Examine individual changes

'{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2011}} {{Infobox museum |name = Bletchley Park |image = Bletchley Park - Draco2008.jpg |imagesize = 325 |caption = |map_type = |map_caption = |latitude = 51.99651 |longitude = -0.74276 |established = 1993 (as a museum) |dissolved = |location = [[Bletchley]], [[Milton Keynes]], England, United Kingdom |type = |visitors = |director = Iain Standen |curator = |publictransit = |website = {{url|www.bletchleypark.org}} }} '''Bletchley Park''' is an estate located in the town of [[Bletchley]], in [[Buckinghamshire]], England, which currently houses the '''National Codes Centre''' and '''[[the National Museum of Computing]]'''. During the [[Second World War]], Bletchley Park was the site of the United Kingdom's main [[codebreaking|decryption]] establishment, the [[Government Communications Headquarters#Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS)|Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS)]], where ciphers and codes of several [[Axis Powers|Axis]] countries were decrypted, most importantly the ciphers generated by the German [[Enigma (machine)|Enigma]] and [[Lorenz cipher|Lorenz]] machines. It also housed '''Station X''', a secret radio intercept station, although interception was soon moved to a location with better reception. "Station X", "London Signals Intelligence Centre" and "[[Government Communications Headquarters]]" were all cover names that were used during the war, and the latter (GCHQ) was adopted for the successor peacetime organisation that still bears this name.<ref> {{Harvnb|Aldrich|2010|p=69}} </ref> For the many members of the [[Women's Royal Naval Service]] (Wrens) who worked at Bletchley Park, their posting was to [[HMS Pembroke#Shore establishments|HMS Pembroke V]]. The high-level intelligence produced at Bletchley Park, codenamed [[Ultra]], provided crucial assistance to the Allied war effort. [[Harry Hinsley|Sir Harry Hinsley]], a Bletchley veteran and the official historian of British Intelligence during the Second World War, said that Ultra shortened the war by two to four years and that the outcome of the war would have been uncertain without it.<ref name="HinsleyLecture">{{Harvnb|Hinsley|1996}}</ref> A large portion of the site is now controlled by the Bletchley Park Trust. The National Museum of Computing, an independent voluntary organisation, rents space from the Trust to house its collection of historic computers. The museum is run by the Codes and Ciphers Heritage Trust (an independent registered charity) and is open to the public. It receives no Government or regional funding, or any of the Trust’s visitor or facility rental fees. The Bletchley Park Science and Innovation Centre (BPSIC) refurbished some of the historic structures and occupies part of the former code-breaker buildings.<ref name="InnovationCentre">{{Citation | title = Bletchley Park Science and Innovation Centre | url = http://www.bpsic.com/index.html | accessdate =7 July 2011}}</ref> The site also houses the National Codes Centre. The main manor house is available for functions and is licensed for ceremonies. Part of the fees for hiring the facilities go to the Trust to maintain the site. Since 1967, Bletchley has been part of the town of [[Milton Keynes]]. ==Early history== The lands of the Bletchley Park estate were formerly part of the [[Water Eaton, Milton Keynes|Manor of Eaton]], included in the [[Domesday Book]] in 1086. [[Browne Willis]] built a mansion in 1711, but this was pulled down by Thomas Harrison, who had acquired the property in 1793. The estate was first known as Bletchley Park during the ownership of [[Samuel Lipscomb Seckham]], who purchased it in 1877.<ref>{{Citation | last = Morrison | first =Kathryn | title = 'A Maudlin and Monstrous Pile': The Mansion at Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire | publisher = English Heritage | url = http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/imported-docs/p-t/thehistoryofthemansionbletchleypark.pdf | accessdate = 24 April 2012 }} </ref> The estate was sold on 4 June 1883 to Sir [[Herbert Samuel Leon]] (1850–1926), a financier and [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]]. Leon expanded the existing farmhouse into the present mansion.<ref>Edward Legg, ''Early History of Bletchley Park 1235–1937'', Bletchley Park Trust Historic Guides series, No. 1, 1999</ref> The architectural style is a mixture of [[Victorian Gothic]], [[Tudor Revival architecture|Tudor]] and [[Dutch Baroque architecture|Dutch Baroque]] and was the subject of much bemused comment from those who worked there, or visited, during World War II. Leon's estate covered {{convert|581|acre|ha|lk=on}}, of which Bletchley Park occupied about {{convert|55|acre|ha}}. Leon's wife, Fanny, died in 1937.<ref>{{Citation | last = Foss | first = Valentin | title = Bletchley Park | url = http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/~foss/valentin/Bletchley%20Park.html | accessdate =25 March 2011 }}</ref> In 1938 the site was sold to a builder, who planned to demolish the mansion and build a estate. Before the demolition could take place, Admiral Sir [[Hugh Sinclair]] (Director of Naval Intelligence and head of [[MI6]]) bought the site. To cover their real purpose, the first government visitors to Bletchley Park described themselves as "Captain Ridley's shooting party".<ref>{{Harvnb|McKay|2010|p=11}}</ref> The estate was conveniently located within easy walking distance of [[Bletchley railway station]], where the "[[Varsity Line]]" between the cities of [[Oxford]] and [[Cambridge]] &ndash; whose universities supplied many of the code-breakers &ndash; met the (then-[[London, Midland and Scottish Railway|LMS]]) main [[West Coast Main Line|West Coast railway line]] between [[London]] and [[Birmingham]], [[Manchester]], [[Glasgow]]. Starting in 1938, Post Office Telephones laid dedicated cables, for numerous telephone and telegraph circuits, from the nearby repeater station at [[Fenny Stratford]] (on [[Watling Street]], the main road linking London to the north-west, later to be designated the [[A5 road (Great Britain)|A5]]). ==Second World War== [[File:Turing flat.