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[ 0 => '{{distinguish|Body of water}}', 1 => 'In [[physiology]], '''body water''' is the [[water]] content of an [[animal body]], contained in the tissues, the blood, the bones, or elsewhere. Body water makes up a significant fraction of the [[human body]], both by weight and by volume. ', 2 => false, 3 => '==In animals== <!--Anchor for redirect of [Animal body water] article; caution. -->', 4 => 'The usual way of adding water to a body is by [[drinking]]. In addition, water enters the body with food, especially rich in water, such as plants, [[raw meat]], and fish. The amount of this water that is retained in animals is affected by several factors. For instance, animal body water amounts vary with the age of the animal. The older the [[vertebrate]] animal, the higher its relative bone mass and the lower its body water content. Water in the animal body performs a number of functions: as a solvent for transportation of nutrients; as a medium for [[excretion]]; a means for heat control; as a lubricant for joints; and for shock absorption.<ref name=aniprod>[http://books.google.com/books?id=0UPDQQOgr5YC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=%22animal+body+water%22&source=bl&ots=lgiH5WdhyJ&sig=g3oAL6_TNDK2vyWL20J2r9SIAa4&hl=en&ei=81veTuPLIKqmiQLWpbjsCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFwQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22animal%20body%20water%22&f=false]</ref>', 5 => false, 6 => 'Most of animal body water is contained in various [[body fluid]]s. These include [[Intracellular fluid]]; [[Extracellular fluid]]; [[Blood plasma|Plasma]]; [[Interstitial fluid]]; and [[Transcellular fluid]].<ref>{{cite book |author=John T. Hansen, Bruce M. Koeppen, |title=Netter's Atlas of Human Physiology |publisher=Icon Learning Systems |location=Teterboro, N.J |year=2002 |isbn=1-929007-01-9}}</ref> Water is also contained inside organs, in [[gastrointestinal fluid|gastrointestinal]], [[cerebrospinal fluid|cerebrospinal]], [[peritoneal fluid |peritoneal]], and [[ocular fluid|ocular]] fluids. [[Adipose tissue]] contains about 10% of water, while [[muscle tissue]] contains about 75%.<ref name=aniprod/><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=FcA6zIq0d48C&pg=PT365&dq=%22animal+body+water%22&hl=en&ei=uPTeTseqGqjfiAK6nfG3Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22animal%20body%20water%22&f=false]</ref>', 7 => false, 8 => '==In humans==', 9 => 'By weight, the average human adult male is approximately 60% water.<ref name=Jackson1979>{{cite book | title=Anatomy & Physiology for Nurses |last=Jackson| first=Sheila| year=1985| edition=9th| series=Nurses' Aids Series| publisher=Bailliere Tindall| location=London| isbn=0-7020-0737-4}}</ref><ref name=textbookofmedicalphysiology5thed>{{cite book |title=Textbook of Medical Physiology | last=Guyton |first=Arthur C. |year=1976| edition=5th| publisher=W.B. Saunders| location=Philadelphia| page= 424| isbn=0-7216-4393-0}}</ref><ref name=textbookofmedicalphysiology8thedp274>{{cite book | title=Textbook of Medical Physiology |last=Guyton |first=Arthur C.| year=1991| edition=8th| publisher=W.B. Saunders| location=Philadelphia| page= 274| isbn=0-7216-3994-1}}</ref> However, there can be considerable variation in body water percentage based on a number of factors like age, health, weight, and gender. In a large study of adults of all ages and both sexes, the adult human body averaged ~53% water. However, this varied substantially by age, sex, and adiposity (amount of fat in [[body composition]]). The figure for water fraction by weight in this sample was found to be 48 ±6% for females and 58 ±8% water for males.<ref>See table 1. [http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/33/1/27.full.pdf here]</ref> ', 10 => false, 11 => 'The body water constitutes as much as 75% of the body weight of a newborn infant, whereas some obese people are as little as 45% water by weight.<ref name=textbookofmedicalphysiology5thed>{{cite book |title=Textbook of Medical Physiology |last=Guyton |first=Arthur C. |year=1976|edition=5th|publisher=W.B. Saunders|location=Philadelphia|page= 424|isbn=0-7216-4393-0}}</ref><ref name=textbookofmedicalphysiology8thedp274>{{cite book | title=Textbook of Medical Physiology |last=Guyton |first=Arthur C.| year=1991| edition=8th|publisher=W.B. Saunders| location=Philadelphia| page= 274| isbn=0-7216-3994-1}}</ref> These figures are statistical averages, and so like all [[biostatistics]], the estimation of body water will vary with factors such as type of population, age of people sampled, number of people sampled, and methodology. So there is not, and cannot be, a figure that is exactly the same for all people, for this or any other physiological measure. ', 12 => false, 13 => '==Compartmentalization==', 14 => 'In diseased states, where body water is affected, the compartment or compartments that have changed can give clues to the nature of the problem. Body water is regulated by [[hormone]]s, including [[anti-diuretic hormone]] (ADH), [[aldosterone]] and [[atrial natriuretic peptide]].', 15 => false, 16 => 'In ''Netter's Atlas of Human Physiology'', body water is broken down into the following ''compartments:''<ref>{{cite book |author=John T. Hansen, Bruce M. Koeppen, |title=Netter's Atlas of Human Physiology |publisher=Icon Learning Systems |location=Teterboro, N.J |year=2002 |isbn=1-929007-01-9}}</ref>', 17 => '* [[Intracellular fluid]] (2/3 of body water). Per Guyton, in a body containing 40 litres of fluid, about 25 litres is intracellular,<ref name=textbookofmedicalphysiology8thedp275>Guyton, Arthur C. (1991) p. 275</ref> which amounts to 62.5% (5/8), close enough to the 2/3 rule of thumb. Jackson's texts states 70% of body fluid is intracellular.