Examine individual changes

'{{About|the color}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Infobox color | textcolor=white | title=Purple | image=File:Color icon purple.svg | hex=800080 | r=128|g=0|b=128|rgbspace=[[sRGB color space|sRGB]] | c=0|m=100|y=0|k=50 | h=300|s=100|v=50 | source=[[HTML color names|HTML]] }} '''Purple''' is a range of hues of [[color]] occurring between [[red]] and [[blue]].<ref>Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief ''Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary'' Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.:1984--Merriam-Webster Page 957</ref><ref>''Webster's New World Dictionary of American English'' (Third College Edition) defines it as: A dark color that is a blend of red and blue." The ''Random House College Dictionary'' defines it as "any color intermediate between red and blue."</ref> The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' describes it as a deep, rich shade between [[crimson]] and [[violet (color)|violet]].<ref name="autogenerated2003">''Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', 5th Edition, 2003.</ref> Purple was the color worn by [[Roman Emperors]] and magistrates, and later by Roman Catholic [[bishop]]s. Since that time, purple has been commonly associated with royalty and piety.<ref>Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques''</ref> ==Etymology== The word 'purple' comes from the [[Old English]] word ''purpul'' which derives from the [[Latin]] ''purpura'', in turn from the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|πορφύρα}} (''porphura''),<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dporfu%2Fra πορφύρα], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> name of the [[Tyrian purple]] [[dye]] manufactured in classical antiquity from a mucus secreted by the [[Murex brandaris|spiny dye-murex]] snail.<ref>{{cite web|title = Online Etymology Dictionary|url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=purple}}</ref><ref>[http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0674820#m_en_gb0674820 purple], Oxford Dictionaries</ref> The first recorded use of the word 'purple' in English was in the year 975 AD.<ref>[[Oxford English Dictionary]], second edition</ref> In heraldry, the word [[purpure]] is used for purple.<ref>{{cite web|editor-first=Stephen|editor-last=Friar|title=A New Dictionary of Heraldry|location=London|year=1987|publisher=[[A & C Black|Alphabooks/A&C Black]]|isbn=0 906670 44 6|page=343}}</ref> ==Varieties and uses of purple== See also: *[[Shades of purple]] *[[List of colors]] <gallery> File:1953 coronation ticket.jpg|Purple is the color of royalty. A ticket for the coronation of [[Elizabeth II]] (1953). File:Procession of the Precious Blood of Jesus Christ-Bruges; nederlandse Bisschop 50.JPG|Purple is the color of piety. Monseigneur Eijk, Bishop of Groningen, the Netherlands File:David Cameron Number 10 official photo.jpg|The purple tie of British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]]. Purple has become a popular color for the neckties of world leaders; it is less aggressive than red, but more active than blue.<ref>Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques.</ref> File:Purpleheart.jpg|The [[Purple Heart]] is awarded to U.S. soldiers who are wounded or killed in action. File:Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from Château Cos D'Estournel.jpg|[[Cabernet Sauvignon]] grapes, France File:Amethyst gem stone texture wwarby flickr.jpg|[[Amethyst]] gemstones File:Fagus sylvatica f. purpurea 03 by Line1.JPG|A purple oak ([[Fagus sylvatica]]) File:Aubergines.jpg|[[Eggplants]] File:Pflaumen.JPG|Plums (''[[Prunus domestica]]'') File:DoubleFuchsias wb.jpg|[[Fuchsia (color)|fuchsia]] in the [[RGB color model]] is purple at maximum brightness. The color is named for the flower, which is named for German scientist [[Leonhart Fuchs]] (1501–1566), one of the founders of the modern science of [[botany]]. File:Magenta flower.JPG|The color [[magenta]] is very similar to [[fuchsia]]. In color printing, it is a [[primary color]], along with cyan and yellow. It takes its name from a battle in 1859 at the city of Magenta. Italy. File:Duochrome super macro eye shadow by m.a.c., ben nye, and coastal scents..jpg|Purple [[eye shadow]] is intended to create the illusion of depth and to attract attention to the eyes. </gallery> ==Purple vs. violet== {{infobox color | title= Violet|textcolor=white | hex= 8F00FF | r=143|g= 0|b=255 | c= 44|m=100|y= 0|k= 0 | h=274|s=100|v= 100<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.forret.com/tools/color.asp?RGB=%238F00FF |title=web.Forrett.com Color Conversion Tool set to color #8F00FF (Electric Violet): |publisher=Web.forret.com |date= |accessdate=2012-12-29}}</ref> |source=[http://tx4.us/moacolor.htm HTML Color Chart @274]}} In the traditional color wheel used by painters, violet and purple are both placed between red and blue. Purple occupies the space closer to red, between crimson and violet.<ref name="autogenerated2003"/> Violet is closer to blue, and is usually less intense and bright than purple. While the two colors do look similar, from the point of view of optics there are important differences. Violet is a spectral, or real color – it occupies its own place at the end of the [[spectrum of light]], and it has its own wavelength (approximately 380–420&nbsp;nm). It was one of the colors of the spectrum first identified by Isaac Newton in 1672, whereas purple is simply a combination of two colors, red and blue. There is no such thing as the "wavelength of purple light"; it only exists as a combination.<ref name=gilbert>{{cite book|title = Physics in the Arts|author = P. U.P. A Gilbert and Willy Haeberli|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qSRqXvZ67lQC&pg=PA112|publisher = Academic Press|year = 2008|isbn = 0-12-374150-5|page=112}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|title = A Text-book of Physics|author = Louis Bevier Spinney|publisher = Macmillan Co.|year = 1911|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=5zgFAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA573}}</ref> Pure violet cannot be accurately reproduced by the Red-Green-Blue (RGB) color system, the method used to create colors on a television screen or computer display. It is approximated by mixing blue light at high intensity with less intense red light on a black screen. The resulting color has the same [[hue]] but a lower [[Colorfulness#Saturation|saturation]] than pure violet. One curious [[psychophysics|psychophysical]] difference between purple and violet is their appearance with an increase in [[luminance]] (apparent brightness). Violet, as it brightens, looks more and more blue. The same effect does not happen with purple. This is the result of what is known as the [[Bezold–Brücke shift]]. While the scientific definitions of violet and purple are clear, the cultural definitions are more varied. The color known in antiquity as [[Tyrian purple]] ranged from crimson to a deep bluish-purple, depending upon how it was made. In France, purple is defined as "a dark red, inclined toward violet." <ref>''Le Grand Robert de la Langue Française'' (2001).</ref> The color called purple by the French, ''pourpre'', contains more red and half the amount of blue of the color called purple in the United States and the U.K. In German, this color is sometimes called ''Purpurrot'' ("purple-red") to avoid confusion.<ref>Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques'', image 69 in French edition.</ref> <gallery> Image:Color icon violet v2.svg|The color violet File:Color icon purple.svg|The color purple File:Boutet 1708 color circles.jpg|In the traditional Boutet color circle (1708), purple is shown between crimson and violet. File:Heraldic Shield Purpure.svg|The French call the color on this shield "pourpre" (purple). French and German purple contains more red and less blue than American or British purple. </gallery> ==In art and history== ===In prehistory and the ancient world: Tyrian purple=== {{Main|Tyrian purple}} [[File:Justinian.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Byzantine Emperor [[Justinian I]] clad in Tyrian purple, 6th-century mosaic at [[Basilica of San Vitale]]]] Purple was one of the first colors used in prehistoric art. The artists of [[Pech Merle]] cave and other [[Neolithic]] sites in France used sticks of [[manganese]] and [[hematite]] powder to draw and paint animals and the outlines of their own hands on the walls of their caves. These works have been dated to between 16,000 and 25,000 BC.