Examine individual changes

[ 0 => '{{otheruses}}', 1 => '[[File:Treny normal.jpg|thumb|right|160px|[[Jan Kochanowski]] with dead daughter in painting inspired by the poet's ''[[Laments (Treny)|Laments]]'']]', 2 => false, 3 => 'A '''lament''' or '''lamentation''' is a [[song]], [[poem]], or piece of [[music]] expressing [[grief]], [[regret]], or [[mourning]]. ', 4 => false, 5 => '==History==', 6 => 'Many of the oldest and most lasting poems in human [[history]] have been laments.<ref>Linda M. Austin, "The Lament and the Rhetoric of the Sublime" ''Nineteenth-Century Literature'' '''53'''.3 (December 1998:279-306) traces the literary rhetoric evoking a voice crying.</ref> Laments are present in both the ''[[Iliad]]'' and the ''[[Odyssey]]'', and laments continued to be sung in [[elegiacs]] accompanied by the [[aulos]] in classical and Hellenistic Greece.<ref>Margaret Alexiou, ''Ritual Lament in Greek Tradition'' (Cambridge University Press) 1974</ref> Lament elements figure in ''[[Beowulf]]'', in the [[Hindu]] [[Veda]]s, and in [[ancient Near East]]ern religious texts, including the Mesopotamian city laments such as the [[Lament for Ur]] and the [[Jew]]ish [[Tanakh]], (which would later become the [[Christian]] [[Old Testament]]). ', 7 => false, 8 => 'In many oral traditions, both early and modern, the lament has been a genre usually performed by women:<ref>Alexiou 1974; Angela Bourke, "More in anger than in sorrow: Irish women's lament poetry", in Joan Newlon Radnor, ed., ''Feminist Messages: Coding in Women's Folk Culture'' (Urbana: Illinois University Press) 1993:160-82.</ref> Batya Weinbaum made a case for the spontaneous lament of women chanters in the creation of the oral tradition that resulted in the ''[[Iliad]]''<ref>Batya Weinbaum, "Lament Ritual Transformed into Literature: Positing Women's Prayer as Cornerstone in Western Classical Literature" ''The Journal of American Folklore'' '''114''' No. 451 (Winter 2001:20-39).</ref> The material of lament, the "sound of trauma" is as much an element in the [[Book of Job]] as in the genre of [[pastoral elegy]], such as [[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Shelley]]'s "Adonais" or [[Matthew Arnold]]'s "Thyrsis".<ref>Austin 1998:280f.</ref>', 9 => false, 10 => 'The [[Book of Lamentations]] or ''Lamentations of Jeremiah'' figures in the Old Testament. In art the ''[[Lamentation of Christ]]'' (under many closely variant terms) is a common subject from the ''[[Life of Christ]]'', showing his dead body being mourned after the [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]].', 11 => false, 12 => 'A Lament in The Book of Lamentations or in the [[Book of the Psalms]] (in the particular Lament/Complaint Psalms of the [[Tanakh]], may be looked at as "a cry of need in a context of crisis when Israel lacks the resources to fend for itself."<ref>Walter Brueggeman, ''An Unsettling God'', (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2009) 13</ref> Another way of looking at it is all the more basic: laments simply being "appeals for divine help in distress". <ref>Michael D. Coogan, ''A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament'', (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009) 370</ref> These laments, too, often have a set format: an address to God, description of the suffering/anguish which one seeks relief, a petition for help and deliverance, a curse towards one's enemies, an expression of the belief of ones innocence or a confession of the lack thereof, a vow corresponding to an expected divine response, and lastly, a song of thanksgiving. <ref>Michael Coogan, ''A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009) 370</ref> Examples of a general format of this, both in the individual and communal laments, can be seen in Psalm 3 and Psalm 44 respectively.<ref>Michael Coogan, ''A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament,'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009) 370</ref>', 13 => false, 14 => 'The ''[[Lament of Edward II]]'', if it is actually written by [[Edward II of England]], is the sole surviving composition of his. ', 15 => false, 16 => 'A heroine's lament is a conventional fixture of [[Baroque opera|baroque]] [[opera seria]], accompanied usually by strings alone, in [[descending tetrachord]]s.<ref>Ellen Rosand, 2007. ''Opera in Seventeenth-Century Venice'' (University of California Press), "The lament aria: variations on a theme" pp 377ff.</ref> Because of their plangent cantabile melodic lines, evocatively free, non-[[strophic]] construction and [[Tempo#Basic_tempo_markings|adagio]] pace, operatic laments have remained vividly memorable soprano or mezzo-soprano [[aria]]s even when separated from the emotional pathos of their operatic contexts. An early example is Ariadne's "Lasciatemi morire", which is the only survivor of [[Claudio Monteverdi]]'s lost ''Arianna''. [[Francesco Cavalli]]'s operas extended the ''lamento'' formula, in numerous exemplars, of which Ciro's "Negatemi respiri" from ''Ciro'' is notable.<ref>"Negatemi respiri" and several others are noted by Rosand 2007:377f.