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'{{Other uses|Motorcycle (disambiguation)}} <!-- This article uses British English dialect and spelling. Some terms that are used in it differ from, or are not used in, American English. For more information, see American and British English differences. According to the relevant style guide, this should not be changed without broad consensus. --> [[File:Triumph T 110 650 cc 1954.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A Triumph T110 motorcycle]] [[File:URAL650-SPORTSMAN.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A Ural motorcycle with sidecar]] A '''motorcycle''' (also called a '''motorbike''', '''bike''', '''moto''' or '''cycle''') is a two<ref>{{cite book | title = Motorcycle Handling and Chassis Design | pages = 4–1 | last = Foale | first = Tony | publisher = Tony Foale Designs | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-84-933286-3-4}}</ref> or three wheeled<ref>{{cite book | title = Motorcycle Dynamics | last = Cossalter | first = Vittore | publisher = Lulu | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-4303-0861-4}}</ref> [[motor vehicle]]. Motorcycles vary considerably depending on the task they are designed for, such as [[Touring motorcycle|long distance]] travel, navigating [[Naked bike|congested urban traffic]], [[cruiser (motorcycle)|cruising]], [[Motorcycle sport|sport]] and [[Motorbike racing|racing]], or [[Off-roading|off-road]] conditions. Motorcycles are one of the most affordable forms of motorised transport in many parts of the world and, for most of the world's population, they are also the most common type of motor vehicle.<ref name=japantimes/><ref name=csmonitor/><ref name=brazil/> There are around 200 million motorcycles (including [[moped]]s, [[Scooter (motorcycle)|motor scooters]], [[motorized bicycle|motorised bicycles]], and other powered two and three-wheelers) in use worldwide,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Fuel Cell Powered Motorcycles |first=Adachi |last=Shuhei(Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd., JPN) |journal=Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan |issn=0385-7298 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=90–93 |year=2006 |url=http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200603/000020060306A0040069.php }}</ref> or about 33 motorcycles per 1000 people. This compares to around 590 million [[cars]], or about 91 per 1000 people. Most of the motorcycles, 58%, are in the developing countries of Asia{{spaced ndash}} Southern and Eastern Asia, and the Asia Pacific countries, excluding Japan{{spaced ndash}} while 33% of the cars (195 million) are concentrated in the United States and Japan. In 2006, China had 54 million motorcycles in use and an annual production of 22 million units.<ref>[http://www.webbikeworld.com/motorcycle-news/statistics/2008-japan-motorcycle-statistics.htm]</ref><ref>[http://www.caam.org.cn/MotorCycleStatistics/20101118/0905048503.html]</ref> {{As of|2002}}, India, with an estimated 37 million motorcycles/mopeds, was home to the largest number of motorised two wheelers in the world. China came a close second with 34 million motorcycles/mopeds.<ref name=Worldmapper31>{{Cite web |title=Passenger Cars; Map No. 31 |work=Worldmapper: The world as you've never seen it before |year=2002 |url=http://www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/worldmapper/display.php?selected=31 }} See [http://www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/worldmapper/display.php?selected=31# Technical notes for this data]</ref><ref name=Worldmapper32>{{Cite web |title=Mopeds And Motorcycles Map No. 32 |work=Worldmapper: The world as you've never seen it before |year=2002 |url=http://www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/worldmapper/display.php?selected=32 }} See [http://www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/worldmapper/display.php?selected=32# data files for the statistics]</ref> ==History== {{Main|Motorcycle history}} [[File:Daimler-1-motorcycle-1.jpg|thumb|Replica of the Daimler-Maybach ''Petroleum Reitwagen''.]] The first [[internal combustion engine|internal combustion]], [[petroleum]] fueled motorcycle was the [[Daimler Reitwagen|''Petroleum Reitwagen]]. It was designed and built by the German inventors [[Gottlieb Daimler]] and [[Wilhelm Maybach]] in [[Bad Cannstatt]], Germany in 1885.<ref name="ThePast1800s">{{cite web | title=The Past{{spaced ndash}} 1800s: First motorcycle | work=The History and Future of Motorcycles and motorcycling{{spaced ndash}} From 1885 to the Future, Total Motorcycle Website | url=http://www.totalmotorcycle.com/future.htm#1800s | accessdate=28 June 2007}}</ref> This vehicle was unlike either the [[safety bicycle]]s or the [[Velocipede#Boneshaker|boneshaker]] bicycles of the era in that it had zero degrees of [[Bicycle and motorcycle geometry#Steering axis angle|steering axis angle]] and no [[Bicycle and motorcycle geometry#Fork offset|fork offset]], and thus did not use the principles of [[bicycle and motorcycle dynamics]] developed nearly 70 years earlier. Instead, it relied on two outrigger wheels to remain upright while turning.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Inventing Modern: Growing Up with X-Rays, Skyscrapers, and Tailfins |first=John H. |last=Lienhard |publisher=[[Oxford University Press US]] |year=2005 |isbn=0-19-518951-5 |pages=120&ndash;121 |authorlink=John H. Lienhard }}</ref> The inventors called their invention the ''Reitwagen'' ("riding car"). It was designed as an expedient testbed for their new engine, rather than a true prototype vehicle.<ref name=Setright1979>{{Cite book |last= Setright |first=L.J.K. |authorlink=L. J. K. Setright |year= 1979 |title=The Guinness book of motorcycling facts and feats |publisher=Guinness Superlatives |isbn= 978-0-85112-200-7 |pages=8–18}}</ref><ref name=Falco1999>{{Cite book |last1=Falco |year= 1998 |first1=Charles M. |authorlink=Charles M. Falco |title=The Art of the Motorcycle |author2=Guggenheim Museum Staff |editor1-first= Thomas |editor1-last= Krens |editor2-last= Drutt |editor2-first= Matthew |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |isbn=0-89207-207-5 |chapter=Issues in the Evolution of the Motorcycle |pages=24–31 }}</ref> Many authorities who exclude [[steam engine|steam powered]], electric or diesel two-wheelers from the definition of a motorcycle, credit the Daimler ''Reitwagen'' as the world's first motorcycle.