now there are currently three writing systems: [[Tifinagh]], the [[Latin alphabet]] and the [[Arabic script]].<ref name="choice" /> '''Tifinagh''' [[Tifinagh]] is the official writing system for Tamazight in [[Morocco]],<ref>[http://www.agraw.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=84 Agraw.com - Amazigh writing system adaptable to the modern age]</ref> promulgated by a [[Moroccan Dahir|Dahir]] of [[King Mohammed VI]], based on the recommendation of IRCAM.<ref name="choice" /> It has been used to teach children Tamazight in Moroccan schools since September 2003,<ref>[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tifinagh.htm Tifinagh alphabet and Berber languages] on Omniglot</ref> but is not found on public signs or buildings in Morocco.<ref name="voice">{{PDFlink|1=[http://www.ru.nl/aspx/download.aspx?File=/contents/pages/498535/amazigh_voice_in_morocco_and_algeria.pdf Ethnic identity, language shift and The Amazigh voice in Morocco and Algeria]|2=109&nbsp;KB}}, pp. 12-13}}</ref> (Following the Tifinagh Dahir road signs were installed in the [[Riffian]] city of [[Nador]] in Arabic and Tinifagh -- these were removed by security forces in the middle of the night soon after.<ref name="choice" />) It is preferred by young people as a symbol of identity and has popular support.<ref name="choice" /><ref name="voice" /> '''Latin''' The Latin script has been preferred among Amazigh linguists and researchers, and also has a great deal of established writing.<ref name="choice" /> It is backed by the Amazigh elite, but is vehemently opposed by the Moroccan pro-Arab establishment.<ref name="choice" /> '''Arabic''' The [[Arabic script]] is the predominant orthography for Berber literature in Morocco.<ref>[http://isp.msu.edu/AfrLang/Handbook/Berber_root.htm Berber Language Page] - 5 ORTHOGRAPHIC STATUS</ref> However, few Amazigh activists still use Arabic script - it faces general opposition, rooted in North African governments' [[pan-Arabism]].<ref name="choice" /> == Phonology == === Consonants === Tamazight has a contrastive set of "flat" consonants, manifested in two ways: * For front segments, [[velarization]]: {{IPA|/tˠ dˠ sˠ zˠ lˠ nˠ ɾˠ/}}) * For back segments, [[labialization]]: {{IPA|/gʷ kʷ qʷ xʷ ɣʷ/}}) All segments may be geminated except for the pharyngeals {{IPA|/ʕ ħ/}}. In the table below, when consonants appear in pairs, the one on the left is voiceless. {|class="IPA wikitable" |+ '''IPA chart Tamazight consonants (AA and AS)'''<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=4, 6, 19-20}}</ref> |- !rowspan=3| !rowspan=3 colspan=2|[[Labial consonant|Labial]] !colspan=4 rowspan=2|[[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !rowspan=3 colspan=2|[[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]/<br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !colspan=8|[[Velar consonant|Velar]] !colspan=4 rowspan=2|[[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] !rowspan=3 colspan=2|[[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyn-<br />geal]]{{footnote|4}} !rowspan=3 colspan=2|[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]{{footnote|4}} |- !colspan=4|Post-palatal !colspan=4|Back |- ! colspan=2|<small>plain</small> ! colspan=2|<small>flat</small> ! colspan=2|<small>plain</small>{{footnote|1}} ! colspan=2|<small>flat</small>{{footnote|2}} ! colspan=2|<small>plain</small> ! colspan=2|<small>flat</small> ! colspan=2|<small>plain</small> ! colspan=2|<small>flat</small>{{footnote|2}} |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |colspan=2|[[Bilabial nasal|m]] |colspan=2|[[Alveolar nasal|n]] |colspan=2|nˠ |colspan=2|&nbsp; |colspan=2|&nbsp; |colspan=2|&nbsp; |colspan=2|&nbsp; |colspan=2|&nbsp; |colspan=2|&nbsp; |colspan=2|&nbsp; |colspan=2|&nbsp; |colspan=2|&nbsp; |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]] | &nbsp; |rowspan="2"|[[Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]⁶ |[[Voiceless dental plosive|t]]⁷ |[[Voiced dental plosive|d]] |tˠ |dˠ |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |rowsrffsfrfsdfwsefweewf fasdf asdfasdf fdasdf sfsdf sdafasdf sdfasd fsdfasd fasdfads fasdf asdf asdfa sdfasd fasd fasdfasd span="2"| [[Voiceless velar plosive|k]] |rowspan="2"| [[Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]] |&nbsp; &nbsp; |&nbsp; &nbsp; |&nbsp; &nbsp; |&nbsp; &nbsp; |&nbsp; &nbsp; |&nbsp; &nbsp; |[[Voiceless uvular plosive|q]] |&nbsp; &nbsp; |qʷ |&nbsp; &nbsp; |&nbsp; &nbsp; |&nbsp; &nbsp; |&nbsp; &nbsp; |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |[[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] |[[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] | [[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] |sˠ |zˠ |[[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] |[[Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]] | kʷ |gʷ |[[Voiceless velar fricative|x]] |[[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] |xʷ{{footnote|3}} |ɣʷ{{footnote|3}} | | | | |[[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]] |[[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]] |[[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] | |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2|[[Palatal approximant|j]] |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2|[[Labial-velar approximant|w]] |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] |colspan=2| |([[Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬ]]){{footnote|5}} |[[Alveolar lateral approximant|l]] |colspan=2| lˠ |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Flap consonant|Flap]] |colspan=2|&nbsp; |colspan=2|[[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] |colspan=2|ɾˠ |colspan=2|&nbsp; |colspan=2|&nbsp; |colspan=2|&nbsp; |colspan=2|&nbsp; |colspan=2|&nbsp; |colspan=2|&nbsp; |colspan=2|&nbsp; |colspan=2|&nbsp; |colspan=2|&nbsp; |} Phonetic notes: # pronounced as fricatives in Ayt Ayache and stops in Ayt Seghrouchen # only occur in Ayt Ayache # rare—native speakers can freely substitute {{IPA|/x ɣ/}} # mainly in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] borrowings # in Ayt Seghrouchen, realization of the sequence /-lt-/ for some speakers, e.g. ''ultma'' 'sister', ''altu'' 'not yet' # For a small number of speakers, {{IPA|/b/}} is sometimes lenited to {{IPA|[β]}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=5}}</ref> # {{IPA|/t/}} is aspirated {{IPA|[tʰ]}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=5}}</ref> {| border="1" class="wikitable" |+Example words !Phoneme !Example !Gloss !Phoneme !Example !Gloss !Phoneme !Example !Gloss |- |{{IPA|/m/}} |{{IPA|/ma/}} |'what?' |{{IPA|/n/}} |{{IPA|/ini/}} |'say!' |{{IPA|/b/}} |{{IPA|/bab/}} |'owner' |- |{{IPA|/t/}} |{{IPA|/isalt/}} |'he asked him' |{{IPA|/d/}} |{{IPA|/da/}} |'here' |{{IPA|/tˠ/}} |{{IPA|/tˠalˠb/}} |'to demand' |- |{{IPA|/dtˠ/}} |{{IPA|/dtˠmn/}} |'to guarantee' |{{IPA|/k/}} |{{IPA|/ks/}} |'to tend sheep' |{{IPA|/g/}} |{{IPA|/iga/}} |'he did' |- |{{IPA|/kʷ/}} |{{IPA|/kʷulː/}} |'all' |{{IPA|/gʷ/}} |{{IPA|/agʷːa/}} |'a burden' |{{IPA|/q/}} |{{IPA|/iqɾˠːa/}} |'he confessed' |- |{{IPA|/qʷ/}} |{{IPA|/iqʷmːɾˠ/}} |'he gambled' |{{IPA|/f/}} |{{IPA|/fa/}} |'to yawn' |{{IPA|/s/}} |{{IPA|/sus/}} |'to shake off' |- |{{IPA|/z/}} |{{IPA|/zːɾ/}} |'to pluck' |{{IPA|/sˠ/}} |{{IPA|/sˠbɾˠ/}} |'to be patient' |{{IPA|/zˠ/}} |{{IPA|/zˠdˠ/}} |'to weave' |- |{{IPA|/ʃ/}} |{{IPA|/ʃal/}} |'to buy grain' |{{IPA|/ʒ/}} |{{IPA|/ʒhd/}} |'to be strong' |{{IPA|/x/}} |{{IPA|/xulf/}} |'to be different' |- |{{IPA|/ɣ/}} |{{IPA|/ɣal/}} |'to think' |{{IPA|/xʷ/}} |{{IPA|/axʷmːas/}} |'share-cropper' |{{IPA|/ɣʷ/}} |{{IPA|/ɣʷzif/}} |'tall' |- |{{IPA|/ħ/}} |{{IPA|/ħml/}} |'to flood' |{{IPA|/ʕ/}} |{{IPA|/ʕbd/}} |'to adore, worship' |{{IPA|/h/}} |{{IPA|/ha/}} |'here