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The cottages in the stableyard were converted from a tack and feed house. Early work on Enigma was performed here by [[Dilly Knox]], [[John R.F. Jeffreys|John Jeffreys]] and [[Alan Turing]]. The windows at the top of the tower open into a room used by Turing.]] The first wave of the [[Government Code and Cypher School]] (GC&CS) moved to Bletchley Park on 15 August 1939. The main body of GC&CS, including its Naval, Military and Air Sections, was on the ground floor of the mansion, together with a telephone exchange, a teleprinter room, a kitchen and a dining room. The top floor was allocated to [[MI6]]. The prefabricated wooden huts were still being erected, and initially the entire "shooting party" was crowded into the mansion, its stables and cottages. These were too small, so Elmers School, a neighbouring boys' [[boarding school]], was acquired for the Commercial and Diplomatic Sections.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1999|pp=2–3}}</ref> Both of the two German electro-mechanical [[rotor machine]]s whose signals were decrypted at Bletchley Park, Enigma and the Lorenz Cipher<ref>Gannon, ''Colossus'</ref>', were virtually unbreakable if properly used. It was poor operational procedures and sloppy operator behaviour that allowed the GC&CS cryptanalysts to find ways to read them.<ref name=Milner-Barry1993P92>{{Harvnb|Milner-Barry|1993|p=92}}</ref> The intelligence produced from decrypts at Bletchley was code-named "[[Ultra (cryptography)|Ultra]]". It contributed greatly to Allied success in defeating the [[U-boat]]s in the [[Battle of the Atlantic (1939–1945)|Battle of the Atlantic]], and to the British naval victories in the [[Battle of Cape Matapan]] and the [[Battle of North Cape]]. In 1941, Ultra exerted a powerful effect on the [[North African Campaign|North African desert campaign]], against the German army, under General [[Erwin Rommel]]. General Sir [[Claude Auchinleck]] stated that, but for Ultra - "Rommel would have certainly got through to Cairo". Prior to the [[Normandy landings]] on D-Day in June 1944, the Allies knew the locations of all but two of the 58 German divisions on the Western front. Churchill referred to the Bletchley staff as "The geese that laid the golden eggs and never cackled".<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewin|2001|p=64}}</ref> When the [[United States]] joined the war, [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] agreed to pool resources. A number of American cryptographers were posted to Bletchley Park and were inducted and then integrated into the Ultra structure, being stationed in [[Hut 3]]. From May 1943 onwards there was very close cooperation between the British and American military intelligence organisations.<ref>{{Harvnb|Taylor|1993|pp=71, 72}}</ref> Conversely, the existence of Bletchley Park, and of the decrypting achievements there, was never officially shared with the [[Soviet Union]], whose war effort would have greatly benefited from regular decrypting of German messages relating to the Eastern Front. This reflected Churchill's concern with security, and his distrust of and hostility to communism, even during the alliance imposed on him by the Nazi threat. The only direct enemy action that the site experienced was when 3 bombs, thought to have been intended for [[Bletchley railway station]], were dropped on 20–21 November 1940. One exploded next to the despatch riders' entrance, shifting the rear end of Hut 4 (the Naval Intelligence hut) two feet on its base. As the huts stood on brick pillars, workmen just winched it back into position while work continued inside.<ref>{{Citation | last = Bletchley Park National Codes Centre | title = The Cafe in Hut 4 | url = http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/content//index.rhtm | accessdate =3 April 2011 }}</ref> ===Recruitment=== Commander [[Alastair Denniston]], was operational head of GC&CS from its formation from the [[Admiralty|Admiralty's]] [[Room 40]] (NID25) and the [[War Office|War Office's]] [[MI1]]b in 1919, until 1942.<ref>{{Harvnb|Erskine|Smith|2011|p=xiv}}</ref> On the day that Britain declared war on Germany, he wrote to the [[Foreign Office]] about recruiting "men of the professor type".<ref>{{Harvnb|Budiansky|2000|p=112}}</ref> Personal networking was used for the initial recruitment particularly from the universities of Cambridge, Oxford and Aberdeen. Reliable and trustworthy women to perform administrative and clerical tasks were similarly recruited by personal contacts.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hill|2004|pp=13–23}}</ref> This has been characterised as recruiting "[[Boffin]]s and [[Débutante|Debs]]".<ref>{{Harvnb|Hill|2004|pp=62–71}}</ref> Cryptanalysts were selected for various intellectual achievements, whether they were linguists, chess champions, crossword experts, polyglots or great mathematicians. GC&CS was ironically referred to as "the Golf, Cheese and Chess Society".<ref>{{Citation | title = BBC News UK: Saving Bletchley for the nation | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/358913.stm | accessdate =2 February 2011 | date=2 June 1999}}</ref> In one instance, the ability to solve a ''[[The Daily Telegraph|Daily Telegraph]]'' crossword in under 12 minutes was used as a test. The newspaper was asked to organize a competition, after which each of the successful participants was contacted and asked whether they would be prepared to undertake "a particular type of work as a contribution to the war effort". The competition itself was won by F H W Hawes of [[Dagenham]] in [[Essex]] who finished in less than eight minutes.<ref>[[The Daily Telegraph]], [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3652606/25000-tomorrow.html "25000 tomorrow"] 23 May 2006</ref> Some 9,000 people from the armed services and civilians were working at Bletchley Park at the height of the codebreaking efforts in January 1945,<ref name = "Smith89P205-6">{{Harvnb|Smith|1999|pp=20–206}}</ref> and over 12,000 (of whom more than 80% were women) worked there at some point during the war. A relatively small number of men were also employed on a part-time basis, typically for one shift each week (e.g. [[General Post Office|Post Office]] employees who were experts in Morse code or the German language). Among the famous [[mathematician]]s and [[cryptanalysis|cryptanalysts]] working there, the most influential and the best-known in later years was [[Alan Turing]] who is widely credited with being "The Father of Computer Science". ===Security=== Sustained breaking of an enemy's ciphers can be a very fragile business. The Germans progressively increased the security of Enigma networks, which required additional cryptographic developments by GC&CS. A major setback was caused by the German Navy introducing the [[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma#German Navy 4-rotor Enigma|four-rotor Enigma]] used for communicating with [[U-boat]]s. This change temporarily stopped the ability to read this network from February to December 1942.