<ref name=OED>{{Cite book |title=Oxford English Dictionary Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=March 2009 |chapter=motorcycle, n. |quote= 1. A two-wheeled motor-driven road vehicle, resembling a bicycle but powered by an internal-combustion engine; (now) spec. one with an engine capacity, top speed, or weight greater than that of a moped.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Long |first=Tony |date=30 August 2007 |title=Aug.&nbsp;30, 1885: Daimler Gives World First 'True' Motorcycle |url=http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/08/dayintech_0830 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)]] |issn=1059-1028 }}</ref><ref name=Kresnak2008>{{Cite book |last= Kresnak |first=Bill |year=2008 |title= Motorcycling for Dummies|publisher= [[For Dummies]], [[Wiley Publishing]] |isbn= 0-470-24587-5 | location= [[Hoboken, New Jersey]] |url=http://books.google.com/?id=ZPgrJByqp4wC |page= |postscript= <!--None--> }}</ref> If a two-wheeled vehicle with steam propulsion is considered a motorcycle, then the first was the French [[Michaux-Perreaux steam velocipede]] of 1868.<ref name=Setright1979/><ref name=Falco1999/> This was followed by the American [[Roper steam velocipede]] of 1869, built by [[Sylvester H. Roper]] [[Roxbury, Massachusetts]].<ref name=Setright1979/><ref name=Falco1999/> Roper demonstrated his machine at fairs and circuses in the eastern U.S. in 1867,<ref name="ThePast1800s"/> and built a total of 10 examples.<ref name=Kresnak2008/> In 1894, [[Hildebrand & Wolfmüller]] became the first series production motorcycle, and the first to be called a motorcycle ({{lang-de|Motorrad}}).<ref name=Setright1979/><ref name=Falco1999/><ref name=Kresnak2008/><ref name="Brief History of the Marque: Hildebrand & Wolfmuller">{{cite web | title=Brief History of the Marque: Hildebrand & Wolfmuller | work=Hildebrand & Wolfmuller Motorad, European Motorcycle Universe | url=http://www.cybermotorcycle.com/euro/brands/hildebrand_wolfmuller.htm | accessdate=28 June 2007}}</ref> In the early period of motorcycle history, many producers of [[bicycle]]s adapted their designs to accommodate the new internal combustion engine. As the engines became more powerful and designs outgrew the bicycle origins, the number of motorcycle producers increased. Many of the nineteenth century inventors who worked on early motorcycles often moved on to other inventions. Daimler and Roper, for example, both went on to develop automobiles. Until [[World War I]], the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world was [[Indian (motorcycle)|Indian]],<ref>{{Cite book |authorlink= Mick Walker (motorcycling) |last= Walker |first=Mick |year= 2006 |title=Motorcycle: Evolution, Design, Passion |publisher=JHU Press |isbn= 978-0-8018-8530-3 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=AHSlknpjrgAC&pg=PA66&dq=Indian+largest#v=onepage&q= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |publisher=The AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame Museum |title=George Hendee |url=http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/hofbiopage.asp?id=68 |accessdate=8 August 2009 }}</ref> producing over 20,000 bikes per year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Youngblood |first=Ed |title=The Rise and Fall |periodical=American Motorcyclist |date=June 2001 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FPsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=20,000 |volume= 55 |issue=6 |publisher=American Motorcyclist Assoc}}</ref> By 1920, this honour went to [[Harley-Davidson]], {{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} with their motorcycles being sold by dealers in 67 countries.<ref>{{Cite news |title=HOG WILD; U of T professor Brendan Calder is one of the legions of baby boomers who have helped to ensure the success of the Harley-Davidson brand name, not to mention its bottom line.|first=Sharda |last=Prashad |periodical=Toronto Star |location=Toronto, Ont.|date=16 April 2006 | page=A.16 |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/1021570771.html?dids=1021570771:1021570771&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Harley-Davidson at 100 |first=Jeremy |last=Cato |periodical=The Vancouver Sun |location=Vancouver, B.C. |date=8 August 2003 |page=E.1.Fro }}</ref> By the late 1920s or early 1930s, [[DKW]] took over as the largest manufacturer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vance |first=Bill |url=http://www.canadiandriver.com/2009/04/24/motoring-memories-dkw-auto-union-1928-1966.htm |work=Canadian Driver |title=Motoring Memories: DKW/Auto Union, 1928–1966 |date=24 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=de Cet |first=Mirco |year=2002 |title=The illustrated directory of motorcycles |publisher=MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company |isbn= 978-0-7603-1417-3 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=wNzyIcw2vxoC |page=128 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |authorlink= Mick Walker (motorcycling) |last=Walker |first=Mick |title=Mick Walker's German Racing Motorcycles |publisher=Redline Books |year=1999 |isbn= 978-0-9531311-2-9 |page=61 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=t5StUPaN3jkC&pg=PA61 }}</ref> After [[World War II]], the [[Birmingham Small Arms Company|BSA Group]] became the largest producer of motorcycles in the world, producing up to 75,000 bikes per year in the 1950s.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} The German company [[NSU Motorenwerke AG|NSU]] held the position of largest manufacturer from 1955 until the 1970s.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} [[File:ZweiRadMuseumNSU NSU-SportMax 1955.JPG|thumb|NSU Sportmax streamlined motorcycle, 250&nbsp;cc class winner of the [[1955 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1955 Grand Prix season]]]] In the 1950s, streamlining began to play an increasing part in the development of racing motorcycles and the "dustbin fairing" held out the possibility of radical changes to motorcycle design. NSU and [[Moto Guzzi]] were in the vanguard of this development, both producing very radical designs well ahead of their time.