Examine individual changes

'{{Italic title}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Bacillus cereus'' | image = Bacillus_cereus_01.png | image_width = 240px | image_caption = ''B. cereus'' colonies on sheep blood [[agar plate]]. | regnum = [[Bacteria]] | phylum = [[Firmicutes]] | classis = [[Bacilli]] | ordo = [[Bacillales]] | familia = [[Bacillaceae]] | genus = ''[[Bacillus]]'' | species = '''''B. cereus''''' | binomial = ''Bacillus cereus'' | binomial_authority = Frankland & Frankland 1887 }} '''''Bacillus cereus''''' is an [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]], [[soil]]-dwelling, [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive]], [[Bacillus|rod-shaped]], [[hemolysis (microbiology)|beta hemolytic]] [[bacteria|bacterium]]. Some strains are harmful to humans and cause [[foodborne illness]], while other strains can be beneficial as [[probiotics]] for animals.<ref>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> It is the cause of "[[Fried rice|Fried Rice]] Syndrome," as the bacteria is classically contracted from fried rice dishes that have been sitting at room temperature for hours (such as at a [[buffet]]).<ref name=Asaeda>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0197-2510(05)70258-8 | issn = 01972510 | volume = 30 | pages = 30–32 | last = Asaeda | first = Glenn | coauthors = Gilbert Caicedow, Christopher Swanson | title = Fried Rice Syndrome | journal = Journal of Emergency Medical Services | accessdate = 2011-09-13 | date = 2005-12 | url = http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/jems/article/PIIS0197251005702588/fulltext | issue = 12 }}</ref> ''B. cereus'' bacteria are [[facultative anaerobe]]s, and like other members of the genus ''[[Bacillus]]'' can produce protective [[endospore]]s. Its virulence factors include cereolysin and [[phospholipase C]]. ==Symbiosis== ''B. cereus'' competes with other microorganisms such as ''[[Salmonella]]'' and ''[[Campylobacter]]'' in the [[Gut (zoology)|gut]], so its presence reduces the numbers of those microorganisms. In food animals such as [[chickens]],<ref>{{cite journal | last = Vilà | first = B | authorlink = | coauthors = A. Fontgibell, I. Badiola, E. Esteve-Garcia, G. Jiménez, M. Castillo and J. Brufau | title = Reduction of ''Salmonella enterica'' var. ''Enteritidis'' colonization and invasion by ''Bacillus cereus'' var. ''toyoi'' inclusion in poultry feeds | journal = Poultry Science | volume = 88 | issue = 55 | pages = 975–9 | publisher = HighWire Press | location = | year = 2009 | url = http://ps.fass.org/cgi/content/full/88/5/975 | issn = | doi = 10.3382/ps.2008-00483 | id = | accessdate = 14 May 2009 | pmid = 19359685 }} </ref> [[rabbit]]s<ref>{{cite journal | last = Bories | first = Georges | authorlink = | coauthors = Paul Brantom, Joaquim Brufau de Barberà, Andrew Chesson, Pier Sandro Cocconcelli, Bogdan Debski, Noël Dierick, Jürgen Gropp, Ingrid Halle, Christer Hogstrand, Joop de Knecht, Lubomir Leng, Sven Lindgren, Anne-Katrine Lundebye Haldorsen, Alberto Mantovani, Miklós Mézes, Carlo Nebbia, Walter Rambeck, Guido Rychen, Atte von Wright and Pieter Wester | title = Safety and efficacy of the product Toyocerin (Bacillus cereus var. toyoi) as feed additive for rabbit breeding does - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = European Food Safety Authority | location = | date = 9 December 2008 | url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu/cs/BlobServer/Scientific_Opinion/feedap_op_ej913_toyocerin_en,3.pdf?ssbinary=true | issn = | doi = | id = EFSA-Q-2008-287 | accessdate = 14 May 2009 }} </ref> and [[pig]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | last = Bories | first = Georges | authorlink = | coauthors = Paul Brantom, Joaquim Brufau de Barberà, Andrew Chesson, Pier Sandro Cocconcelli, Bogdan Debski, Noël Dierick, Anders Franklin, Jürgen Gropp, Ingrid Halle, Christer Hogstrand, Joop de Knecht, Lubomir Leng, Anne-Katrine Lundebye Haldorsen, Alberto Mantovani, Miklós Mézes, Carlo Nebbia, Walter Rambeck, Guido Rychen, Atte von Wright and Pieter Wester | title = Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed on the safety and efficacy of the product Toyocerin (Bacillus cereus var. Toyoi) as a feed additive for sows from service to weaning, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = European Food Safety Authority | location = | date = EFSA-Q-2006-037 | url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu/cs/BlobServer/Scientific_Opinion/feedap_op_ej458_toyocerin_sows_en.pdf?ssbinary=true | issn = | doi = | id = | accessdate = 14 May 2009 }} </ref> some harmless strains of ''B. cereus'' are used as a [[probiotic]] [[feed additive]] to reduce ''Salmonella'' in the [[intestine]]s and [[cecum]]. This improves the animals' growth as well as food safety for humans who eat their meat. xfdsay fuck you ==Pathogenesis== ''B. cereus'' is responsible for a minority of foodborne illnesses (2&ndash;5%), causing severe [[nausea]], [[vomiting]] and [[diarrhea]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Kotiranta A, Lounatmaa K, Haapasalo M | title=Epidemiology and pathogenesis of ''Bacillus cereus'' infections | journal=Microbes Infect | year=2000 | pages=189–98 | volume=2 | issue=2 | pmid=10742691 | doi = 10.1016/S1286-4579(00)00269-0}}</ref> ''Bacillus'' foodborne illnesses occur due to survival of the bacterial endospores when food is improperly cooked.<ref>{{cite book | author = Turnbull PCB | title = Bacillus. ''In:'' Baron's Medical Microbiology ''(Barron S ''et al.'', eds.)| edition = 4th | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | id = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.935#939 (via NCBI Bookshelf)] | isbn = 0-9631172-1-1 }}</ref> Cooking temperatures less than or equal to {{convert|100|°C|°F}} allows some ''B. cereus'' spores to survive.<ref name="microorganisms.in.foods.p.24">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lxycHnaPfCYC&pg=PA24#v=onepage&q&f=false |author=Roberts, T. A.; Baird-Parker, A. C.; Tompkin, R. B. |title=Characteristics of microbial pathogens |publisher=Blackie Academic & Professional |location=London |year=1996 |page=24 |isbn=0-412-47350-X |accessdate=2010 Nov 25}}</ref> This problem is compounded when food is then improperly [[refrigeration|refrigerated]], allowing the endospores to germinate.<ref>{{cite journal | author=McKillip JL | title=Prevalence and expression of enterotoxins in ''Bacillus cereus'' and other ''Bacillus'' spp., a literature review | journal=Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek | year=2000 | pages=393–9 | volume=77 | issue=4 | pmid=10959569 | doi = 10.1023/A:1002706906154}}</ref> Cooked foods not meant for either immediate consumption or rapid cooling and refrigeration should be kept at temperatures above {{convert|60|°C|°F}}.<ref name="microorganisms.in.foods.p.24" /> Germination and growth generally occurs between {{convert|10|-|50|°C|°F|}},<ref name="microorganisms.in.foods.p.24" /> though some strains are [[Psychrotrophic bacteria|psychrotrophic]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KiK9fcE4xvAC&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false |author=Davis, Judi Ratliff; Lawley, Richard; Davis, Judy; Laurie Curtis |title=The food safety hazard guidebook |publisher=RSC Pub |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2008 |page=17 |isbn=0-85404-460-4 |accessdate=2010 Nov 25}}</ref> Bacterial growth results in production of [[enterotoxin]]s, one of which is highly resistant to heat and to [[pH]] between 2 and 11;<ref name=Todar /> ingestion leads to two types of illness, diarrheal and emetic (vomiting) syndrome.<ref name="pmid15538709">{{cite journal | author=Ehling-Schulz M, Fricker M, Scherer S | title=''Bacillus cereus'', the causative agent of an emetic type of food-borne illness | journal=Mol Nutr Food Res | year=2004 | pages=479–87 | volume=48 | issue=7 | pmid=15538709 | doi = 10.1002/mnfr.200400055}}</ref> :*The diarrheal type is associated with a wide-range of foods, has an 8- to 16.5-hour [[incubation period|incubation time]] and is associated with diarrhea and gastrointestinal pain. Also known as the ''long-incubation'' form of ''B. cereus'' food poisoning, it might be difficult to differentiate from poisoning caused by ''[[Clostridium perfringens]]''.<ref name=Todar>{{cite web | title=''Bacillus cereus'' | work=Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology | url=http://textbookofbacteriology.net/B.cereus.html | accessdate=19 September 2009}}</ref> :*The emetic form is commonly caused by rice that is not cooked for a time and temperature sufficient to kill any spores present, then improperly refrigerated. It can produce a [[toxin]], cereulide, which is not inactivated by later reheating. This form leads to nausea and vomiting 1&ndash;5 hours after consumption. It can be difficult to distinguish from other short-term bacterial foodborne pathogens such as ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''.