is, are' |- |{{IPA|/j/}} |{{IPA|/jːih/}} |'yes' |{{IPA|/enwiki/w/}} |{{IPA|/waxːa/}} |'all right' |{{IPA|/l/}} |{{IPA|/la/}} |'no' |- |{{IPA|/lˠ/}} |{{IPA|/lˠazˠ/}} |'hunger' |{{IPA|/ɾ/}} |{{IPA|/ɾdm/}} |'to demolish' |{{IPA|/ɾˠ/}} |{{IPA|/ɾˠdˠu/}} |'to bless' |} === Vowels === Tamazight has a typical phonemic [[Vowel#Use of vowels in languages|three-vowel system]], similarly to [[Classical Arabic]]: {| class="IPA wikitable" |+ Tamazight vowel phonemes<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=11}}</ref> |- ! ![[Front vowel|Front]] ![[Central vowel|Central]] ![[Back vowel|Back]] |- style="text-align:center;" ![[Close vowel|Close]] | i|| || u |- style="text-align:center;" ![[Open vowel|Open]] | || a || |} These phonemes have numerous allophones, conditioned by the following environments: (# denotes word boundary, X denotes C[-flat -{{IPA|/x/}} -{{IPA|/ɣ/}}], C̣ denotes C[+flat], G denotes C̣, {{IPA|/x/}}, and {{IPA|/ɣ/}}) {| class="wikitable" border="1" |+ Tamazight vowel allophony<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=13-15, 20}}</ref> |- ! Phoneme ! Realization ! Environment ! Example ! Gloss |- ! rowspan="4" | /i/ | {{IPA|[i]}} | #_X | {{IPA|/'''i'''li/}} | 'to exist' |- | {{IPA|[ɨ]}} | #_Xː / Xː_ | {{IPA|/'''i'''dːa/}} | 'he went' |- | {{IPA|[ɪ] [e]}} | _G / G_ | {{IPA|/dˠː'''i'''qs/}} | 'to burst out' |- | {{IPA|[ɪj]}} | X_# | {{IPA|/isːfɾˠħ'''i'''/}} | 'he made me happy' |- ! rowspan="4" | {{IPA|/u/}} | {{IPA|[u]}} | #_X / X(ː)_X | {{IPA|/'''u'''msɣ/}} | 'I painted' |- | {{IPA|[ʊ] [o]}} | _G / G_ | {{IPA|/idˠ'''u'''ɾˠ/}} | 'he turned' |- | {{IPA|[ʊw]}} | X(ː)_# | {{IPA|/bd'''u'''/}} | 'to begin' |- | {{IPA|[ʉ]}}¹ | kː_ / gː_ | {{IPA|/lːajgː'''u'''ɾ/}} | 'he goes' |- ! rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/a/}} | {{IPA|[æ]}} | #_X(ː) / X(ː)_X | {{IPA|/'''a'''zn/}} | 'to send' |- | {{IPA|[ɐ]}} | X(ː)_# | {{IPA|/d'''a'''/}} | 'here' |- | {{IPA|[ɑ]}} | _C̣ / C̣_ | {{IPA|/ħ'''a'''dˠɾ/}} | 'to be present' |} # only in Ayt Seghrouchen '''Phonetic Schwa''' There is a predictable non-phonemic vowel inserted into consonant clusters, realized as {{IPA|[[near-close central unrounded vowel|[ɪ̈]]]}} before front consonants (e.g. {{IPA|/b t d .../}}) and {{IPA|[[Mid central vowel|[ə]]]}} before back consonants (e.g. {{IPA|/k x .../)}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=15}}</ref> It is voiced before voiced consonants and voiceless before voiceless consonants.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=15}}</ref> These are the rules governing the occurrence of {{IPA|[ə]}}: (# denotes word boundary, L denotes {{IPA|/l r m n/}}, H denotes {{IPA|/h ħ ʕ w j/}}) {| class="wikitable" border="1" |+ Tamazight schwa epenthesis<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=15-17}}</ref> |- ! Environment ! Realization ! Example ! Pronunciation ! Gloss |- ! #C(ː)# | əC(ː) | {{IPA|/g/}} | {{IPA|[əg]}} | 'to be, to do' |- !#C[-L]C# | CəC | {{IPA|/tˠsˠ/}} | {{IPA|[tˠəsˠ]}} | 'to laugh' |- !#LC# | əLC or LəC | {{IPA|/ns/}} | {{IPA|[əns] ~ [nəs]}} | 'to spend the night' |- ! #CːC# | əCːəC | {{IPA|/fːɾ/}} | {{IPA|[əfːəɾ]}} | 'to hide' |- ! rowspan="2" | #CCC# | rowspan="2" | CCəC / C1C2 are not {L H} | {{IPA|/xdm/}} | {{IPA|[xdəm]}} | 'to work' |- | {{IPA|/zʕf/}} | {{IPA|[zʕəf]}} | 'to get mad' |- ! #CCC# | əCCəC or #CəCəC# / {C1 C3} is {L H} | {{IPA|/hdm/}} | {{IPA|[əhdəm] ~ [hədəm]}} | 'to demolish' |- ! #CCC# | CəCəC / C2C3 = {L H} | {{IPA|/dˠmn/}} | {{IPA|[dˠəmən]}} | 'to guarantee' |} Examples: *{{IPA|/tbɾˠːmnt/}} > {{IPA|[tbərːəmənt]}} ('you (fp) turned') *{{IPA|/datːħadˠar/}} > {{IPA|[datːəħadˠar]}} ('she is present') *{{IPA|/ʕadˠːɾˠ/}} > {{IPA|[ʕadˠːəɾˠ]}} ('to meet') Tamazight in fact has numerous [[words without vowels|words without phonemic vowels]], and those consisting entirely of voiceless consonants will not phonetically contain voiced vowels.