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mahon|1945|p=77}}</ref> Even a small improvement in operating policies or procedures could have set back the deciphering process by months, or even permanently. Knowing that the slightest suspicion by the Axis powers that their ciphers were being broken, could lead to such a change, the authorities at Bletchley Park were extremely concerned about security.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hinsley|Stripp|1993|p=vii}}</ref> All staff had to sign the [[Official Secrets Act 1939|Official Secrets Act (1939)]], and were instructed that they should never discuss their work outside their immediate section. A May 1942 personal security form stated: {{Blockquote| * Do not talk at meals ... * Do not talk in the transport ... * Do not talk travelling ... * Do not talk in the billet ... * Do not talk by your own fireside ... * Be careful even in your Hut ...<ref>{{Harvnb|Hill|2004|pp=128–129}}</ref>}} The strict adherence to these constraints, and to the requirement never to ask about anyone else's work, was well accepted in a country where there were many wartime posters stating [[British propaganda during World War II#Careless Talk Costs Lives|''Careless Talk Costs Lives'']].<ref>{{Harvnb|McKay|2010|p=67}}</ref> Not until F. W. Winterbotham's book ''The Ultra Secret'' was published in 1974<ref>{{Citation | last = Winterbotham | first = F.W. | author-link = F.W. Winterbotham | title = The Ultra secret: the inside story of Operation Ultra, Bletchley Park and Enigma | place = London | publisher = Orion Books Ltd | origyear = 1974 | year = 2000 | oclc = 222735270 | isbn = 978-0-7528-3751-2 }}</ref> did ex-Bletchley Park staff feel free to reveal something of their wartime work. Deaths before that time meant that many parents, spouses and children were never told more than that it was secret work for the Foreign Office or one of the armed services.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hill|2004|pp=129–135}}</ref> Even 70 years later, some people still regard themselves bound to remain silent.<ref>{{Citation | last = Withers-Green | first = Sheila | title = audiopause audio: I made a promise that I wouldn't say anything | year = 2010 | url = http://audioboo.fm/boos/176850-i-made-a-promise-that-i-wouldn-t-say-anything-sheila-withers-green-bpark2010?playlist_direction=forward | accessdate =15 July 2011 }}</ref> ===Intelligence reporting=== [[File:Information Flow Bletchley Park Enigma Messages.png|thumbnail|right|320px| Flow of information from an intercepted Enigma message<ref>{{Citation | last = Sale | first = Tony | author-link = Tony Sale | title = Information flow from German ciphers to Intelligence to Allied commanders. | url = http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/infoflow/infoflowie.htm | accessdate =30 June 2011 }}</ref>]] [[File:Ultra Hut3 Graph.png|thumbnail|320px| Signals to Commands Abroad<ref>{{Harvnb|Bennett|1999|p=302}}</ref>]] There was an ever-present danger that some ill-considered military or other action by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] might alert the enemy to the possibility that their codes were being broken. Had this happened, they would undoubtedly have introduced changes in policies and procedures, and even equipment. Such changes could have rendered previous methods of codebreaking insufficient, with serious implications for the conduct of the war. There was a separation between deciphering the messages, and sending out intelligence derived from them. In the case of non-naval Enigma, deciphering was performed in [[Hut 6]], and translation indexing and cross-referencing with existing information, in Hut 3. Only then was it sent out to the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), the intelligence chiefs in the relevant ministries, and later on to high-level commanders in the field.<ref>{{Harvnb|Calvocoressi|2001|pp=70–81}}</ref> A similar situation existed for naval Enigma messages. Deciphering was in [[Hut 8]] and translation in Hut 4. Verbatim translations were sent solely to the [[Naval Intelligence Division]] (NID) of the Admiralty's Operational Intelligence Centre (OIC) supplemented by information from indexes as to the meaning of technical terms and abbreviations, and cross-referenced information from a store of knowledge of German naval technology.<ref name="Calvocoressi 2001 29">{{Harvnb|Calvocoressi|2001|p=29}}</ref> Hut 4 also decoded a manual system known as the dockyard cipher. This sometimes carried messages that were also sent on an Enigma network. Feeding these back to Hut 8 provided excellent [[Known-plaintext attack|''cribs'']] for breaking the current naval Enigma key.<ref>{{Harvnb|Erskine|2011|p=170}}</ref> ===Listening stations=== [[File:Station X bletchleypark.jpg|left|thumb|225px|Original listening equipment in the 'Station X' room]] Initially, a [[radio|wireless]] room was established at Bletchley Park. It was set up in the mansion's water tower and given the code name "Station&nbsp;X",<ref name="WatsonP307">{{Harvnb|Watson|1993|p=307}}</ref> a term now sometimes applied to the codebreaking efforts at Bletchley as a whole. The "X" denotes the [[Roman numeral]] "ten", as this was the tenth such station to be opened by the Secret Intelligence Service. Due to the long radio aerials stretching from the wireless room, the radio station was moved from Bletchley Park to nearby [[Whaddon, Buckinghamshire#Whaddon Hall|Whaddon Hall]] to avoid drawing attention to the site.