<ref>Anne Varichon, ''Couleurs-pigments dans les mains des peuples'', p. 144–146</ref> Beginning in about 1500 BC, the citizens of [[Sidon]] and [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]], two cities on the coast of Ancient [[Phoenicia]], (present day Lebanon), began to exploit a remarkable new source of purple{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}; a sea snail called the [[Bolinus brandaris|spiny dye-murex]]. The deep, rich purple dye made from this snail became known as [[Tyrian purple]], or '''[[imperial purple]]'''.<ref>Anne Varichon, ''Couleurs-pigments dans les mains des peuples'', p. 135–138</ref> The process of making the dye was long, difficult and expensive. Thousands of the tiny snails had to be found, their shells cracked, the snail removed. Mountains of empty shells have been found at the ancient sites of Sidon and Tyre. The snails were left to soak, then a tiny gland was removed and the juice extracted and put in a basin, which was placed in the sunlight. There a remarkable transformation took place. In the sunlight the juice turned white, then yellow-green, then green, then violet, then a red which turned darker and darker. The process had to be stopped at exactly the right time to obtain the desired color, which could range from a bright crimson to a dark purple, the color of dried blood. Then either wool, linen or silk would be dyed. The exact hue varied between crimson and violet, but it was always rich, bright and lasting.<ref>Anne Varichon, ''Couleurs-pigments dans les mains des peuples'', p. 135</ref> Tyrian purple became the color of kings, nobles, priests and magistrates all around the Mediterranean. It was mentioned in the Old Testament; In the [[Book of Exodus]], God instructs [[Moses]] to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth "of blue, and purple, and scarlet.",<ref>KJV Book of Exodus 25:4</ref> to be used in the curtains of the [[Tabernacle]] and the garments of priests. The term used for purple in the 4th century [[Latin Vulgate]] version of the Bible passage is ''purpura'' or Tyrian purple.<ref>http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%2025&version=VULGATE| Bible Gateway, Vulgate Bible (retrieved December 23, 2012)</ref> In the [[Iliad]] of [[Homer]], the belt of [[Ajax (mythology)|Ajax]] is purple, and the tails of the horses of Trojan warriors are dipped in purple. In the [[Odyssey]], the blankets on the wedding bed of [[Odysseus]] are purple. In the poems of [[Sappho]] (6th century BC) she celebrates the skill of the dyers of the Greek kingdom of [[Lydia]] who made purple footwear, and in the play of [[Aeschylus]] (525–456 BC), Queen [[Clytemnestra]] welcomes back her husband [[Agamemnon]] by decorating the palace with purple carpets. In 950 BC, [[King Solomon]] was reported to have brought artisans from Tyre to provide purple fabrics to decorate the [[Temple of Jerusalem]].<ref>Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs: pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', p.&nbsp;136</ref> [[Alexander the Great]] (when giving imperial audiences as the [[Emperor]] of the [[Macedonian Empire]]), the emperor of the [[Seleucid Empire]], and the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|kings of Ptolemaic Egypt]] all wore Tyrian purple. The Roman custom of wearing purple [[togas]] may have come from the [[Etruscans]]; An Etruscan tomb painting from the 4th century BC shows a nobleman wearing a deep purple and embroidered toga. In Ancient Rome, the ''Toga praetexta'' was an ordinary white toga with a broad purple stripe on its border. It was worn by freeborn Roman boys who had not yet come of age,<ref>Liv. xxiv. 7, 2. As cited by ''[[The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities]]''.</ref> [[Magistratus Curulis|curule magistrate]]s,<ref>cf. Cic. ''post red. in Sen.'' 5, 12. As cited by ''[[The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities]]''.</ref><ref>Zonar. vii. 19. As cited by ''[[The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities]]''</ref> certain categories of priests,<ref>Liv. xxvii. 8, 8; xxxiii. 42. As cited by ''[[The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities]]''</ref> and a few other categories of citizens. The ''Toga picta'' was solid purple, embroidered with gold. During the [[Roman Republic]], it was worn by generals in their [[Roman triumph|triumph]]s, and by the [[Praetor Urbanus]] when he rode in the chariot of the gods into the circus at the [[Ludi Apollinares]].<ref>cf. Liv. v. 41, 2. As cited by ''[[The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities]]''.</ref> During the Empire, the ''toga picta'' was worn by magistrates giving public [[gladiator]]ial games, and by the [[consul]]s, as well as by the emperor on special occasions. During the Roman Republic, when a triumph was held, the general being honored wore an entirely purple toga bordered in gold, and Roman Senators wore a toga with a purple stripe. However, during the [[Roman Empire]], purple was more and more associated exclusively with the Emperors and their officers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmdtkw.org/VPurple.html |title=Tyrian Purple in Ancient Rome: |publisher=Mmdtkw.org |date= |accessdate=2012-12-29}}</ref> The Emperor [[Caligula]] had the King of Mauritania murdered for wearing a purple mantle better than his own. [[Nero]] made it punishable by death for anyone else to wear the color. The actual color of Tyrian purple seems to have varied from a reddish to a bluish purple. According to the Roman writer [[Vitruvius]], (1st century BC), the murex coming from northern waters, probably [[murex brandaris]], produced a more bluish color than those of the south, probably [[murex trunculus]]. The most valued shades were said to be those closer to the color of dried blood, as seen in the mosaics of the robes of the [[Emperor Justinian]] in [[Ravenna]]. The chemical composition of the dye from the murex is close to that of the dye from indigo, and indigo was sometimes used to make a counterfeit Tyrian purple, a crime which was severely punished. What seems to have mattered about Tyrian purple was not its color, but its luster, richness, its resistance to weather and light, and its high price.<ref>John Gage (2009), ''La Couleur dans l'art'', p.&nbsp;148–150.</ref> In modern times, Tyrian purple has been recreated, at great expense. When the German chemist Paul Friedander tried to recreate Tyrian purple in 2008, he needed twelve thousand mollusks to create 1.4 ounces of dye, enough to color a handkerchief. In the year 2000 a gram of Tyrian purple made from ten thousand mollusks according to the original formula, cost two thousand euro.<ref>Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques'', p.&nbsp;163</ref><ref>Phillip Ball (2001), ''Bright Earth, Art, and the Invention of Colour'', p.&nbsp;291</ref> <gallery> File:Pech Merle main.jpg|Outline of a hand in [[Pech Merle]] cave, France, made between sixteen and twenty-five thousand years ago. File:Egyptian - Faience Bowl - Walters 48451 - Interior.jpg|An Egyptian bowl colored with Egyptian blue, with motifs painted in dark manganese purple. (between 1550 and 1450 BC) File:Contemporary portrayal of a toga picta.jpg| Painting of a man wearing an all-purple ''toga picta'', from an [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] tomb (about 350 BC). File:Compitalia fresco.jpg|Roman men wearing ''togae praetextae'' with reddish-purple stripes during a religious procession (1st century BC). File:Haustellum brandaris 000.jpg|Tyrian purple was made from a sea snail called [[murex]] File:Fig18j.JPG|Dye bath of Tyrian purple File:Purpur-mit-Ausfaerbung.png|Cloth dyed with Tyrian purple. The color could vary from crimson to deep purple, depending upon the type of [[murex]] sea-snail and how it was made. </gallery> {{-}} ===Purple in the Byzantine Empire and Carolingian Europe=== Through the early Christian era, the rulers of the [[Byzantine Empire]] continued the use of purple as the imperial color, for diplomatic gifts, and even for imperial documents and the pages of the Bible. [[Gospels|Gospel]] [[manuscript]]s were written in gold lettering on [[parchment]] that was colored Tyrian purple.<ref>Varichon, Anne ''Colors:What They Mean and How to Make Them'' New York:2006 Abrams Page 140 – This information is in the caption of a [[color printing|color]] illustration showing an 8th Century manuscript page of the [[Gospel of Luke]] written in gold on Tyrian purple parchment.