<ref group="nb">Audio recordings of selected words without vowels in [[Tashelhiyt language|Tashelhiyt]] can be downloaded from [http://ed268.univ-paris3.fr/lpp/pages/EQUIPE/ridouane/audio.doc].</ref> ===Stress=== [[Stress (linguistics)|Word stress]] is non-contrastive and predictable - it falls on the last vowel in a word (including schwa).<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=17-18}}</ref> Examples: *{{IPA|/sal/}} > {{IPA|[ˈsal]}} ('to ask') *{{IPA|/dajtːħadˠaɾˠ/}} > {{IPA|[dajtːəħaˈdˠaɾˠ]}} ('he is present') *{{IPA|/fsːɾ/}} > {{IPA|[fəsːˈəɾ]}} ('to explain') *{{IPA|/tfsːɾnt/}} > {{IPA|[təfəsːəˈɾənt]}} ('you (fp) explained') == Grammar == {{Main|Central Morocco Tamazight grammar}} Central Morocco Tamazight grammar has many features typical of [[Afro-Asiatic languages]], including extensive [[apophony]] in both the derivational and inflectional morphology, [[grammatical gender|gender]], [[possessive suffix]]es, [[verb-subject-object|VSO]] typology, the causative morpheme /s/, and use of the [[status constructus]]. === Nouns === Tamazight nouns are inflected for gender, number, and state. Normally plurals end in /-n/, singular masculines have the prefix /a-/<ref group="nb">Often dropped in Ayt Seghrouchen, see {{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=126}}</ref> and plurals /i-/, and feminines have the [[circumfix]] {{IPA|/t(a)...t(ː)}} in singular and {{IPA|/t(i)...(in/t)}} in plural.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=88-89}}</ref> Plurals may either involve a regular change ("sound plurals"), internal vowel change ("broken plurals"), or a combination of the two.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=97}}</ref> Some plurals are mixed, e.g. {{IPA|/tafust/}} ('hand') {{IPA|/tifusin/}} ('hands').<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=112}}</ref> Native masculine singular nouns usually start with {{IPA|/a(m)-/}} in singular and {{IPA|/i-/}} in plural, and "sound plurals" (as opposed to "broken plurals" which also take the suffix {{IPA|/-n/}} in plural.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=93-94}}</ref> Native feminine usually are surrounded by {{IPA|/t...(t)/}} (or {{IPA|/m...t/}}) in the singular. "Sound" plurals usually take {{IPA|/t(i/u)...n/}} and "Broken" plurals {{IPA|/ti-/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=95-96}}</ref> Nouns may be put into the [[construct state]] (contrasting with [[free state]]) to indicate possession, or when the subject of a verb follows the verb. This is also used for nouns following numerals and some prepositions (note that {{IPA|/ɣɾ/}}, 'to', only requires this for feminine nouns), as well as the word {{IPA|/d-/}} ('and').<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=121-123}}</ref> The construct state is formed as follows: in masculines, initial {{IPA|/a/}} becomes {{IPA|/u, wː, wa/}}, initial {{IPA|/i/}} becomes {{IPA|/i, j, ji/}}, and initial {{IPA|/u/}} becomes {{IPA|/wu/}}. In feminines, initial {{IPA|/ta/}} becomes {{IPA|/t/}} or rarely {{IPA|/ta/}}, initial {{IPA|/ti/}} becomes {{IPA|/t/}} or rarely {{IPA|/ti/}}, and initial {{IPA|/tu/}} becomes {{IPA|/tu/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=119-121}}</ref> Examples (in Ayt Ayache):<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=119-121}}</ref> : {{IPA|/babuxam/}} (< {{IPA|/axam/}}) 'head of the house' : {{IPA|/ijːs ntslit/}} (< {{IPA|/tislit/}}) 'the horse of the bride' Tamazight content words may be either nouns or verbs.<ref name="inalco_syntax">{{fr}}[http://www.inalco.fr/crb/crb_2/fiches_thema/berbere_syntaxe.htm LA SYNTAXE DE LA LANGUE BERBERE]</ref> As such, nouns may be either noun-substantives or noun-adjectives. <ref>{{PDFLink|[http://www.tamazgha.org/uploads/4/2/2/3/422318/amazigh_voice_vol9_n1.pdf The Amazigh Voice]}}, p. 10.</ref> [[Adjectives]] come after the nouns they modify.