Examine individual changes

'{{for|information on a person who provides [[counsel]] or advice|counselor (disambiguation)}} {{Legislature}} A '''councillor''' or '''councilor''' ('''Cllr''', '''Coun''', '''Clr''' or '''Cr''' for short) is a member of a [[local government]] council, such as a [[city council]]. Often in the [[United States]], the title is '''councilman''' or '''councilwoman'''. ==United Kingdom== In the United Kingdom, all [[local authority|local authorities]] are overseen by elected councillors. These include: #[[unitary authority|Unitary authorities]] #[[County council]]s and [[districts of England|District]] councils #[[civil parish|Parish]], [[town council|town]] and [[community council|community]] councils #The [[Common Council of the City of London]] (where they are known as aldermen and councilmen) According to "Debrett's Correct Form" the English title "Councillor" (often shortened to "Cllr") only applies to elected members of City, Borough or District councils.<ref>''Debrett's Correct Form'', pg 193, Headline Book Publishing 2002</ref> However, there is no legal basis for this restriction, and in practice the title is applied to all councillors at all levels of local government. Where necessary, parish and county councillors are differentiated by the use of a more full title, such as "Town Councillor" or "County Councillor". The title precedes the holder's rank or title (e.g. "Cllr Dr John Smith" or "Cllr Sir James Smith) and for women only it precedes their title of marital status (e.g. "Cllr Mrs Joan Smith"; rarely "Miss" but never "Ms").<ref>''Debrett's Correct Form'', pg 193, Headline Book Publishing 2002</ref> Councillors are typically elected as members of [[political parties]] or alternatively as independents. Councils may also co-opt unelected councillors to fill vacancies on the council where insufficient candidates have stood for election, although in practice this is rare outside parish councils. Once elected they are meant to represent all their constituents in the whole authority, and not just those who voted for them or just those in the district or ward they were elected in. They are bound by a code of conduct enforced by standards boards. The 2007 Local Elections in the UK saw the age limit for councillors fall to 18, leading to younger people standing. === Councillors' skills === More specialised decision making structures mean councillors are expected to perform a range of different roles, such as; policy overview & scrutiny, executive decision making, political leadership, determining planning applications and community representation. They enable communities to help themselves and provide a vital link between the local authority and the communities which they serve. Nonexecutive councillors now have more time to focus on improving the communities which they serve, and play more of a role in developing policy and recommending to the Executive, decisions to be made and holding them to account publicly for their decisions, through the scrutiny process, which provides a platform for real issues which affect communities. Issues which can be raised by fellow councillors and members of the public alike, and for in-depth work to be carried out into those issues. A councillor’s role is now one of influence rather than that of power, influencing the decision makers and holding them to account as well as influencing the key stakeholders within their wards. Councillors have a mandate now to lead and identify opportunities for change in a wide range of subjects which affect the communities in which we live, to identify skills and resources within communities and to bring them together for the greater good, this, along with greater emphasis in local government over partnership working with health, police and fire authorities. The desire for clearer roles and raised standards has been accompanied by an increase in councillor training and development by organisations such as the [[Improvement and Development Agency]], The Local Government Information Unit [[LGIU]] and the [[Local Government Association]]. ===Remuneration=== Most councillors are not full time professionals, although most councils do pay them a basic allowance and [[out-of-pocket expenses]]. In addition special responsibility allowances are paid to councillors who carry out more senior roles. The basic allowance (and special responsibility allowance) are theoretically paid to compensate councillors for the time spent on council duties, and are classed by the Inland Revenue as a salary. Parish, town or community councillors may, since the [[Local Government Act 2000]], be paid for their services, but most are not. In Scotland since 2007 councillors have received a salary of £15k as opposed to a series of allowances. These are often topped up by special responsibility allowances. ===Regional government=== The [[London Assembly]] is not regarded as a local authority but a regional [[devolved government|devolved]] [[Deliberative assembly|assembly]] and its members are referred to as ''Assembly Members''. ==United States== '''Councilmember''', '''councilman/councilwoman''' or '''councilor''' (sometimes spelled '''councillor''') is a title for a member of a council used in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/08/07/spelling_spats_divide_city_council/ |title=Spelling spats divide City Council |last=Viser |first=Matt |publisher=Boston Globe |date=7 August 2006 |accessdate=7 August 2006 }}</ref> In particular, the title is used in the following cases. *[[City council]] for U.S. cities that do not use the title of alderman *[[Council of the District of Columbia]] {{Expand section|date=June 2008}} ==The Philippines== The Philippine Republic Act No. 7160 (otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991), a