Examine individual changes

'{{Infobox Olympic games|1994|Winter | Name = XVII Olympic Winter Games | Logo = 1994 Winter Olympics logo.svg | Size = 200 | Optional caption = The emblem is a stylized [[aurora borealis]] (northern lights) and snow crystals | Host city = [[Lillehammer]], Norway | Nations participating = 67 | Athletes participating = 1737 (1215 men, 522 women)<ref name=athletes_number>{{cite web|title=The Olympic Winter Games Factsheet|url=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/The_Olympic_Winter_Games.pdf|publisher=International Olympic Committee|accessdate=5 August 2012}}</ref> | Events = 61 in 12 sports | Opening ceremony = 12 February 1994 | Closing ceremony = 27 February 1994 | Officially opened by = [[Monarchy of Norway|King]] [[Harald V of Norway|Harald V]] | Athlete's Oath = [[Vegard Ulvang]] | Judge's Oath = [[Kari Kåring]] | Olympic Torch = [[Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway|Crown Prince Haakon]] | Stadium = [[Lysgårdsbakken]] | }} {{1994 Winter Olympics}} The '''1994 Winter Olympics''', officially known as the '''XVII Olympic Winter Games''', was a winter [[Winter Olympic Games|multi-sport event]] celebrated from 12 to 27 February 1994 in and around [[Lillehammer]], [[Norway]]. Lillehammer failed to win the bid for the [[1992 Winter Olympics|1992 event]]. Lillehammer was awarded the 1994 Winter Olympics in 1988, after beating [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]], United States; [[Östersund]], Sweden; and [[Sofia]], Bulgaria. The Games were the first to be held in a different year to the Summer Olympics, the only one to be held two years after the previous winter games, and the last to be held in a small town. The Games were the second hosted in Norway, and the second Winter Olympics in the [[Nordic Countries]], after the [[1952 Winter Olympics]] in Oslo. While many events took place in Lillehammer, skating took place in [[Hamar]], some [[Ice hockey at the 1994 Winter Olympics|ice hockey]] matches were placed in [[Gjøvik]], while [[Alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Alpine skiing]] was held in [[Øyer]] and [[Ringebu]]. Sixty-seven countries and 1,737 athletes participated in six [[Olympic sports|sports]] and sixty-one events. Fourteen countries made their debut in the Winter Olympics, of which nine were former [[Soviet]] republics. The Games also saw the introduction of stricter qualifying rules, reducing the number of under-performing participants from warm-weather countries. New events were two new distances in [[Short track speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics|short track speed skating]] and [[Freestyle skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics|aerials]], while [[Speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics|speed skating]] was moved indoors. Nearly two million people spectated the games, which were the first to have the [[Olympic truce]] in effect. The games were succeeded by the [[1994 Paralympics]] from 10 to 19 March. [[Manuela Di Centa]] and [[Lyubov Yegorova]] dominated women's [[Cross-country skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics|cross-country skiing]], taking five and four medals, respectively. A crowd of over 100,000 saw [[Italy at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Italy]] beat [[Norway at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Norway]] by 0.4 seconds on the [[Cross-country skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 x 10 kilometre relay|men's 4 x 10 km relay]]. [[Vreni Schneider]] won a complete set of medals in Alpine skiing, while Norway took a medal sweep in the [[Alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's combined|men's combined]]. [[Nancy Kerrigan]] had before the games been clubbed by [[Tonya Harding|Tonya Harding's]] associate, but managed to take silver in [[Figure skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Ladies' singles|ladies' singles]]. [[Johann Olav Koss]] won three speed skating events, while 13-year-old [[Kim Yun-Mi (speed skater)|Kim Yoon-Mi]] became the youngest-ever Olympic gold medalist. [[Sweden at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Sweden]] beat [[Canada at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Canada]] in a dramatic [[penalty shootout]] in the [[Ice hockey at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Final|ice hockey final]]. With 11 gold medals, [[Russia at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Russia]] won the most events, while with 26, Norway collected the most medals overall. ==Host city selection== {{main|Bids for the 1994 Winter Olympics}} {{Location map|Norway|label=Lillehammer|mark=Green_pog.svg|lat=61.11|long=10.46|width=230|float=right|thumb|alt=A map of Norway with Lillehammer in the middle towards the bottom|caption=Location of Lillehammer in Norway}} Planning of the Lillehamer bid started in 1981, following [[Falun]], Sweden's failed bid for the [[1988 Winter Olympics]]. It was supported by the government largely to help stimulate the economy of the inland counties.<ref>LOOC (I): 13</ref> Lillehammer originally [[Lillehammer bid for the 1992 Winter Olympics|bid for the 1992 Games]], but came fourth in the voting.<ref>LOOC (I): 16</ref> In 1986, the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) voted to separate the Summer and Winter Games, which had been held in the same year since the latter's inception in 1924, and arrange them in alternating even-numbered years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Past-Olympic-Games/Winter/Lillehammer-1994/|title=Lillehammer 1994|publisher=www.olympic.org|accessdate=17 March 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100405003853/http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Past-Olympic-Games/Winter/Lillehammer-1994/| archivedate= 5 April 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> A new bid was launched for the 1994 Games, modified with an indoor speed skating venue and an additional ice hall in Lillehammer. Additional government guarantees were secured.<ref>Hove-Ødegård, Celius and Brun: 9</ref> Three other locations bid for the games: Östersund, Anchorage in [[Alaska]], and Sofia. The 94th IOC Session, held in [[Seoul]] on 15 September 1988, voted Lillehammer the host for the Games.