<ref name=Jackson1979 />', 18 => '* [[Extracellular fluid]] (1/3 of body water). Per Guyton's illustration, for a 40 litre body, about 15 litres is extracellular,<ref name=textbookofmedicalphysiology8thedp275 /> which amounts to 37.5% Again, this is close to the 1/3 rule of thumb cited here.', 19 => '** [[Blood plasma|Plasma]] (1/5 of extracellular fluid). Per Guyton's illustration, of the 15 litres of extracellular fluid, plasma volume averages 3 litres.<ref name=textbookofmedicalphysiology8thedp275 /> This amounts to 20%, the same as per ''Netter's Atlas''.', 20 => '** [[Interstitial fluid]] (4/5 of extracellular fluid)', 21 => '** [[Transcellular fluid]] (a.k.a. "third space," normally ignored in calculations)', 22 => '*** Contained inside organs, such as the [[gastrointestinal]], [[cerebrospinal fluid|cerebrospinal]], peritoneal, and [[Human eye|ocular]] fluids.', 23 => false, 24 => '==Measurement==', 25 => '===Dilution and equilibration===', 26 => 'Total body water can be determined using [[Flowing afterglow mass spectrometry]] measurement of [[deuterium]] abundance in breath samples from individuals. A known dose of deuterated water ([[Heavy water]], D₂O) is ingested and allowed to equilibrate within the body water. The FA-MS instrument then measures the deuterium-to-hydrogen (D:H) ratio in the exhaled breath water vapour. The total body water is then accurately measured from the increase in breath deuterium content in relation to the volume of D₂O ingested.', 27 => false, 28 => 'Different substances can be used to measure different fluid compartments:<ref>{{GeorgiaPhysiology|7/7ch02/7ch02p13}}</ref>', 29 => '* total body water: [[tritiated water]] or [[heavy water]].', 30 => '* [[extracellular fluid]]: [[inulin]]', 31 => '* [[blood plasma]]: [[Evans blue]]', 32 => false, 33 => '[[Intracellular fluid]] may then be estimated by subtracting extracellular fluid from total body water.', 34 => false, 35 => '===Bioelectrical impedance analysis===', 36 => 'Another method of determining total body water percentage (TBW%) is via [[Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis]] (BIA). In the traditional BIA method, a person lies on a cot and spot electrodes are placed on the hands and bare feet. Electrolyte gel is applied first, and then a weak current of frequency 50&nbsp;kHz is introduced. This AC waveform allows the creation of a current inside the body via the very capacitive skin without causing a DC flow or burns, and limited in the ~20mA range current for safety.<ref name="US Patent 4719922">[http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/4719922/description.html US Patent 4719922, Stimulator Apparatus]</ref>', 37 => false, 38 => 'BIA has emerged as a promising technique because of its simplicity, low cost, high reproducibility and noninvasiveness. BIA prediction equations can be either generalized or population-specific, allowing this method to be potentially very accurate. Selecting the appropriate equation is important to determining the quality of the results.', 39 => false, 40 => 'For clinical purposes, scientists are developing a multi-frequency BIA method that may further improve the method's ability to predict a person's hydration level. New segmental BIA equipment that uses more electrodes may lead to more precise measurements of specific parts of the body.', 41 => false, 42 => '==Fluid loss==', 43 => '{{Main|Volume contraction|Dehydration}}', 44 => '[[Volume contraction]] is a decrease in [[body fluid]] volume, with or without a concomitant loss of [[osmolyte]]s. The loss of the body water component of body fluid is specifically termed [[dehydration]].<ref>[http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2933 MedicineNet > Definition of Dehydration] Retrieved on July 2, 2009</ref>', 45 => false, 46 => 'Na⁺ loss approximately correlates with fluid loss from [[extracellular fluid]] (ECF), since Na⁺ has a much higher concentration in ECF than [[intracellular fluid]] (ICF). In contrast, K⁺ has a much higher concentration in ICF than ECF, and therefore its loss rather correlates with fluid loss from ICF, since K⁺ loss from ECF causes the K⁺ in ICF to diffuse out of the cells, dragging water with it by [[osmosis]].', 47 => false, 48 => '==References==', 49 => '{{reflist|30em}}', 50 => false, 51 => '==Further reading==', 52 => '*[http://books.google.com/books?id=en3Z1N8lF80C&pg=PT26 ''Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice'']', 53 => '*[http://books.google.com/books?id=M0XvP6mgmnkC&pg=PA180 ''Essentials of Animal Physiology'']', 54 => '*[http://books.google.com/books?id=JGBBhS-Wnz4C&pg=PA58 ''The Encyclopedia of Farm Animal Nutrition'']', 55 => '*[http://books.google.com/books?id=jlZg1VF-sKIC&pg=PA120 ''Animal Osmoregulation'']', 56 => '*[http://books.google.com/books?id=OG6qrtVKwTEC&pg=PA117 ''Animal Nutrition Science'']', 57 => false, 58 => '==External links==', 59 => '{{portal|Animals}}', 60 => '* {{MeshName|Body+water}}', 61 => '* {{MeshName|Body+fluid+compartments}}', 62 => '{{Renal physiology}}', 63 => false, 64 => '[[Category:Body water| ]]', 65 => '[[Category:Humans]]', 66 => false, 67 => '[[de:Körperwasser]]' ]