councilor is a member of a local council that is the legislative body of the local geovernment unit. Local Governments in the Philippines are of four regular categories, excluding the Sangguniang Kabataan. ===Sangguniang Kabataan=== A special council for the barangay youth but has less legislative functions. Only the Sangguniang Kabataan Chairman sits as an ex-officio member to the Sangguniang Barangay. ===Sangguniang Barangay=== Barangay Council, the legislature of the smallest political unit in the Philippines composing of 7 regular members excluding the presiding officer that is the Punong Barangay a.k.a. Barangay Chairman/Captain and its one ex-officio member. ===Sangguniang Bayan=== Municipal Council, the legislature of a town or a municipality that is composed of 8 regular members excluding the Vice-Mayor that is the presiding officer, and the ex-officio members that are the Association of Barangay Chairmen President, the Sangguniang Kabataan Federation President, and other ex-officio members provided by its local provisions. ===Sangguniang Panlungsod=== City Council, composed of regular members that are dependent on the number provided by its chartering republic act excluding its Vice-Mayor that is the presiding officer. Two usual ex-officio members would include the Association of Barangay Chairmen President and the Sangguniang Kabataan Federation President. Its powers, functions and responsibilities as a legislative body would be similar to the Sangguniang Bayan and the Sangguniang Panlalawigan combined together. However, its chartering as a city would determine if it shall act either as independent from a Sangguniang Panlalawigan or component to it. this is the highest no. of the lacated ===Sangguniang Panlalawigan=== Provincial Board, the legislative body of a provincial government in the Philippines. The composition of its regular members depends on the number of its congressional district representations in the National House of Representatives provided by the Local Government Code of 1991 and its amendments. Usually, it has three ex-officio members namely the Philippine Councilors League Provincial President, Liga ng mga Barangay Provincial President, and the Sangguniang Kabataan Provincial Federation President. ==Finland== In [[Finland]] councillor (''neuvos'') is the highest possible title of honour which can be granted by the [[President of Finland]]. There are several ranks of councillors and they have existed since the Russian Regime. Some examples of different councillors in Finland are as follows: * '''[[Valtioneuvos|Councillor of State]]''': the highest class of the titles of honour; granted to successful [[wikt:statesman|statesmen]] * '''[[Vuorineuvos|Mining Councillor]]/Trade Councillor/Industry Councillor/Economy Councillor''': granted to leading industry figures on different fields of economy * '''Councillor of Parliament''': granted to successful statesmen * '''Office Councillor''': granted to leading university figures * '''Councillor of Culture/Theatre Councillor/Film Councillor''': granted to leading culture figures * '''Chamber Councillor''': granted for successful officials in the field of local government ===Obsolete titles of honour=== * '''(Actual) Privy Councillor''': the highest title of honour ever granted in Finland for the highest officials of the state * '''Collegiate Councillor''': granted to successful politicians * '''Court Councillor''': granted to successful officials in foreign politics * '''Titular Councillor''': the lowest class of titles of honour ==Other countries== In [[Australia]], [[The Bahamas]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]] and other parts of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], as well as in the [[Republic of Ireland]], a '''councillor''' or '''councilor''' is an elected representative on a [[local government]] council. In the [[Netherlands]], a member of the [[City Council (the Netherlands)|municipal council]] is called a ''gemeenteraadslid'' or ''raadslid''. Someone out of this group who is elected to serve on the municipal executive is called a ''[[wethouder]]'', which is usually translated as "alderman" or "councillor". The Dutch word for mayor is ''burgermeester''. This is expressed in English as "mayor" or "''[[burgomaster]]''". The municipal executive is referred to collectively as the ''[[College van Burgemeester en Wethouders]]''. In [[Belgium]], a member of the municipal council is called a ''gemeenteraadslid'' in Dutch. Someone out of this group who is elected to serve on the municipal executive is called a ''[[schepen]]'' in Dutch or ''[[échevin]]'' in French. This is usually translated as "alderman" or "councillor" in English. The municipal executive is referred to collectively as the ''College van Burgermeester en Schepen''. In [[Luxembourg]], an ''[[échevin (Luxembourg)|échevin]]'' ({{lang-lb|Schäffe}}, {{lang-de|Schöffe}}) is a member of the administration of a [[Luxembourg]]ian [[Communes of Luxembourg|commune]]. {{Expand section|date=June 2008}} ==See also== *[[Privy Councillor]] *[[Local government]] *[[Local government in the United Kingdom]] ==References== <references/> ==External links== *[http://www.lga.gov.uk/ Local Government Association] *[http://www.idea-knowledge.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do?pageId=1 Improvement and Development Agency] {{Professional titles}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2011}} [[Category:Titles]] [[Category:Legislators|*Councillor]] [[Category:Government occupations]] [[Category:Management occupations]] [[Category:Local government in the United Kingdom]] [[ca:Regidor]] [[cs:Konšel]] [[de:Ratsherr]] [[es:Concejal]] [[eu:Zinegotzi]] [[gl:Concelleiro]] [[la:Symbulus]] [[nl:Gemeenteraadslid]] [[no:Rådsherre]]'