<ref>Hove-Ødegård, Celius and Brun: 6</ref> The Lillehammer Olympics were the last Winter Games to date to be held in a town, rather than be centered around a city. {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- |+1994 Winter Olympics bidding results<ref name=votes>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesbids.com/english/archives/past.shtml |title=Past Olympic host city election results |publisher=[[GamesBids]] |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5xFvf0ufx |archivedate=17 March 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope=col | City ! scope=col | Country ! scope=col | Round 1 ! scope=col | Round 2 ! scope=col | Round 3 |- ! scope=row | [[Lillehammer]] | {{flagicon|Norway}} Norway || style="text-align:center;"|25 || style="text-align:center;"|30 || style="text-align:center;"|45 |- ! scope=row | [[Östersund]] | {{flagicon|Sweden}} Sweden || style="text-align:center;"|19 || style="text-align:center;"|33 || style="text-align:center;"|39 |- ! scope=row | [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]] | {{flagicon|United States}} United States || style="text-align:center;"|23 || style="text-align:center;"|22 || style="text-align:center;"|— |- ! scope=row | [[Sofia]] | {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} Bulgaria || style="text-align:center;"|17 || style="text-align:center;"|— || style="text-align:center;"|— |} ==Organization== {{main|Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee}} [[File:Lysgård.JPG|thumb|The ski jumping hill [[Lysgårdsbakken]] was the venue of the [[1994 Winter Olympics opening ceremony|opening]] and [[1994 Winter Olympics closing ceremony|closing]] ceremonies]] * 1.21&nbsp;million tickets were sold for the games. LOOC estimated that an additional 500,000 viewed the games for free along the courses. In addition, 180,000 seats were used by the media and VIPs. The overall responsibility for the games was held by the Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee, which was created on 14 November 1988 and led by [[Gerhard Heiberg]].<ref name=looci19>LOOC (I): 19</ref> It was reorganized several times with various subsidiaries, but from 1993 consisted of a single company owned 51% of Lillehammer Municipality, 24.5% by the Government of Norway and 24.5% by the [[Norwegian Olympic Committee]].<ref>LOOC (I): 22</ref> The government had issued a guarantee for the games, and also covered the expenses related to infrastructure.<ref name=looci19 /> The total costs of the games was 7.4&nbsp;billion [[Norwegian krone]] (NOK), of which NOK&nbsp;0.95&nbsp;billion was expenditure by the ministries, NOK&nbsp;4.48&nbsp;billion was for operations and event expenses, and NOK&nbsp;1.67&nbsp;billion was for investments.<ref>LOOC (I): 29</ref> The games had a revenue of NOK&nbsp;2.71&nbsp;billion, of which NOK&nbsp;1.43&nbsp;billion was from television rights, NOK&nbsp;0.65&nbsp;billion was from sponsors, and NOK&nbsp;0.15&nbsp;billion was from ticket sales.<ref>LOOC (I): 36</ref> Production of the broadcasting, which costs NOK&nbsp;462&nbsp;million,<ref>LOOC (I): 30</ref> was the responsibility of the [[Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation]] (NRK), with assistance from the [[CTV Television Network|Canadian Television]] (CTV) and the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU).<ref>LOOC (II): 206</ref> NRK had 1,424 people working at the Olympics, while international broadcasters sent an additional 4,050 accredited broadcasting personnel. The transmission rights for the games were held by EBU in Europe, [[Olympics on CBS|CBS]] in the United States, [[NHK]] in Japan, CTV in Canada, the [[Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union]], [[Nine Network]] in Australia, as well as other broadcasters in other countries. The total transmission rights price was 350 million United States dollars.<ref>LOOC (II): 205</ref> In part because of the Harding–Kerrigan affair, the viewship in the United States is still the highest ever for Winter Olympics.<ref name=tv>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/03/01/190-million-people-watched-olympics-in-us-2nd-most-watched-winter-olympics-in-history/43448 |title=190&nbsp;million People watched Olympics, 2nd most watched winter Olympics in history |work=TV By the Numbers |date=1 March 2010 |first=Robert |last=Seidman |archivedate=13 December 2010 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uxM6TbXq |accessdate=13 December 2010}}</ref> NOK&nbsp;460&nbsp;million was used on information technology,<ref name=loocii5>LOOC (II): 5</ref> with the main system running on an [[IBM AS/400]].<ref>LOOC (II): 18</ref> 3,500 terminals were in use during the game based on the Info '94 system; it was the first Olympics to have terminals installed abroad.<ref name=loocii5 /> [[Seiko]] delivered the time-keeping devices.<ref>LOOC (II): 10</ref> Telecommunications were delivered by [[Norwegian Telecom]], including signal transmission.<ref>LOOC (II): 33</ref> This included a mobile radio network with nine base stations.<ref>LOOC (II): 28</ref> ==Events== {{main|Events at the 1994 Winter Olympics}} ===Opening ceremony=== {{main|1994 Winter Olympics opening ceremony}} The opening ceremony was held at the ski jumping hill [[Lysgårdsbakken]]. Artistic content was made to present a range of Norwegian culture, included [[Sami people|Sami]] [[joik]], [[Telemark skiing]], fiddlers and folk dancing,<ref>LOOC (III): 154</ref> simulations of traditional weddings and their processions, and [[Vættir|vetter]] from [[Norse mythology]].<ref>LOOC (III): 158</ref> After speeches by Heiberg and IOC president [[Juan Antonio Samaranch]], the games were officially declared opened by [[Harald V of Norway|King Harald V]].<ref>LOOC (III): 155</ref> The [[Olympic Flame]] was to be skied down the skijump before lighting the cauldron. Originally this task had rested upon [[Ole Gunnar Fidjestøl]], but after he was injured in a practice jump, his back-up [[Stein Gruben]] received the honor. The cauldron was lit by [[Crown Prince Haakon Magnus]]. The [[Olympic oath]]s were issued by [[Vegard Ulvang]] for the athletes and [[Kari Kåring]] for the officials.<ref>LOOC (III): 156</ref> ===Alpine skiing=== {{main|Alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics}} [[File:Stamp of Azerbaijan 302.jpg|thumb]] Since the 1992 Games, the rules for combined changed, where the winner was determined by total time instead of points. The [[Alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's downhill|women's downhill]] was originally scheduled for Hafjell, but after protests it was moved to Kvitfjell, which also hosted the [[Alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's downhill|men's downhill]] and [[Alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's Super-G|super-G]]. In the men's events, Germany's [[Markus Wasmeier]] won two disciplines, [[Alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's giant slalom|giant slalom]] and super-G, finishing ahead of the United States's [[Tommy Moe]] on the super-G. Moe won the downhill ahead of Norway's [[Kjetil André Aamodt]], who came in third in the super-G. Austria's [[Thomas Stangassinger]] won the [[Alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's slalom|slalom]] ahead of Italy's [[Alberto Tomba]]. In the [[Alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's combined|combined]], Norway took a medal sweep, with [[Lasse Kjus]] winning ahead of Aamodt and [[Harald Christian Strand Nilsen]].<ref name=ask>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/ASK/ |title=Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uwgNQgPF |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> In the women's events, Switzerland's [[Vreni Schneider]] was the most successful, winning the [[Alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's slalom|slalom]], taking silver in [[Alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's combined|combined]] and taking bronze in [[Alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's giant slalom|giant slalom]]. The only other athlete to take multiple medals was Italy's [[Isolde Kostner]], who took a third place in both downhill and [[Alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's Super-G|super-G]]. The downhill was won by Germany's [[Katja Seizinger]], super-G by the United States' [[Diann Roffe]], the giant slalom by Italy's [[Deborah Compagnoni]], and the combined by Sweden's [[Pernilla Wiberg]].