Examine individual changes

'{{For|other uses|Kudzu (disambiguation)}} {{taxobox |name = Kudzu |image = Flowering kudzu.jpg |regnum = [[Plant]]ae |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] |ordo = [[Fabales]] |familia = [[Fabaceae]] |genus = ''[[Pueraria]]'' |species = '''''P. lobata''''' |binomial = ''Pueraria lobata'' |binomial_authority = ([[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]]) [[Jisaburo Ohwi|Ohwi]] |}} '''Kudzu''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|k|ʊ|d|z|uː}}; '''''Pueraria lobata''''', and possibly other species in the genus ''Pueraria''; see [[#Taxonomy|taxonomy section]] below), also called '''Japanese arrowroot''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=pumo|title=USDA PLANTS profile}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?314966|title=USDA GRIN Taxonomy}}</ref> is a plant in the genus ''[[Pueraria]]'' in the [[pea]] family [[Fabaceae]], subfamily [[Faboideae]]. It is a climbing, coiling, and trailing [[vine]] native to southern [[Ecoregions in Japan|Japan]] and south east [[China]]. Its name comes from the [[Japanese language|Japanese name]] for the plant, {{nihongo3||クズ or 葛|kuzu}}, which was written "kudzu" in [[Romanization of Japanese#Historical romanizations|historical romanizations]]. Where it occurs as an [[invasive species]], it is considered a [[noxious weed]] that climbs over trees or shrubs and grows so rapidly, it kills them by heavy shading.<ref name="alabama"/> The plant is edible, but often sprayed with herbicides.<ref name="alabama"/> ==Taxonomy and nomenclature== [[File:Kudzu seedpods 6580.JPG|right|thumb|Kudzu seedpods]] Five species in the genus ''[[Pueraria]]'' are closely related, and the name kudzu describes one or more of them. They are ''P. montana'', ''P. lobata'', ''P. edulis'', ''P. phaseoloides'' and ''P. thomsoni''.<ref name="jewett2003"/> The morphological differences between the four species are subtle, they can breed with each other, and it appears that introduced kudzu populations in the United States have ancestry from more than one of the species.<ref name="jewett2003">{{Cite journal| title = Characterizing Specimens of Kudzu and Related Taxa with RAPD's | jstor = 4034173 | author = D. K. Jewett, C. J. Jiang, K. O. Britton, J. H. Sun and J. Tang | journal = Castanea | volume = 68 | issue = 3 |date=1 September 2003| pages = 254–260 | doi = | issn = 0008-7475 | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00462.x | title = Genetic diversity of Pueraria lobata (kudzu) and closely related taxa as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat analysis | first6 = X-J | last6 = Ge | first5 = W H | last5 = Ye | first4 = K O | last4 = Britton | first3 = D K | last3 = Jewett | first2 = Z-C | year = 2005 | last2 = Li | last1 = Sun | first1 = J H | journal = Weed Research | volume = 45 | page = 255 | postscript = <!--None-->| issue = 4 }}</ref> The name ''Pueraria thunbergiana'' is a synonym for ''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata''.<ref>{{ITIS |id=519768 |taxon=Pueraria thunbergiana (Sieb. & Zucc.) Benth. |accessdate=November 3, 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?30359 Pueraria thunbergiana (Siebold & Zucc.) Benth.], GRIN Taxonomy for Plants, accessed November 3, 2009</ref> {{Clarify|date=January 2010}} ''[[Pueraria tuberosa|P. tuberosa]]'', a species from the Indian subcontinent, is also known as kudzu. ==Propagation== Kudzu [[Plant propagation|spreads]] by [[vegetative reproduction]], via [[stolon]]s (runners) that [[root]] at the [[node (botany)|nodes]] to form new plants and by [[rhizome]]s. Kudzu will also spread by [[seed]]s, which are contained in pods and mature in the autumn, although this is rare.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} One or two viable seeds are produced per cluster of pods. The hard-coated seeds may not [[germinate]] for several years, which can result in the reappearance of the species years after it was thought eradicated at a site.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} ==Uses== ===Soil improvement and preservation=== Kudzu has been used as a form of [[erosion control]] and also to enhance the [[soil]]. As a [[legume]], it increases the [[nitrogen]] in the soil via a [[symbiotic relationship]] with [[Nitrogen fixation|nitrogen-fixing]] [[bacteria]].