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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext ) | '{{Taxobox
| name = Japanese flying squid
| image = Todarodes pacificus ruler.jpg
| image_width = 230px
| image_caption = ''Todarodes pacificus'' (dorsal view)
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Mollusc]]a
| classis = [[Cephalopod]]a
| subclassis = [[Coleoidea]]
| ordo = [[Teuthida]]
| familia = [[Ommastrephidae]]
| genus = ''[[Todarodes]]''
| species = '''''T. pacificus'''''
| binomial = ''Todarodes pacificus''
| binomial_authority = ([[Japetus Steenstrup|Steenstrup]], 1880)
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]]
| subdivision =
* ''T. p. pacificus''<br><small>([[Japetus Steenstrup|Steenstrup]], 1880)</small>
* ''T. p. pusillus''<br><small>Dunning, 1988</small>
| synonyms =
* ''Ommastrephes pacificus''<br><small>[[Japetus Steenstrup|Steenstrup]], 1880</small>
* ''Ommastrephes sloani pacificus''<br><small>Sasaki, 1929</small>
* ''Todarodes sloanei pacificus''<br><small>([[Japetus Steenstrup|Steenstrup]], 1880)</small>
}}
The '''Japanese flying squid''', '''Japanese common squid''' or '''Pacific flying squid''',<ref>{{cite web|title=Pacific Flying Squid|url=http://www.phadia.com/en/Allergen-information/ImmunoCAP-Allergens/Food-of-Animal-Origin/Mollusks/Pacific-Flying-Squid/|publisher=Thermo Fisher Scientific|accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref> [[scientific name]] ''Todarodes pacificus'', is a [[squid]] of the family [[Ommastrephidae]]. This animal lives in the northern [[Pacific Ocean]], in the area surrounding [[Japan]], along the entire coast of [[China]] up to [[Russia]], then spreading across the [[Bering Strait]] east towards the southern coast of [[Alaska]] and [[Canada]]. They tend to cluster around the central region of [[Vietnam]].
== Description ==
[[File:Todarodes pacificus2.jpg|thumb|left|Ventral view of ''Todarodes pacificus'']]
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 240
| image1 =Todarodes pacificus arm.jpg
| caption1 = One of the eight arms
| image2 =Todarodes pacificus tentacle.jpg
| caption2 = One of the two tentacular clubs
}}
Adult squid have several distinguishing features. The mantle encloses the visceral mass of the squid, and has two fins, which are not the primary method of propulsion. Instead, the squid has a siphon, a muscle which takes in water from one side, and pushes it out the other side: [[jet propulsion]]. The squid has eight arms and two tentacles with suction cups along the backs. In between the arms sits the mouth, or beak. Inside the mouth is a tooth-tongue-like appendage called the radula. Squid have ink sacs, which they use as a defense mechanism against possible predators. Squid also have three hearts.<ref>{{cite book | title=Zoology, 7th Edition | publisher=McGraw Hill | author=Miller, Stephen | year=2006 | location=New York}}</ref>
The age of a squid can be determined on the basis of its growth rings, or statoliths, when additions are appended daily to the balance organs in the back of the squid’s head. This species of squid can weigh up to 0.5 kg. Mantle length in females can go up to 50 cm; males are smaller.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3567/en | title=FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Species fact sheets | accessdate=December 19, 2011}}</ref>
== Habitat ==
The Japanese squid can live in water from 5 to 27°C, and tend to inhabit the upper layers of the ocean. They are short-lived, only surviving about a year.