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|Butters|2007|p=10}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Pidgeon|2003}}</ref> Subsequently, other listening stations – the [[Y-stations]], (such as the ones at [[Chicksands]] in [[Bedfordshire]] and [[Beaumanor Hall]] in [[Leicestershire]] where the headquarters of the War Office "Y" Group was located) – gathered raw signals for processing at Bletchley. Coded messages were taken down by hand and sent to Bletchley on paper by motorcycle couriers or, later, by teleprinter. Bletchley Park is mainly remembered for breaking messages enciphered on the German [[Enigma (machine)|Enigma]] cypher machine, but its greatest cryptographic achievement may have been the breaking of the German on-line teleprinter [[Lorenz cipher]] (known at GC&CS as ''Tunny''). ===German and Italian signals=== {{see also|Cryptanalysis of the Enigma|Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher}} {{EnigmaSeries}} [[File:RebuiltBombeFrontView.jpg|thumb|left|225px|The working rebuilt bombe. [[John Harper (computer engineer)|John Harper]] led the team that built this (see: [http://www.jharper.demon.co.uk/bombe1.htm The British Bombe: CANTAB The Rebuild Project]). It was officially switched on by [[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent|the Duke of Kent]], patron of the [[British Computer Society]] on 17 July 2008]] The majority of the mechanically enciphered messages subjected to cryptanalysis at Bletchley Park were the product of some variation of the [[Enigma machine|Enigma]] cipher machine. Five weeks before the outbreak of [[World War II]], in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]]'s ''[[Biuro Szyfrów]]'' (Cipher Bureau) revealed its achievements in decrypting German Enigma ciphers to astonished French and British intelligence.<ref name=Milner-Barry1993P92/> The British used the Poles' information and techniques, and the [[Polish Enigma doubles|Enigma clone]] sent in August 1939, to greatly increase their, previously very limited, success in decrypting Enigma.<ref>{{Harvnb|Twinn|1993|p=127}}</ref> The [[bombe]] was an electromechanical device whose function was to discover some of the daily settings of the Enigma machines on the various German military [[Telecommunications network|networks]].<ref>Budiansky (2000) p. 195</ref><ref>Sebag-Montefiore (2004) p. 375</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Carter | first = Frank | title = From Bombe Stops to Enigma Keys |year = 2004 | publisher = Bletchley Park Codes Centre | url = http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/content/bombestops.pdf | accessdate =31 March 2010 }}</ref> The functional design was produced by [[Alan Turing]] with an important contribution from [[Gordon Welchman]], and the engineering was by [[Harold Keen|Harold 'Doc' Keen]] of the [[British Tabulating Machine Company]] at [[Letchworth]]. Each machine was about {{convert|7|ft|m}} wide, {{convert|6|ft|6|in|m}} tall, {{convert|2|ft|m}} deep and weighed about a ton.<ref>{{Citation | last = Ellsbury | first = Graham | title = The Turing Bombe: What it was and how it worked | chapter = 2. Description of the Bombe | year = 1988 | url = http://www.ellsbury.com/bombe2.htm | accessdate =1 May 2010 }}</ref> At its peak, GC&CS were reading some 4,000 messages per day.<ref>{{Citation | last = Carter | first = Frank | title = The Turing Bombe | journal = The Rutherford Journal | url = http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article030108.html | issn = 1177-1380 }} </ref> Because of the danger of bombes at Bletchley Park being lost if there were to be an aerial bombing raid, five bombe outstations<ref>{{Citation | title =Bletchley Park Jewels | chapter = Outstations from the Park | url = http://www.mkheritage.co.uk/bpt/outstations/outstations.htm | accessdate =16 April 2010 }}</ref> were established, at [[Adstock]], [[Gayhurst]], [[Wavendon]], [[Stanmore]], and [[Eastcote]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Toms | first = Susan | title = Enigma and the Eastcote connection | year = 2005 | url = http://www.ruislip.co.uk/eastcotemod/enigma.htm | accessdate =16 April 2010 }}</ref> [[Luftwaffe]] messages were the first to be read in quantity. The German navy had much tighter procedures, and the capture of code books was needed before they could be broken. When, in February 1942, the German navy introduced a version of Enigma with a fourth rotor for messages to and from Atlantic U-boats, these became unreadable for a period of ten months.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|2006|p=34}}</ref> Britain produced modified bombes, but it was the success of the [[Bombe#US Navy Bombe|US Navy bombe]] that was the main source of reading messages from this version of Enigma for the rest of the war. Messages were sent to and fro across the Atlantic by enciphered teleprinter links. [[File:Colossus.jpg|thumbnail|left|225px|A Mark 2 Colossus computer. The ten Colossi were the world's first (semi-) programmable electronic computers, the first having been built in 1943]] The [[Lorenz cipher|Lorenz on-line teleprinter cipher (SZ40/42)]] codenamed ''Tunny'' at Bletchley Park, was even more complicated than Enigma. It was introduced in mid-1942 for messages between German High Command and field commanders. With the help of German operator errors, the cryptanalysts in the [[Testery]] (named after [[Ralph Tester]], its head) worked out the logical structure of the machine despite not knowing its physical form. They devised automatic machinery to help with this, which culminated in [[Colossus computer|Colossus]], the world's first programmable digital electronic computer. This was designed and built by [[Tommy Flowers]] and his team at the [[Post Office Research Station]] at [[Dollis Hill]]. The first was delivered to Bletchley Park in December 1943 and commissioned the following February. Enhancements were developed for the Mark 2 Colossus, the first of which was working at Bletchley Park on the morning of [[Normandy landings|D-day]] in June. Flowers then produced one Colossus a month for the rest of the war, making a total of ten with an eleventh part-built. The machines were operated mainly by Wrens in a section named the [[Newmanry]] after its head [[Max Newman]].{{clear left}} ===Japanese signals=== An outpost of the Government Code and Cypher School had been set up in Hong Kong in 1935, the [[Far East Combined Bureau]] (FECB). The FECB naval staff moved in 1940 to [[Singapore]], then [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]], then [[Kilindini Harbour|Kilindini]], [[Mombasa]], [[Kenya]]. They succeeded in deciphering [[Japanese (language)|Japanese]] codes with a mixture of skill and good fortune.<ref>[http://www.coastweek.com/codes.htm coastweek.