<ref name="appalachia">{{cite web|url=http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm|title=Kudzu in Appalachia|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Appalachia -- Science in the Public Interest|year=2000|author=Amanda Allen|work=ASPI Technical Series TP 55}}</ref> Its deep [[taproot]]s also transfer valuable [[mineral]]s from the [[subsoil]] to the [[topsoil]], thereby improving the topsoil. In the deforested section of the central [[Amazon Basin]] in [[Brazil]], it has been used for improving the soil pore-space in [[clay]] latosols, thus freeing even more [[water]] for plants than in the soil prior to [[deforestation]].<ref name="brazil">{{cite web|url=http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=2524557&q=kudzu+soil&uid=789920646&setcookie=yes|title= Changes in soil pore-space distribution following deforestation and revegetation: An example from the Central Amazon Basin, Brazil |accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=ProQuest|year=1991|author=Chauvel, A; Grimaldi, M; Tessier, D|work=Forest Ecology and Management}}</ref> but it chocles u no what fuck this shit am done am tired this shit is an ass bubble ===Animal feed=== Kudzu can be used by grazing animals, as it is high in quality as a [[Fodder|forage]] and palatable to [[livestock]]. It can be grazed until [[frost]] and even slightly after. Kudzu had been used in the southern United States specifically to feed goats on land that had limited resources. Kudzu [[hay]] typically has a 15–18% crude protein content and over 60% total digestible nutrient value. The quality of the leaves decreases, however, as [[vine]] content increases relative to the [[leaf]] content. Kudzu also has low forage yields despite its rate of [[cell growth|growth]], yielding around two to four tons of dry matter per [[acre]] annually. It is also difficult to bale due to its vining growth and its slowness in shedding [[water]]. This makes it necessary to place kudzu hay under sheltered protection after being baled. Kudzu is readily consumed by all types of grazing animals, yet frequent grazing over three to four years can ruin stands. Thus, kudzu only serves well as a grazing crop on a temporary basis.<ref name="alabama">{{cite web|url=http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/|title=Kudzu in Alabama: History, Uses, and Control|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Alabama Cooperative Extension System|year=1999|author=John Everest, James Miller, Donald Ball, Mike Patterson}}</ref> ===Basketry=== Kudzu fiber has long been used for fiber art and basketry. The long runners which propagate the kudzu fields and the larger vines which cover trees make excellent weaving material. Some basketmakers use the material green. Others use it after splitting it in half, allowing it to dry and then re-hydrating it using hot water. Both traditional and contemporary basketry artists use kudzu. ===Medicine=== {{medref|section|date=July 2012}} [[File:Kudzu.jpg|thumb|right|Kudzu leaves]] The [[Harvard]] Medical School is studying kudzu as a possible way to treat [[alcoholic]] cravings, by turning an extracted compound from the herb into a medical drug.<ref name="alky5">{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7884540/|title=Got a drinking problem? Try kudzu|accessdate=August 20, 2007 |publisher=MSNBC |year=2006 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> The mechanism for this is not yet established, but it may have to do with both alcohol [[metabolism]] and the reward circuits in the brain. Kudzu also contains a number of useful [[isoflavones]], including [[puerarin]], approximately 60% of the total isoflavones, and also [[daidzein]] (an [[anti-inflammatory]] and [[antimicrobial]] agent) and [[daidzin]] (structurally related to [[genistein]]) It has shown value in treating [[migraine]] and [[cluster headache]]s.<ref name="headache">{{cite web|url=http://med-owl.com/clusterheadaches/tiki-index.php?page=Kudzu|title=Kudzu|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Med-owl.com|year=2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070708100347/http://med-owl.com/clusterheadaches/tiki-index.php?page=Kudzu <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = July 8, 2007}}</ref>{{rs|date=October 2011}} It is recommended by some{{who|date=October 2011}} for allergies and diarrhea.