<ref>[http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_bma WALS - Beber (Middle Atlas)]</ref> === Pronouns === Central Morocco Tamazight's pronouns distinguish three persons, and two genders<ref group="nb">In second and third person. Ayt Seghrouchen also distinguishes gender in the first person plural subject pronoun, see {{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=35-40, 46, 77-80}}</ref> Pronouns appear in three forms: an independant form used in the subject position, a [[possessive suffix]] (and a derived independent possessive pronoun), and an object form affixed<ref group="nb">prefixed or suffixed depending on multiple factors</ref> to the controlling verb. Ayt Seghrouchen also has a distinct set of affixed pronouns for indirect objects. /ntːat/ 'she' has the following forms in subject, possessive, object, and indirect object form: : /ntːat/ - /-n(ː)s/<ref group="nb">/-ns/ in Ayt Ayache, /-nːs/ in Ayt Seghrouchen</ref> - /as/ - /tː/<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=35-40, 46, 77-80}}</ref> Demonstrative pronouns distinguish between proximate and remote. When they occur independently, they also inflect for number. They may also be suffixed to nouns, e.g. /tabardaja/ 'this pack-saddle'.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=69, 81}}</ref> === Verbs === <div style="float:right; margin-left:20px"> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ <small>Tamazight subject affixes</small><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=159, 217}}</ref> !colspan="3"| Person !! <small>(AA)</small> !! <small>(AS)</small> |- ! rowspan="4"| s ! colspan="2"|1 | {{IPA|/...-ɣ/}} || {{IPA|/...-x/}} |- ! colspan="2"|2 | {{IPA|/t-...-d/}} || {{IPA|/t-...-t/}} |- ! rowspan="2"|3 | <small>m</small> |colspan="2"| {{IPA|/i-.../}} |- | <small>f</small> |colspan="2"| {{IPA|/t-.../}} |- ! rowspan="5"| pl ! colspan="2"|1 |colspan="2"| {{IPA|/n-.../}} |- ! rowspan="2"|2 | <small>m</small> |colspan="2"| {{IPA|/t-...-m/}} |- | <small>f</small> |colspan="2"| {{IPA|/t-...-nt/}} |- ! rowspan="2"|3 | <small>m</small> |colspan="2"| {{IPA|/...-n/}} |- | <small>f</small> |colspan="2"| {{IPA|/...-nt/}} |} </div> Central Morocco Tamazight verbs are heavily inflected, being marked for [[grammatical tense|tense]], [[aspect (grammar)|aspect]], [[grammatical mode|mode]], [[voice (grammar)|voice]], [[grammatical person|person]], and [[grammatical polarity|polarity]]. Tamazight verbs have at their core a stem, modified by prefixes, suffixes, moveable affixes, circumfixes, and [[ablaut]]. The prefixes indicate voice, tense, aspect, and polarity, while the suffixes indicate mood (normal, horatory, or imperative). Subject markers are circumfixed to the verb, while object marking and [[satellite framing]] are accomplished via either prefixing or suffixing depending on environment<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=154-159, 216-217}}</ref> Some verb forms are accompanied by [[ablaut]], and sometimes [[metathesis]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=161-166, 218-219}}</ref> Central Atlas Tamazight uses a bipartate negative construction (e.g. /uriffiɣ ʃa/ 'he didn't go out') which apparently was modeled after proximate [[Arabic language|Arabic]] varieties, in a common development known as [[Jespersen's Cycle]].<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://people.pwf.cam.ac.uk/cbl23/ContactRevised170708.pdf Contact-induced grammatical change: towards an explicit account]|389&nbsp;KB}}, p. 2.</ref> It is present in multiple Berber varieties, and is argued to have originated in neighboring Arabic and been adopted by contact.<ref name="jespersen">{{PDFLink|[http://people.pwf.cam.ac.uk/cbl23/revisedjesaraber.pdf JESPERSEN’S CYCLE IN ARABIC AND BERBER]}}, p. 1.</ref> Pronominal complement markers cliticize to the verb, with the indirect object preceding the direct object, e.g. /izn-as-t/ "he sold it to him".