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The Army and Air Force staff went from Singapore to the [[Wireless Experimental Centre]] at [[Delhi]], [[India]]. In early 1942, a six-month crash course in Japanese, for 20 undergraduates from Oxford and Cambridge, was started by the Inter-Services Special Intelligence School in Bedford, in a building across from the main Post Office. This course was repeated every six months until war's end. Most of those completing these courses worked on decoding Japanese naval messages in [[Hut 7]], under [[John Tiltman|Col. J. Tiltman]]. By mid-1945 well over 100 personnel were involved with this operation, which co-operated closely with the FECB and the US Signal intelligence Service at [[Arlington Hall]], Virginia. Because of these joint efforts, by August 1945 the Japanese merchant navy was suffering 90% losses at sea. In 1999, Michael Smith wrote that: "Only now are the British codebreakers (like [[John Tiltman]], [[Hugh Foss]] and [[Eric Nave]]) beginning to receive the recognition they deserve for breaking Japanese codes and cyphers".<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|2001|pp=127–151}}</ref> ===Additional buildings=== [[File:Hut-1.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Hut 1 was the first hut to be constructed]] [[File:BletchleyPark Hut4 01.JPG|thumb|right|225px|Hut 4, sited adjacent to the mansion, was used during wartime for naval intelligence. Today, it has been refurbished as a bar and restaurant for the museum]] [[Image:Hut6.jpg|right|thumb|right|225px|Hut 6 in 2004]] The huts were designated by numbers; in some cases, the hut numbers became associated as much with the work which went on inside the buildings as with the buildings themselves. Because of this, when a section moved from a hut into a larger building, they were still referred to by their "Hut" code name.<ref>Some of this information has been derived from [http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/content/hist/history/RollofHonour.rhtm The Bletchley Park Trust's Roll of Honour]</ref> Some of the hut numbers, and the associated work,<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|Butters|2007}}</ref> are: * ''Hut 1'' – The first hut, built in 1939<ref>[http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/bletchleypark/tour3.htm Tony Sale "Bletchley Park Tour", Tour 3]</ref> used to house the Wireless Station for a short time,<ref name="WatsonP307"/> later administrative functions such as transport, typing and Bombe maintenance. The first Bombe, "Victory" was initially housed here.<ref>{{Citation | last = Sale | first = Tony | author-link = Tony Sale | title = Virtual Wartime Bletchley Park: Alan Turing, the Enigma and the Bombe | url = http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/tbombe/tbombe.htm | accessdate =7 July 2011 }}</ref> <!--* ''Hut 2'' – recreational hut--> * ''Hut 3'' – Intelligence: translation and analysis of Army and Air Force decrypts<ref>{{Harvnb|Millward|1993|p=17}}</ref> * ''Hut 4'' – Naval intelligence: analysis of Naval Enigma and [[C-36 (cipher machine)|Hagelin]] decrypts<ref>{{Harvnb|Dakin|1993|p=50}}</ref> * ''Hut 5'' – Military intelligence including Italian, Spanish and Portuguese ciphers and German police codes.<ref>{{Citation | title = Seventy Years Ago This Month at Bletchley Park: July 1941 | url = http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/content/archive/index/july1941.rhtm | accessdate =8 July 2011 }}</ref> * ''[[Hut 6]]'' – Cryptanalysis of Army and Air Force Enigma<ref>{{Harvnb|Welchman|1984}}</ref> * ''[[Hut 7]]'' – Cryptanalysis of [[Japanese naval codes]] and intelligence<ref>{{Harvnb|Loewe|1993|p=260}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Scott|1997}}</ref> * ''[[Hut 8]]'' – Cryptanalysis of Naval Enigma<ref name="Calvocoressi 2001 29"/> * ''Hut 9'' – ISOS (Intelligence Section [[Oliver Strachey]]) * ''Hut 10'' – [[Secret Intelligence Service]] (SIS or MI6) codes, Air and Meteorological sections<ref>{{Harvnb|Kahn|1991|pp=189–190}}</ref> * ''Hut 11'' – Bombe building<ref>[http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/bletchleypark/tour4.htm Tony Sale "Bletchley Park Tour", Tour 4]</ref> * ''Hut 14'' – Communications centre<ref>{{cite web |url=http://beaumanor.hosted.pipemedia.net/History/operational%20Huts.htm |title=Beaumanor & Garats Hay Amateur Radio Society "The operational huts" |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071113140236/http://beaumanor.hosted.pipemedia.net/History/operational+Huts.htm |archivedate=13 November 2007}}</ref> * ''Hut 15'' - SIXTA * ''Hut 16'' - ISK (Intelligence Service [[Dilly Knox|Knox]]) [[Abwehr]] ciphers * ''Hut 18'' - ISOS (Intelligence Section Oliver Strachey) <!--* ''Hut 19'' – Currently used by 2366 ATC Squadron--> In addition to the wooden huts there were a number of brick-built blocks. * ''Block A'' - Naval Intelligence * ''Block B'' - Italian Air and Naval, and Japanese code breaking * ''Block C'' - Stored the substantial punch-card index * ''Block D'' - Enigma work, extending that in huts 3, 6 and 8 * ''Block E'' - Incoming and outgoing Radio Transmission and TypeX * ''Block F'' - Included the [[Newmanry]] and [[Testery]], and Japanese Military Air Section. It has since been demolished. * ''Block G'' - Traffic analysis and deception operations * ''Block H'' - Lorenz and Colossus (now [[The National Museum of Computing]]) ==After the war== [[File:BletcleyPark SubModel.JPG|thumb|left|225px|A scale model of a German World War II [[U-boat]], used in the film ''[[Enigma (movie)|Enigma]]'' and later donated to the Bletchley Park museum.]] [[File:Bombe-rebuild.jpg|thumb|left|225px|The back of the complete and working [[Bombe]] Rebuild.<ref>{{Citation | last = Harper | first = John | title = Bombe Rebuild Project | year = 2008 | url = http://www.jharper.demon.co.uk/bombe1.htm | accessdate =24 March 2011 }}</ref>]] At the end of the war, much of the equipment used and its [[blueprint]]s were destroyed. Although thousands of people were involved in the deciphering efforts, the participants [[Official Secrets Act|remained silent]] for decades about what they had done during the war, and it was only in the 1970s that the work at Bletchley Park was revealed to the general public. After the war, the site belonged to several owners, including [[British Telecom]], the [[Civil Aviation Authority]]<ref>[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art9678.asp BellaOnline "Britain's Best Kept Secret"]</ref> and PACE ([[Property Advisors to the Civil Estate]]). GCHQ ([[Government Communications Headquarters]]), the post-war successor organisation to GC&CS, ended training courses at Bletchley Park in 1987. The local headquarters for the GPO was based here and housed all the engineers for the local area together with all the support they needed. The Eastern Region training school was also based in the park and later part of the national BT management college which was relocated here from [[Horwood House]]. There was also a teacher-training college. By 1991, the site was nearly empty and the buildings were at risk of demolition for redevelopment. On 10 February 1992, Milton Keynes Borough Council declared most of the Park a conservation area. Three days later, on 13 February 1992, the Bletchley Park Trust was formed to maintain the site as a museum devoted to the codebreakers. The site opened to visitors in 1993, with the museum officially inaugurated by HRH the Duke of Kent, as Chief Patron, in July 1994. On 10 June 1999 the Trust concluded an agreement with the landowner, giving control over much of the site to the Trust.