Examine individual changes

'{{redirect|Frisbee|the sport|Ultimate (sport)|the amusement ride|Frisbee (ride)|the type of UFO|Flying saucer}} [[File:Frisbee 090719.jpg|right|thumb|A flying disc with the [[Wham-O]] registered trademark "Frisbee" ]] A '''flying disc''' is a disc-shaped glider that is generally [[plastic]] and roughly {{convert|20|to|25|cm|abbr=on}} in. [[diameter]], with a lip.<ref>The word "disc" is commonly spelled with either a "c" ("disc") or a "k" ("disk").</ref> The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while spinning. The term "frisbee," often used uncapitalized to [[Genericized trademark|generically]] describe all flying discs, is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company. Though such use is not encouraged by the company, [[Genericized trademark|the common use of the name as a generic term]] has put the trademark in jeopardy.<ref name="trademark-lost">[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/metaschool/fisher/domain/tm.htm#6 Overview of Trademark Law: Can trademark rights be lost?]</ref><ref name="losing-grip">[http://www.finnegan.com/resources/articles/articlesdetail.aspx?news=f2bab1ee-ca17-465b-afd5-0281d2b712f3 Losing Grip on the Frisbee]</ref> Flying discs are thrown and caught for free-form [[recreation]] and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying-disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury to the dog. Flying rings are also available; they typically travel significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are also illuminated discs meant for nighttime play; they are made of a [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic or contain battery-powered [[light-emitting diodes]]. Others whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight. ==History== [[File:Person throwing flying disc.jpg|right|180px|thumb|Someone throwing a flying disc.]] [[File:Frisbee Catch- Fcb981.jpg|right|180px|thumb|Someone catching a flying disc]] [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] discovered a market for the modern-day flying disc<ref>{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Fred |authorlink=Walter Frederick Morrison |coauthors=Phil Kennedy |title=Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee |year=2006 |month=January |publisher=Wormhole Publishers |location=[[Wethersfield, CT]] |isbn=978-0-9774517-4-6 |oclc=233974379}}</ref> in 1938 when he and future wife Lucile were offered US25 cents for a cake pan that they were tossing back and forth to each other on the beach in [[Santa Monica, California]]. "That got the wheels turning, because you could buy a cake pan for 5 cents, and if people on the beach were willing to pay a quarter for it, well, there was a business," Morrison told ''[[The Virginian-Pilot]]'' newspaper in 2007.{{cite quote|date=May 2010|reason=Mentioning a source and citing it properly are not the same thing.}} They continued their business until World War II, when he served in the Army Air Force, flying a [[P-47 Thunderbolt|P-47s]] and spent time as a prisoner of war. Returning from the war, Morrison sketched a design for an [[Aerodynamics|aerodynamically]]-improved flying disc that he called the Whirlo-Way. By 1948, after design modifications and experimentation with several prototypes, Morrison and business partner Warren Franscioni began producing the first plastic discs, renaming it the Flyin-Saucer in the wake of reported unidentified-flying-object sightings. "We worked fairs, demonstrating it", Morrison told the ''Virginian-Pilot''. The two of them once overheard someone saying they used wires to make the discs hover like they were, so they used a sales pitch, "The flyin' saucer is free, but the invisible wire is $1". "That's where we learned we could sell these things, because people ate them up [meaning, were enthusiastic about them]." Morrison and Franscioni ended their partnership in 1950. Morrison formed his own company in 1953 called American Trends to sell a similar design and after further refinements in 1955, Morrison began producing a new disc, which he called the Pluto Platter. He sold the rights to Wham-O in 1956 and in 1958, Morrison was awarded U.S. [[Design Patent]] D183,626 for his flying disc. In June 1957, Wham-O co-founder [[Richard Knerr]] decided to stimulate sales by giving the discs the additional [[brand name]] Frisbee (pronounced "friz'-bee"), after learning that Connecticut college students were calling the Pluto Platter by that name,<ref name="CTV20070616">{{cite news |title='Frisbee' Marks 50th Anniversary of Name Change |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070616/frisbee_070616/20070616?hub=TopStories |publisher=[[CTVglobemedia]] |date=2007-06-16 |accessdate=2007-06-19 }}</ref> the term "Frisbee" coming from the name of the [[Bridgeport, CT]] pie manufacturer [[Frisbie Pie Company]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/02/12/frisbee.morrison.obit/?hpt=T2 | work=CNN | title=Frisbee Inventor Dies at 90 - CNN.com | accessdate=2010-05-02 | date=2010-02-12}}</ref> "I thought the name was a horror... terrible," Morrison told ''[[The Press-Enterprise (California)|The Press-Enterprise]]'' of [[Riverside, California|Riverside]]{{cite quote|date=May 2010|reason=Mentioning a source and citing it properly are not the same thing.}} in 2007. In 1982, Morrison told ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine{{cite quote|date=May 2010|reason=Mentioning a source and citing it properly are not the same thing.}} that he had received about US$2 million in royalty payments and said: "I wouldn't change the name of it for the world."<ref>{{cite news | title=Walter Fredrick Morrison Dies at 90; Father of the Frisbee | work=Los Angeles Times | url=http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-fred-morrison13-2010feb13,0,7076853.story | accessdate=2010-02-14 | date=2010-02-13 | last=McLellan | first=Dennis}}</ref> The man behind the Frisbee's phenomenal success, however, was Edward "Steady Ed" Headrick (Pasadena, Cal., June 28, 1924 — La Selva Beach, Cal., August 12, 2002), hired in 1964 as Wham-O's new general manager and vice president in charge of marketing. Headrick soon redesigned the Pluto Platter by reworking the rim thickness and top design, creating a more controllable disc that could be thrown accurately.<ref>{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Fred |authorlink=Walter Frederick Morrison |coauthors=Phil Kennedy |title=Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee |year=2006 |month=January |publisher=Wormhole Publishers |location=[[Wethersfield, CT]] |isbn=978-0-9774517-4-6 |oclc=233974379}} Fred Morrison: "Headrick had an eye for product design.... The "NEW LOOK" contributed mightily to its phenomenal success.... I've never known what financial arrangements Headrick had with [[Wham-O]]. It would have been interesting to know, but knowing wouldn't have changed anything. It was enough to know that under Headrick's guidance our increasing bank account was due to what he was doing."</ref> Sales skyrocketed for the toy, which was marketed as a new sport. In 1964, the first professional model went on sale. Headrick patented the new design, highlighting the "Rings of Headrick" and marketed and pushed the Professional Model Frisbee and "Frisbee" as a sport. ([[United States patent law|U.S. Patent]] 3,359,678).<ref name="About980218">[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm The First Flight of the Frisbee: The History of the Frisbee]</ref> Headrick, who became known as the father of disc sports,<ref>{{cite book |last= Malafronte |first= Victor A. |authorlink= |editor=F. Davis Johnson (ed.) |others=Rachel Forbes (illus.) |title=The Complete Book of Frisbee: The History of the Sport & the First Official Price Guide |year=1998 |publisher=American Trends Publishing Company |location=Alameda, Cal. |isbn= 0-9663855-2-7 |oclc=39487710}}</ref> later founded The International Frisbee Association (IFA) and began establishing standards for various sports using the Frisbee such as Distance, Freestyle and Guts. Upon his death, Headrick was [[cremation|cremated]], and, as requested by him, his ashes were molded into memorial Frisbees and given to family and close friends.<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6684592 "Edward 'Steady Ed' Headrick"] Find A Grave.</ref> ==Flying disc games== <!-- **** PER [[WP:SUMMARY]] THIS SECTION MUST SUMMARIZE [[Flying disc games]], **** not diverge from it with new entries that only appear here. --> {{Main|Flying disc games}} {{MultiCol}} * [[Flying disc games#Disc games adapted from non-disc games|Crosbee]] * [[Disc dog]] * [[Disc golf]] * [[Dodge disc]] * [[Flying disc games#Double disc court|Double disc court]] * [[Durango boot]] {{ColBreak}} * [[Flutterguts]] * [[Flying disc freestyle|Freestyle]] * [[Fricket]] (a.k.a. disc cricket, cups, Suzy sticks, crispy wickets) * [[Flying disc games#Friskee|Friskee]] * [[Goaltimate]] {{ColBreak}} * [[Guts (game)|Guts]] * [[Hot box (game)|Hot box]] * [[Kan-jam]] * [[Polish horseshoes]] * [[Schtick (disc game)|Schtick]] * [[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]] {{EndMultiCol}} ==Physics== {{unreferenced section|date=January 2012}} {{Main|Physics of flying discs}} [[File:Frisbee freestyle claudio cigna 2009.