<ref name=ask /> ===Biathlon=== {{main|Biathlon at the 1994 Winter Olympics}} Russia and Germany split all the individual men's medals. In the [[Biathlon at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's sprint|10 km sprint]], Russia's [[Sergey Chepikov]] won ahead of [[Ricco Groß]], both with a clean sheet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/BIA/mens-10-kilometres-sprint.html |title=Biathlon at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's 10 kilometres Sprint|publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvz8V1Tk |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> Bronze winner [[Sergey Tarasov]] won the [[Biathlon at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's individual|20 km individual]] ahead of Germany's [[Frank Luck]] and [[Sven Fischer]].<ref name=bia>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/BIA/ |title=Biathlon at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvzQy58U |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> Germany easily revenged itself by winning the [[Biathlon at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's relay|4 × 7.5&nbsp;km relay]] ahead of Russia and France.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/BIA/mens-4-x-7_5-kilometres-relay.html |title=Biathlon at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's 4 × 7.5 kilometres Relay |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvzM3yHO |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> In the women's class, Canada's [[Myriam Bédard]] won both the individual events, finishing ahead of Belarus' [[Svetlana Paramygina]] on the [[Biathlon at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's sprint|7.5&nbsp;km sprint]] and ahead of France's [[Anne Briand]] on the [[Biathlon at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's individual|15 km individual]].<ref name=bia /> In the [[Biathlon at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's relay|4 × 7.5&nbsp;km relay]], the format since 1992 was changed from three to four participants. Russia, with a clean sheet, won ahead of Germany, who made six misses, with France taking the bronze.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/BIA/womens-4-x-7_5-kilometres-relay.html |title=Biathlon at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Women's 4 × 7.5 kilometres Relay |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvzM3yHO |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> ===Bobsleigh=== {{main|Bobsleigh at the 1994 Winter Olympics}} In [[Bobsleigh at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Two-man|two-man]], Switzerland took the top two places, with [[Gustav Weder]], [[Donat Acklin]] winning 0.05 seconds ahead of [[Reto Götschi]] and [[Guido Acklin]], who were again 0.15 seconds ahead of Italy's [[Günther Huber]] and [[Stefano Ticci]] placing third.<ref>LOOC (IV): 97</ref> In [[Bobsleigh at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Four-man|four-man]], Germany-II, consisting of [[Harald Czudaj]], [[Karsten Brannasch]], [[Olaf Hampel]] and [[Alexander Szelig]], finished 0.06 seconds ahead of Switzerland-I and 0.23 ahead of Germany-II.<ref>LOOC (IV): 99</ref> ===Cross-country skiing=== {{main|Cross-country skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics}} [[File:Stamp of Kazakhstan 039-040.jpg|thumb]] Participants from five countries took all the medals of the ten events. Starting in 1994, the Olympics alternated which of the medium-distance and long-distance races had classical and freestyle. [[Cross-country skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay|men's 4 × 10 km relay]] was watched by a crowd of nearly 150,000. Norway, Italy and Finland followed each other tightly for three and a half rounds, with the second and third exchange of the three talking place within 1.1 seconds of each other. Finland fell behind in the end, and Norwegian [[Bjørn Dæhlie]] and Italian [[Silvio Fauner]] battled to the end, with Italy beating Norway by 0.4 seconds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/ICH/ |title=Cross Country Skiing at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's 4 × 10 kilometres Relay |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvuyKBT9 |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> Dæhlie won the [[Cross-country skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's 10 kilometre classical|10 km classical]] and [[Cross-country skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre pursuit|15 km pursuit]], while taking silver in the [[Cross-country skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 kilometre freestyle|30 km freestyle]]. Kazakhstan's [[Vladimir Smirnov (skier)|Vladimir Smirnov]] won the [[Cross-country skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's 50 kilometre classical|50 km classical]], in addition to silver on th 10&nbsp;km and the 15&nbsp;km. Norway's [[Thomas Alsgaard]] won the 30&nbsp;km, while Finland's [[Mika Myllylä]] took an individual silver and a bronze.<ref name=ccs>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/CCS/ |title=Cross Country Skiing at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvvUXzGN |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> Italy's [[Manuela Di Centa]] and Russia's [[Lyubov Yegorova]] dominated the women's events. They took five and four medals each, respectively, and between them winning all the races. Yegorova finished ahead of Di Contra on the [[Cross-country skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's 5 kilometre classical|5 km classical]] and the [[Cross-country skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's 10 kilometre pursuit|10 km pursuit]], while Di Centa finished ahead of Yegorova on the [[Cross-country skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's 15 kilometre freestyle|15 km freestyle]], and also won the [[Cross-country skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's 30 kilometre classical|30 km classical]] ahead of Norway's [[Marit Wold]]. Finland's [[Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi]] took two bronze medals, in 5&nbsp;km and 30&nbsp;km.<ref name=ccs /> In the [[Cross-country skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's 4 × 5 kilometre relay|4 × 5 km relay]], Norway and Russia kept up with each other until the final stage, in which [[Anita Moen]] lost to Yegorova, with Italy finishing third. With Yegorova's sixth career gold, she was tied as the most-winning Winter Olympic participant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/CCS/womens-4-x-5-kilometres-relay.html |title=Cross Country Skiing at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Women's 4 × 5 kilometres Relay |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvw9zgIL |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> ===Figure skating=== {{main|Figure skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics}} [[File:Stamp of Azerbaijan 297.jpg|thumb|upright]] On 6 January, [[Tonya Harding|Tonya Harding's]] ex-husband Jeff Gillooly hired Shane Stant to club fellow female figure skater [[Nancy Kerrigan]] in the knee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1004829/index.htm |last=Swift |first=E. M. |title=Anatomy of a Plot |work=Sports Illustrated |date=14 February 1994 |accessdate=11 December 2012|archivedate=11 December 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/63rQ8l2W0 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Both Harding and Kerrigan were selected for the Olympic team. After Harding admitted to helping to cover up the attack, the [[United States Olympic Committee]] initiated proceedings to remove her from the Olympic team, but Harding retained her place after threatening legal action.