</ref> Empresses gave birth in the Purple Chamber, and the Emperors born there were known as "born to the purple," to separate them from Emperors who won or seized the title through political intrigue or military force. Bishops of the Byzantine church wore white robes with stripes of purple, while government officials wore squares of purple fabric to show their rank. In western Europe, the Emperor [[Charlemagne]] was crowned in 800 wearing a mantle of Tyrian purple, and was buried in 814 in a shroud of the same color, which still exists (see below). However, after the fall of [[Constantinople]] to the [[Ottoman Turks]] in 1453, the color lost its imperial status. The great dye works of Constantinople were destroyed, and gradually [[scarlet (color)|scarlet]], made with dye from the [[cochineal]] insect, became the royal color in Europe.<ref>Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs: pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', p.&nbsp;137–38</ref> <gallery> File:Empress Theodora.jpg|The Empress Theodora, the wife of the Emperor Justinian, dressed in Tyrian purple. (6th century). File:Karl den store krons av leo III.jpg|A medieval depiction of the coronation of the Emperor [[Charlemagne]] in 800. The bishops and cardinals wear purple, and the Pope wears white. File:Shroud of Charlemagne manufactured in Constantinople 814.jpg|A fragment of the shroud in which the Emperor [[Charlemagne]] was buried in 814. It was made of gold and Tyrian purple from Constantinople. </gallery> ===The Middle Ages and The Renaissance=== In 1464, [[Pope Paul II]] decreed that cardinals should no longer wear purple, and instead wear scarlet, from [[kermes (dye)|kermes]] and alum,<ref>LaVerne M. Dutton, ''Cochineal: A Bright Red Animal Dye'', p.&nbsp;57., http://www.cochineal.info/pdf/Ch-5-History-Dyes-Dying-Industry-Old-World-Cochineal-Industry.pdf</ref> since the deep Tyrian purple from Byzantium was no longer available. Bishops and archbishops, of a lower status than cardinals, were assigned the color purple, but not the rich Tyrian purple. They wore cloth dyed first with the less expensive [[indigo]] blue, then overlaid with red made from [[kermes (dye)|kermes]] dye.<ref>Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques'', p.&nbsp;165.</ref><ref>Elena Phipps, ''Cochineal red: The art history of a color'', p.&nbsp;26.</ref> While purple was worn less frequently by Medieval and [[Renaissance]] kings and princes, it was worn by the professors of many of Europe's new universities. Their robes were modeled after those of the clergy, and they often wore square violet or purple caps and robes, or black robes with purple trim. Purple robes were particularly worn by students of divinity. Purple and violet also played an important part in the religious paintings of the Renaissance. Angels and the [[Virgin Mary]] were often portrayed wearing purple or violet robes. <gallery> File:Aquileia Basilica - Krypta Fresco Bischofsweihe Hermagoras.jpg|A 12th-century painting of [[Saint Peter]] consecrating [[Hermagoras of Aquileia|Hermagoras]], wearing purple, as a bishop. File:Giotto di Bondone 086.jpg|''Madonna and child'' by [[Giotto]] (1266–1320) File:Ghent Altarpiece D - Popes - Bishops.jpg|In the [[Ghent Altarpiece]] (1422) by [[Jan van Eyck]], the popes and bishops are wearing wearing purple robes. File:Rafael - Ressurreição de Cristo (detalhe - anjo).jpg|A purple-clad angel from the ''Resurrection of Christ'' by Raphael (1483–1520) </gallery> ===18th and 19th centuries=== In the 18th century, purple was still worn on occasion by [[Catherine the Great]] and other rulers, by bishops and, in lighter shades, by members of the aristocracy, but rarely by ordinary people, because of its high cost. But in the 19th century, that changed. In 1856, an eighteen-year old British chemistry student named [[William Henry Perkin]] was trying to make a synthetic [[quinine]]. His experiments produced instead the first synthetic [[aniline dye]], a purple shade called [[mauveine]], shortened simply to [[mauve]]. It took its name from the mallow flower, which is the same color. The new color quickly became fashionable, particularly after [[Queen Victoria]] wore a silk gown dyed with mauveine to the Royal Exhibition of 1862. Prior to Perkin's discovery, mauve was a color which only the aristocracy and rich could afford to wear. Perkin developed an industrial process, built a factory, and produced the dye by the ton, so almost anyone could wear mauve. It was the first of a series of modern industrial dyes which completely transformed both the chemical industry and fashion.<ref>{{cite book|author=Garfield, S.|year=2000|title=Mauve: How One Man Invented a Colour That Changed the World |publisher=Faber and Faber, London, UK|isbn=978-0-571-20197-6}}</ref> Purple was popular with the [[pre-Raphaelite]] painters in Britain, including [[Arthur Hughes (artist)|Arthur Hughes]], who loved bright colors and romantic scenes.<gallery> File:Rokotov ekaterina.jpg|Portrait of Empress [[Catherine the Great]] of Russia, by [[Fyodor Rokotov]]. (State Hermitage Museum). File:Arthur Hughes - April Love - Google Art Project.jpg|In England, [[pre-Raphaelite]] painters like [[Arthur Hughes (artist)|Arthur Hughes]] were particularly enchanted by purple and violet. This is ''April Love'' (1856). File:Godey-april-1861.jpg|Purple and mauve were in style throughout Europe in the 1860s, thanks to the invention of the synthetic dye [[mauveine]] in 1856. File:Camille Pissarro 033.jpg|''Portrait of Félix Pissarro'' (1881), by [[Camille Pissarro]] File:CarolineRemy-Renoir.jpg|''Portrait of Caroline Remy de Guebhard'', by [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]] (1841–1919). </gallery> ===20th and 21st centuries=== At the turn of the century, purple was a favorite color of the German painter [[Gustave Klimt]], who flooded his pictures with sensual purples and violets. In the 20th century, purple retained its historic connection with royalty; [[George VI]] (1896–1952), wore purple in his official portrait, and it was prominent in every feature of the coronation of [[Elizabeth II]] in 1953, from the invitations to the stage design inside [[Westminster Abbey]]. But at the same time, it was becoming associated with social change; with the [[Women's Suffrage]] movement for the right to vote for women in the early decades of the century, with [[Feminism]] in the 1970s, and with the [[psychedelic]] drug culture of the 1960s. In the early 20th century, purple, green and white were the colors of the [[Women's Suffrage]] movement, which fought to win the right to vote for women, finally succeeding with the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|19th Amendment]] to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. Later, in the 1970s, in a tribute to the Suffragettes, it became the color of the [[women's liberation movement]].<ref>Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques'', image 75–76.</ref> In the concentration camps of [[Nazi Germany]], prisoners who were members of non-conformist religious groups, such as the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], were required to wear a [[purple triangle]].<ref>{{cite web|author=MoreOrLess |url=http://www.cesnur.org/2006/sd_chryssides.htm |title=Bibelforshcer—The German name for "Jehovah's Witnesses": |publisher=Cesnur.org |date= |accessdate=2012-12-29}}</ref> During the 1960s and early 1970s it was also associated with [[counterculture]], [[psychedelics]] and musicians like [[Jimi Hendrix]] with his 1967 song [[Purple Haze]], or the English [[psychedelic rock|rock]] band of [[Deep Purple]] which formed in 1968. Later, in the 1980s, it was featured in the song and album [[Purple Rain (album)|Purple Rain]] (1984) by the American musician [[Prince (musician)|Prince]]. The [[Purple Rain Protest]] was a protest against [[apartheid]] that took place in [[Cape Town]], South Africa on 2 September 1989, in which a police [[water cannon]] with purple dye sprayed thousands of demonstrators. This led to the slogan ''The Purple Shall Govern''. The violet or purple necktie became very popular at the end of the first decade of the 21st century, particularly among political and business leaders. It combined the assertiveness and confidence of a red necktie with the sense of peace and cooperation of a blue necktie, and it went well with the blue business suit worn by most national and corporate leaders. <gallery> File:Gustav Klimt 009.jpg|[[Gustav Klimt]] portrait of woman with a purple hat (1912). File:King