<ref name=Todar /> The diarrhetic syndromes observed in patients are thought to stem from the three toxins [[Hemolysin BL]] Hbl, [[Nonhemolytic Enterotoxin]] Nhe and [[Cytotoxin K]] CytK.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Guinebretière MH, Broussolle V, Nguyen-The C |title=Enterotoxigenic Profiles of Food-Poisoning and Food-Borne Bacillus cereus Strains |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=40 |issue=8 |pages=3053–6 |year=2002 |month=August |pmid=12149378 |pmc=120679 |doi=10.1128/JCM.40.8.3053-3056.2002 }}</ref> The ''nhe''/''hbl''/''cytK'' genes are located on the chromosome of the bacteria. Transcription of these genes is controlled by PlcR. These genes occur as well in the toxonomically related ''B. thuringensis'' and ''B. anthracis''. These enterotoxins are all produced in the small intestine of the host, thus thwarting the issue of digestion by host endogenous enzymes. The Hbl and Nhe toxins are pore-forming toxins closely related to [[ClyA]] of ''[[E. coli]]''. The proteins exhibit a conformation known as "beta-barrel" that can insert into cellular membranes due to a [[hydrophobic]] exterior, thus creating pores with [[hydrophilic]] interiors. The effect is loss of cellular [[membrane potential]] and eventually cell death. CytK is a pore-forming protein more related to other hemolysins. It was previously thought that the timing of the toxin production might be responsible for the two different courses of disease, but in fact the emetic syndrome is caused by a toxin called [[cereulide]] that is found only in emetic strains and is not part of the "standard toolbox" of ''B. cereus''. Cereulide is cyclic polypeptide containing 3 repeats of 4 amino acids: D-Oxy-Le—D-Ala—L-Oxy-Val—L-Va (similar to [[Valinomycin]] produced by ''[[Streptomyces griseus]]'') produced by [[nonribosomal peptide|nonribosomal peptide synthesis (NRPS)]]. Cereulide is believed to bind to 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3) [[serotonin]] receptors activating them and leading to increased [[Afferent nerve fiber|afferent]] [[vagus nerve stimulation]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Agata N, Ohta M, Mori M, Isobe M | title=A novel dodecadepsipeptide, cereulide, is an emetic toxin of ''Bacillus cereus'' | journal=FEMS Microbiol Lett | year=1995 | pages=17–20 | volume=129 | issue=1 | pmid=7781985 | doi=10.1016/0378-1097(95)00119-P}}</ref> It was shown independently by two research groups to be encoded on multiple [[plasmid]]s: pCERE01<ref>{{cite journal | author=Hoton FM, Andrup L, Swiecicka I, Mahillon J | title=The cereulide genetic determinants of emetic ''Bacillus cereus'' are plasmid-borne | journal=Microbiology | year=2005 | pages=2121–4 | volume=151 | issue=7 | pmid=16000702 | doi = 10.1099/mic.0.28069-0}}</ref> or pBCE4810.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Ehling-Schulz M, Fricker M, Grallert H, Rieck P, Wagner M, Scherer S | title=Cereulide synthetase gene cluster from emetic ''Bacillus cereus'': Structure and location on a mega virulence plasmid related to Bacillus anthracis toxin plasmid pXO1 | journal=BMC Microbiol | year=2006 | volume=6 | pmid=16512902 | pages = 20 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2180-6-20 | pmc=1459170}}</ref> Plasmid pBCE4810 shares homology with the ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]'' virulence plasmid pXO1, which encodes the [[anthrax toxin]]. Periodontal isolates of ''B. cereus'' also possess distinct pXO1-like plasmids. Like most of cyclic peptides containing nonproteinogenic amino acids, cereulid is resistant to heath, proteolyis and acid conditions.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Stenfors Arnesen LP, Fagerlund A, Granum PE | title=From soil to gut: ''Bacillus cereus'' and its food poisoning toxins | journal=FEMS Microbiol Rev. | year=2008 | pages=579–606 | volume=32 | issue=4 | pmid=18422617 | doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00112.x | url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00112.x/pdf}}</ref> ''B. cereus'' is also known to cause chronic skin infections that are difficult to eradicate though less aggressive than ''[[necrotizing fasciitis]]''. ''B. cereus'' can also cause [[keratitis]].