<ref>[http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/content/hist/recent.rhtm Bletchley Park Trust "Bletchley Park History"]</ref> The Trust is volunteer-based and relies on public support to continue its efforts. Christine Large was appointed Director of the Trust in March 1998. On 1 March 2006, the Park Trust announced that Simon Greenish had been appointed Director Designate, and would work alongside Large in 2006,<ref>[http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/274794 Bletchley Park Trust Appoints Director Designate], Bletchley Park News, 1 March 2006</ref> taking over on 1 May 2006. In October 2005, American billionaire [[Sidney Frank]] donated £500,000 to Bletchley Park Trust to fund a new Science Centre dedicated to [[Alan Turing]].<ref>[http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/274566 Action This Day], Bletchley Park News, 28 February 2006</ref> A team headed by [[Tony Sale]] has undertaken reconstruction of a [[Colossus computer]] at [[The National Museum of Computing]], which is currently located within the park.<ref name="codesandciphers.org.uk">[http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/lorenz/rebuild.htm Tony Sale "The Colossus Rebuild Project"]</ref> Another team, led by [[John Harper (computer engineer)|John Harper]], has undertaken a rebuild of the [[bombe]].<ref>[http://www.jharper.demon.co.uk/bombe1.htm John Harper "The British Bombe" ]</ref> On 6 September 2006, the Trust demonstrated<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2006/sep/07/secondworldwar.world The Guardian "Back in action at Bletchley Park, the black box that broke the Enigma code."]</ref> that the Bombe was back in action.{{clear left}} ==Other museum attractions== The park is also home to a number of other organizations, especially The Bletchley Park Science and Innovation Centre.<ref name="InnovationCentre"/> ===National Museum of Computing=== {{main|The National Museum of Computing}} In 2008 the museum signed a 25-year lease for the park's Block H to establish this national museum on the history of computing. The two trusts are separate legal entities. The museum includes a reconstructed [[Colossus computer]] by a team headed by [[Tony Sale]],<ref name="codesandciphers.org.uk"/> along with many important examples of computing machinery. ===RSGB National Radio Centre=== In April 2008 the General Manager of the [[Radio Society of Great Britain]] (RSGB) announced that the society was moving its "public headquarters", including its library, radio station, museum and bookshop, to Bletchley Park.<ref>{{Citation | title=Relocation Update | journal=RadCom | author=Peter Kirby, GoTWW | month=May | year=2008 | volume=84 |issue=5 | page=06 | publisher=[[Radio Society of Great Britain]] | postscript=.}}</ref> Although the RSGB intended to open the "RSGB Pavilion" at the Park in late summer to early autumn 2008, the building allocated to them was beyond economical repair and they decided to construct a new building at a different location in April 2010. The National Radio Centre was officially opened on 11 July 2012 <ref>{{Citation | title=National Radio Centre Official Opening | journal=RadCom | month=August | year=2012 | volume=88 |issue=8|page=12 | publisher=[[Radio Society of Great Britain]] }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |journal=QST |publisher=The [[American Radio Relay League]] |month=October |year=2012 |volume=96 |issue=10 |pages=96 |author=David Summer, K1ZZ |title=RSGB opens showcase for amateur radio at Bletchley Park }}</ref> by Ed Vaizey, Minister for Culture, Communication and Creative Industries. ===Other attractions=== Other buildings at Bletchley Park feature additional exhibits. Some are only open on specified days. * The mansion itself is open for tours on Sundays. It is also open on other days when it is not used for private functions. * Rebuild of the [[Bombe]] device used to help to decrypt German [[Enigma machine]]-generated signals * The Churchill Collection - collection of [[Winston Churchill]] memorabilia * Projected Picture Trust - collection of vintage [[Film|cinema]] equipment and a small theatre showing World War II-era movie shorts * Toy & Memorabilia Collection - 1930s period [[toy soldier]]s, [[model trains]], [[model car|model vehicles]], Wm. Britain's lead farm and garden, and other toys, dolls and [[teddy bears]] * Bletchley Park Garage - cars include two 1930s [[Austin Motor Company]] autos that were used in the movie ''[[The Eagle Has Landed (film)|The Eagle Has Landed]]'' * Bletchley Park Post Office - a recreation of the 1940s post office used as cover for mail delivered to the employees of Bletchley Park. The gift shop is a publisher of limited edition [[First day of issue|first day covers]]. ==Funding needs== In May 2008 it was announced that the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] had turned down a request for funds because the foundation only funds Internet-based technology projects. Since Bletchley Park receives no external funding, it is in dire need of financial support. Simon Greenish, the Bletchley Park Trust's director said: <blockquote>We are just about surviving. Money &ndash; or lack of it &ndash; is our big problem here. I think we have two to three more years of survival, but we need this time to find a solution to this.<ref>[http://resources.zdnet.co.uk/articles/imagegallery/0,1000002003,39415278,00.htm ZDNet "Bletchley Park Faces Bleak Future"]</ref></blockquote> On 24 July 2008 more than a hundred academics signed a letter to [[The Times]] condemning the neglect being suffered by the site.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/letters/article4385384.ece ''Letters'' "Saving the heritage of Bletchley Park"], ''[[The Times]]''.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7517874.stm "Neglect of Bletchley condemned"], [[BBC News]].