<ref>{{cite book| title=Exotic Motorcycles | first= Vic | last= Willoughby | publisher= Osprey Publishing, Ltd | location= London | year= 1982 | isbn= 0-85045-322-4}}</ref> NSU produced the most advanced design, but after the deaths of four NSU riders in the 1954–1956 seasons, they abandoned further development and quit [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.motorsportmemorial.org/focus.php?db=ms&n=1418 | work= Motorsport Memorial | title= Rupert Hollaus | accessdate=3 April 2008}}</ref> Moto Guzzi produced competitive race machines, and by 1957 nearly all the Grand Prix races were being won by streamlined machines.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} The following year, 1958, full enclosure fairings were banned from racing by the [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] in the light of the safety concerns. From the 1960s through the 1990s, small two-stroke motorcycles were popular worldwide, partly as a result of [[German Democratic Republic|East German]] Walter Kaaden's engine work in the 1950s.<ref name="Motocross goes International, 1947 through 1965">{{cite web | title=Motocross goes International, 1947 through 1965 | author=Ed Youngblood | work=The History of Motocross, Part Two, Motorcycle Hall of Fame Museum | url=http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/exhibits/mx/history2.asp | accessdate=29 June 2007}}</ref> Today, the motorcycle industry is mainly dominated by Japanese companies such as [[Honda]], [[Kawasaki motorcycles|Kawasaki]], [[Suzuki]], and [[Yamaha Motor Corporation|Yamaha]], although [[Harley-Davidson]] and [[BMW Motorrad|BMW]] continue to be popular and supply considerable markets. Other major manufacturers include [[Piaggio]] group of Italy, [[KTM]], [[Triumph Motorcycles Ltd|Triumph]] and [[Ducati]]. In addition to the large capacity motorcycles, there is a large market in smaller capacity (less than 300&nbsp;cc) motorcycles, mostly concentrated in Asian and African countries. An example is the 1958 [[Honda Super Cub]], which went on to become the biggest selling vehicle of all time, with its 60 millionth unit produced in April 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/autopia/2008/05/honda-sells-its/ |title=Honda Sells Its 60 Millionth{{spaced ndash}} Yes, Millionth{{spaced ndash}} Super Cub |work=Autopia |publisher=Wired |date=23 May 2008 |accessdate=28 January 2010 |last=Squatriglia |first=Chuck }}</ref> Today, this area is dominated by mostly [[:Category:Motorcycle manufacturers of India|Indian companies]] with [[Hero MotoCorp]] emerging as the world's largest manufacturer of two wheelers. Other major producers are [[Bajaj Auto|Bajaj]] and [[TVS Motors]].<ref>{{cite web|last=O'Malley Greenburg |first=Zack |url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/08/05/india-autos-cheapest-oped-cz_zog_0813indiaauto.html |title=World's Cheapest Car |publisher=Forbes |date=13 August 2007 |accessdate=28 January 2010}}</ref> For example, its [[Hero Honda Splendor|Splendor]] model has sold more than 8.5&nbsp;million to date.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hero Honda splendor sells more than 8.5 million units |url=http://www.indiacar.net/news/n60044.htm | publisher= indiacar.net | accessdate=10 August 2008}}</ref> ==Demographics== [[File:Map Motorcycles vs cars by population millions 2002.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Number of motorcycles vs number of cars by country. Size of pie indicates population. 2002 estimates.<ref name=Worldmapper31/><ref name=Worldmapper32/>]] [[File:Bar of cars motorcycles population.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Millions of cars (light blue) and motorcycles (dark blue) in the top 20 countries with the most motorcycles. Population in red. 2002 estimates.<ref name=Worldmapper31/><ref name=Worldmapper32/>]] [[File:TPHCM-Motorcycle.JPG|thumb|Motorbikes are the primary form of transportation in Vietnam.]] In numerous cultures, motorcycles are the primary means of motorised transport. According to the Taiwanese government, for example, "the number of automobiles per ten thousand population is around 2,500, and the number of motorcycles is about 5,000."<ref name="Sustainable Development Indicators for Taiwan">{{cite web | title = Sustainable Development Indicators for Taiwan | author=Chung-Li | work=Workshop on Sustainable Development Indicators | url = http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/eco/html/part5-5.htm | accessdate =14 August 2006}}{{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In places such as Vietnam, motorised traffic consist of mostly motorbikes<ref name=csmonitor>{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/2008/1001/vietnam-eats-sleeps-and-dreams-on-motorbikes |title=Vietnam eats, sleeps, and dreams on motorbikes |author=Patti McCracken |publisher=The Christian Science Monitor |date=1 October 2008 |accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref> due to a lack of public transport and low income levels that put automobiles out of reach for many.<ref name=japantimes>{{cite news|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20081008a2.html|title=Motorcycle makers battle it out in Vietnam|publisher=[[Japan Times]]|date=8 October 2008|author=Hiroko Nakata|accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref> The four largest motorcycle markets in the world are all in Asia: China, India, Indonesia, and Vietnam.<ref name=japantimes/><ref>http://sg.news.yahoo.com/honda-vietnam-build-third-motorbike-plant-140837582.html</ref> The motorcycle is also popular in Brazil's frontier towns.<ref name=brazil>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/04/world/americas/04tabatinga.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/M/Motorcycles,%20Motor%20Bikes%20and%20Motorscooters|title=That Roar in the Jungle Is 15,000 Motorbikes|author=Alexei Barrionuevo|publisher=The New York Times|date=3 November 2008|accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref> Amid the [[economic crisis of 2008|global economic downturn of 2008]], the motorcycle market grew by 6.5%.<ref>{{cite news|title=Honda's $140-a-Month Motorbikes Ease Pain of 'Grim' Car Market|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601109&sid=aoL_x9oQUU44&refer=exclusive|date=3 March 2009|accessdate=11 March 2009|publisher=Bloomberg|author=Makiko Kitamura and Tetsuya Komatsu}}</ref> Recent years have seen an increase in the popularity of motorcycles elsewhere. In the USA, registrations increased by 51% between 2000 and 2005.