<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.univie.ac.at/linguistics/tagungen/phon02/wopal/abstracts/wopal_louali_and_philippson.pdf Vowel apophony and underlying segments in Siwa Berber (Egypt)]|33.5&nbsp;KB}}</ref> Tamazight has a [[null copula]].<ref name="inalco_syntax" /> The words {{IPA|/g/}} {{IPA|/iʒ/}} 'to be, to do' may function as a copula in Ayt Ayache and Ayt Seghrouchen respectively, especially in structures preceded by /aj/ 'who, which, what'.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971a|p=298}}</ref> === Particles === Prepositions include {{IPA|/xf/}} ('on'), {{IPA|/qbl/}} ('before'), {{IPA|/ɣɾ/}} ('to'), {{IPA|/n/}} ('with'), and {{IPA|/g/}} ('until'). These may take pronominal suffixes. Some prepositions require the following noun to be in the construct state, while others don't. {{IPA|/n/}} encliticizes onto the following word (which is put into construct state), and assimilates to some initial consonants: it becomes {{IPA|/l/}} before a noun with initial {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/enwiki/w/}} before initial {{IPA|/a/}}, and {{IPA|/j/}} before initial {{IPA|/i/}} (note that this creates geminates rather than doubled phonemes, e.g. {{IPA|/ʃa lːħlib/}} 'some milk').<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=124-125}}</ref> The conjunction {{IPA|/d/}} 'and' requires construct state, and also assimilates to a following {{IPA|/t/}}, e.g. {{IPA|/aɣjul tːfunast/}} 'the donkey and the cow'.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=125}}</ref> === Numerals === The first few (1-3 in Ayt Ayache, 1-2 in Ayt Seghrouchen) cardinal numerals have native Berber and borrowed [[Arabic language|Arabic]] forms.<ref group="nb">The Arabic numerals are only used for counting in order and for production of higher numbers when combined with the tens, see{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=22}}</ref> All higher cardinals are borrowed from Arabic, consistent with the linguistic universals that the numbers 1-3 are much more likely to be retained, and that a borrowed number generally implies that numbers greater than it are also borrowed. The retention of one is also motivated by the fact that Berber languages near-universally use unity as a determiner.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.ling.cam.ac.uk/camling/Manuscripts/CamLing2007_Souag.pdf The Typology of Number Borrowing in Berber]|228&nbsp;KB}}, p. 240.<br />{{PDFlink|[http://lameen.googlepages.com/berber-numbers.pdf The Typology of Number Borrowing in Berber (slideshow)]|255&nbsp;KB}}</ref> Cardinal numbers precede the noun they modify, generally connected by the preposition {{IPA|/n/}}.<ref>C.f. {{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=23-25, 27}}</ref> === Syntax === Word order is usually [[verb-subject-object|VSO]] (with the subject in [[construct state]]) but sometimes is [[subject-verb-object|SVO]] (with the subject in [[free state]]), e.g. ({{IPA|/ifːɣ umaziɣ/}} vs. {{IPA|/amaziɣ ifːɣ/}} 'the Berber went out').<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971b|p=295}}</ref> Tamazight also exhibits [[pro-drop]] behavior. <ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.hum2.leidenuniv.nl/pdf/lucl/sole/console12/console12-stoyanova.pdf The typology of multiple wh-questions and language variation]|155&nbsp;KB}}, p. 172.</ref> wh- questions are always [[cleft]]s, and multiple wh-questions<ref group="nb">such as the English "who saw what?", see {{PDFlink|[http://www.hum2.leidenuniv.nl/pdf/lucl/sole/console12/console12-stoyanova.pdf The typology of multiple wh-questions and language variation]|155&nbsp;KB}}, pp. 174-175.</ref> are not found.