</ref> In September 2008, [[Pretty Good Privacy|PGP]], [[IBM]] and other technology firms announced a fund-raising campaign to repair the facility.<ref>[http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-10034884-83.html PGP, IBM help Bletchley Park raise funds]</ref> On 6 November 2008 it was announced that [[English Heritage]] would donate £300,000 to help maintain the buildings at Bletchley Park, and that they were in discussions regarding the donation of a further £600,000.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7710966.stm "New lifeline for Bletchley Park"], [[BBC News]].</ref> In July 2009, the British government announced that personnel who had worked at the park during the war would be recognized with a commemorative badge.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5789263/Enigma-codebreakers-to-be-honoured-finally.html "Enigma codebreakers to be honoured finally"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.</ref> In August 2011, it was noted that [[Google]] provided partial funding for the purchase of [[Alan Turing]]'s papers and provided other support.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/8683638/Google-backs-Bletchley-Park-restoration-project.html "Google backs Bletchley Park restoration project"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.</ref> [[Sue Black (computer scientist)|Sue Black]] and others have used [[Twitter]] and other [[social media]] to raise the profile and funding for Bletchley Park.<ref>[http://www.archimuse.com/mw2010/bios/au_370013252.html Sue Black], [http://www.archimuse.com/mw2010/bios/au_3817.html Jonathan P. Bowen], and [http://www.archimuse.com/mw2010/bios/au_445017569.html Kelsey Griffin], [http://www.archimuse.com/mw2010/papers/black/black.html Can Twitter Save Bletchley Park?] In David Bearman and Jennifer Trant (editors), ''[http://www.archimuse.com/mw2010/ MW2010]: [[Museums and the Web]] 2010'', [[Denver]], [[USA]], 13–17 April 2010. [[Archives & Museum Informatics]].</ref> In October 2011, Bletchley Park was awarded a £4.6m [[Heritage Lottery Fund]] grant which will be used "to complete the restoration of the site, and to tell its story to the highest modern standards.", on the condition that £1.7m of 'match funding' is raised by the Bletchley Park Trust.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-15171726 "Bletchley Park wins £4.6m Heritage Lottery Fund grant", ''BBC News'', 5 October 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2011.</ref><ref>http://www.bletchleypark.org/content/contact/donation/support.rhtm</ref> By June 2012 it had successfully raised £2.4m to unlock the grants to restore Huts 3 and 6, as well as develop its exhibition centre in Block C.<ref>http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/06/27/bletchley_park_raises_7_million "Bletchley Park gets £7.4m to tart up WWII code-breaking huts", "The Register", 27 June 2012</ref> ==In popular culture== [[File:AlanTuring-Bletchley.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Stephen Kettle]]'s 2007 statue of [[Alan Turing]] at Bletchley Park]] *Bletchley featured heavily in ''[[Enigma (novel)|Enigma]]'' and its [[Enigma (2001 film)|2001 film adaptation]]; although filming was done at [[Chicheley Hall]]. *The Second World War code-breaking sitcom pilot "Satsuma & Pumpkin" was recorded at Bletchley Park in 2003 and featured the late Bob Monkhouse OBE in his last ever screen role. The BBC declined to produce the show and develop it further before creating effectively the same show on Radio 4 several years later, featuring some of the same cast, entitled Hut 33. Parts of the unseen pilot are to be shown on documentaries about Bob Monkhouse on both ITV & BBC in 2010.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3549961.stm | work=BBC News | title=Bob Monkhouse's last laugh | date=19 March 2004 | first=Ian | last=Youngs}}</ref> *The [[BBC Radio 4]] sitcom ''[[Hut 33]]''<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007r8hg BBC Radio 4 — Comedy — Hut 33<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and the play ''[[Breaking the Code]]'' were also set at Bletchley. *The ITV television serial ''[[Danger UXB]]'' featured the character Steven Mount who was a codebreaker at Bletchley, and was driven to a [[nervous breakdown]] (and eventual [[suicide]]) by the stressful and repetitive nature of the work. *In the BBC's ''[[Torchwood]]'' series, the character Toshiko Sato is revealed to have had a grandfather who worked at Bletchley Park up until the bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japan. Whether he continued working there after Japan declared war on the Allies is unknown. *A fictionalized version of Bletchley Park is featured in the novel ''[[Cryptonomicon]]'' by [[Neal Stephenson]]. *On 19 June 2007 a 1.5-ton, life-size statue of Alan Turing was unveiled at Bletchley Park. Built from approximately half a million pieces of Welsh [[slate]], it was sculpted by [[Stephen Kettle]], having been commissioned by the late American billionaire [[Sidney Frank]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bletchley Park Unveils Statue Commemorating Alan Turing |url=http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/454075 |accessdate=30 June 2007}}</ref> *Bletchley came to wider public attention from the 1999 documentary series ''Station X''. *Bletchley Park plays a significant role in the [[Connie Willis]] book "[[All Clear]]". *A mission in the Russian video game [[Death to Spies: Moment of Truth]] is called "Bletchley Park". It is set in a partial reconstruction of the actual estate, with certain landmarks and huts carefully reproduced. However, the plot doesn't involve Enigma, which is ironic, since in another mission of the same game the player is tasked with stealing an Enigma machine from a German submarine. *Bletchley Manor is the destination of the masked ball in Stanley Kubrick's ''[[Eyes Wide Shut]]'' (script of 1996). *''[[The Bletchley Circle]]'' (ITV, 2012) is a murder mystery set in 1952, telling the story of how four former female Bletchley code breakers use their skills to track down a serial killer.<ref name="telegraph hollingshead 2012">{{cite news|last=Hollingshead|first=Iain|title=What happened to the women of Bletchley Park?