<ref>Duke J. ''The Green Pharmacy, The Ultimate Compendium of Natural Remedies from the World's Foremost Authority on Healing and Herbs'', 1997. Pp. 57; 281-282; 310.</ref> In [[traditional Chinese medicine]] (TCM), where it is known as ''gé gēn'' ({{zh|c=葛根}}), kudzu is considered one of the [[50 Fundamental Herbs|50 fundamental herbs]]. It is used to treat [[tinnitus]], [[vertigo]], and Wei syndrome (superficial heat).<ref>[http://www.altmd.com/Articles/Kudzu--Encyclopedia-of-Alternative-Medicine "Kudzu - Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine", 2008]</ref> Kudzu has traditionally been used as a remedy for alcoholism and hangover in China.<ref>[http://altmedicine.about.com/od/herbsupplementguide/a/herbs_alcohol.htm Kudzu root, a starchy white root native to Japan and China, has been used for in traditional Chinese medicine to reduce alcohol intake and hangovers.]</ref>{{rs|date=October 2011}} The root was used to prevent excessive consumption, while the [[flower]] was supposed to detoxify the liver and alleviate the symptoms afterwards.<ref>[http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69276.cfm#MechanismOfAction The flowers of Pueraria thunbergiana exhibit protective effects against ethanol-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells]</ref> Some TCM hangover remedies are marketed with kudzu as one of their active ingredients. This has also been a common use in areas of the Southeastern United States.{{cn|date=October 2011}} It has also shown potential in animal models of [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Li J |title=Puerarin attenuates amyloid-beta-induced cognitive impairment through suppression of apoptosis in rat hippocampus in vivo |journal=Eur. J. Pharmacol. |volume=649 |issue=1–3 |pages=195–201 |year=2010 |month=December |pmid=20868658 |doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.045 |url= |author-separator=, |author2=Wang G |author3=Liu J |display-authors=3 |last4=Zhou |first4=Li |last5=Dong |first5=Miaoxian |last6=Wang |first6=Rui |last7=Li |first7=Xueyan |last8=Li |first8=Xiaoming |last9=Lin |first9=Chunrong}}</ref> It may help diabetes and cardiovascular disease.{{cn|date=November 2012}} ===Food and beverage=== [[File:Kudzu starch cake,katori-city,japan.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Kuzumochi]]'' (葛餅), Japanese style kudzu starch cake [[Katori, Chiba|(Katori City, Japan)]]]] [[Kuzuko|The roots contain starch]], which has traditionally been used as a food ingredient in East Asia. In [[Vietnam]], the starch called ''bột sắn dây'' is flavoured with [[pomelo]] oil and then used as a drink in the summer. In [[Japan]], the plant is known as ''kuzu'' and the starch named ''[[kuzuko]]''. ''Kuzuko'' is used in dishes including ''[[kuzumochi]], mizu [[manjū]]'', and ''[[kuzuyu]]''. The flowers are used to make a [[Jelly (fruit preserves)|jelly]].<ref name=Burney/> Roots, flowers, and leaves of kudzu show antioxidant activity that suggests food uses.<ref name=Burney>{{cite web|url=http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-03292010-130857/|title=Determination of antioxidant and total phenolic content of ''Pueraria lobata'' and evaluation of novel food products containing kudzu|author=Sandra Lynn Burney|date=2010|publisher=Mississippi State University}}</ref> Kudzu has also been used for centuries in East Asia to make [[tisane]]s and [[tincture]]s.<ref name="Kudzu: Love It or Run">[[Smithsonian Magazine]][http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/kudzu-abstract.html Kudzu: Love It or Run]</ref> Kudzu powder is used in Japan to make a tisane called ''[[kuzuyu]]''. ===Other uses=== Kudzu fiber, known as ko-hemp,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ko-hemp|title=Merriam-Webster Dictionary}}</ref> is used traditionally to make clothing and paper,<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Kudzu (''Pueraria lobata'' (Willd.) Ohwi) | author = Larry W. Mitich | journal = Weed Technology | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | date = Jan. - Mar., 2000 | pages = 231–235 | doi = 10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0231:KPLWO]2.0.CO;2 | jstor = 3988532 | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref> and has also been investigated for industrial-scale use.