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.iihs.org/news/rss/pr091107.html | publisher= [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] | date= 11 September 2007 | title= Popularity of high-performance motorcycles helps push rider deaths to near-record high | accessdate=22 October 2008}}</ref> This is mainly attributed to increasing fuel prices and urban congestion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUS190576+19-May-2008+PRN20080519 |title=Soaring Gas Prices Shine Money-Saving Spotlight on Motorcycles |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=28 January 2010 |author=PRNewswire | date=19 May 2008}}</ref> A [[Consumer Reports]] subscribers' survey of mainly United States motorcycle and scooter owners reported that they rode an average of only {{convert|1000|mi}} per year, 82% for recreation and 38% for commuting.<ref name=Travers2010>{{Cite news |title= Survey: Motorcycle and scooter owners are very satisfied with their bikes |url= http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2010/06/survey-motorcycle-and-scooter-owner-satisfaction-owners-are-very-satisfied-with-their-bikes-video.html |accessdate=2 August 2010 |date= 1 June 2010 |last= Travers |first= Jim |magazine= [[Consumer Reports]] |postscript= <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. --> }}</ref> Americans put {{convert|10000|-|12000|mi}} per year on their cars and light trucks.<ref name=EPA-Emissions>{{Cite document |url= http://www.epa.gov/oms/climate/420f05004.htm |accessdate=2 August 2010 |title= Emission Facts: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle |date= February 2005 |publisher= [[Environmental Protection Agency]] Office of Transportation and Air Quality |postscript= <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. --> }}</ref> As motorcyclists age, there is a tendency for riders to choose touring bikes over sports bikes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Broughton |first=Paul |coauthors=Walker, Linda |title=Motorcycling and Leisure: Understanding the Recreational Ptw Rider |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |date=6 May 2009 |location=Farnham, UK |pages=74 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hp2kMO8YYKEC&pg=PA74 |isbn=0754675017 }}</ref> ==Use== [[File:MilkManCrop.JPG|thumb|upright|Milk delivery in [[Karnal]], India]] [[File:IndiaMotorcycle.jpg|thumb|upright|A couple ride on a motorcycle in [[Udaipur]], India. Annual sales of motorcycles in India are expected to exceed 10 million by 2010.]] While people choose to ride motorcycles for various reasons, those reasons are increasingly practical, with riders opting for a powered two-wheeler as a cost-efficient alternative to infrequent and expensive public transport systems, or as a means of avoiding or reducing the effects of urban congestion.<ref name="Rider training in Europe The Views and the Needs of the Rider">{{cite web | title=Rider training in Europe The Views and the Needs of the Rider | author=Bob Tomlins | work=The Federation of European Motorcyclists | url=http://www.fema.ridersrights.org/docs/irt_finalreport.PDF | format = PDF | month= September | year= 1997 | accessdate=30 June 2007}}</ref> In places where it is permitted, [[lane splitting]], also known as filtering, allows motorcycles to use the space between vehicles to move through stationary or slow traffic.<ref name="All the info you need on lanesharing (lanesplitting)">{{cite web | url=http://www.whybike.com/motorcycle274.htm | work=www.WhyBike.com | title=All the info you need on lanesharing (lanesplitting) | accessdate=28 June 2007}}</ref> In the UK, motorcycles are exempt from the £10 per day [[London congestion charge]] other vehicles must pay to enter the city during the day. Motorcycles are also exempt from [[toll (road usage)|toll]] charges at some river crossings, such as the [[Severn Bridge]], [[Dartford Crossing]], and [[Mersey Tunnels]]. Some cities, such as [[Bristol]], allow motorcycles to use [[bus lane]]s and provide dedicated free parking. In the United States, those states that have [[high-occupancy vehicle lane]]s also allow for motorcycle travel in them. Other countries have similar policies. In New Zealand motorcycle riders are not required to pay for parking that is controlled by a barrier arm;<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=8 August 2008|year=2007|publisher=City of Auckland|url=http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/auckland/Transport/parking/guide.asp#fees Parking|title=Drivers guide to Auckland City parking |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080701184859/http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/auckland/Transport/parking/guide.asp#fees <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 1 July 2008}}</ref> the arm does not occupy the entire width of the lane, and the motorcyclist simply rides around it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kiwibiker.co.nz/forums/archive/index.php/t-27383.html |title=Motorcycle parking in Wellington CBD |publisher=Kiwibiker.co.nz |date= |accessdate=28 January 2010}}</ref> Many car parks controlled in this way supply special areas for motorcycles to park, so as not to unnecessarily consume spaces. In many cities that have serious parking challenges for cars, such as [[San Francisco, California]], and [[Melbourne]], Australia, motorcycles are generally permitted to park on the sidewalk, rather than occupy a space on the street which might otherwise be used by a car.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} ==Technical aspects== [[File:1997SuzukiGS500E-001.jpg|thumb|A [[Suzuki GS500]] with a clearly visible frame (painted silver).]] ===Construction=== {{See also|Motorcycle construction|Motorcycle design}} Motorcycle construction is the engineering, manufacturing, and assembly of components and systems for a motorcycle which results in the performance, cost, and aesthetics desired by the designer. With some exceptions, construction of modern mass-produced motorcycles has standardised on a [[steel]] or [[aluminium]] [[Motorcycle frame|frame]], [[motorcycle fork|telescopic forks]] holding the front wheel, and [[disc brake]]s. Some other body parts, designed for either aesthetic or performance reasons may be added. A petrol powered [[motorcycle engine|engine]] typically consisting of between one and four [[cylinder (engine)|cylinders]] (and less commonly, up to eight cylinders) coupled to a [[manual transmission|manual]] five- or six-speed [[sequential gearbox|sequential transmission]] drives the [[swingarm]]-mounted rear wheel by a chain, [[driveshaft]] or [[Gilmer belt|belt]]. ===Fuel economy=== Motorcycle fuel economy varies greatly with engine displacement and riding style<ref name="Motorcycle Fuel Consumption & Real World Performance Guide">{{cite web | title = Motorcycle Fuel Consumption & Real World Performance Guide | work= MFC Website | url = http://www.motorcyclefuelconsumption.com/ | accessdate =13 June 2008}}</ref> ranging from a low of {{convert|29|mpgus|abbr=on}} reported by a Honda VTR1000F rider,<ref name="Total Motorcycle Fuel Economy Guide">{{cite web | title = Total Motorcycle Fuel Economy Guide | work= Total Motorcycle Website | url = http://www.totalmotorcycle.com/MotorcycleFuelEconomyGuide/index.htm | accessdate =14 August 2006}}</ref> to {{convert|107|mpgus|abbr=on}} reported for the Verucci Nitro 50&nbsp;cc Scooter.