|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/9520807/What-happened-to-the-women-of-Bletchley-Park.html#|accessdate=06 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=04 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="itv shaw 2012">{{cite web|last=Shaw|first=Malcolm|title=Bletchley Park drama to air on television|url=http://www.itv.com/news/meridian/2012-09-06/bletchley-park-drama-to-air-on-television/|work=[[ITV]] website|publisher=[[ITV]]|accessdate=06 September 2012}}</ref> ==See also== * [[List of people associated with Bletchley Park]] * [[Newmanry]] * [[Testery]] * [[Y-stations]] * [[Arlington Hall]] * [[National Cryptologic Museum]] * [[Danesfield House]] * [[Beeston Regis#Beeston Bump Y-Station|Beeston Regis]], Norfolk Chapter on the Y Station on Beeston Bump * [[Far East Combined Bureau]] in Hong Kong prewar, then Singapore, Colombo (Ceylon) and Kilindini (Kenya) * [[Wireless Experimental Centre]] operated by the [[Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)|Intelligence Corps]] outside [[Delhi]] ==References== ;Notes {{Reflist|2}} ;Bibliography <div class="references-small"> * {{Citation | last = Aldrich | first = Richard J. | title = GCHQ: The Uncensored Story of Britain's Most Secret Intelligence Agency | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-00-727847-3 }} * {{Citation | last = Bennett | first = Ralph | title = Behind the Battle: Intelligence in the war with Germany, 1939-1945 | place = London | publisher = Random House | origyear = 1994 | year = 1999 | edition = New and Enlarged | isbn = 978-0-7126-6521-6 }} * {{Citation | last = Budiansky | first = Stephen | author-link = Stephen Budiansky | year = 2000 | title = Battle of wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II | publisher = Free Press | isbn = 978-0-684-85932-3 }} * {{Citation | last = Calvocoressi | first = Peter | author-link = Peter Calvocoressi | title = Top Secret Ultra | place = Cleobury Mortimer, Shropshire | publisher = M & M Baldwin | origyear = 1980 | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-947712-41-0 }} * {{Citation | editor-last = Copeland | editor-first = B. 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Butters | first2 = Lindsey | title = The Secrets of Bletchley Park: Official Souvenir Guide | publisher = Bletchley Park Trust | origyear = 2001 | year = 2007 }} * {{Citation | last = Taylor | first = Telford | author-link = Telford Taylor | year = 1993 | contribution = Anglo-American signals intelligence co-operation }} in {{Harvnb|Hinsley|Stripp|1993|pp=71–73}} * {{Citation | last = Twinn | first = Peter | author-link = Peter Twinn | year = 1993 | contribution = The ''Abwehr'' Enigma}} in {{Harvnb|Hinsley|Stripp|1993|pp=123–131}} * {{Citation | last = Watkins | first = Gwen | title = Cracking the Luftwaffe Codes | publisher = Greenhill Books | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-85367-687-1 }} * {{Citation | last = Watson | first = Bob | year = 1993 | contribution = Appendix: How the Bletchley Park buildings took shape }} in {{Harvnb|Hinsley|Stripp|1993|pp=306–310}} * {{Citation | last = Welchman | first = Gordon | author-link = Gordon Welchman | origyear = 1982 | year = 1984 | title = The Hut Six story: Breaking the Enigma codes | publication-place = Harmondsworth, England | publisher = Penguin Books | isbn = 0 14 00.5305 0 }} </div class> ==External links== {{commons|Bletchley Park|Bletchley Park}} * [http://www.bletchleypark.org/ Bletchley Park Trust] * [http://colossuscomputer.wordpress.com Colossus Computer] * {{Citation | title = Roll of Honour: List of the men and women who worked at Bletchley Park and the Out Stations during WW2 | url = http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/content/hist/history/RollofHonour.rhtm | accessdate =9 July 2011 }} * [http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/bletchleypark/ Bletchley Park — Virtual Tour] — by Tony Sale * [http://www.tnmoc.org/ The National Museum of Computing (based at Bletchley Park)] * [http://www.nationalradiocentre.com/ The RSGB National Radio Centre (based at Bletchley Park)] * [http://web.archive.org/web/20071113163802/http://portal.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/03/03/nblet03.html "New hope of saving Bletchley Park for nation"] ([[Daily Telegraph]] 3 March 1997) * [http://www.boffoonery.com/ Boffoonery! Comedy Benefit For Bletchley Park] Comedians and computing professionals stage comedy show in aid of Bletchley Park * [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/uk/6103805/Bletchley-Park-Its-no-secret-just-an-Enigma.html Bletchley Park: It's No Secret, Just an Enigma, The Telegraph, 29 August 2009] * [http://www.shedblog.co.uk/2009/09/19/bletchley-park-is-the-official-charity-for-shed-week-2010-bpark-shedweek/ Bletchley Park is official charity of Shed Week 2010 ] — in recognition of the work done in the [http://www.readersheds.co.uk/share.cfm?SHARESHED=2159 Huts] * [http://www.savingbletchleypark.org/ Saving Bletchley Park] blog by [[Sue Black (computer scientist)|Sue Black]] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKQYECYJEH0 19 minute Video interview] with [[Sue Black (computer scientist)|Sue Black]] by [[Robert Llewellyn]] about Bletchley Park [[Category:Organizations in cryptography]] [[Category:Milton Keynes]] [[Category:Locations in the history of espionage]] [[Category:Country houses in Buckinghamshire]] [[Category:Visitor attractions in Buckinghamshire]] [[Category:World War II sites in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Museums in Buckinghamshire]] [[Category:Bletchley Park| ]] [[Category:British Telecom buildings and structures]] [[Category:Military and war museums in England]] [[Category:Historic house museums in Buckinghamshire]] [[Category:Toy museums in England]] [[Category:Biographical museums in Buckinghamshire]] [[Category:Signals intelligence of World War II]] [[Category:History museums in Buckinghamshire]] [[Category:World War II museums in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Telecommunications museums in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Museums established in 1993]] [[Category:1993 establishments in England]] <!-- interwiki --> [[ar:حديقة بلتشلي]] [[ca:Bletchley Park]] [[cy:Parc Bletchley]] [[da:Bletchley Park]] [[de:Bletchley Park]] [[el:Μπλέτσλεϊ Παρκ]] [[es:Bletchley Park]] [[fr:Bletchley Park]] [[it:Bletchley Park]] [[he:בלצ'לי פארק]] [[nl:Bletchley Park]] [[ja:ブレッチリー・パーク]] [[no:Bletchley Park]] [[hu:Bletchley Park]] [[pl:Bletchley Park]] [[pt:Bletchley Park]] [[ro:Bletchley Park]] [[ru:Блетчли-парк]] [[simple:Bletchley Park]] [[fi:Bletchley Park]] [[sv:Bletchley Park]] [[tr:Bletchley Park]] [[zh:布萊切利園]]'