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://massmoments.org/moment.cfm?mid=3 |title=Mass Moments: Skater Nancy Kerrigan Assulted |publisher=Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities |accessdate=13 December 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101126033602/http://massmoments.org/moment.cfm?mid=3| archivedate= 26 November 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> [[Michelle Kwan]], who would go on to a stellar career with multiple World Championships, began her Olympic career as an alternate for the United States in Ladies Singles. The [[Figure skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Ladies' singles|ladies' singles]], Ukraine's [[Oksana Baiul]] won ahead of Kerrigan, with Harding finishing eighth.<ref>LOOC (IV): 148</ref> In the [[Figure skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's singles|men's singles]], Russia's [[Alexei Urmanov]] won ahead of Canada's [[Elvis Stojko]].<ref>LOOC (IV): 147</ref> Relaxation of the [[amateurism]] rules led to several former stars returning, such as [[Figure skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Ice dancing|ice dancing]] 1984 Champions Great Britain's [[Jayne Torvill]] and [[Christopher Dean]], who took a bronze behind Russians [[Oksana Grishuk]] and [[Evgeny Platov]], and [[Maya Usova]] and [[Alexander Zhulin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/FSK/mixed-ice-dancing.html |title=Figure Skating at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Mixed Ice Dancing |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uwimz6pv |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> In [[Figure skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Pairs|pair skating]], the Russians also took a double, with [[Ekaterina Gordeeva]] and [[Sergei Grinkov]] winning ahead of [[Natalia Mishkutenok]] and [[Artur Dmitriev]].<ref>LOOC (IV): 145</ref> ===Freestyle skiing=== {{main|Freestyle skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics}} [[File:Stamp of Azerbaijan 300.jpg|thumb|upright]] [[Aerial skiing|Aerials]] was added as a discipline, after it had been a [[demonstration sport]] at the previous two games. [[Ski ballet]], which had been a demonstration sport in 1992, was dropped.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/FRS/ |title=Freestyle Skking at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uwdcwzpj |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> Canada dominated the men's events, with [[Jean-Luc Brassard]] winning the [[Freestyle skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's moguls|men's moguls]] ahead of Russian [[Sergey Shupletsov]].<ref>LOOC (IV): 105</ref> In the [[Freestyle skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's aerials|men's aerials]], Switzerlands's [[Andreas Schönbächler]] won ahead of Canada's [[Philippe LaRoche]] and [[Lloyd Langlois]], with Canadians also claiming the fourth and sixth places.<ref>LOOC (IV): 104</ref> In the women's disciplines, Norway was the only nation to take two medals; [[Stine Lise Hattestad]] won the [[Freestyle skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's moguls|moguls]] ahead of the United States' [[Elizabeth McIntyre|Liz McIntyre]].<ref>LOOC (IV): 102</ref> In the [[Freestyle skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's aerials|aerials]], [[Lina Cheryazova]] won, claiming Uzbekistan's only medal,<ref name=medaltable>LOOC (IV): 65</ref> ahead of Sweden's [[Marie Lindgren]] and Norway's [[Hilde Synnøve Lid]].<ref>LOOC (IV): 103</ref> ===Ice hockey=== {{main|Ice hockey at the 1994 Winter Olympics}} Twelve teams participated in the ice hockey tournament, divided into two groups. Each played as a [[round-robin|single round robin]], with the four best advancing to the single elimination medal tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/ICH/ |title=Ice Hockey at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvs4bLvJ |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> Group A saw Finland win all five matches, while the host nation lost all theirs. Also Germany, the Czech Republic and Russia advanced from the group, all with three victories. Group B was won by Slovakia ahead of Canada, Sweden and the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/ICH/mens-ice-hockey-preliminary-round.html |title=Ice Hockey at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's Ice Hockey Preliminary Round |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvsMCS3o |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> The quarter-finals saw the Czech Republic, the United States, Germany and Slovakia eliminated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/ICH/mens-ice-hockey-quarter-finals.html |title=Ice Hockey at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's Ice Hockey Quarter-Finals |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvsYdiuE |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> In the semi-finals, Canada beat Finland 5–3, while Sweden beat Russia 4–3.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/ICH/mens-ice-hockey-semi-finals.html |title=Ice Hockey at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's Ice Hockey Semi-Finals |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvsfE1xg |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> After the final period of the final, the match was a 2–2 tie, resulting in a shoot-out. After six shots, it was tied 2–2 until Sweden's [[Peter Forsberg]] beat [[Corey Hirsch]], making the Swedes win after [[Paul Kariya]] missed his shot. This led to [[Tomas Jonsson]], [[Håkan Loob]] and [[Mats Näslund]] becoming the first three members of the [[Triple Gold Club]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/ICH/mens-ice-hockey.html |title=Ice Hockey at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's Ice Hockey |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvt1GE6q |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> ===Luge=== {{main|Luge at the 1994 Winter Olympics}} Italy, Germany and Austria collected all the medals in the luge events. Germany's [[Georg Hackl]] won the [[Luge at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's singles|men's singles]], making him the first to defend an Olympic title in the event in thirty years. He finished ahead of Austria's [[Markus Prock]] and Italy's [[Armin Zöggeler]]. In the [[Luge at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Doubles|doubles]], the two Italian teams finished on top, with [[Kurt Brugger]] and [[Wilfried Huber]] winning ahead of [[Hansjörg