<ref name="Verucci Gas Scooters">{{cite web | title = Verucci Gas Scooters | work=Gekgo Worldwide, www.gekgo.com | url = http://www.gekgo.com/verucci-gas-scooters.html | accessdate =15 August 2006}}</ref> A specially designed Matzu Matsuzawa Honda XL125 achieved {{convert|470|mpgus|abbr=on}} "on real highways{{spaced ndash}} in real conditions."<ref name="Doing More with Less Energy">{{cite web | title=Doing More with Less Energy | work = The Craig Vetter Fuel Economy Contests{{spaced ndash}} 1980 through 1985 | url = http://www.craigvetter.com/pages/470MPG/470MPG%20Main.html | accessdate =15 August 2006}}</ref> Due to low engine displacements (100&nbsp;cc&ndash;200&nbsp;cc), and high power-to-mass ratios, motorcycles offer good fuel economy. Under conditions of fuel scarcity like 1950s Britain and modern developing nations, motorcycles claim large shares of the vehicle market. ====Electric motorcycles==== {{Main|Electric motorcycle}} Very high fuel economy equivalents are often derived by electric motorcycles. Electric motorcycles are nearly silent, [[zero emission|zero-emission]] electric motor-driven vehicles. Operating range and top speed suffer because of limitations of battery technology.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} [[Fuel cell vehicle|Fuel cells]] and petroleum-electric [[hybrid vehicle|hybrids]] are also under development to extend the range and improve performance of the electric motors. ===Dynamics=== [[File:Motorcycle racing.jpg|thumb|[[Superbike racing|Racing motorcycles]] leaning in a turn.]] {{Main|Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics}} Different types of motorcycles have different dynamics and these play a role in how a motorcycle performs in given conditions. For example, one with a longer wheelbase provides the feeling of more stability by responding less to disturbances.<ref>{{cite book | last=Gaetano | first=Cocco | title=Motorcycle Design and Technology | publisher=MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company | year=2004 | location=Minneapolis | pages=34–35 | quote=So with the same disturbance, the rider with a longer wheelbase will feel less oscilating movement on the handlebars, and therefore, will have a perception of greater stability on the motorcycle.| url=http://books.google.com/?id=80oc8EjsF-4C&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=long+motorcycle+wheelbase | isbn9780760319901= | isbn=978-0-7603-1990-1 }}</ref> [[Motorcycle tyres]] have a large influence over handling. Motorcycles must be leaned in order to make turns. This lean is induced by the method known as [[countersteering]], in which the rider momentarily steers the handlebars in the direction opposite of the desired turn. Because it is counter-intuitive this practice is often very confusing to novices{{spaced ndash}} and even to many experienced motorcyclists.<ref name="Steering in bicycles and motorcycles">{{cite journal | journal = American Journal of Physics, | volume = 68 | issue = 7 | pages = 654–59 | month= July | year= 2000 | author = Joel Fajans | title = Steering in bicycles and motorcycles | url = http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~fajans/pub/pdffiles/SteerBikeAJP.PDF | doi = 10.1119/1.19504 | format = PDF | accessdate =4 August 2006}}</ref> Short [[Bicycle and motorcycle geometry#Wheelbase|wheelbase]] motorcycles, such as [[sport bike]]s, can generate enough torque at the rear wheel, and enough stopping force at the front wheel, to lift the opposite wheel off the road. These actions, if performed on purpose, are known as [[wheelie]]s and [[stoppie]]s respectively. If carried past the point of recovery the resulting upset is known as an "endo" (short for "end-over-end"), or "looping" the vehicle. ===Accessories=== {{Main|Motorcycle accessories}} Various features and accessories may be attached to a motorcycle either as [[Original equipment manufacturer|OEM]] (factory-fitted) or [[after-market]]. Such accessories are selected by the owner to enhance the motorcycle's appearance, safety, performance, or comfort, and may include anything from [[automotive electronics|mobile electronics]] to [[sidecar]]s and [[motorcycle trailer|trailers]]. ==Safety== {{Main|Motorcycle safety|Motorcycle safety clothing}} Motorcycles have a higher rate of fatal accidents than automobiles or trucks and buses. [[United States Department of Transportation]] data for 2005 from the [[Fatality Analysis Reporting System]] show that for passenger cars, 18.62 fatal crashes occur per 100,000 registered vehicles. For motorcycles this figure is higher at 75.19 per 100,000 registered vehicles{{spaced ndash}} four times higher than for cars.<ref name="FARS trends">{{cite web | publisher= [[United States Department of Transportation]] | work= [[Fatality Analysis Reporting System]] | title= Vehicles Involved in Fatal Crashes, 1994–2006{{spaced ndash}} State: USA | url= http://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/Trends/TrendsGeneral.aspx | accessdate=12 November 2007}}</ref> The same data shows that 1.56 fatalities occur per 100 million vehicle miles travelled for passenger cars, whereas for motorcycles the figure is 43.47–28 times higher than for cars (37 times more deaths per mile travelled in 2007).