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Stoyanova|2008|p=105}}</ref> This means that Tamazight Tamazight's clefting, relativisation, and wh-interrogation cause anti-agreement effects,<ref group= "nb">when the verb doesn't agree with or agrees in a special way with wh-words, see {{PDFlink|[http://web.mit.edu/norvin/www/papers/WampanoagConjunct.pdf THE SYNTAX OF THE CONJUNCT AND INDEPENDENT ORDERS IN WAMPANOAG]|504&nbsp;KB}}, p. 18.</ref> similarly to [[Shilha]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Stoyanova|2008|p=105}}</ref> causing deletion of the verbal person marker in certain situations.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://web.mit.edu/norvin/www/papers/WampanoagConjunct.pdf THE SYNTAX OF THE CONJUNCT AND INDEPENDENT ORDERS IN WAMPANOAG]|504&nbsp;KB}}, p. 19.</ref> == Examples == {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center;" |- !rowspan="2"|English !colspan="2"|Tamazight |- !<small>(Ayt Ayache)</small><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971a|p=41-42}}</ref> !<small>(Ayt Segrouchen)</small><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Abdel-Massih|1971a|p=205}}</ref> |- |rowspan=2| Hello |colspan="2"| {{IPA|/sːalamuʕlikːum/}} ''<small>(to a man by a man)</small>'' <br /> : {{IPA|/ʕlikːumsːalam/}} ''<small>(response)</small>'' | |- |colspan="2"|{{IPA|/lˠːahiʕawn/}} ''<small>(to or by a woman)</small>'' <br /> : {{IPA|/lˠːajslːm/}} ''<small>(response)</small>'' | |- | Good morning ||colspan="2"| {{IPA|/sˠbaħ lxiɾˠ/}} || |- | Good evening ||colspan="2"| {{IPA|/mslxiɾˠ/}} || |- | rowspan=3|Good night | {{IPA|/ns jlman/}} ''<small>(to m.s. or f.s.)</small>'' : {{IPA|/mun dlman/}} ''<small>(response)</small>'' | {{IPA|/ns jlman/}} ''<small>(to m.s. or f.s.)</small>'' : {{IPA|/tmunt dlman/}}~{{IPA|/tmunt dsːlant/}} ''<small>(response)</small>'' |- |{{IPA|/nsat jlman/}} ''<small>(to m.p.)</small>'' : {{IPA|/tmunm dlman/}} ''<small>(response)</small>'' |{{IPA|/nsm jlman/}} ''<small>(to m.p.)</small>'' : {{IPA|/tmunm dlman/}}~{{IPA|/tmunm dsːlant/}} ''<small>(response)</small>'' |- | {{IPA|/nsint jlman/}} ''<small>(to f.p.)</small>'' : {{IPA|/tmunt dlman/}} ''<small>(response)</small>'' | {{IPA|/nsnt jlman/}} ''<small>(to f.p.)</small>'' : {{IPA|/tmunːt dlman/}}~{{IPA|/tmunːt dsːlant/}} ''<small>(response)</small>'' |- | Goodbye | {{IPA|/lˠːajhnːikː/}} ''<small>(to m.s.)</small>''<br /> {{IPA|/lˠːajhnːikːm/}} ''<small>(to f.s.)</small>''<br /> {{IPA|/lˠːajhnːikːn/}} ''<small>(to m.p.)</small>''<br /> {{IPA|/lˠːajhnːikːnt/}} ''<small>(to f.p.)</small>''<br /> : {{IPA|/tamanilːah/}} ''<small>(response)</small>'' | {{IPA|/lˠːajhnːikː/}}~{{IPA|/bsːlama/}} ''<small>(to m.s.)</small>''<br /> {{IPA|/lˠːajhnːiʃm/}} ''<small>(to f.s.)</small>''<br /> {{IPA|/lˠːajhnːiʃun/}} ''<small>(to m.p.)</small>''<br /> {{IPA|/lˠːajhnːiʃunt/}} ''<small>(to f.p.)</small>''<br /> : {{IPA|/amanlːah/}} ''<small>(response)</small>'' |} [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]: ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⴽⴽⴻⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵍⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵃⵡⴻⵕⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏ-ⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⴽⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵇⵓⴻⵍ ⵓ ⵢⴻⵙⵙⴻⴼⴽ ⴰⴷ-ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴻⴳⵎⴰⵜⵜ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴻⵏ.<ref>[http://unicode.org/udhr/d/udhr_tzm_tfng.html UDHR - Tamazight, Central Atlas (Tifinagh)]</ref> Imdanen, akken ma llan ttlalen d ilelliyen msawan di lḥ weṛma d yizerfan- ghur sen tamsakwit d lâquel u yessefk ad-tili tegmatt gar asen.