Raffl]] and [[Norbert Huber]]. In the [[Luge at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's singles|women's singles]], Italy's [[Gerda Weissensteiner]] won ahead of Germany's [[Susi Erdmann]] and Austria's [[Andrea Tagwerker]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/LUG/ |title=Luge at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uwfGcS5q |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> ===Nordic combined=== {{main|Nordic combined at the 1994 Winter Olympics}} While the events were the same, since the 1992 Games there was a rule change so that instead of jumping three times and taking the points for the best two, the competitors only jumped twice. In the [[Nordic combined at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Individual|individual normal hill/15 km]], Japan's [[Kenji Ogiwara]] had only lost a single event in the season's [[FIS Nordic Combined World Cup|World Cup]], but came in sixth on the hill, which was won by Norway's [[Fred Børre Lundberg]]. He won the even after finishing eight-best in the skiing, ahead of Japan's [[Takanori Kono]], Norway's [[Bjarte Engen Vik]] and Ogiwara in fourth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/NCO/mens-individual.html |title=Nordic Combined at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's Individual |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvxmbeLd |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> In the [[Nordic combined at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Team|team normal hill/3 x 10 km]], Japan finished first, third and fifth among the jumpers, giving them a 5:07 minute lead over Norway and finishing 4:49 minutes ahead. Switzerland took the bronze.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/NCO/mens-team.html |title=Nordic Combined at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's Team |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvxL8EhP |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> ===Short track speed skating=== {{main|Short track speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics}} Short track speed skating was dominated by [[South Korea at the 1994 Winter Olympics|South Korea]], who won four of the six events. After the discipline's debut in 1992, the 1994 featured two new events, the [[Short track speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's 500 metres|men's 500 meters]] and the [[Short track speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's 1000 metres|women's 1000 meters]].<ref name=stsk>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/STK/ |title=Short Track Speed Skating at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvmUgO1k |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> South Korea's [[Chae Ji-Hoon]] won the [[Short track speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's 500 metres|men's 500 meters]], while taking silver on the [[Short track speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's 1000 metres|1000 meters]] behind countryman [[Kim Ki-Hoon]], who defended his 1992 gold. The bronze was won by Canada's [[Marc Gagnon]], who won the B final. In the A final, countryman [[Derrick Campbell]] was obstructed by Great Britain's [[Nicky Gooch]], who was disqualified. Campbell got up and started celebrating his bronze medal, when he discovered he had not completed the race.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/STK/mens-1000-metres.html |title=Short Track Speed Skating at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's 1,000 metres |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvnGQo9u |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> In the [[Short track speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's 5000 metre relay|men's 5000 meter relay]], South Korea did not enter after a fall in the sole qualifying event, which took place in March 1993. Canada fell during the final, which saw Italy take a clear victory ahead of a the United States, who were marginally ahead of [[Australia at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Australia]]. The United States' [[Eric Flaim]] became the first to take Olympic medals in both short track and long track speed skating, while Australia took its first Winter Olympic medal ever.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/STK/mens-5000-metres-relay.html |title=Short Track Speed Skating at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's 5,000 metres Relay |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvlLM5Kx |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> Six people took the individual medals in the women's events, with the United States' [[Cathy Turner]] defending her 1992 gold on the [[Short track speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's 500 metres|500 meters]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/STK/womens-500-metres.html |title=Short Track Speed Skating at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Women's 500 metres |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvnYAyN3 |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> and South Korea's [[Chun Lee-Kyung]] taking the gold in 1000 meters.<ref name=stsk /> South Korea won the [[Short track speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's 3000 metre relay|3000 meter relay]] with a team of four girls under 19. At 13, [[Kim Yun-Mi (speed skater)|Kim Yoon-Mi]] became the world's youngest Olympic gold medalist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/STK/womens-3000-metres-relay.html |title=Short Track Speed Skating at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games:Women's 3,000 metres Relay |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvnueupb |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> ===Ski jumping=== {{main|Ski jumping at the 1994 Winter Olympics}} [[File:Stamp of Azerbaijan 299.jpg|thumb]] Norway won three of the six individual medals, with Norway's [[Espen Bredesen]] winning the [[Ski jumping at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Normal hill individual|normal hill]] ahead of Norway's [[Lasse Ottesen]] and Germany's [[Dieter Thoma]]. In the [[Ski jumping at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Large hill individual|large hill]], Germany's [[Jens Weißflog]] won ahead of Bredesen and Austria's [[Andreas Goldberger]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/SKJ/ |title=Ski Jumping at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvrOVW53 |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> In the [[Ski jumping at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Large hill team|large hill team]], the 1994 Games introduced new rules whereby all four jumps in each round counted, and not just the best three. Neither Norway nor Finland, who between them had won all but one former Olympic team jump, managed to collect a medal. The even became a duel between Germany and Japan, with only a point separating them after the first round of jumps. [[Masahiko Harada]] had the last jump, and would secure a gold if he managed 102 meters, but mistimed his leap and landed at 97.5 meters, giving the gold to the Germans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/SKJ/mens-large-hill-team.html |title=Ski