<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Kudzu (Pueraria Lobata): Potential agricultural and industrial resource | journal = Economic Botany | issn = 1874-9364 | volume = 33 | issue = 4 |date = October 1979| doi = 10.1007/BF02858336 | url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/h5282683q7451772/ | pages = 400–412 | author = Robert D. Tanner, S. Shahid Hussain, Lindsey A. Hamilton and Frederick T. Wolf | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title = The effect of fermentation (retting) time and harvest time on kudzu (''Pueraria lobata'') fiber strength | journal = Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology | issn = 1599-0291 | volume = 57-58 | issue = 1 | date = March, 1996 | doi = 10.1007/BF02941690 | pages = 75–84 | author = Sibel Uludag, Veara Loha, Ales Prokop and Robert D. Tanner | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref> The stems are traditionally used for [[basketry]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC&dq=kudzu+basket|title=The book of kudzu: a culinary & healing guide|author=William Shurtleff, Akiko Aoyagi|publisher=Soyinfo Center|year=1977|isbn=9780394420684}}</ref> It may become a valuable asset for the production of [[cellulosic ethanol]].<ref>Richard G. Lugar, R. James Woolsey. The New Petroleum. Foreign Affairs. 1999. Vol. 78, No 1. p. 88.</ref> In the [[Southern United States]], kudzu is used to make [[soap]]s, [[lotion]]s, and [[compost]].<ref name="basket">{{cite web|url=http://www.dukeemployees.com/offthewall2.shtml|title=If You Can't Beat Kudzu, Join It|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Duke Energy Employee Advocate|year=2003|author=Jeffrey Collins|work=Off the Wall}}</ref> ==Invasive species== [[File:Kudzu on trees in Atlanta, Georgia.jpg|right |thumb|Kudzu growing on trees in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[United States]]]] ===Ecological damage and role=== Kudzu's environmental and ecological damage results from acting through "interference competition", meaning it out competes other species for a resource. Kudzu competes with native flora for light, and acts to block their access to this vital resource by growing over them and shading them with their leaves. Plants may then die as a result, from being suffocated. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Cain|first1=Michael L.|last2=Bowman|first2=William D.|last3=Hacker|first3=Sally D.|title=Ecology|publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc.|location=|year=2011|page=246}}</ref> ===United States=== {{Main|Kudzu in the United States}} Kudzu was introduced from Japan into the [[United States]] at the Japanese pavilion in the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.<ref name="Kudzu: Love It or Run"/> It is now common along roadsides and other undisturbed areas throughout most of the southeastern United States. It has been spreading at the rate of {{convert|150000|acre|abbr=on}} annually.<ref name="scidai">{{cite web| url= http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090719185107.htm | title=Controlling Kudzu With Naturally Occurring Fungus | publisher=[[ScienceDaily]] | date=July 20, 2009 | accessdate=2009-07-20}}</ref> ===Canada=== Kudzu was discovered July 2009 in a patch {{convert|110|m|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|30|m|abbr=on}} deep, on a south-facing slope on the shore, of [[Lake Erie]] near [[Leamington, Ontario|Leamington]], [[Ontario]], about {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ckdp.ca/kudzu-invasion-of-the-killer-vines-or-a-tempest-in-a-teapot/|title=Kudzu: Invasion of the killer vines or a tempest in a teapot?|publisher=Chatham-Kent Daily Post|date=September 27, 2009|accessdate=2010-04-20}}</ref> Leamington is located in the second-warmest growing region of Canada after south coastal British Columbia. Ecologist Gerald Waldron made the Leamington find while walking along the beach. He recognized the kudzu instantly, having read about its destructive expansion in the southeastern United States.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} ===Other countries=== During [[World War II]], kudzu was introduced to [[Vanuatu]] and [[Fiji]] by [[United States Armed Forces]] to serve as [[Military camouflage|camouflage]] for equipment.