<ref>[http://unicode.org/udhr/d/udhr_tzm.html UDHR - Tamazight, Central Atlas]</ref> == Notes == <references group="nb" /> == References == {{Reflist|2}} == Bibliography == * {{cite book |title= A Course in Spoken Tamazight |last= Abdel-Massih |first= Ernest T. |year= 1971a |publisher= University of Michigan |location=Ann Arbor }} * {{cite book |title= A Reference Grammar of Tamazight |last= Abdel-Massih |first= Ernest T. |year= 1971b |publisher= University of Michigan |location=Ann Arbor }} *{{citation |last=Chaker |first=Salem |year=2004 |chapter=Berber, a "long-forgotten" language of France |title=Language and (Im)migration in France, Latin America, and the United States: Sociolinguistic Perspectives, Conference at the University of Texas at Austin, September 25-26, 2003 |url=http://www.utexas.edu/cola/france-ut/archives/chaker_english.pdf }} *{{citation |last=El Aissati |first=Abderrahman |year=1993 |title=Berber in Morocco and Algeria: Revival or Decay? |journal=AILA Review (Association Internationale de Linguistique Appliquée) |url=http://www.adrar.nl/Berber_in_Morocco_and_Algeria_Revival_or_Decay.pdf |volume=10 |pages=88-109 }} *{{citation |last=Hoffman |first=Katherine E. |year=2006 |title=Berber language ideologies, maintenance, and contraction: Gendered variation in the indigenous margins of Morocco |journal=Language & Communication |url=http://www.anthropology.northwestern.edu/faculty/documents/Berber.pdf |volume=26 |pages=144-167 }} *{{citation |last=Kossmann |first=Maarten G. |last2=Stroomer |first2=Harry J. |year=1997 |chapter=Berber Phonology |title=Phonologies of Asia and Africa |editor-last=Kaye |editor-first=Alan S. |url=http://aguenaou.free.fr/amadal/documents/langue/1997_kossmann_berber_phonology.pdf |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=1-57506-019-1 |pages=461-475 }} *{{citation |last=Ross |first=Samantha |year=2004 |title=The Mother Tongue in Morocco: The politics of an indigenous education |url=http://www.east-anglia.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.35902!the%20mother%20tongue%20in%20morocco.pdf |place=University of East Anglia }} * {{cite book |last= Stoyanova |first= Marina |title= Unique focus: languages without multiple wh-questions |year=2008 |publisher= John Benjamins Publishing Company }} *{{citation |last=van Heelsum |first=Anja |year=2002 |chapter=Explaining trends, developments and activities of Moroccan organisations in the Netherlands |title=Sociaal Wetenschappelijke Studiedagen |place=Amsterdam |url=http://users.fmg.uva.nl/avanheelsum/Paper%20Moroccan%20Organisations.pdf }} *{{cite web |last=York |first=Jillian |date=2009-01-23 |title=Morocco: Disappearing the Amazigh |url=http://www.amazighworld.org/eng/human_rights/index_show.php?id=47 |accessdate=2009-06-08 }} == See also == * [[Tashelhiyt language]] * [[Berber language]] * [[Kabyle language]] == External links == {{Incubator|code = tzm}} * {{Ethnologue|code=tzm}} * {{Linguistlist|code=tzm}} * {{fr}} [http://www.inalco.fr/crb/crb_2/fiches_dialectes/tamazight.htm INALCO report on Central Morocco Tamazight]: maps, extension, dialectology, name * [http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/TZM/tzm.html UCLA Archive for Tamazight] * [http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_bse Berber (Ayt Seghrouchen Middle Atlas)] * [http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_bma Berber (Middle Atlas)] * [http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=tzm Linguist List - Description of Tamazight, Central Atlas] * [http://dev.llmap.org/language/tzm/static_map.png Map of Tamazight-speaking areas] * [http://globalrecordings.net/langcode/tzm Tamazight, Central Atlas on globalrecordings.net] * [http://www.csufresno.edu/odin/igt_urls.php?lang=TZM ODIN results for language Tamazight, Central Atlas (TZM)] * [http://friendsofmorocco.org/Docs/Dict/Tamazizght_toc.htm Tamazight Dictionary] (southern variety) {{DEFAULTSORT:Tamazight, Morocco, Central}} [[Category:Berber languages]] [[Category:Languages of Morocco]] <!--Interwikis--> [[br:Tamazigteg]] [[de:Tamazight]] [[es:tamazight del Marruecos Central]] [[fr:tamazight du Maroc central]] [[nds:Tamazight]] [[oc:tamazight (dialècte)]] [[pl:Język tamazight]]'