George VI.jpg|[[George VI]] (1895–1952) wore purple in his official portrait. File:Elizabeth and Philip 1953.jpg|The Coronation portrait of [[Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]] (1953) has three different shades of purple in the train, curtains and crown. File:Official program - Woman suffrage procession March 3, 1913 - crop.jpg|Program from a [[Women's Suffrage]] march (1913). File:The Childrens Museum of Indianapolis - Votes for women pennant.jpg|A pennant from the [[Women's Suffrage]] movement in the state of [[Indiana]]. File:Feminism symbol.svg|Symbol of the [[Feminist]] movement in the United States (1970s). The purple color was chosen as a tribute to the Suffragette movement a half-century earlier. File:PurpleHaze-GermanSingle.jpg|"[[Purple Haze]]", a classic anthem of the 1960s by [[Jimi Hendrix]]. File:Princepurplerain.jpg|The album ''[[Purple Rain (album)|Purple Rain]]'', by [[Prince (musician)|Prince]]. File:Five Presidents Oval Office.jpg|Five presidents in the oval office. The two more recent presidents, [[George W. Bush|George Bush]] and [[Barack Obama]], are wearing purple ties. </gallery> ==In science and nature== ===The optics of purple=== Purple, unlike violet, is not one of the colors of the [[visible spectrum]]. It was not one of the colors of the rainbow identified by Isaac Newton, and it does not have its own wavelength of light. For this reason it is called a ''non-spectral color''. It exists in culture and art, but not, in the same way that violet does, in optics. It is simply a combination, in various proportions, of two primary colors, red and blue. In [[color theory]], a "purple" is defined as any [[Spectral color#Non-spectral colors|non-spectral color]] between [[Violet (color)|violet]] and red (excluding violet and red themselves).<ref name="gilbert"/> The [[spectral color]]s violet and [[Indigo (color)|indigo]] are not purples according to color theory but they are purples according to common English usage since they are between red and blue. In the traditional color wheel long used by painters, purple is usually placed between crimson and violet.<ref>See ''Oxford English Dictionary'' definition</ref> In a slightly different variation, on the [[HSV color space|color wheel]], it is placed between magenta and violet. This shade is sometimes called electric purple (See [[Shades of purple]]).<ref>, Lanier F. (editor) ''The Rainbow Book'' Berkeley, California: Shambhala Publications and The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (1976) (Handbook for the Summer 1976 exhibition ''The Rainbow Art Show'' which took place primarily at the [[De Young Museum]] but also at other museums) Portfolio of color wheels by famous theoreticians—see Rood color wheel (1879) p. 93</ref> In the [[RGB color model]], named for the colors red, green and blue, used to create all the colors on a computer screen or television, the range of purples is created by mixing red and blue light of different intensities on a black screen. The standard [[HTML]] color purple is created by red and blue light of equal intensity, at a brightness that is halfway between full power and darkness. In color printing, purple is sometimes represented by the color [[magenta]], or sometimes by mixing magenta with red or blue. It can also be created by mixing just red and blue alone, but in that case the purple is less bright, with lower saturation or intensity. A less bright purple can also be created with light or paint by adding a certain quantity of the third primary color (green for light or yellow for pigment). On a [[chromaticity diagram]], the straight line connecting the extreme spectral colors (red and violet) is known as the [[line of purples]] (or 'purple boundary'); it represents one limit of human [[Color vision|color perception]]. The color magenta used in the [[CMYK]] printing process is near the center of the line of purples, but most people associate the term "purple" with a somewhat bluer tone, such as is displayed by the color "electric purple" (a color also directly on the line of purples), shown below. Some common confusion exists concerning the [[color name]]s "purple" and "violet". Purple is a mixture of red and blue light, whereas violet is a [[spectral color]]. On the [[CIE 1931 color space|CIE xy chromaticity diagram]], violet is on the curved edge in the lower left, while purples are on the straight line connecting the extreme colors red and violet; this line is known as the [[line of purples]], or the purple line.<ref>{{cite book|title = Digital video and HDTV|author = Charles A. Poynton|publisher = Morgan Kaufmann|year = 2003|isbn = 1-55860-792-7|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ra1lcAwgvq4C&pg=RA1-PA221}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = Handbook of Optoelectronics|author = John Dakin and Robert G. W. Brown|publisher = CRC Press|year = 2006|isbn = 0-7503-0646-7|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=fY98hmhWp58C&pg=PA381}}</ref> {{-}} <gallery> File:RGB illumination.jpg|On a computer or television screen, purple colors are created by mixing red and blue light. This is called the [[RGB color model]]. File:CIExy1931.png|The [[CIE 1931 color space|CIE xy chromaticity diagram]] </gallery> ===Pigments=== *[[Hematite]] and [[Manganese]] are the oldest pigments used for the color purple. They were used by [[Neolithic]] artists in the form of sticks, like charcoal, or ground and powdered and mixed with fat, and used as a paint. Hematite is a reddish [[iron oxide]] which, when ground coarsely, makes a purple pigment. Manganese was also used in Roman times to color glass purple.<ref>Anne Varichon, ''Couleurs-pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', p. 146</ref> *[[Han purple]] was the first synthetic purple pigment, invented in China in about 700 BC. It was used in wall paintings and pottery and other applications. In color it was very close to [[indigo]], which had a similar chemical structure. Han purple was very unstable, and sometimes was the result of the chemical breakdown of Han blue. During the Middle Ages, artists usually made purple by combining red and blue pigments; most often blue azurite or lapis-lazuili with [[red ochre]], [[cinnabar]] or [[minium]]. They also combined lake colors made by mixing dye with powder; using [[woad]] or [[indigo]] dye for the blue, and dye made from [[cochineal]] for the red.<ref name="Anne Carichon 2000 p.&nbsp;133"/> *[[Cobalt violet]] was the first modern synthetic color in the purple family, manufactured in 1859. It was found, along with [[cobalt blue]], in the palette of [[Claude Monet]], [[Paul Signac]], and [[Georges Seurat]]. It was stable, but had low tinting power and was expensive, so quickly went out of use.<ref>Isabelle Roelofs, ''La Couleur Expliquée aux artistes, 52–53.</ref>'' *[[Manganese violet]] was a stronger color than cobalt violet, and replaced it on the market. *[[Quinacridone]] violet, one of a modern synthetic organic family of colors, was discovered in 1896 but not marketed until 1955. It is sold today under a number of brand names. <gallery> File:Lascaux painting.jpg|[[Manganese]] pigments were used in the [[neolithic]] paintings in the [[Lascaux cave]], France. File:Hematite.jpg|[[Hematite]] was often used as the red-purple color in the cave paintings of [[Neolithic]] artists. File:Purpurite-120161.jpg|A sample of [[purpurite]], or manganese phosphate, from the Packrat Mine in Southern California. File:Cobaltviolet.jpg|A swatch of cobalt violet, popular among the French [[impressionists]]. File:Manganese violet.jpg|[[Manganese violet]] is a synthetic pigment invented in the mid-nineteenth century. File:CI Pigment Violet 19 Beta.JPG|[[Quinacridone]] violet, a synthetic organic pigment sold under many different names. </gallery> ===Dyes=== The most famous purple dye in the ancient world was [[Tyrian purple]], made from a type of sea snail called the [[murex]], found around the Mediterranean. (See history section above). In western [[Polynesia]], residents of the islands made a purple dye similar to Tyrian purple from the [[sea urchin]]. In Central America, the inhabitants made a dye from a different sea snail, the [[purpura]], found on the coasts of [[Costa Rica]] and [[Nicaragua]]. The [[Mayans]] used this color to dye fabric for religious ceremonies, while the [[Aztecs]] used it for paintings of ideograms, where it symbolized royalty.<ref name="Anne Carichon 2000 p.&nbsp;133">Anne Carichon (2000), ''Couleurs: pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples''. p.