Jumping at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's Large Hill, Team |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvrKWcV8 |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> ===Speed skating=== {{main|Speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics}} [[File:Stamp of Azerbaijan 298.jpg|thumb]] The long track speed skating events moved indoors, after they had been held outdoors in 1992. The 1994 Games introduced new qualification rules, limiting the number of participants in the [[Speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's 5000 metres|men's 5000 meters]] and [[Speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's 3000 metres|women's 3000 meters]] to 32, and only allowing the 16 best in each of these events to participate in the [[Speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's 10000 metres|men's 10000 meters]] and the [[Speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's 5000 metres|women's 5000 meters]]. Norway's [[Johann Olav Koss]] took three golds, in the [[Speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's 1500 metres|men's 1,500 meters]], 5000 meters and 10000 meters. In the latter two, he finished ahead of fellow countryman [[Kjell Storelid]]. The [[Speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's 500 metres|men's 500 meters]] was won by Russia's [[Aleksandr Vyacheslavovich Golubev|Aleksandr Golubev]] ahead of fellow countryman [[Sergey Klevchenya]], while the [[Speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's 1000 metres|men's 1000 meters]] was won by American [[Dan Jansen]]. For women, American [[Bonnie Blair]] defended her two 1992 golds in [[Speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's 500 metres|500 meters]] and [[Speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's 1000 metres|1000 meters]]. Austria's [[Emese Hunyady]] won the [[Speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's 1500 metres|1500 meters]] ahead of Russia's [[Svetlana Bazhanova]] and Germany's [[Gunda Niemann]]. However, Bazhanova took gold ahead of Nemeth-Hunyady on the 3000 meters, with Germany's [[Claudia Pechstein]] in third. Pechstein would go on to win the 5000 meters ahead of Niemann.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/SSK/ |title=Speed Skating at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games |publisher=Sports Reference |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvpFOiB0 |archivedate=12 December 2010 |accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> ===Closing ceremony=== {{main|1994 Winter Olympics closing ceremony}} At the closing ceremonies, also held at Lysgårdsbakken, all spectators were handed a flashlight with the inscription "Remember Sarajevo"—the host of the [[1984 Winter Olympics]] which was at the heart of the [[Bosnian War]]. The first entrants on the stage were [[Liv Ullmann]] and [[Thor Heyerdahl]],<ref>LOOC (III): 161</ref> followed by the athletes' precession. After the flag had been transferred to [[Nagano]] mayor [[Tasuka Tsukada]], speeches were held by Lillehammer mayor [[Audun Tron]], Heiberg and Samaranch. The latter used his speech to remind about Sarajevo's situation,<ref>LOOC (III): 163</ref> before giving Heiberg IOC's gold medal, and declaring the games "the best Olympic Winter Games ever".<ref>LOOC (III): 164</ref> Artistic presentations followed with many of the themes from the opening ceremony. The [[1998 Winter Olympics|1998 Winter Games']] mascot, [[Snowlet]], was also presented. Of the 2,200 people performing in the opening and closing ceremonies, only 50 were professionals.<ref>LOOC (III): 166</ref> ===Paralympics=== {{main|1994 Winter Paralympics}} The VI Winter Paralympics were run as an independent tournament, but organized by LOOC from 10 to 19 March. Competitions were held in [[Alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Paralympics|Alpine skiing]], [[Ice sledge speed racing at the 1994 Winter Paralympics|ice sledge speed racing]], [[Biathlon at the 1994 Winter Paralympics|biathlon]] and [[Cross-country skiing at the 1994 Winter Paralympics|cross-country skiing]]; the games also introduced [[Ice sledge hockey at the 1994 Winter Paralympics|ice sledge hockey]]. The Paralympics used the same venues as the Olympics, and were the second in Norway, after the [[1980 Winter Paralympics]] in [[Geilo]]. 471 athletes from 31 countries participated, with Norway claiming the most gold medals ahead of Germany. The Paralympics featured their own logo, the amputee mascot [[Sondre (mascot)|Sondre]], but retained the same overall design as the Olympics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/events/olympictruce/index.shtml |title=Lillehammer 1994 |publisher=[[International Paralympic Committee]] |accessdate=13 December 2010 |archiveurl=http://www.paralympic.org/Paralympic_Games/Past_Games/Lillehammer_1994/index.html |archivedate=11 December 2010}}</ref> ==Calendar== {{1994 Winter Olympics calendar}} ==Venues== {{Main|Venues of the 1994 Winter Olympics}} [[File:1994 Winter Olympics venue map.svg|thumb|Map of the venues]] The games were spread out over ten venues in five [[municipalities of Norway|municipalities]] in two [[counties of Norway|counties]], [[Oppland]] and [[Hedmark]]. [[Lillehammer]], with 25,000 inhabitants, and [[Hamar]] and [[Gjøvik]], both with 27,000 inhabitants, are all situated on the lake [[Mjøsa]]. Gjøvik and Hamar are located {{convert|45|and|54|km|sp=us}} south of Lillehammer. Hunderfossen is located {{convert|15|km|sp=us}} north of Lillehammer, but lies within the municipality. Øyer and Ringebu, both with just under 5,000 inhabitants, are located {{convert|18|and|50|km|sp=us}} north of Lillehammer, in the valley [[Gudbrandsdalen]]. Lillehammer had four venues, Hamar had two venues, while Hunderfossen, Gjøvik, Øyer and Ringebu had one venue each.<ref>Hove-Ødegård, Celius and Brun: 23</ref> In Lillehammer, [[Lysgårdsbakken]] features twin [[ski jumping hill]]s. The large hill has a hill size of 138 and a critical point of 120, while the normal hill has a hill size of 100 and a critical point of 90. The hill has capacity for 35,000 spectators and hosted, in addition to the ski jumping events, the opening and closing ceremonies.<ref>LOOC (III): 18–22</ref> [[Birkebeineren Skistadion]] featured cross-country skiing and biathlon, with the stadium itself having a capacity for 31,000 spectators during cross-country skiing and 13,500 during biathlon. In addition, spectators could watch from along the tracks.<ref>LOOC (III): 31–36</ref> [[Kanthugen Freestyle Arena]] featured a capacity for 15,000 spectators.<ref>LOOC (III): 23–26</ref> All the outdoor skiing arenas had free areas, which saw up to 25,000 extra spectators at the team jump and 75,000 extra spectators at the 50&nbsp;km.<ref>LOOC (II): 241–242</ref> [[Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track]] is located at [[Hunderfossen]]. It had a capacity for 10,000 spectators and is the only bobsleigh and luge track in the [[Nordic countries]].<ref>LOOC (III): 37–41</ref> Ice hockey was played at two venues, in [[Håkons Hall]] in Lillehammer and [[Fjellhallen|Gjøvik Olympic Cavern Hall]] in Gjøvik. Håkons Hall has a capacity for 10,500 spectators, and also features the [[Norwegian Olympic Museum]]. The Cavern Hall is built as a man-made cave and had a capacity for 5,300 spectators.