== Life cycle ==
Within this year of life, the squid mature from their larval form, feed and grow, migrate, and at the end of their lives, congregate at the mating grounds, where they reproduce. Three subpopulations have been identified in Japanese waters. “The main group spawns in winter in the East China Sea, the second in autumn, west of Kyushu, and the third, minor group in spring/summer in the Sea of Japan as well as off northeastern Japan.”<ref>(FAO)</ref>
"Their migration moves north, then south, tending to follow the surface currents.<ref>(FAO)</ref> The squid tend to travel in large schools of more or less uniform size [meaning] that it is often possible to follow the growth of cohorts from recruitment to spawning, although the earliest part of the life history is generally more difficult to study because the larvae are always [[pelagic]] and some are rarely caught".<ref>{{cite journal | jstor=56297 | title=Energetics: the costs of living and reproducing for an individual cephalopod". | work=Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 351, No. 1343, The Role of Cephalopods in the World's Oceans. | date=August 29, 1996 | author=Wells, Martin J. & Clarke, Andrew | pages=1083–1104}}</ref>
Squid generally only live one year because as soon as they reproduce, they die. Males mature first, and “transfer their spermatophores on the still immature females.” Then, on the continuing journey south, the females “mature and spawn 300 to 4,000 small, elliptical or semi-spherical eggs.” The squid migrate together, and lay all their eggs in the same area where they were born. The eggs hatch into larvae after only 102–113 hours (somewhere around five days), depending on the water temperature.<ref>(FAO)</ref>
== Diet ==
Squid are difficult to study individually in the lab, because “the animals appear to become stressed by isolation”.<ref>(Wells)</ref> However, the planktonic larvae are believed to feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton until they grow large enough to begin feeding on fish. When the squid mature more, they will eat mainly fish and crustaceans, but will also resort to cannibalism, especially when trapped in nets together.
=="Flying"==
Flying squid have been observed to cover distances as long as 30m<ref>{{cite web|last=Ozawa|first=Harumi|title=Is it a bird? Is it a plane? No, it's a squid|url=http://phys.org/news/2013-02-bird-plane-squid.html|work=[[Phys.Org]]|accessdate=8 February 2013}}</ref> above the surface of the water, presumably to avoid predators or save energy as they migrate across vast expanses of ocean,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-squid-rocket-science-20120221,0,5248637.storyl | title=Flying squids: the rocket science behind cephalopods | publisher=http://www.latimes.com/ | accessdate=March 6, 2012 | location=Los Angeles | date=February 21, 2012}}</ref> uniquely utilizing jet-propelled aerial locomotion.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1338220/Graham-Ekins-Japanese-squid-photos-leap-air-dodge-predators.html | title=Jet-propelled calamari: Rare photos of squid species that can leap through the air to dodge predators | publisher=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/ | accessdate=December 19, 2011 | location=London | date=December 15, 2010}}</ref>
== Predators ==
Many vertebrate predators depend heavily on squid, which is second only to [[krill]] as a food source in the Southern Ocean. Animals such as the grey-headed albatross and the sperm whale (the largest of the toothed whales) feed almost entirely on squid.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/fact-files/animals/squid | title=''Squid'' Australian Antarctic Division | accessdate=December 19, 2011}}</ref> Other predators include dolphins, seals, baleen whales, and rays.
== Fishery ==
[[File:1993. Марка России 0106 hi.jpg|thumb|Japanese flying squid on 1993 [[Postage stamps and postal history of Russia|Russia postal stamp]].]]
Major fishers of the Japanese flying squid are mainly Japan (with the highest usage and catch in tons), the Republic of Korea (with the second-greatest catch), and relatively recently, China. Within all countries where it is being fished, the squid is also exported to many other countries for consumption, with the United States being a top importer. Japan is the largest consumer (mainly due to [[sushi]]) and exporter of the Japanese flying squid.
Japanese flying squid are caught all year round, but the largest and most popular seasons are from January to March, and again from June to September. Gear used to catch them is mainly line and hook, lift nets, and gill nets, the most popular method being hook and line used in jigging.
Current data on the Japanese flying squid show that, throughout the years, the rate of capture has been fairly consistent, with one major fluctuation in the late 1970s to early 1990s.<ref>(FAO)</ref>
Current data show the Japanese flying squid is a sustainable fishery due to their short lifespans, and because fishermen tend to try to catch the squid after they have spawned and before their imminent death. The fishing techniques used, mainly the hook-and-line methods used, coupled with fishing at night to attract the squid, seem to allow for minimal by-catch. Other systems, such as gill nets, are usually less specific in what they catch, although some technological advances have involved larger openings to allow smaller animals to pass through.