<ref>{{cite web |title=Traffic safety facts, 2008. Report no. DOT HS-811-159 |work= |publisher=NHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis |year=2008 |url=http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pubs/811159.pdf |format=pdf |accessdate=15 September 2010 }}</ref> Furthermore for motorcycles the accident rates have increased significantly since the end of the 1990s, while the rates have dropped for passenger cars. [[File:Modular-helmet.jpg|thumb|left|Wearing a motorcycle helmet reduces the risks of death or injury in a motorcycle crash]] The two major causes of motorcycle accidents in the United States are: motorists pulling out or turning in front of motorcyclists and violating their rights-of-way, and motorcyclists running wide through turns. The former is sometimes called a {{linktext|SMIDSY}}, an acronym formed from the motorists' common response of "Sorry mate, I didn't see you".<ref>{{cite web|title=The 'sorry mate I didn't see you' campaign|work=South Gloucestershire Council |url=http://www.southglos.gov.uk/TransportandRoads/Motorcycling/SorryMateIDidntSeeYou/|accessdate=21 May 2008}}</ref> The latter is more commonly caused by operating a motorcycle while intoxicated.<ref name="The Hurt Report">{{cite web | title=The Hurt Report | author=Hurt, H.H., Ouellet, J.V. and Thom, D.R. | work=Technical Report, Volume 1, Traffic Safety Center, University of Southern California | url=http://www.clarity.net/~adam/hurt-report.html | month= January | year= 1981 | accessdate=16 May 2007}}</ref> Motorcyclists can anticipate and avoid some of these crashes with proper training, increasing their conspicuousness to other traffic, and not consuming alcohol or drugs before riding.<ref>{{citation|publisher=[[Motorcycle Safety Foundation]]|title=Quick Tips: General guidelines for riding a motorcycle safely|accessdate=13 June 2012|date=October 2006|url=http://msf-usa.org/downloads/If_you_ride_a_motorcycle.pdf}}</ref> The United Kingdom has several organisations which are dedicated to improving motorcycle safety by providing advanced rider training over and above what is necessary to pass the basic motorcycle test. These include the [[Institute of Advanced Motorists]] (IAM) and the [[Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents]] (RoSPA). Along with increased personal safety, riders with these advanced qualifications often benefit from reduced insurance costs. In South Africa, the [[Think Bike]] campaign is dedicated to increasing both motorcycle safety and the awareness of motorcycles on the country's roads. The campaign, while strongest in the Gauteng province, has representation in Western Cape, KwaZulu Natal and the Free State. It has dozens of trained marshals available for various events such as cycle races and is deeply involved in numerous other projects such as the annual Motorcycle Toy Run.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thinkbike.co.za/safety/about-think-bike |title=About Think Bike |publisher=[[Think Bike]] |accessdate=21 March 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> [[File:Action-w.jpg|thumb|An MSF rider course for novices]] Motorcycle Safety Education is offered throughout the United States by organisations ranging from state agencies to non-profit organisations to corporations. Most states use the courses designed by the [[Motorcycle Safety Foundation]] (MSF), while [[Team Oregon|Oregon]] and Idaho developed their own. All of the training programs include a Basic Rider Course, an Intermediate Rider Course and an Advanced Rider Course. In the UK and some Australian jurisdictions, such as [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[New South Wales]],<ref name="Learner riders licence">{{cite web | title=Learner riders licence | work=Motorcycle Rider Training Scheme, Roads and Traffic Authority, NSW | url=http://163.189.217.150/licensing/tests/motorcycleridertrainingscheme/learnerriderslicence.html | accessdate=16 May 2007}}</ref> the [[Australian Capital Territory]],<ref name="Learner Licence">{{cite web | title=Learner Licence | work=Road Transport Information Management, www.rego.act.gov.au |url=http://www.rego.act.gov.au/licensing/licencelearner.htm | accessdate=16 May 2007}}</ref> [[Tasmania]]<ref name="TAS Learner Licence">{{cite web | title= TAS Learner Licence | work=Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources, http://www.transport.tas.gov.au |url=http://www.transport.tas.gov.au/licence_information | accessdate=13 June 2009}}</ref> and the [[Northern Territory]],<ref name="Motorcyclist Education Training And Licensing (METAL)">{{cite web | title=Motorcyclist Education Training And Licencing (METAL) | work=Northern Territory Department of Planning and Infrastructure, www.ipe.nt.gov.au | url=http://www.ipe.nt.gov.au/whatwedo/mvr/licensing/metal.html | accessdate=16 May 2007}}</ref> it is compulsory to undertake a rider training course before being issued a Learners Licence. In Canada, motorcycle rider training is compulsory in [[Quebec]] and [[Manitoba]] only, but all provinces and territories have Graduated Licensing programs which place restrictions on new drivers until they have gained experience. Eligibility for a full motorcycle licence or endorsement for completing a Motorcycle Safety course varies by province. The [[Canada Safety Council]], a non-profit safety organisation, offers the Gearing Up program across Canada and is endorsed by the Motorcycle and Moped Industry Council.<ref name="MMIC Information">{{cite web | title=MMIC Information | work=Motorcycle and Moped Industry Council | url=http://www.mmic.ca | accessdate=16 May 2007}}</ref> Training course graduates may qualify for reduced insurance premiums. ==Types== {{Main|Types of motorcycles}} [[File:2009-02-14 Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Custom and Yamaha FZ6.jpg|thumb|A boulevard cruiser (front) and a sportbike (background)]] [[File:Gendarmerie motor officer raising arm in traffic.jpg|thumb|[[Gendarmerie Nationale (France)|French gendarme]] motorcyclist]] There are three major types of motorcycle: street, off-road, and dual purpose. Within these types, there are many different sub-types of motorcycles for many different purposes. Street bikes include [[cruiser (motorcycle)|cruisers]], [[sportbike]]s, [[scooter (motorcycle)|scooters]] and [[moped]]s, and many other types. Off-road motorcycles include many types designed for dirt-oriented racing classes such as [[motocross]] and are not street legal in most areas. Dual purpose machines like the [[dual-sport]] style are made to go off-road but include features to make them legal and comfortable on the street as well. Each configuration offers either specialised advantage or broad capability, and each design creates a different riding posture. ==Motorcycle rider postures== The motorcyclist's riding position depends on rider body-geometry ([[anthropometry]]) combined with the geometry of the motorcycle itself. These factors create a set of three basic postures.