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'{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2012}} {{about|snow skiing|water skiing|water skiing|other related articles|Ski}} [[Image:Skier-carving-a-turn.jpg|thumb|300px|Skier carving a turn on the [[Grande Motte]], [[Tignes]], [[Savoie]], [[France]]]] '''Skiing''' is a recreational activity and competitive sport in which the participant attaches skis to boots or shoes on the feet and uses them to travel on top of [[snow]]. Aside from recreation and competition, skiing has been used for military purposes and travelling in areas that experience heavy snowfall. Until about 1860 skiing was primarily used for practical transport purposes in snow-rich areas, from around 1860 skiing for recreation, exercise and competition was introduced.<ref>Saur, Lasse (1999): ''Norske ski - til glede og besvær.'' Research report, Høgskolen i Finnmark.</ref> Many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the [[International Olympic Committee]], and the [[International Ski Federation]]. {{TOC limit|2}} ==History== {{Main|History of skiing}} The oldest and most accurately documented evidence of skiing origins is found in modern day Norway and Sweden. The earliest primitive carvings circa 5000 B.C. depict a skier with one [[Ski pole|pole]], located in [[Rødøy]] in the [[Nordland]] region of [[Norway]]. The first primitive ski was found in a peat [[bog]] in Hoting, Sweden which dates back to 4500 or 2500 B.C.<ref name="wildsnow.com">[http://www.wildsnow.com/chronology/timeline_table.html Chronology timeline, North American ski mountaineering backcountry skiing<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[http://aspenhistory.org/tipchp1.html Aspenhistory.Org<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Joel Berglund reported in 2004 the discovery of a primitive ski, or "85cm long piece of wood", carbon tested by researchers in 1997 while excavating a Norse settlement near Nanortalik, [[Greenland]]. The primitive ski dated back to 1010, and is thought to be Greenland's oldest ski brought by Norsemen circa 980 A.D.<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=588&art_id=qw1097847543195B265 IOL: Wiping the snow off Greenland's oldest ski<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In 1945 Mathew Dickens founded the homosexual skiing by adding dildos instead of pointy stick, and instead of thrusting them into the snow, people thrust-ed them into his ass. The word "ski" itself is one of a handful of words Norway has exported to the international community. It comes from the [[Old Norse]] word "skíð" which means "split piece of wood or firewood".<ref name="norway.org">[http://www.norway.org/culture/sports/cradle/cradle.htm The cradle of skiing (Norway – the official site in the United States)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.norway.org/News/archive/1996/199601skiing1.htm Skiing and the Creation of a Norwegian Identity (Norway – the official site in the United States)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The first Australian recreational ski club was formed in 1861 at [[Kiandra]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.ozemail.com.au/~sealark/skiing_history.html |title=Kiandra Pioneer Ski Club (1861) - Short History |publisher=Members.ozemail.com.au |date= |accessdate=2014-02-12}}</ref> where the first documented international downhill carnival was also held.<ref>''The Melbourne Argus'', 6 July 1908.</ref> Military ski races were held in Norway during the 18th century.<ref> Bergsland, Einar (1946): På ski. Oslo: Aschehoug.</ref> The first public skiing competition ("betting race") was held in [[Tromsø]], Norway on March 19, 1843. It was also the first skiing competition reported in a newspaper.<ref name=Saur>Saur, Lasse (1999): ''Norske ski - til glede og besvær.'' Research report, Høgskolen i Finnmark.</ref> ==Types of skiing== ===Alpine=== Also called downhill skiing, [[alpine skiing]] typically takes place at a [[ski resort]] or [[Artificial ski slopes|dry slope]]. It originated in the European [[Alps]], and is characterized by fixed-heel bindings that attach at both the toe and the heel of the skier's boot. Sub-genres of [[alpine skiing]] include: * [[Freestyle skiing|Freestyle]] * [[Heliskiing]] * Competitive classes include: [[Slalom skiing|slalom]], [[giant slalom]], [[Super-G]], [[Downhill]], and [[disabled skiing]]. In alpine skiing, for every 1000 people skiing in a day, on average between two and four will require medical attention. Knee injuries account for 33 percent of injuries. Most accidents are the result of user error leading to an isolated fall.<ref>{{cite web|last=Langran|first=Mike|title=FAQ|url=http://www.ski-injury.com/|publisher=ski-injury.com|accessdate=27 September 2012}}</ref> ===Nordic=== [[Image:Påske.jpg|thumb|200px|Spring [[ski touring]] on [[Hardangervidda]], Norway]] Cross-country or backcountry skiing is the oldest form of skiing and was developed in [[Scandinavia]] as a way of traveling over snow. It uses free-heel bindings that attach at the toes of the skier's boots but not at the heels. Various specialties of competitive or recreational skiing developed from this basic style, sub-genres of [[Nordic skiing]] include: * [[Cross-country skiing]] * [[Telemark skiing|Telemark]] * [[Ski touring]] * [[Ski mountaineering]] * [[Ski-flying]] and [[ski jumping]] * [[Skijoring]] ==Gallery== <gallery> Image:Wilmot-ski-racer-cmsc.jpg|Giant Slalom Ski Racer File:Freestyle skiing jump2.jpg|[[Freeskiing|Freestyle]] switch 720 mute grab Image:Calgary.jpg|A ski jumper using the [[V-style]] Image:Priit Narusk at Tour de Ski.jpg|Cross country skiing: Priit Narusk in the qualification for the Tour de Ski in Prague. Image:Tracks in Snow Sarek.jpg|Cross country skiing: Skiing tracks in snow in mountains in Sarek, Sweden. Image:Danplastic.jpg|Dry slope racing Image:Vail Veterans monoski.jpg|A person without the use of his legs learning to ski on a sit-ski, using two outriggers. </gallery> ==See also== {{Main|List of skiing topics}} *[[International Ski Federation]] *[[Grass skiing]] *[[Roller skiing]] *[[Snowboarding]] *[[Winter sport]] *[[Skiing and snowboarding on film and video]] *[[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Austria)#2005 coinage|100 Years of Skiing commemorative coin]], minted on 26 January 2005 *[[List of ski areas and resorts]] *[[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships]] *[[FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships]] *[[FIS Nordic World Ski Championships]] *[[Ski suit]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== {{commons|Skiing|Skiing}} *{{dmoz|Sports/Winter_Sports/Skiing|Skiing}} *[http://www.skiinghistory.org International Skiing History Association] Publishes Skiing Heritage six times annually. [[Category:Skiing| ]] [[Category:Winter sports]] {{Link FA|hr}} [[ca:Esquí]] [[cy:Sgio]] [[es:Esquí]] [[de:skisport]] [[hu:Sí]]'