<ref name="pmid11581057">{{cite journal |author=Pinna A |title=Bacillus cereus keratitis associated with contact lens wear |journal=Ophthalmology |volume=108 |issue=10 |pages=1830–4 |year=2001 |month=October |pmid=11581057 |doi= 10.1016/S0161-6420(01)00723-0|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0161-6420(01)00723-0 |author-separator=, |author2=Sechi LA |author3=Zanetti S |display-authors=3 |last4=Usai |first4=Donatella |last5=Delogu |first5=Giovanni |last6=Cappuccinelli |first6=Piero |last7=Carta |first7=Francesco}}</ref> It mentioned as pathogenic microflora in pharmaceutical oral products in Brazilian Phamacopaeia.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} ==Diagnosis== In case of [[foodborne illness]], the diagnosis of ''B. cereus'' can be confirmed by the isolation of more than 10⁵ ''B. cereus'' organisms per gram from epidemiologically implicated food, but such testing is often not done because the illness is relatively harmless and usually self-limiting.<ref name=cdc>[http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm4310.pdf Bacillus cereus Food Poisoning Associated with Fried Rice at Two Child Day Care Centers] from Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report from [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]. March 18, 1994 / Vol. 43 / No. 10 U.S.</ref> ==Prognosis== Foodborne illness from ''B. cereus'' is usually self-limiting.<ref name=cdc/> Most emetic patients recover within 6 to 24 hours,<ref name="pmid15538709" /> but in some cases the toxin can be fatal.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Takabe F, Oya M | title=An autopsy case of food poisoning associated with ''Bacillus cereus'' | journal=ForensicSci | year=1976 | pages=97–101 | volume=7 | issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Mahler H et al. | title=Fulminant liver failure in association with the emetic toxin of ''Bacillus cereus'' | journal=N Engl J Med | year=1997 | pages=1142–1148 | volume=336 | issue=16 | pmid=9099658 | url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM199704173361604 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199704173361604}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Dierick K et al. | title=Fatal family outbreak of Bacillus cereus-associated food poisoning | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year=2005 | pages=4277–4279 | volume=43 | issue=8 | doi=10.1128/​JCM.43.8.4277-4279.2005 | url=http://jcm.asm.org/content/43/8/4277.full}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Shiota, M et al. | title=Rapid Detoxification of Cereulide in ''Bacillus cereus'' Food Poisoning | journal=Pediatrics | year=2010 | pages=e951-e955 | volume=125 | issue=4 | doi=10.1542/peds.2009-2319 | url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/125/4/e951.full}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Naranjo, M et al. | title=Sudden Death of a Young Adult Associated with ''Bacillus cereus'' Food Poisoning | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year=2011 | pages=4379–4381 | volume=49 | issue=12 | doi=10.1128/​JCM.05129-11}}</ref> ==References== <!-- --------------------------------------------------------------- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a discussion of different citation methods and how to generate footnotes using the <ref> & </ref> tags and the {{Reflist}} template -------------------------------------------------------------------- --> {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} * [http://patricbrc.org/portal/portal/patric/Taxon?cType=taxon&cId=1396 Bacillus cereus] genomes and related information at [http://patricbrc.org/ PATRIC], a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by [http://www.niaid.nih.gov/ NIAID] {{Gram-positive bacterial diseases}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2010}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bacillus Cereus}} [[Category:Bacillus]] [[Category:Foodborne illnesses]] [[Category:Sequenced genomes]] [[ca:Bacillus cereus]] [[da:Bacillus cereus]] [[de:Bacillus cereus]] [[es:Bacillus cereus]] [[fr:Bacillus cereus]] [[it:Bacillus cereus]] [[nl:Bacillus cereus]] [[ja:セレウス菌]] [[no:Bacillus cereus]] [[pt:Bacillus cereus]] [[ru:Bacillus cereus]] [[fi:Bacillus cereus]] [[sv:Bacillus cereus]] [[uk:Bacillus cereus]] [[vi:Bacillus cereus]] [[zh:蠟樣芽孢桿菌]]'