<ref name="msf-usa.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.msf-usa.org/imsc/proceedings/b-Smith-ThreeDimensionalAnalysisofRiderPosture.pdf| format= PDF | title=A Three Dimensional Analysis of Riding Posture in Three Different Styles of Motorcycle | month= March | year= 2006 | publisher= [[Motorcycle Safety Foundation]] | accessdate=31 January 2008}}</ref> *Sport{{spaced ndash}} the rider leans forwards into the wind and the weight of the upper torso is supported by the rider's arms at low speed and air pressure at high speed (e.g., above {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}). The footpegs are below the rider or to the rear. The reduced frontal area cuts wind resistance and allows higher speeds. At low-speed this position throws the weight of the rider onto the arms, and this can be tiring to the rider's wrists. *Standard{{spaced ndash}} the rider sits upright or leans forwards slightly. The feet are below the rider. These are motorcycles that are not specialised to one task, so they do not excel in any particular area.<ref name=Maher1998>{{Citation |last1=Maher |first1=Kevin |last2=Greisler |first2=Ben |title=Chilton's Motorcycle Handbook |publisher=[[Haynes Manual|Haynes North America]] |isbn=0-8019-9099-8 |year=1998 |pages=2.2&ndash;2.18 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Savvy Guide to Motorcycles|first=Shirley |last=Duglin Kennedy |publisher=Indy Tech Publishing |year=2005|isbn= 978-0-7906-1316-1 |page=75 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=kEX7Ncd3hO4C&pg=PA75}}</ref> The standard posture is used with [[touring motorcycle|touring]] and commuting as well as dirt and dual-sport bikes, and may offer advantages for beginners.<ref name=Stermer1>{{Cite book|last=Stermer |first=Bill |title=Streetbikes: Everything You Need to Know |publisher=MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company |year=2006 |page=16 |isbn= 978-0-7603-2362-5 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=NMokiWY6E00C&pg=PA16}}</ref> *Cruiser{{spaced ndash}} the rider sits at a lower seat height with the upper torso upright or leaning slightly rearwards. Legs are extended forwards, sometimes out of reach of the regular controls on cruiser pegs. The low seat heights can be a consideration for new or short riders. Handlebars tend to be high and wide. [[Harley-Davidson]]s are exemplars of this style.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Motorcycle Book: Everything You Need to Know about Owning, Enjoying, and Maintaining Your Bike |first=Alan |last=Seeley |publisher=MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company |year=2004 |isbn= 978-0-7603-1745-7 |pages=18–19 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=gX9uopenItAC&pg=PA18 }}</ref> The emphasis is on comfort, while compromising cornering ability because of low ground clearance and the greater likelihood of scraping foot pegs, floor boards, or other parts if turns are taken at the speeds other types of motorcycles can do.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stermer |first=Bill |title=Streetbikes: Everything You Need to Know |publisher=MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company |year=2006 |page=10 |isbn= 978-0-7603-2362-5 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=NMokiWY6E00C&pg=PA10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Savvy Guide to Motorcycles|first=Shirley |last=Duglin Kennedy |publisher=Indy Tech Publishing |year=2005|isbn= 978-0-7906-1316-1 |page=71 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=kEX7Ncd3hO4C&pg=PA71}}</ref> Factors of a motorcycle's [[ergonomics|ergonomic]] geometry that determine the seating posture include the height, angle and location of footpegs, seat and handlebars. Factors in a rider's physical geometry that contribute to seating posture include torso, arm, thigh and leg length, and overall rider height. ==Legal definitions and restrictions== {{Main|Legal definition of motorcycle}} A motorcycle is broadly defined by law in most countries for the purposes of registration, taxation and rider licensing as a powered two-wheel motor vehicle. Most countries distinguish between mopeds of 49&nbsp;cc and the more powerful, larger vehicles (scooters do not count as a separate category). Many jurisdictions include some forms of [[three-wheeled car]]s as motorcycles. ==Environmental impact== {{Cleanup-rewrite|the dispute in the Europe section over LA Times citation up in the intro section is disjointed and confusing. See [[Talk:Motorcycle#Environmental impact section rewrite|talk]]|section|date=September 2009}} In 2007 and 2008, motorcycles and scooters, due to good fuel efficiency, attracted interest in the United States from environmentalists and those affected by increased fuel prices.<ref name="LATimesEmissions">{{cite news|publisher=LA Times|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/highway1/la-hy-throttle11-2008jun11,0,1076364.story|date= 11 June 2008|title=Motorcycles and emissions: The surprising facts|accessdate=8 August 2008|author=Susan Carpenter}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://madisonmagazine.com/article.php?section_id=918&xstate=view_story&story_id=234751|title=Baby, You Can Drive My Vespa|accessdate=8 August 2008|publisher=Madison Magazine|author=Judy Dahl|date=September 2007 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071011162519/http://madisonmagazine.com/article.php?section_id=918&xstate=view_story&story_id=234751 |archivedate=28 January 2010 }}</ref> [[Piaggio Group Americas]] supported this interest with the launch of a "Vespanomics" website and platform, citing lower per-mile carbon emissions of 0.4&nbsp;lb/mile (113&nbsp;g/km) less than the average car, a 65% reduction, and better fuel economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vespausa.com/wwh/Vespanomics-platform.pdf|title=Vespanomics{{spaced ndash}} Vespa Economics|publisher=Piaggio Group USA|accessdate=8 February 2010}}</ref> Other sources, however, claim that while motorcycles produce much less pollution in terms of greenhouse gases, a motorcycle can in some cases emit 10–20 times the quantity of nitrogen oxides (NOx) when compared to the NOx emissions of a car.