<ref>LOOC (III): 27–30</ref><ref>LOOC (III): 61–64</ref> Skating events took place at two venues in Hamar. [[Vikingskipet]] had a capacity for 10,600 spectators and featured speed skating events,<ref>LOOC (III): 51–56</ref> while figure skating and short-track speed skating were held at [[Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre]].<ref>LOOC (III): 57–60</ref> Alpine skiing was split between two ski resorts: [[Hafjell]] in Øyer and [[Kvitfjell]] in Ringebu. The former was used for the slalom and giant slalom, while the latter hosted downhill and super-G.<ref>LOOC (III): 42–50</ref> Transport was dominated by the use of buses and trains for spectators, although LOOC had 1,200 automobiles at its disposition. Downtown Lillehammer and the axis between Lillehammer and Oslo were the most limiting areas, and the [[Norwegian State Railways (1883–1996)|Norwegian State Railways]] ran up to 22 trains per day between Oslo and Lillehammer. Trains were also used northwards towards [[Trondheim]], while other areas were served by bus. All the venues were located along railway lines, making use of spectators walking from the stations to the venues to limit road congestion, although special services were available for disabled people. Shuttle buses were established between venues and also connected to [[park and ride]] facilities.<ref>LOOC (II): 38–43</ref> ==Politics and participating nations== [[File:Vikingskipet-Hamar.jpg|thumb|[[Vikingskipet]] in [[Hamar]] was the venue for [[speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics|speed skating]].]] A record 67 nations participated in the 1994 Winter Olympic Games. The games were the first following the implementation of stricter qualifying standards, which prevented representatives of low-performing countries from competing without meeting minimum standards. As a consequence, eleven "warm-weather countries" signed up to participate in the Games, but were ultimately absent as none of their athletes succeeded in qualifying. The number of African athletes fell from nineteen in 1992 to three in 1994. These rules were, however, not applied to bobsled events, enabling the [[Virgin Islands at the 1994 Winter Olympics|United States Virgin Islands]], [[Monaco at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Monaco]], [[Trinidad and Tobago at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Trinidad and Tobago]] and [[Jamaica at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Jamaica]] to compete in that sport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/07/sports/winter-olympics-the-tourist-athlete-gets-snowed-out-of-these-games.html?pagewanted=all |title=The Tourist Athlete Gets Snowed Out of These Games |work=The New York Times |date=7 February 1994 |first=Christopher |last=Clarey |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvJJ2bGL |archivedate=11 December 2010 |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref> On 25 October 1993, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] urged its members to observe the [[Olympic truce]] from seven days before to seven days after the Olympic games, making the Lillehammer games the first to observe the truce.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/events/olympictruce/index.shtml |title=The United Nations and the Olympic Truce |publisher=UN |accessdate=11 December 2010 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvI4NCTW |archivedate=11 December 2010}}</ref> IOC appealed for a truce in the ongoing [[Bosnian War]] and the [[Siege of Sarajevo]], the city that had hosted the [[1984 Winter Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/08/sports/winter-olympics-lillehammer-has-the-war-in-sarajevo-on-its-mind.html?scp=3&sq=lillehammer&st=nyt |title=Lillehammer Has the War in Sarajevo on Its Mind |work=The New York Times |date=8 February 1994 |agency=[[Reuters]] |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5uvLcl1Sc |archivedate=11 December 2010 |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref> The [[Unified Team at the Olympics|Unified Team]], which had represented participants from former [[Soviet Union]] states, was broken up, and the nine former Soviet republics of [[Armenia at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Armenia]], [[Belarus at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Belarus]], [[Georgia at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Georgia]], [[Kazakhstan at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Kyrgyzstan]], [[Moldova at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Moldova]], [[Russia at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Russia]], [[Ukraine at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Ukraine]] and [[Uzbekistan at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Uzbekistan]] participated as nations. The break-up of [[Czechoslovakia at the Olympics|Czechoslovakia]] resulted in the [[Czech Republic at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Slovakia]] participating for the first time. [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] participated for the first time, after their independence from [[Yugoslavia at the Olympics|Yugoslavia]]. The composition of the Bosnia and Herzegovina four-man bob team was one Croat, two Bosniaks and a Serb, mirroring the ethnic diversity of the country. Three "warm countries", [[American Samoa at the 1994 Winter Olympics|American Samoa]], [[Israel at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Israel]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago at the 1994 Winter Olympics|Trinidad and Tobago]], made their debuts. {{clear}} {| class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:100%;" |- ! Participating NOCs |- | {{multicol}} *{{flagIOC|ASA|1994 Winter|2}} *{{flagIOC|AND|1994 Winter|6}} *{{flagIOC|ARG|1994 Winter|10}} *{{flagIOC|ARM|1994 Winter|2}} *{{flagIOC|AUS|1994 Winter|25}} *{{flagIOC|AUT|1994 Winter|80}} *{{flagIOC|BLR|1994 Winter|33}} *{{flagIOC|BEL|1994 Winter|5}} *{{flagIOC|BER|1994 Winter|1}} *{{flagIOC|BIH|1994 Winter|10}} *{{flagIOC|BRA|1994 Winter|1}} *{{flagIOC|BUL|1994 Winter|17}} *{{flagIOC|CAN|1994 Winter|95}} *{{flagIOC|CHI|1994 Winter|3}} *{{flagIOC|CHN|1994 Winter|24}} *{{flagIOC|CRO|1994 Winter|3}} *{{flagIOC|CYP|1994 Winter|1}} |width=30| |valign=top| *{{flagIOC|CZE|1994 Winter|63}} *{{flagIOC|DEN|1994 Winter|4}} *{{flagIOC|EST|1994 Winter|26}} *{{flagIOC|FIJ|1994 Winter|1}} *{{flagIOC|FIN|1994 Winter|61}} *{{flagIOC|FRA|1994 Winter|98}} *{{flagIOC|GEO|1994 Winter|5}} *{{flagIOC|GER|1994 Winter|112}} *{{flagIOC|GBR|1994 Winter|32}} *{{flagIOC|GRE|1994 Winter|9}} *{{flagIOC|HUN|1994 Winter|16}} *{{flagIOC|ISL|1994 Winter|5}} *{{flagIOC|ISR|1994 Winter|1}} *{{flagIOC|ITA|1994 Winter|104}} *{{flagIOC|JAM|1994 Winter|4}} *{{flagIOC|JPN|1994 Winter|57}} *{{flagIOC|KAZ|1994 Winter|29}} |width=30| |valign=top| *{{flagIOC|KOR|1994 Winter|21}} *{{flagIOC|KGZ|1994 Winter|1}} *{{flagIOC|LAT|1994 Winter|27}} *{{flagIOC|LIE|1994 Winter|10}} *{{flagIOC|LTU|1994 Winter|6}} *{{flagIOC|LUX|1994 Winter|1}} *{{flagIOC|MEX|1994 Winter|1}} *{{flagIOC|MDA|1994 Winter|2}} *{{flagIOC|MON|1994 Winter|5}} *{{flagIOC|MGL|1994 Winter|1}} *{{flagIOC|NED|1994 