&nbsp;133.</ref> In the Middle Ages dyers believed that mixing two different colors to dye cloth was unnatural and diabolic. Those who dyed blue fabric and red fabric were members of different guilds, and were forbidden to dye any other colors than those of their own guild. Most purple fabric was made by the dyers who worked with red, and who used dye from [[Rubia|madder]] or [[cochineal]], so Medieval violet colors were inclined toward red. [[Orcein]], or ''purple moss'', was another common purple dye. It was known to the ancient Greeks and Hebrews, and was made from a Mediterranean [[lichen]] called archil or dyer's moss ([[Roccella tinctoria]]), combined with an [[ammoniac]], usually urine. Orcein began to achieve popularity again in the 19th century, when violet and purple became the color of demi-mourning, worn after a widow or widower had worn black for a certain time, before he or she returned to wearing ordinary colors.<ref>Anne Carichon (2000), ''Couleurs: pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples''. p.&nbsp;144.</ref> From the Middle Ages onward, purple and violet dyes for the clothing of common people were often made from the [[blackberry]] or other red fruit of the genus [[rubus]], or from the [[mulberry]]. All of these dyes were more reddish than bluish, and faded easily with washing and exposure to sunlight. A popular new dye which arrived in Europe from the New World during the Renaissance was made from the wood of the [[logwood]] tree (H''aematoxylum campechianum''), which grew in Spanish Mexico. Depending on the different minerals added to the dye, it produced a blue, red, black or, with the addition of [[alum]], a purple color, It made a good color, but, like earlier dyes, it did not resist sunlight or washing. In the 18th century, chemists in England, France and Germany began to create the first synthetic dyes. Two synthetic purple dyes were invented at about the same time. '''Cudbear''' is a [[dye]] extracted from [[orchil]] [[lichen]]s that can be used to dye [[wool]] and [[silk]], without the use of [[mordant]]. Cudbear was developed by Dr Cuthbert Gordon of [[Scotland]]: production began in 1758, The lichen is first boiled in a solution of [[ammonium carbonate]]. The mixture is then cooled and [[ammonia]] is added and the mixture is kept damp for 3–4 weeks. Then the lichen is dried and ground to powder. The manufacture details were carefully protected, with a ten-feet high wall being built around the manufacturing facility, and staff consisting of Highlanders sworn to secrecy. '''French purple''' was developed in France at about the same time. The lichen is extracted by urine or ammonia. Then the extract is acidified, the dissolved dye precipitates and is washed. Then it is dissolved in ammonia again, the solution is heated in air until it becomes purple, then it is precipitated with [[calcium chloride]]; the resulting dye was more solid and stable than other purples. '''Cobalt violet''' is a synthetic pigment that was invented in the second half of the 19th century, and is made by a similar process as [[cobalt blue]], [[cerulean blue]] and [[cobalt green]]. It is the violet pigment most commonly used today by artists. '''[[Mauveine]]''', also known as '''[[aniline]] purple''' and '''Perkin's [[mauve]]''', was the first synthetic [[organic chemistry|organic chemical]] [[dye]],<ref>{{Cite journal | title= History: 150 Years of mauveine | author= Hubner K | journal= Chemie in unserer Zeit | year= 2006 | volume= 40 | issue= 4 | pages= 274–275 | doi= 10.1002/ciuz.200690054 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title= Perkin’s Mauve: Ancestor of the Organic Chemical Industry | author= Anthony S. Travis | journal= Technology and Culture | year= 1990 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 51–82 | doi= 10.2307/3105760 | jstor=3105760 }}</ref> discovered [[serendipity|serendipitously]] in 1856. Its chemical name is 3-amino-2,±9-dimethyl-5-phenyl-7-(p-tolylamino)phenazinium acetate. [[Fuchsine]] was another synthetic dye made shortly after mauveine. It produced a brilliant fuchsia color. In the 1950s, a new family of purple and violet synthetic organic pigments called [[quinacridone]] came onto the market. It had originally been discovered in 1896, but were not synthetized until 1936, and not manufactured until the 1950s. The colors in the group range from deep red to bluish purple in color, and have the molecular formula C₂₀H₁₂N₂O₂. They have strong resistance to sunlight and washing, and are widely used today in oil paints, water colors, and acrylics, as well as in automobile coatings and other industrial coatings. <gallery> File:Black Butte blackberry.jpg|[[Blackberry|Blackberries]] were sometimes used to make purple dye in the Middle Ages. File:A lichen - Ochrolechia tartarea - geograph.org.uk - 995354.jpg|This lichen, growing on a tree in Scotland, was used in the 18th century to make a common purple dye called Cudbear. File:Mauv2.jpg|A sample of silk dyed with the original [[mauveine]] dye. File:Basic Fuchsine in aqueous solution.jpg|A sample of [[fuchsine]] dye </gallery> ===Animals=== <gallery> File:Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis.jpg|The [[purple frog]] is a species of [[amphibian]] found in India. File:Pseudanthias pascalus.jpg|''Pseudanthias pascalus'' or Purple Queenfish. File:PurpleUrchinPuertoVG.JPG|The [[purple sea urchin]] from Mexico. File:Purple Heron in flight.jpg|A [[purple heron]] in flight (South Africa). File:Carpodacus purpureus CT3.jpg |A [[purple finch]] (North America). File:Lorius domicella -Jurong Bird Park -upper body-8a.jpg|The ''[[Lorius domicella]]'', or Purple-Naped Lory, from Indonesia. File:Amazona imperialis -Roseau -Dominica -aviary-6a-3c.jpg|The [[Imperial Amazon]] parrot is featured on the national flag of [[Dominica]], making it the only national flag in the world with a violet or purple color. File:Purpurnaschvogel (Cyanerpes caeruleus) 03.jpg|The [[Purple Honeycreeper]] from South America does not appear to be purple at all. How it received its name is a mystery. </gallery> ===Why grapes, eggplants and pansies are purple=== Grapes, eggplants, pansies and other fruits, vegetables and flowers are purple because they contain natural pigments called [[Anthocyanins]]. These pigments are found in the leaves, roots, stems, vegetables, fruits and flowers of all plants. They aid [[photosynthesis]] by blocking harmful wavelengths of light that would damage the leaves. In flowers, the purple Anthocyanins help attract insects who pollinate the flowers. Not all Anthocyanins are purple; they vary in color from red to purple to blue, green or yellow, depending upon the level of their [[pH]]. <gallery> File:Purplec.png|The purple colors of this [[cauliflower]], grapes, fruits, vegetables and flowers comes from natural pigments called [[Anthocyanins]]. File:Indicateur chou rouge.jpg|Anthocyanins range in color from red to purple to green, blue and yellow, depending upon the level of their [[pH]]. File:Img fagus sylvatica atropurpurea 1890.jpg|Anthocyanins also account for the purple color in these [[Fagus sylvatica|copper beech]] trees, and in purple autumn leaves. File:Blood orange sliced.jpg|Anthocyanins produce the purple color in blood oranges. </gallery> ===Plants and flowers=== *[[Stipa|Purple needlegrass]] is the [[state grass]] of California. <gallery> File:An Indian Purple Eggplant (Brinjal).jpg|[[Eggplant]] is popular in cuisines all around the world. These are Indian eggplants. File:Artichoke in Dalat, Vietnam.jpg|An [[artichoke]] flower in blossom in Dalat, [[Vietnam]] File:Iris germanica10.jpg|[[Iris germanica]] flowers File:Lilac blossom Fliederblüte Syringa vulgaris 05.jpg|[[Syringa vulgaris]], or [[lilac]] blossoms File:Medicago sativa (5183006168).jpg|[[Medicago sativa]], known as [[alfalfa]] in the U.S. and lucerne in the U.K. File:Aster alpinus 002.JPG|The [[Aster alpinus]], or alpine aster, is native to the European mountains, including the [[Alps]], while a subspecies is found in [[Canada]] and the [[United States]]. File:Single lavendar flower02.jpg|[[Lavender]] flowers. File:Purple Rose1.jpg|A purple [[rose]]. File:Glicine foto.JPG|[[Wisteria]] covers a garden in [[Rapallo]], Italy. </gallery> ===Microbiology=== *[[Purple bacteria]] are [[proteobacteria]] that are [[phototroph]]ic, that is, capable of producing energy through [[photosynthesis]].<ref name=bryantfrigaard>{{cite journal |author=D.A. Bryant & N.