<ref name="LATimesEmissions"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grist.org/article/umbra-motorcycles/ |title=On motorcycles{{spaced ndash}} Ask Umbra|author=Umbra Fisk|publisher=Grist|date=28 May 2003}}</ref> This is because many motorcycles lack a [[catalytic converter]] to reduce NOx emissions, and while catalytic converters have been used in cars long enough that they are now commonplace, they are a relatively new technology in motorcycles.<ref name="LATimesEmissions"/> Many newer motorcycles (such as later models of the [[Yamaha R1]] and [[Suzuki GSXR1000]], as well as most BMWs which have included catalytic converters since the 1990s) now have factory fitted catalytic converters. Along with other technologies that have taken longer to appear in motorcycles (e.g. fuel injection, anti-lock brake systems),{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} catalytic converters are becoming increasingly commonplace. [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] 2007 certification result reports for all vehicles versus on highway motorcycles (which also includes scooters),<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.epa.gov/otaq/crttst.htm | title= Certified Highway Motorcycle Test Result Report Data (2007) | date= 8 January 2008 | publisher= [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|US EPA]]}}</ref> the average certified emissions level for 12,327 vehicles tested was 0.734. The average "Nox+Co End-Of-Useful-Life-Emissions" for 3,863 motorcycles tested was 0.8531, for a difference of about 16%, not the claimed 10X factor. Likewise, if one looks at how many of the 2007 motorcycles tested were also catalytic equipped, 54% of them, 2,092, were equipped with a catalytic converter. ===United States emissions limits=== The following table shows maximum acceptable legal emissions of the combination of hydrocarbon and nitrous oxides, as well as carbon monoxide, for new Class III motorcycles (280&nbsp;cc or larger displacement) sold in the United States.<ref name=usepa>{{cite web | url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=8d901e18b06ced7049e865853c19356c&rgn=div6&view=text&node=40:18.0.1.1.2.5&idno=40 | title= EPA Emissions Regulations for 1978 and Later New Motorcycles, General Provisions | date= Retrieved on 1 June 2009 | publisher= United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Tier ! Model year ! HC+NOx (g/km) ! CO (g/km) |- | Tier 1 | 2006&ndash;2009 | 1.4 | 12.0 |- | Tier 2 | 2010 and later | 0.8 | 12.0 |} The maximum acceptable legal emissions of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide for new Class I and II motorcycles (50&nbsp;cc&ndash;169&nbsp;cc and 170&nbsp;cc&ndash;279&nbsp;cc respectively) sold in the United States are as follows:<ref name=usepa/> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Model year ! HC (g/km) ! CO (g/km) |- | 2006 and later | 1.0 | 12.0 |} ===Europe=== [[European emission standards]] for motorcycles are similar to those for cars. New motorcycles must meet Euro III standards,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/313/1572/Motorcycle-Article/Motorcycle-Emissions-Regs-Examined.aspx |title=Motorcycle Emissions Regs Examined |publisher=Motorcycle-USA.com |accessdate=28 January 2010 |date=15 February 2007 |last=Madson |first=Bart }}</ref> while cars must meet Euro V standards. Therefore, the difference in total pollution between motorcycles and cars that pass European emission standards would be small, certainly much smaller than the 10X factor claimed by the referenced ''LA Times'' article. Motorcycle emissions controls are being updated and it has been proposed to update to Euro IV in 2012 and Euro V in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dealernews.com/dealernews/Breaking+News/EURO-5-Cycle-Emissions-Proposed-for-2015/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/570289?contextCategoryId=2704 |title=EURO 5 Cycle Emissions Proposed for 2015 |publisher=Dealernews.com |accessdate=28 January 2010 |date=8 December 2008 }}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Motorcycle racing}} *[[Motorcycling]] *[[List of motorcycle manufacturers]] *[[Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling]] *[[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme]] (FIM){{spaced ndash}} the governing body for international motorcycle sport, which also lobbies for the rights and interests of motorcyclists. ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== {{commons|Motorcycle}} <!--========================({{No More Links}})============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA | | IS NOT A COLLECTION OF LINKS NOR SHOULD IT BE USED FOR ADVERTISING. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | =======================({{No More Links}})=============================--> *{{dmoz|Recreation/Motorcycles|Motorcycles}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}} {{Types of motorcycles}} [[Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats]] [[Category:Motorcycles| ]] [[Category:Motorcycle technology| ]] [[Category:Motorcycling]] [[Category:1885 introductions]] [[Category:Wheeled vehicles]] [[ar:دراجة نارية]] [[az:Motosiklet]] [[zh-min-nan:O͘-to͘-bái]] [[be:Матацыкл]] [[bg:Мотоциклет]] [[ca:Motocicleta]] [[cv:Мотоцикл]] [[cs:Motocykl]] [[co:Motto]] [[cy:Beic modur]] [[da:Motorcykel]] [[de:Motorrad]] [[nv:Dziʼizítsoh]] [[et:Mootorratas]] [[el:Μοτοσικλέτα]] [[es:Motocicleta]] [[eo:Motorciklo]] [[eu:Motozikleta]] [[fa:موتورسیکلت]] [[fr:Motocyclette]] [[ga:Gluaisrothar]] [[gl:Motocicleta]] [[gan:摩托車]] [[ko:모터사이클]] [[hi:मोटरसाइकल]] [[hr:Motocikl]] [[id:Sepeda motor]] [[is:Mótorhjól]] [[it:Motocicletta]] [[he:אופנוע]] [[jv:Pit montor]] [[sw:Pikipiki]] [[ku:Motorçerxe]] [[lo:ລົດຈັກ]] [[la:Birota automataria]] [[lv:Motocikls]] [[lt:Motociklas]] [[ln:Tukutuku]] [[hu:Motorkerékpár]] [[mk:Мотоцикл]] [[ml:മോട്ടോർ സൈക്കിൾ]] [[ms:Motosikal]] [[mwl:Motociclo]] [[mn:Мотоцикл]] [[nl:Motorfiets]] [[ne:मोटरसाइकल]] [[ja:オートバイ]] [[no:Motorsykkel]] [[nn:Motorsykkel]] [[pl:Motocykl]] [[pt:Motocicleta]] [[ro:Motocicletă]] [[qu:Mutur phirunku]] [[ru:Мотоцикл]] [[sco:Motorcycle]] [[scn:Motucicletta]] [[simple:Motorcycle]] [[sk:Motocykel]] [[sl:Motocikel]] [[sr:Мотоцикл]] [[su:Motor]] [[fi:Moottoripyörä]] [[sv:Motorcykel]] [[ta:விசையுந்து]] [[th:จักรยานยนต์]] [[tr:Motosiklet]] [[bug:ᨆᨚᨈᨚᨑᨚᨔᨛᨙᨄᨉ]] [[uk:Мотоцикл]] [[ur:آلیچرخہ]] [[vi:Mô tô]] [[war:Motorsiklo]] [[zh-yue:電單車]] [[zh:摩托車]]'