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} It is now a major weed.{{when|date=December 2011}} Kudzu is also becoming a problem in [[Queensland|northeastern Australia]], and has been seen in isolated spots in [[Northern Italy]] ([[Lake Maggiore]]).{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}} In New Zealand, kudzu was declared an "unwanted organism" and was added to the Biosecurity New Zealand register in 2002.<ref>{{cite journal|date=1 August 2002|title=Kudzu vine an unwanted organism|journal=Biosecurity|publisher=MAF Biosecurity Authority|location=Wellington|issue=37|issn=1174 – 4618|url=http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/files/publications/biosecurity-magazine/issue-37/biosecurity-37.pdf|author1=<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.>}}</ref> ==Control== ===Crown removal=== For successful long-term control of kudzu, it is not necessary to destroy the entire root system, which can be extremely large and deep. It is only necessary to use some method to kill or remove the kudzu root crown<ref name="kokudzu">{{cite web|url=http://kokudzu.com|title=Kudzu Control Without Chemicals|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=kokudzu.com|year=2007}}</ref> and all rooting runners. The root crown is a fibrous knob of tissue that sits on top of the root (rhizome). Crowns form from multiple vine nodes that root to the ground, and range from pea- to basketball-size.<ref name="kokudzu" /> The older the crowns, the deeper they tend to be found in the ground, because the root grows deeper with age. Nodes and crowns are the source of all kudzu vines, and roots cannot produce vines. If any portion of a root crown remains after attempted removal, the kudzu plant may grow back. Mechanical methods of control involve cutting off crowns from roots, usually just below ground level. This immediately kills the plant. Cutting off vines is not sufficient for an immediate kill. It is necessary to destroy all removed crown material. Buried crowns can regenerate into healthy kudzu. Transporting crowns in soil removed from a kudzu infestation is one common way that kudzu "miraculously" spreads and shows up in unexpected locations. ===Mowing=== Close mowing every week, regular heavy [[grazing]] for many successive years, or repeated [[Tillage|cultivation]] may be effective, as this serves to deplete root reserves.<ref name="kokudzu" /> If done in the spring, cutting off vines must be repeated, as regrowth appears to exhaust the plant's stored [[carbohydrate]] reserves. Cut kudzu can be fed to livestock, burned, or composted; strides have been made in using it for vehicle fuel as [[ethanol]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} ===Grazing=== The city of [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]], has undertaken a trial program using [[goat]]s and [[llama]]s to graze on the plant. {{As of|2007}}, the goats are grazing along the [[Missionary Ridge]] area in the east of the city.<ref name="chattanoogan">{{cite web|url= http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_104814.asp|title= Kudzu Goats And Friends Getting To Work On Missionary Ridge|accessdate= 2007-08-20|publisher= [[The Chattanoogan]]|date= 2007-04-03|first= Betsy|last= Bramlett}}</ref> Similar efforts to reduce widespread nuisance kudzu growth have also been undertaken in the cities of [[Winston-Salem, North Carolina]]<ref name="WXII12.com">{{cite web|url= http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html|title= Winston-Salem Using Goats To Attack Problem Kudzu Vines|accessdate= 2010-09-08|publisher= Wxii12.com|date= 2010-08-031|first= Betsy|last= Bramlett}}</ref> and [[Tallahassee, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Neofotis|first=Peter|title= Kudzu (Pueraria montana)|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Pueraria_montana.html|work=Introduced Species Summary Project|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> ===Fire=== [[Prescribed burning]] is also used on old extensive infestations to remove vegetative cover and promote seed germination for removal or treatment. It is usually done to prepare for treatment of the root crowns.