-U. Frigaard |date=November 2006 |title=Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated |journal=Trends Microbiol. |volume=14 |issue=11 |page=488 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2006.09.001 |pmid=16997562 }}</ref> *In April 2007 it was suggested that early [[archaea]] may have used [[retinal]], a purple pigment, instead of [[chlorophyll]], to extract energy from the sun. If so, large areas of the ocean and shoreline would have been colored purple; this is called the [[Purple Earth hypothesis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/environment/070410_purple_earth.html |title=Early Earth Was Purple, Study Suggests: |publisher=Livescience.com |date=2007-04-10 |accessdate=2012-12-29}}</ref> ===Astronomy=== * One of the [[star]]s in the [[Pleiades]], called [[Pleione (star)|Pleione]], is sometimes called ''Purple Pleione'' because, being a fast spinning star, it has a purple hue caused by its blue-white color being obscured by a spinning ring of electrically excited red [[hydrogen]] gas.<ref>Barnett, Lincoln and the editorial staff of Life ''The World We Live In'' New York:1955--Simon and Schuster--Page 284 There is also an illustration of Purple Pleione by the noted astronomical artist [[Chesley Bonestell]].</ref> *The [[Purple Forbidden enclosure]] is a name used in traditional [[Chinese astronomy]] for those [[Chinese constellations]] that surround the [[North Celestial Pole]]. ===Geography=== *[[Purple Mountain]] in China is located on the eastern side of [[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu|Jiangsu Province]], People’s Republic of China. Its peaks are often found enveloped in purple clouds at dawn and dusk, hence comes its name "Purple Mountain". The [[Purple Mountain Observatory]] is located there. *[[Purple Mountain, County Kerry|Purple Mountain]] in County Kerry, Ireland, takes its name from the color of the shivered slate on its summit. *[[Purple Mountain (Wyoming)|Purple Mountain]] in [[Wyoming]] (el. {{convert|8392|ft|m}} is a mountain peak in the southern section of the [[Gallatin Range]] in [[Yellowstone National Park]]. *Purple Mountain, Alaska *Purple Mountain, Oregon *Purple Mountain, Washington *Purple Peak, Colorado <gallery> File:Purple Mountain View, Killarney.jpg|[[Purple Mountain, County Kerry|Purple Mountain]] near Killarney, Ireland. File:PurpleMountainYNP2010.jpg|[[Purple Mountain (Wyoming)|Purple Mountain]] in [[Yellowstone National Park]]. File:PurpleMountain01.JPG|[[Purple Mountain]] in China. </gallery> ===Why distant mountains look blue or purple=== The greater the distance from the eye to mountains, the lighter and more blue they appear. This effect, long recognized by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and other painters, is called [[aerial perspective]] or atmospheric perspective. The more distant the mountains are, the less contrast the eye sees between the mountains and the sky. The bluish color is caused by an optical effect called [[Rayleigh scattering]]. The sunlit sky is blue because [[air]] scatters short-[[wavelength]] light more than longer wavelengths. Since blue light is at the short wavelength end of the visible spectrum, it is more strongly scattered in the atmosphere than long wavelength red light. The result is that the human eye perceives blue when looking toward parts of the sky other than the sun.<ref>"[http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9062822 Rayleigh scattering]." ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 16 Nov. 2007.</ref> At sunrise and sunset, the light is passing through the atmosphere at a lower angle, and traveling a greater distance through a larger volume of air. Much of the green and blue is scattered away, and more red light comes to your eye, creating the colors of the sunrise and sunset and making the mountains look purple. <gallery> File:Aerial perspective 1.JPG|The more distant mountains are, the lighter and more blue they are. This is called atmospheric perspective or [[aerial perspective]]. File:Auke Bay Alaska 2.jpg|Sunset at [[Auke Bay]], [[Alaska]]. Thanks to [[Rayleigh scattering]], the mountains appear purple. </gallery> ==Associations and symbolism== ===Royalty=== * In Europe, since the time of the [[Tyrian purple]] worn by [[Roman Emperors]], purple has been the color most associated with royalty. It is still used by the [[British Royal Family]] and other royalty in Europe as a ceremonial color on special occasions.<ref name="Eva Heller pg. 162">Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques''. p. 162</ref> <gallery> File:NorthernIrelandStamp1958 3D.jpg|A purple postage stamp honored [[Elizabeth II]] (1958) File:Dronning Margrethe II (crop).jpg|[[Margrethe II of Denmark|The Queen of Denmark]] (2010). </gallery> ===Piety, faith, penitence, and theology=== In the west, purple or violet is the color most associated with piety and faith.<ref name="Eva Heller pg. 162"/> In the year 1464, shortly after the fall of [[Constantinople]], which stopped the supply of [[Tyrian purple]] to Europe, [[Pope Paul II]] changed the color worn by Cardinals from purple to red, dyed with expensive [[cochineal]]. The next higher rank, Bishops, were given the purple color, made then from a less-expensive mixture of [[indigo]] and cochineal. In the [[Roman Catholic]] liturgy, purple symbolizes [[penitence]]; priests wear a purple garment when they hear confession. Purple is also worn by priests during [[Lent]]. Since the [[Vatican II Council]] (1962–65), priests may wear purple rather than black when officiating at funerals – it was decided that black, as the color of mourning, should not be a formal part of a religious service. Purple robes are also worn as part of the academic dress worn at graduation and university ceremonies by students of theology. Purple is also often worn by senior pastors of [[Protestant]] churches, and by bishops of the [[Anglican Communion]]. <gallery> File:Cardinals and bishops in Bruges escorted by police.jpg|In the [[Roman Catholic]] church, Cardinals wear red and Bishops wear purple File:Katharine Jefferts Schori 2.jpg|[[Katharine Jefferts Schori]], Presiding Bishop of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church of the United States]]. </gallery> The color purple is also associated with royalty in the Christian aspect. ===Vanity, extravagance, individualism=== In Europe and America, purple is the color most associated with vanity, extravagance, and individualism. Among the seven major sins, it represents vanity. It is a color which is designed to attract attention.<ref>"Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques'', p. 167–68</ref> ===The artificial and the unconventional=== Purple is the color most often associated with the artificial and the unconventional. It is the major color that occurs the least frequently in nature, and was the first color to be synthesized.<ref>"Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques'', p. 170</ref> ===Ambiguity and ambivalence=== Purple is the color most associated with ambiguity. Like other colors made by combining two primary colors, it is seen as uncertain and equivocal.<ref>"Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques'', p. 167–174</ref> ===Mourning=== In Britain, purple is sometimes associated with [[mourning]]. In Victorian times, close relatives wore black for the first year following a death ("deep mourning") , and then replaced it with purple or dark green trimmed with black. This is rarely practiced today.<ref>[http://england.prm.ox.ac.uk/englishness-funeral-clothing.html Oxford University Museum – Funeral Clothing]</ref> ==In culture and society== ===Asian culture=== * In China, purple represents spiritual awareness, physical and mental healing, strength and abundance. A red purple symbolizes luck and fame. The Chinese word for purple, ''zi'', is connected with the North Star, [[Polaris]], or ''zi Wei'' in Chinese. * In Chinese astrology the North Star was the home of the Celestial Emperor, the ruler of the heavens (As noted above, the area around the North Star is called the [[Purple Forbidden Enclosure]] in [[Chinese astronomy]].). For that reason the forbidden city in Beijing was also known as the purple forbidden city (''zi Jin cheng''). *In [[Chinese painting]], the color purple represents the ''harmony of the [[Cosmos|universe]]'' because it is a combination of [[red]] and [[blue]] ([[Yin and yang]] respectively).