Winter|21}} *{{flagIOC|NZL|1994 Winter|7}} *{{flagIOC|NOR|1994 Winter|88}} *{{flagIOC|POL|1994 Winter|28}} *{{flagIOC|POR|1994 Winter|1}} *{{flagIOC|PUR|1994 Winter|5}} *{{flagIOC|ROU|1994 Winter|23}} |width=30| |valign=top| *{{flagIOC|RUS|1994 Winter|113}} *{{flagIOC|SMR|1994 Winter|3}} *{{flagIOC|SEN|1994 Winter|1}} *{{flagIOC|SVK|1994 Winter|42}} *{{flagIOC|SLO|1994 Winter|22}} *{{flagIOC|RSA|1994 Winter|2}} *{{flagIOC|ESP|1994 Winter|13}} *{{flagIOC|SWE|1994 Winter|84}} *{{flagIOC|SUI|1994 Winter|59}} *{{flagIOC|TPE|1994 Winter|2}} *{{flagIOC|TRI|1994 Winter|2}} *{{flagIOC|TUR|1994 Winter|1}} *{{flagIOC|UKR|1994 Winter|37}} *{{flagIOC|USA|1994 Winter|147}} *{{flagIOC|UZB|1994 Winter|7}} *{{flagIOC|ISV|1994 Winter|8}} |} |} == Medal count == [[File:1994 Lillehammer Olympic Winter Games, Gold Meadl, Bonnie Blair Cruikshank, Speedskating 500 meter.jpg|thumb|upright|Gold medal awarded to [[Bonnie Blair]] in [[Speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Women's 500 metres|500 m speed skating]]]] {{Main|1994 Winter Olympics medal table}} Russia won the most golds, while Norway won the most medals overall. The following table presents the top ten nations, sorted by gold medals, with the host nation highlighted.<ref name=medaltable /> {| {{RankedMedalTable}} |- |1||align=left| {{flagIOC|RUS|1994 Winter}} || 11 || 8 || 4 || 23 |- bgcolor=ccccff |2||align=left| {{flagIOC|NOR|1994 Winter}} || 10 || 11 || 5 || 26 |- |3||align=left| {{flagIOC|GER|1994 Winter}} || 9 || 7 || 8 || 24 |- |4||align=left| {{flagIOC|ITA|1994 Winter}} || 7 || 5 || 8 || 20 |- |5||align=left| {{flagIOC|USA|1994 Winter}} || 6 || 5 || 2 || 13 |- |6||align=left| {{flagIOC|KOR|1994 Winter}} || 4 || 1 || 1 || 6 |- |7||align=left| {{flagIOC|CAN|1994 Winter}} || 3 || 6 || 4 || 13 |- |8||align=left| {{flagIOC|SUI|1994 Winter}} || 3 || 4 || 2 || 9 |- |9||align=left| {{flagIOC|AUT|1994 Winter}} || 2 || 3 || 4 || 9 |- |10||align=left| {{flagIOC|SWE|1994 Winter}} || 2 || 1 || 0 || 3 |} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ;Bibliography * {{cite web |url=http://www.lillehammer.kommune.no/links/113598 |title=An Olympic Fairy Tale |last=Hove-Ødegård |first=Arne |last2=Celius |first2=Sten |last3=Brun |first3=Ivar Ole |publisher=Lillehammer Municipality |year=2004 |accessdate=11 December 2010 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uv6grx5a |archivedate=11 December 2010}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1994/E_BOOK1.PDF |title=1994 Winter Olympics Report, volume I |author=Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee |accessdate=10 December 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101202194856/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1994/E_BOOK1.PDF| archivedate= 2 December 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1994/E_BOOK2.PDF |title=1994 Winter Olympics Report, volume II |author=Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee |accessdate=10 December 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101202194923/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1994/E_BOOK2.PDF| archivedate= 2 December 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1994/E_BOOK3.PDF |title=1994 Winter Olympics Report, volume III |author=Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee |accessdate=10 December 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101202195006/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1994/E_BOOK3.PDF| archivedate= 2 December 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1994/E_BOOK4.PDF |title=1994 Winter Olympics Report, volume IV |author=Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee |accessdate=10 December 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101202195105/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1994/E_BOOK4.PDF| archivedate= 2 December 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} == External links == {{commons category|1994 Winter Olympics}} *[http://www.marcolympics.org/jeux/1994-1996/winter/index.php The program of the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Olympics] *{{IOC games|games=1994 Winter Olympics }} *{{IOC medals|games=1994 Winter Olympics }} *[http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1994/ore317/ORE317g.pdf ''Olympic Review'' 1994 – Official results] {{s-start}} {{succession box|title=''[[Winter Olympic Games|Winter Olympics]]'' <br> [[Lillehammer]]|before=[[1992 Winter Olympics|Albertville]]|after=[[1998 Winter Olympics|Nagano]]|years=''XVII Olympic Winter Games'' (1994)}} {{s-end}} {{Olympic_Games}} {{EventsAt1994WinterOlympics}} {{1994 Winter Olympic venues}} {{Sport in Lillehammer}} {{Sport in Hamar}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}} [[Category:1994 Winter Olympics| ]] [[Category:Sports festivals in Norway|O]] [[Category:1994 in Norway|Winter Olympics, 1994]] [[Category:Olympic Games in Norway]] [[Category:1994 in multi-sport events|Winter Olympics, 1994]] [[Category:Article Feedback 5]] [[af:Olimpiese Winterspele 1994]] [[ab:Лиллехаммер 1994]] [[ar:ألعاب أولمبية شتوية 1994]] [[az:1994 Qış Olimpiya Oyunları]] [[bn:১৯৯৪ শীতকালীন অলিম্পিক্‌স]] [[be:Зімовыя Алімпійскія гульні 1994]] [[be-x-old:Зімовыя Алімпійскія гульні 1994 году]] [[bg:Зимни олимпийски игри 1994]] [[bs:XVII zimske olimpijske igre - Lillehammer 1994.]] [[ca:Jocs Olímpics d'hivern de 1994]] [[cs:Zimní olympijské hry 1994]] [[da:Vinter-OL 1994]] [[de:Olympische Winterspiele 1994]] [[et:1994. aasta taliolümpiamängud]] [[el:Χειμερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 1994]] [[es:Juegos Olímpicos de Lillehammer 1994]] [[eo:Vintra Olimpiko 1994]] [[eu:1994ko Neguko Olinpiar Jokoak]] [[fa:بازی‌های المپیک زمستانی ۱۹۹۴]] [[fr:Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1994]] [[fy:Olympyske Winterspullen 1994]] [[ko:1994년 동계 올림픽]] [[hr:XVII. Zimske olimpijske igre - Lillehammer 1994.]] [[id:Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1994]] [[is:Vetrarólympíuleikarnir 1994]] [[it:XVII Giochi olimpici invernali]] [[he:אולימפיאדת לילהאמר (1994)]] [[kk:1994 Қысқы Олимпиада ойындары]] [[ky:Лиллехаммер 1994]] [[la:1994 Olympia Hiemalia]] [[lv:1994. gada Ziemas Olimpiskās spēles]] [[lb:Olympesch Wanterspiller 1994]] [[lt:1994 m. žiemos olimpinės žaidynės]] [[hu:1994. évi téli olimpiai játékok]] [[mk:Зимски олимписки игри 1994]] [[mr:१९९४ हिवाळी ऑलिंपिक]] [[ms:Olimpik Lillehammer 1994]] [[mn:Лиллехаммерын олимп]] [[nl:Olympische Winterspelen 1994]] [[ja:リレハンメルオリンピック]] [[no:Vinter-OL 1994]] [[nn:Vinter-OL 1994]] [[oc:Jòcs Olimpics d'ivèrn de 1994]] [[mhr:Теле Олимпий модмаш - Лиллехаммер 1994]] [[pl:Zimowe Igrzyska Olimpijskie 1994]] [[pt:Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 1994]] [[ro:Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 1994]] [[ru:Зимние Олимпийские игры 1994]] [[sah:1994 Кыhыҥҥы Олимпия оонньуулара]] [[sq:Lojërat olimpike dimërore 1994]] [[simple:1994 Winter Olympics]] [[sk:Zimné olympijské hry 1994]] [[sl:Zimske olimpijske igre 1994]] [[sr:Зимске олимпијске игре 1994.]] [[sh:Zimska Olimpijada 1994]] [[fi:Talviolympialaiset 1994]] [[sv:Olympiska vinterspelen 1994]] [[tt:Кышкы Олимпия уеннары 1994]] [[th:โอลิมปิกฤดูหนาว 1994]] [[tr:1994 Kış Olimpiyatları]] [[uk:Зимові Олімпійські ігри 1994]] [[vi:Thế vận hội Mùa đông 1994]] [[zh:1994年冬季奥林匹克运动会]]'