<ref name="washington">{{cite web|url=http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html|title=Written Findings of the State Noxious Weed Control Board|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board|year=2007}}</ref> Landscape equipment, such as a [[skid loader]] ("Bobcat"), can also remove biomass. While fire is not an effective way to kill kudzu,<ref name="kokudzu" /> equipment, such as skid loaders, can remove crowns and thereby kill kudzu with minimal disturbance of soil.<ref name="kokudzu" /> ===Herbicide=== To properly manage kudzu, stem cutting should be immediately followed with the application of a systemic [[herbicide]]; for example, [[glyphosate]],<ref name=SE>[http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/kudzu.html Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council Invasive Plant Manual]</ref> [[Triclopyr]],<ref name=SE /> or [[Tordon]],<ref name=MDC>[http://mdc.mo.gov/landwater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/kudzu Missouri Department of Conservation - Kudzu]</ref> directly on the cut stem.<ref name=NPS>[http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm National Park Service - Kudzu]</ref> This process is an effective means of transporting the herbicide into the kudzu's extensive root system. The use of herbicides can be combined with other methods of eradication and control, such as mowing, grazing, or burning, which can allow for an easier application of the chemical to the weakened plants.<ref>[http://www.bugwood.org/crp/kudzu.html Bugwood Network (Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health)]</ref> When it comes to large-scale forestry infestations, soil-active herbicides have been shown to be highly effective.<ref name=NPS /> After initial herbicidal treatment, follow-up treatments and monitoring are usually necessary, depending on how long the kudzu has been growing in the area. It may require up to 10 years of supervision, after the initial chemical placement, to make sure the plant does not return in the future.<ref>[http://www.cwc-chemical.com/HerbicideTreatmentsForKudzu.pdf CWC (A vegetation chemical distribution company) on Kudzu]</ref> Herbicides which have been proven to be effective to control kudzu are claimed to be "rather safe to humans, but generally lethal on most plants."<ref name=ACES>[http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/ Auburn University publication on Kudzu in Alabama]</ref> ===Fungi=== Since 1998, the [[United States Department of Agriculture]], [[Agricultural Research Service]] (ARS) has experimented with using the [[fungus]] ''[[Myrothecium verrucaria]]'' as a biologically based herbicide against kudzu.<ref name="scidai" /> A [[diacetylverrucarol]] spray based on ''M. verrucaria'' works under a variety of conditions (including the absence of [[dew]]), causes minimal injury to many of the other woody plants in kudzu-infested habitats, and takes effect quickly enough that kudzu treated with it in the morning starts showing evidence of damage by midafternoon.<ref name="scidai"/> Initial formulations of the herbicide produced toxic levels of other [[trichothecene]]s as byproducts, though the ARS discovered growing ''M. verrucaria'' in a [[fermenter]] on a liquid instead of a solid diet limited or eliminated the problem.<ref name="scidai"/> ==See also== * [[50 Fundamental Herbs|Chinese herbology]] * [[Daidzein]] * [[Daidzin]] * [[Puerarin]] ==References== {{Reflist|2}} * ''This article was based in part on content from [[public domain]] web pages from the [[United States National Park Service]] and the [[United States Bureau of Land Management]]'' ==External links== {{Commons|Pueraria montana|Kudzu}} * [http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/kudzu.shtml Species Profile - Kudzu (''Pueraria montana var. lobata'')], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]. Lists general information and resources for Kudzu. * [http://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/files/unwantedlettersKudzuLOWRES1.pdf Ontario's Most Unwanted - Kudzu (''Pueraria montana var. lobata'')], Ontario Invasive Plant Council. Lists information and resources for Kudzu in Ontario. [[Category:Edible thickening agents]] [[Category:Invasive plant species]] [[Category:Japanese cuisine]] [[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]] [[Category:Pueraria]] [[Category:Starch]]'