<ref>Varichon, Anne ''Colors:What They Mean and How to Make Them'' New York:2006 Abrams Page 138</ref> *In Japan, purple is the color of privilege and wealth, the color associated with the Japanese aristocracy. The word for purple is ''murasaki'', which is also the name of the [[Purple Gromwell]] flower *Purple was a popular color introduced into Japanese dress during the [[Heian Period]] (794–1185). The dye was made from the root of the alkanet plant ([[Anchusa officinalis]]), also known as murasaki in Japanese. At about the same time, Japanese painters began to use a pigment made from the same plant.<ref>Anne Varichon, ''Couleurs: pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', p.&nbsp;139</ref> *In Thailand, widows in mourning wear the color purple. Purple is also associated with Saturday on the [[Thai solar calendar]]. <gallery> File:Eastern Han Luoyang Mural of Liubo players.jpg|[[Han purple]] and [[Han blue]] were synthetic colors made by artisans in China during the [[Han dynasty]] (206 BC to 220 AD) or even earlier. File:Jidai Matsuri 2009 161.jpg|A Japanese woman in the kimono stye popular in the [[Heian Period]] (794–1185) File:Emperor Kōmyō.jpg | [[Emperor Komyo]] of Japan. (1322–1380). Purple was the color of the aristocracy in Japan. </gallery> ===Idioms and expressions=== *[[Purple prose]] refers to pretentious or overly embellished writing. For example, a paragraph containing an excessive number of long and unusual words is called a purple passage. *'''Born to the purple''' means someone who is born into a life of wealth and privilege. It originally was used to describe the rulers of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. The Empresses gave birth in a purple chamber in the palace in Constantinople. *A '''purple patch''' is a period of exceptional success or good luck. The origins are obscure, but it probably refers to the symbol of success of the Byzantine Court. Bishops in Byzantium wore a purple patch on their costume as a symbol of rank. *'''Purple haze''' refers to a state of mind induced by [[psychedelic]] drugs, particularly [[LSD]]. It is said to have originated because the first LSD manufactured by the [[pharmaceutical]] company [[Sandoz]] was contained in purple capsules. [[Owsley Stanley]] also produced a batch of LSD in 1966 that was contained in purple pills. In addition, there is a strain of [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] called [[Purple Haze (cannabis)|Purple Haze]] that has purple buds. The expression ''purple haze'' gave its name to a 1967 song by [[Jimi Hendrix]]. Hendrix denied that his song was about drugs, saying that he took the expression from a science fiction novel that he had read.<ref>Classic Tracks Back To Back, Thunder Bay Press, p. 91</ref> *'''Wearing purple''' is a military slang expression in the U.S., Canada and the U.K. for an officer who is serving in a joint assignment with another service; an Army officer on assignment to the Navy, an Air Force officer in the Marines, etc. The officer is symbolically putting aside his or her traditional uniform color and exclusive loyalty to their service during the joint assignment, though in fact they continue to wear their own service's uniform.<ref>http://www.carlisle.army.mil/library/bibs/joint07.pd Joint Service handbook of the U.S. Army War College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.</ref> ===Military=== *The [[Purple Heart]] is a United States [[Awards and decorations of the United States military|military decoration]] awarded in the name of the President to those who have been wounded or killed during their service. ===Music=== *[[Deep Purple]] is a popular [[rock and roll|rock]] band. *[[Deep Purple (song)|"Deep Purple"]] is also the name of a popular song that was the favorite of [[Babe Ruth]]. *"Hail to purple" is a line in the [[Northwestern University]] [[alma mater]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.northwestern.edu/about/historic-moments/events-and-celebrations/behind-northwesterns-songs.html | title = Behind Northwestern's Songs: Northwestern University | accessdate = 2011-06-10 | publisher = [[Northwestern University]]}}</ref> *Purple are a British [[tribute band]] to Deep Purple. *The Mulberry Purple is a popular [[modern rock]] band. *"[[Purple People Eater]]" was one of the biggest [[rock and roll]] hits of 1958.<ref>[http://www.shebwooley.com/ppe.htm Lyrics and audio recording of the song Purple People Eater:]</ref> *"[[Purple Haze]]" is one of the most popular songs by [[Jimi Hendrix]]. *"Tha Purple" is a song performed by the duo Pablo and Victor. *Purple is the favorite color of the pop celebrity [[Prince (musician)|Prince]]. His 1984 film and album ''[[Purple Rain (album)|Purple Rain]]'' is one of his best known works. The [[Purple Rain (song)|title track]] is Prince's [[signature song]] and is nearly always played in concert to this day. Prince encourages his fans to wear purple to his concerts.<ref>[http://prince.org/ Purple website for Prince fans:]</ref><ref>[http://prince.org/wiki/Princepedia Link to the main page of the Princepedia, a Wiki about Prince, on the purple Prince.org Prince fan website:]</ref> *"Start Wearing Purple" is a song by [[Gogol Bordello]]. *[[Purple Ribbon Records]] is a hip-hop record label owned by rapper [[Big Boi]] of the rap duo [[Outkast]]. 2005 saw the release of the mixtape ''[[Got Purp? Vol 2]]'' featuring the [[Purple Ribbon All-Stars]] and other artists on the label. In this case, purple refers to a particular quality of marijuana. *''[[Purple (album)|Purple]]'' is a 1994 album by the band [[Stone Temple Pilots]]. *''Purple'' is also the name of a track by rap artist [[Nas]]. *''Purple Music, Inc'' is a company in Switzerland that produces [[house music]].<ref>[http://www.purplemusic.ch/index2.html Purple Music, Inc (Producers of House Music):]</ref> *The [[New Riders of the Purple Sage]] is an American [[country rock]] band. The group emerged from the [[psychedelic rock]] scene in San Francisco in 1969, and its original lineup included members of the [[Grateful Dead]]. *"[[The Purple Bottle]]" is a song by [[Animal Collective]]. *''[[Purple Line (song)|Purple Line]]'' is a song by Korean band, TVXQ. *[[Purple Rain (song)|Purple Rain]] is [[Prince (musician)|Prince]]'s iconic [[signature song]], featured in his [[Purple Rain (album)|Purple Rain]] album, which was the [[soundtrack]] for the [[Purple Rain (film)|Purple Rain]] film, starred by him. ===Parapsychology=== * In parapsychology, people with purple [[Aura (paranormal)|auras]] are said to have a love of ritual and ceremony.<ref>[[Swami Panchadasi]] ''The Human Aura: Astral Colors and Thought Forms'' Des Plaines, Illinois, USA:1912--Yogi Publications Society Page 37</ref> ===Politics=== *In British politics, purple is used to represent the [[United Kingdom Independence Party]], a right-wing [[Euroscepticism|Eurosceptic]] party. *In the [[politics of the Netherlands]], [[purple (government)|Purple]] ({{lang-nl|paars}}) means a coalition government consisting of [[liberalism|liberal]]s and [[social democracy|social democrat]]s (symbolized by the colors blue and red, respectively), as opposed to the more common coalitions of the [[Christian democracy in the Netherlands|Christian Democrats]] with one of the other two. Between 1994 and 2002 there were two Purple cabinets, both lead by [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Prime Minister]] [[Wim Kok]]. *In the [[Politics of Belgium]], as with the Netherlands, a purple government includes liberal and social-democratic parties in coalition. Belgium was governed by Purple governments from 1999 to 2007 under the leadership of [[Prime Minister of Belgium|Prime Minister]] [[Guy Verhofstadt]]. *In United States politics, a [[Red states and blue states#Purple states|''purple state'']] is a state equally balanced between [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]s (currently symbolized by red) and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]s (currently symbolized as blue). *In [[politics of Norway|Norwegian politics]], the [[Liberal People's Party (Norway, 1992)|Liberal People's Party]] has used purple to symbolize their politics of unregulated [[laissez-faire]] [[capitalism]]. <gallery> File:UKIP logo.png|The symbol of the [[United Kingdom Independence Party]] </gallery> ===Rhyme=== * Few, if any words used in modern English rhyme with the word "purple." However, some have tried as indicated below: ** [[Robert Burns]] rhymes purple with "curple" in his Epistle to Mrs. Scott. Burns is, as far as we can tell, the only writer to have used the word. A curple refers to 1) the small of the waist before the flare of the hips or 2) a derriere, rump or behind. ** In the song [[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]] by [[Mika (singer)|Mika]] the word purple is rhymed with "hurtful". ** In his hit song "Dang Me," [[Roger Miller]] sings these lines: :: ''[[Rose]]s are red, [[violet (plant)|violets]] are purple :: ''[[Sugar]] is sweet and so is [[maple syrup|maple surple]] ''{{sic}}'' ===Science fiction=== *In the [[Star Trek]] [[Fictional universe|universe]], [[Klingon]]s have purple [[blood]].