</ref> Other examples include [[Dido's Lament|Dido's lament, "When I am laid"]] ([[Henry Purcell]], ''[[Dido and Aeneas]]''), "[[Lascia ch'io pianga]]" ([[Georg Friedrich Handel]], ''[[Rinaldo (opera)|Rinaldo]]''), "Cara mio ben" (Tomasso or [[Giuseppe Giordani]]). The lament continued to represent a musico-dramatic high point. In the context of [[opera buffa]], the Countess's lament, "Dove sono" comes as a surprise to the audience of [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]'s ''[[Marriage of Figaro]]'', and in [[Gioachino Rossini]]'s ''[[Barber of Seville]]'', Rosina's plaintive words at her apparent abandonment are followed, not by the expected lament aria, but by a vivid orchestral interlude of storm music. The heroine's lament remained a fixture in romantic opera, and the Marschallin's monologue in Act I of ''[[Der Rosenkavalier]]'' can be understood as a penetrating psychological lament.<ref>Called "the Marschallin's Act I lament", in Jeremy Eichler, "Lushly Lamenting the Wages of Time and a Lost Golden Age" opera review in ''The New York Times'' March 15, 2005.</ref> ', 17 => false, 18 => 'The purely instrumental lament is a common form in [[Pìobaireachd]] music for the [[Great Highland Bagpipe|Scottish bagpipes]].', 19 => false, 20 => '== Islamic Lament Songs - Nauha (نوحہ خوانی) ==', 21 => false, 22 => 'Islamic Lament songs or Nauha Khawani is start in 61 A.H , after the incident of [[Battle_of_Karbala|Karbala]]a , where [[Husayn ibn Ali]] killed by the [[Muslims]] brutally . After the killing and disrespect of the family of [[Muhammad]] . People called Shia started to recite lament songs or Nauha . This is very famous in Middle East and South East Asia , people recite lament poetry in their own language , the famous language are Arabic , Persian , Urdu , Punjabi and Saraeki in which people express sadness or [[Karbala]]. {{fact|date=October 2012}}', 23 => false, 24 => '== Famous Shia Lament Songs Vocalists ==', 25 => false, 26 => '* [http://www.nohayonline.com/all.pl?filter=nq&text=Sachey%20Bhai Sayyed Ali Muhammad (Sachey Bhai)]', 27 => '* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LOw7tzTxJWc Nasir Jahan]', 28 => '* [[Nadeem_Sarwar|Nadeem Raza Sarwar]]', 29 => '* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZPCVF6me04 Mukhtiar Ali Sheedi]', 30 => '* [http://www.nohay.com/shabab.htm Shabab-ul-Momineen]', 31 => '* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQVMbmwPm-k Lata Mangeshkar]', 32 => '* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_OV3ElyLYw Hasan Sadiq]', 33 => '* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFxXvwfpHf8 Zanjeerzani Rituals on lamentsong]', 34 => false, 35 => 'You can check the way of recitation from all these [http://www.youtube.com/faqeermaulada links]', 36 => false, 37 => '==See also==', 38 => '* [[Ballad]]', 39 => '* [[Dirge]]', 40 => '* [[Doina]]', 41 => '* [[Elegy]]', 42 => '* [[endecha]] Galician lament, subgenre of the planto.', 43 => '* [[Kommos (theatre)|Kommós]]', 44 => '* [[Lament bass]]', 45 => '* [[Threnody]]', 46 => false, 47 => '* [[King Crimson]] track "Prince Rupert's Lament" on 1970 album ''[[Lizard (album)|Lizard]]'', an instrumental lament played with electric guitar as lead instrument, and the song "Lament" on 1974 album ''[[Starless and Bible Black]]''.', 48 => '* [[Frederik Magle]] track ''Lament'' on the 2010 album ''[[Like a Flame]]''.', 49 => false, 50 => '==Notes==', 51 => '{{reflist|2}}', 52 => false, 53 => '==Sources==', 54 => '*Margaret Alexiou, ''The ritual lament in Greek tradition''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.', 55 => '*Walter Brueggeman, ''An Unsettling God''. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2009', 56 => '*Michael Coogan, ''A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009', 57 => '*[[H. Munro Chadwick]], [[Nora Kershaw Chadwick]], ''The growth of literature'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1932–40), e.g. vol. 2 p.&nbsp;229.', 58 => '*[[Andrew Dalby]], ''Rediscovering Homer'' (New York: Norton, 2006. ISBN 0-393-05788-7) pp.&nbsp;141–143.', 59 => '*Gail Holst-Warhaft, ''Dangerous voices: women's laments and Greek literature''. London: Routledge, 1992. ISBN 04151216555 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Invalid length.}}.', 60 => '*Claus Westermann, ''Praise and Lament in the Psalms''. Westminster: John Knox Press, 1981. ISBN 0-8042-1792-0.', 61 => false, 62 => '==External links==', 63 => '*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJxqC4fiqcM Greek lament song (Mοιρολόϊ - ''Moiroloi'')] from [[Mani Peninsula|Mani]], performed in a funeral', 64 => '*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3EYZtfopzg Traditional Greek lament song (Mοιρολόϊ - ''Moiroloi'')] from [[Epirus]]', 65 => false, 66 => '[[Category:Social philosophy]]', 67 => '[[Category:Traditions]]', 68 => '[[Category:Genres of poetry]]', 69 => false, 70 => '[[fr:Complainte]]', 71 => '[[it:Lamentazione]]', 72 => '[[he:קינה]]', 73 => '[[lt:Rauda]]', 74 => '[[ja:ラメント]]', 75 => '[[pl:Tren (literatura)]]', 76 => '[[ro:Bocet]]', 77 => '[[ru:Ламентация]]' ]