==References==
{{Commons category|Todarodes pacificus}}
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.squid-world.com/japanese-flying-squid.html Japanese flying squid facts] from squid-world.com
[[Category:Squid]]
[[Category:Molluscs of the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Marine molluscs of Asia]]
[[Category:Molluscs of North America]]
[[Category:Molluscs of Japan]]
[[Category:Western North American coastal fauna]]
[[Category:Fauna of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Fauna of Alaska]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | '{{Taxobox
| name = Japanese flying squid
| image = Todarodes pacificus ruler.jpg
| image_width = 230px
| image_caption = ''Todarodes pacificus'' (dorsal view)
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Mollusc]]a
| classis = [[Cephalopod]]a
| subclassis = [[Coleoidea]]
| ordo = [[Teuthida]]
| familia = [[Ommastrephidae]]
| genus = ''[[Todarodes]]''
| species = '''''T. pacificus'''''
| binomial = ''Todarodes pacificus''
| binomial_authority = ([[Japetus Steenstrup|Steenstrup]], 1880)
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]]
| subdivision =
* ''T. p. pacificus''<br><small>([[Japetus Steenstrup|Steenstrup]], 1880)</small>
* ''T. p. pusillus''<br><small>Dunning, 1988</small>
| synonyms =
* ''Ommastrephes pacificus''<br><small>[[Japetus Steenstrup|Steenstrup]], 1880</small>
* ''Ommastrephes sloani pacificus''<br><small>Sasaki, 1929</small>
* ''Todarodes sloanei pacificus''<br><small>([[Japetus Steenstrup|Steenstrup]], 1880)</small>
}}
The '''Japanese flying squid''', '''Japanese common squid''' or '''Pacific flying squid''',<ref>{{cite web|title=Pacific Flying Squid|url=http://www.phadia.com/en/Allergen-information/ImmunoCAP-Allergens/Food-of-Animal-Origin/Mollusks/Pacific-Flying-Squid/|publisher=Thermo Fisher Scientific|accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref> [[scientific name]] ''Todarodes pacificus'', is a [[squid]] of the family [[Ommastrephidae]]. This animal lives in the northern [[Pacific Ocean]], in the area surrounding [[Japan]], along the entire coast of [[China]] up to [[Russia]], then spreading across the [[Bering Strait]] east towards the southern coast of [[Alaska]] and [[Canada]]. They tend to cluster around the central region of [[Vietnam]].
dick
== Description ==
[[File:Todarodes pacificus2.jpg|thumb|left|Ventral view of ''Todarodes pacificus'']]
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 240
| image1 =Todarodes pacificus arm.jpg
| caption1 = One of the eight arms
| image2 =Todarodes pacificus tentacle.jpg
| caption2 = One of the two tentacular clubs
}}
Adult squid have several distinguishing features. The mantle encloses the visceral mass of the squid, and has two fins, which are not the primary method of propulsion. Instead, the squid has a siphon, a muscle which takes in water from one side, and pushes it out the other side: [[jet propulsion]]. The squid has eight arms and two tentacles with suction cups along the backs. In between the arms sits the mouth, or beak. Inside the mouth is a tooth-tongue-like appendage called the radula. Squid have ink sacs, which they use as a defense mechanism against possible predators. Squid also have three hearts.<ref>{{cite book | title=Zoology, 7th Edition | publisher=McGraw Hill | author=Miller, Stephen | year=2006 | location=New York}}</ref>
The age of a squid can be determined on the basis of its growth rings, or statoliths, when additions are appended daily to the balance organs in the back of the squid’s head. This species of squid can weigh up to 0.5 kg. Mantle length in females can go up to 50 cm; males are smaller.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3567/en | title=FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Species fact sheets | accessdate=December 19, 2011}}</ref>
== Habitat ==
The Japanese squid can live in water from 5 to 27°C, and tend to inhabit the upper layers of the ocean. They are short-lived, only surviving about a year.