<ref>[[Rick Berman|Berman, Rick]] and Braga, Brannan (Creators of ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'') editors ''Glass Empires'' (Three Tales of the [[Mirror universe|Mirror Universe]]--''Age of the Empress'' by Karen Ward and Kevin Dilmore [ Story by Mike Sussman ]; ''Sorrows of [[Terran Empire|Empire]]'' by David Mack; ''The Worst of Both Worlds'' by Greg Cox) New York:2007 Pocket Books, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. (Trade Paperback) Page 363</ref> *In the [[Star Wars]] films, the character [[Mace Windu]] is the only character with a purple [[lightsaber]]. *In the webcomic [[Homestuck]], the three highest castes of Trolls have shades purple blood with the highest, the Empress and her heiress, having Tyrian purple. ===Video Games=== *In the [[Saints Row]] series, Purple is the main [[gang colors|gang color]] of the Protagonist's gang, 3rd Street Saints. ===Sexuality=== Purple is sometimes associated with the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender ([[LGBT]]) community. It is the symbolic color worn on [[Spirit Day]], a commemoration that began in 2010 to show support for young people who are bullied because of their sexual orientation. .<ref>[http://www.longislandpress.com/2010/10/20/wear-purple-october-20-spirit-day-wear-purple-day/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+LongIslandPress+(Long+Island+Press October 20, 2010 Spirit Day—the Day to Wear Purple by Lindsay Christ—Long Island Free Press October 20, 2010:]</ref><ref>[http://www.takepart.com/news/2010/10/19/why-wearing-purple-will-p/10/daily-hollywood-spirit-day-talk-runaway-and-willow-smith October 20th is Spirit Day in Hollywood—Neon Tommy’s Daily Hollywood:]</ref> The purple hand is another symbol sometimes used by the LGBT community during parades and demonstrations. ===Sports and Games=== *The [[National Basketball Association]]'s [[Los Angeles Lakers]], [[Phoenix Suns]] and [[Sacramento Kings]] use purple as their primary color, though the Lakers formerly used the term "Forum Blue", in reference to their old arena [[The Forum (Inglewood, California)|The Forum]]. *In [[Indian Premier League]], purple is the primary color of the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]. *The [[National Hockey League]]'s [[Los Angeles Kings]] use purple as one of their primary colors. *In [[Major League Baseball]], purple is one of the primary colors for the [[Colorado Rockies]]. *In the [[National Football League]], the [[Minnesota Vikings]] and [[Baltimore Ravens]] use purple as main colors. *The [[Australian Football League]]'s [[Fremantle Football Club]] use purple as one of their primary colors. *In [[Association football]] (soccer), Italian [[Serie A]] club [[Fiorentina]], [[Belgian Pro League]] club and former Europa League winner [[RSC Anderlecht]], French [[Ligue 1]] club [[Toulouse FC]] and [[Ligue 2]] club [[FC Istres]], Spanish [[La Liga]] club [[Real Valladolid]], [[Austrian Football Bundesliga]] club [[FK Austria Wien]], Hungarian [[Nemzeti Bajnokság I]] club [[Újpest FC]], [[Slovenian PrvaLiga]] club [[NK Maribor]], former Romanian [[Liga I]] clubs [[FC Politehnica Timișoara]] and [[FC Argeș Pitești]], Andorran [[Primera Divisió]] club [[CE Principat]], German club [[Tennis Borussia Berlin]], Italian club [[A.S.D. Legnano Calcio 1913]], Swedish club [[Fässbergs IF]], and Australian [[A-League]] Club [[Perth Glory]] use purple as one of their primary colors. *[[Melbourne Storm]] from Australia's [[National Rugby League]] use purple as one of their primary colors. *[[Costa Rica]]'s Primera División soccer team [[Deportivo Saprissa]]'s main color is purple, and their nickname is the "Monstruo Morado", or "Purple Monster". *In [[tennis]], the official colors of the [[Wimbledon championships]] are deep green and purple (traditionally called [[mauve]]). *In American college athletics, [[Louisiana State University]], [[Kansas State University]], [[Texas Christian University]], the [[University of Central Arkansas]], [[Northwestern University]], the [[University of Washington]], and [[East Carolina University]] all have purple as one of their main team colors. ===Billiard games=== *Purple is the color of the ball in [[Snooker Plus]] with a 10-point value. *In the game of [[pocket billiards|pool]], purple is the color of the 4-solid and the 12-striped balls. ===Flags=== *Today only one nation in the world has purple or violet in its national flag; the [[Flag of Dominica]], an island in the [[Caribbean]], features a [[Sisserou parrot]], a national symbol. *The lower band of the flag of the [[second Spanish republic]] (1931–39) was colored a tone of purple, to represent the common people as opposed to the red of the Spanish monarchy, unlike other nations of Europe where purple represented royalty and red represented the common people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/es!ful.html#pur |title=Legendary "Purple Banner of Castile" or "Commoner's Banner": |publisher=Crwflags.com |date= |accessdate=2012-12-29}}</ref> *In Japan, the prefecture of [[Tokyo]]'s flag is purple, as is the flag of [[Ichikawa, Chiba|Ichikawa]], *Porpora, or [[purpure]], a shade of purple, was added late to the list of colors of European [[heraldry]]. A purple lion was the symbol of the old Spanish [[kingdom of León]] (910-1230), and it later appeared on the flag of [[Spain]], when the [[Kingdom of Castile]] and [[Kingdom of León]] merged together. <gallery> File:Flag of Dominica.svg|[[Dominica]] is the only nation in the world to use purple or violet in its flag. It features a [[Sisserou parrot]], a national symbol. File:Bandera de León (ciudad).svg|The flag of the [[Province of León]] in Spain features a purple lion, the symbol of the old [[Kingdom of León]] (910-1230). </gallery> ''. ==See also== {{colbegin|3}} * [[Byzantium (color)]] * [[Carmine (color)]] * [[Cerise (color)]] * [[Crimson (color)]] * [[Indigo]] * [[Lavender (color)]] * [[List of colors]] * [[Magenta]] * [[Mauve]] * [[Orchid (color)]] * [[Purple (cipher machine)]] * [[Purple Mark]] * [[Purpure]] * [[Raspberry (color)]] * [[Rose (color)]] * [[Ruby (color)]] * [[Shades of purple]] * [[Tyrian purple]] * [[Shades of magenta]] * [[Violet (color)]] * [[Shades of violet]] * [[Ultramarine]] {{colend}} ==Notes== {{Reflist|2}} ==References== *{{cite book |last= Ball |first= Philip |title= Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour |year=2001 |publisher=Hazan (French translation) |isbn= 978-2-7541-0503-3}} *{{cite book |last= Heller |first= Eva |title= Psychologie de la couleur: Effets et symboliques |year=2009 |publisher=Pyramyd (French translation) |isbn= 978-2-35017-156-2}} *{{cite book |last= Pastoureau |first= Michel |title= Le petit livre des couleurs |year=2005 |publisher=Editions du Panama |isbn= 978-2-7578-0310-3}} *{{cite book |last= Gage |first= John |title= Colour and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction |year=1993 |publisher=Thames and Hudson (Page numbers cited from French translation) |isbn= 978-2-87811-295-5}} *{{cite book |last= Gage |first= John |title= La Couleur dans l'art |year=2006 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |isbn= 978-2-87811-325-9}} *{{cite book |last= Varichon |first= Anne |title= Couleurs: pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples |year=2000 |publisher=Seuil |isbn= 978-2-02084697-4}} *{{cite book |last= Zuffi |first= Stefano |title= Color in Art |year=2012 |publisher= Abrams |isbn= 978-1-4197-0111-5}} *{{cite book |last= Roelofs |first= Isabelle |title= La couleur: expliqee aux artistes |year=2012 |publisher= Groupe Eyrolles |isbn= 978-2-212-13486-5}} * "The perception of color", from Schiffman, H.R. (1990). ''Sensation and perception: An integrated approach'' (3rd edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons. {{Shades of red|}} {{Shades of blue|}} {{Shades of violet}} <!--Yes, this is the correct name of the template; {{Shades of purple}} is a non-existent template--> {{web colors}} {{Color topics}} [[Category:Shades of violet]] [[Category:Web colors]] [[hi:पर्पल]] [[it:Viola (colore)]] [[pt:Púrpura (cor)]]'