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Flying disc [[flying disc freestyle|freestyle]]]] [[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow so that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges. The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]], not altitude, <!-- "attitude" is the correct term here; please don't change to "altitude."--> [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc can be unequal. If the disc were not spinning, its absence would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. Many [[disc golf]] discs, however, are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and, for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable. Even a slight deformation in a disc (called a "taco," which in extreme cases looks like a [[taco shell]]) can cause adverse effects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc. == See also == * ''[[Tron]]'' and ''[[Tron: Legacy]]'', [[science-fiction film]]s that make use of flying discs in their computerized combat. * [[Ken Westerfield]], a pioneering disc player (history of freestyle) * [[Flying disc techniques]] ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ===Further reading=== {{refbegin}} * Johnson, Stancil E. D., M. D., ''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'', New York City: Workman Publishing Company, 1975 | ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0 * Horowitz, Judy, and Bloom, Billy, ''Frisbee: More Than A Game of Catch'', Champagne, Ill.: Leisure Press, Champagne, 1984 | ISBN 978-0-88011-105-8 * Norton, Gary, ''The Official Frisbee Handbook'', New York, Toronto, London: Bantam Books, 1972 * Danna, Mark, and Poynter, Dan, ''Frisbee Players' Handbook'', Santa Barbara, Cal.: Parachuting Publications, 1978 | ISBN 0-915516-19-5 * Tips, Charles, and Roddick, Dan, ''Frisbee Sports & Games'', Millbrae, Cal.: Celestial Arts, Millbrae, Cal., 1979 | ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8 * Tips, Charles, ''Frisbee by the Masters'', Millbrae, Cal.: Celestial Arts, 1977 | ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3 * Morrison, Fred & Kennedy, Phil, ''Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee'', Westerfield, Conn.: Wormhole Publishers, 2006 | ISBN 0-9774517-4-7 * Lorenz, Ralph; ''Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', New York City: Copernicus, 2006 | ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4 {{refend}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Frisbee}} <!-- ************************************************************* ** DO NOT ADD COMMERCIAL LINKS OF ANY KIND HERE, INCLUDING ** MANUFACTURERS AND RETAILERS. See [[WP:SPAM]], [[WP:EL]] ** and [[WP:NOT#DIRECTORY]] for why. ** DO NOT ADD LINKS TO ORGANIZATIONS FOR SPECIFIC GAMES here, ** such as disc golf and freestyle; such links go in the game ** articles. ************************************************************* --> * [http://www.flyingdisc.in/index.html Flying Disc Federation of India] * [http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] (WFDF) – international [[sports governing body]] for flying disc games * [http://www.frisbeecollective.com Frisbee Collective] – a gallery of over 200 fly discs from all over the globe <!-- ************************************************************* ** DO NOT ADD COMMERCIAL LINKS OF ANY KIND HERE, INCLUDING ** MANUFACTURERS AND RETAILERS. See [[WP:SPAM]], [[WP:EL]] ** and [[WP:NOT#DIRECTORY]] for why. ** DO NOT ADD LINKS TO ORGANIZATIONS FOR SPECIFIC GAMES here, ** such as disc golf and freestyle; such links go in the game ** articles. ************************************************************* --> {{Sports of the World Games program}} [[Category:Flying disc| ]] [[Category:American inventions]] [[Category:1948 introductions]] [[Category:Wham-O brands]] [[Category:Physical activity and dexterity toys]] [[Category:National Toy Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Sports entertainment]] [[ar:صحن طائر (لعبة)]] [[bg:Летящ диск]] [[bar:Frisbee]] [[ca:Frisbee]] [[cs:Frisbee]] [[da:Frisbee]] [[de:Frisbee]] [[es:Frisbee]] [[eo:Flugdisko]] [[fr:Frisbee]] [[ko:원반 장난감]] [[hi:उड़न तश्तरी (खेल)]] [[is:Svifdiskur]] [[it:Frisbee]] [[he:פריזבי]] [[la:Discus volans]] [[lt:Skraidantis diskas]] [[hu:Frizbi]] [[mk:Фризби]] [[nl:Frisbee]] [[ja:フライングディスク]] [[no:Frisbee]] [[pl:Frisbee]] [[pt:Frisbee]] [[ro:Frisbee]] [[ru:Летающий диск]] [[simple:Flying disc]] [[sk:Frisbee]] [[sr:Frizbi]] [[fi:Liitokiekko]] [[sv:Frisbee]] [[tr:Frizbi]] [[uk:Фризбі]] [[zh:飛盤]]'