== Life cycle ==
Within this year of life, the squid mature from their larval form, feed and grow, migrate, and at the end of their lives, congregate at the mating grounds, where they reproduce. Three subpopulations have been identified in Japanese waters. “The main group spawns in winter in the East China Sea, the second in autumn, west of Kyushu, and the third, minor group in spring/summer in the Sea of Japan as well as off northeastern Japan.”<ref>(FAO)</ref>
"Their migration moves north, then south, tending to follow the surface currents.<ref>(FAO)</ref> The squid tend to travel in large schools of more or less uniform size [meaning] that it is often possible to follow the growth of cohorts from recruitment to spawning, although the earliest part of the life history is generally more difficult to study because the larvae are always [[pelagic]] and some are rarely caught".<ref>{{cite journal | jstor=56297 | title=Energetics: the costs of living and reproducing for an individual cephalopod". | work=Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 351, No. 1343, The Role of Cephalopods in the World's Oceans. | date=August 29, 1996 | author=Wells, Martin J. & Clarke, Andrew | pages=1083–1104}}</ref>
Squid generally only live one year because as soon as they reproduce, they die. Males mature first, and “transfer their spermatophores on the still immature females.” Then, on the continuing journey south, the females “mature and spawn 300 to 4,000 small, elliptical or semi-spherical eggs.” The squid migrate together, and lay all their eggs in the same area where they were born. The eggs hatch into larvae after only 102–113 hours (somewhere around five days), depending on the water temperature.<ref>(FAO)</ref>
== Diet ==
Squid are difficult to study individually in the lab, because “the animals appear to become stressed by isolation”.<ref>(Wells)</ref> However, the planktonic larvae are believed to feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton until they grow large enough to begin feeding on fish. When the squid mature more, they will eat mainly fish and crustaceans, but will also resort to cannibalism, especially when trapped in nets together.
=="Flying"==
Flying squid have been observed to cover distances as long as 30m<ref>{{cite web|last=Ozawa|first=Harumi|title=Is it a bird? Is it a plane? No, it's a squid|url=http://phys.org/news/2013-02-bird-plane-squid.html|work=[[Phys.Org]]|accessdate=8 February 2013}}</ref> above the surface of the water, presumably to avoid predators or save energy as they migrate across vast expanses of ocean,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-squid-rocket-science-20120221,0,5248637.storyl | title=Flying squids: the rocket science behind cephalopods | publisher=http://www.latimes.com/ | accessdate=March 6, 2012 | location=Los Angeles | date=February 21, 2012}}</ref> uniquely utilizing jet-propelled aerial locomotion.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1338220/Graham-Ekins-Japanese-squid-photos-leap-air-dodge-predators.html | title=Jet-propelled calamari: Rare photos of squid species that can leap through the air to dodge predators | publisher=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/ | accessdate=December 19, 2011 | location=London | date=December 15, 2010}}</ref>
== Predators ==
Many vertebrate predators depend heavily on squid, which is second only to [[krill]] as a food source in the Southern Ocean. Animals such as the grey-headed albatross and the sperm whale (the largest of the toothed whales) feed almost entirely on squid.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/fact-files/animals/squid | title=''Squid'' Australian Antarctic Division | accessdate=December 19, 2011}}</ref> Other predators include dolphins, seals, baleen whales, and rays.
== Fishery ==
[[File:1993. Марка России 0106 hi.jpg|thumb|Japanese flying squid on 1993 [[Postage stamps and postal history of Russia|Russia postal stamp]].]]
Major fishers of the Japanese flying squid are mainly Japan (with the highest usage and catch in tons), the Republic of Korea (with the second-greatest catch), and relatively recently, China. Within all countries where it is being fished, the squid is also exported to many other countries for consumption, with the United States being a top importer. Japan is the largest consumer (mainly due to [[sushi]]) and exporter of the Japanese flying squid.
Japanese flying squid are caught all year round, but the largest and most popular seasons are from January to March, and again from June to September. Gear used to catch them is mainly line and hook, lift nets, and gill nets, the most popular method being hook and line used in jigging.
Current data on the Japanese flying squid show that, throughout the years, the rate of capture has been fairly consistent, with one major fluctuation in the late 1970s to early 1990s.<ref>(FAO)</ref>
Current data show the Japanese flying squid is a sustainable fishery due to their short lifespans, and because fishermen tend to try to catch the squid after they have spawned and before their imminent death. The fishing techniques used, mainly the hook-and-line methods used, coupled with fishing at night to attract the squid, seem to allow for minimal by-catch. Other systems, such as gill nets, are usually less specific in what they catch, although some technological advances have involved larger openings to allow smaller animals to pass through.
==References==
{{Commons category|Todarodes pacificus}}
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.squid-world.com/japanese-flying-squid.html Japanese flying squid facts] from squid-world.com
[[Category:Squid]]
[[Category:Molluscs of the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Marine molluscs of Asia]]
[[Category:Molluscs of North America]]
[[Category:Molluscs of Japan]]
[[Category:Western North American coastal fauna]]
[[Category:Fauna of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Fauna of Alaska]]' |