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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Hatnote|This article is about an acquired dialect of English that crosses the Atlantic, not one naturally localised to the Mid-Atlantic United States. For mid-Atlantic dialects of American English, see [[Mid-Atlantic American English]].}}
'''Mid-Atlantic English''' (less ambiguously known as a '''Transatlantic accent''') is a cultivated or acquired version of the [[English language]] once found in certain aristocratic elements of American society and taught for use in the American theatre. It is not a [[vernacular]] typical of any location, but rather blends [[American English|American]] and [[British English|British]] without being predominantly either. Mid-Atlantic speech patterns and vocabulary are also used by some [[English language|Anglophone]] [[expatriate]]s, many adopting certain features of the accent of their place of residence.
Mid-Atlantic English was popular in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] films from the 1930s to the early 1960s, and is associated with such people as [[Cary Grant]],<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/feb/15/cary-grant-screen-legend Philip French's screen legends: Cary Grant | Film | The Observer]. Guardian. Retrieved on 2011-06-18.</ref> [[Katharine Hepburn]], [[Irene Dunne]], [[William F. Buckley, Jr.]],<ref>{{cite news| last=Konigsberg | first=Eric | date=2008-02-29 | url= http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/29/nyregion/29buckley.html?pagewanted=print |title= On TV, Buckley Led Urbane Debating Club | publisher= The New York Times | accessdate=2011-06-18}}</ref> [[Gore Vidal]], [[George Plimpton]],<ref>[http://gothamist.com/2008/02/25/new_york_city_a_1.php New York City Accents Changing with the Times]. Gothamist (2008-02-25). Retrieved on 2011-06-18.</ref><ref>[http://www.observer.com/node/48130 ]{{dead link|date=June 2011}}</ref> [[Roscoe Lee Browne]],<ref>[http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09028/944895-325.stm Lane, Hamlisch among Theater Hall of Fame inductees]. Post-gazette.com (2009-01-28). Retrieved on 2011-06-18.</ref> [[Norman Mailer]],<ref>[http://articles.sfgate.com/2007-11-11/news/17268120_1_barbary-shore-american-letters-norman-mailer With Mailer's death, U.S. loses a colorful writer and character – SFGate]. Articles.sfgate.com (2007-11-11). Retrieved on 2011-06-18.</ref> [[Diana Vreeland]],<ref>[http://www.lapl.org/collections-resources/lapl-reads/review/empress-fashion Empress of fashion : a life of Diana Vreeland] Los Angeles Public Library Online (2012-12-28). Retrieved on 2013-11-25.</ref> [[Maria Callas]], [[Patrick McGoohan]], [[Cornelius Vanderbilt IV]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Greenhouse |first=Emily |url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2013/05/the-first-american-anti-nazi-film-rediscovered.html |title=The First American Anti-Nazi Film, Rediscovered |publisher=The New Yorker |date= |accessdate=2014-04-01}}</ref> [[John Houseman]], [[Angela Cartwright]], and [[Jonathan Harris]]. The monologuist [[Ruth Draper]]'s recorded "The Italian Lesson" gives an example of this East Coast American upper-class diction of the 1940s.
The terms "Transatlantic" and "Mid-Atlantic" are sometimes used in Britain to refer, often critically, to the speech of British public figures (often in the entertainment industry) who affect a quasi-American accent. The fictional Radio Norwich DJ, Dave Clifton, from the BBC television comedy series ''[[I'm Alan Partridge]]'', and food writer [[Loyd Grossman]], speak with a Transatlantic accent.
International media tend to reduce the number of mutually unintelligible versions of English to some extent,<ref>{{cite web| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080930093617/http://www.accentbootcamp.com/ |title=How could accent reduction change your life?| archivedate=2008-09-30 | work=accentbootcamp.com | publisher=Auckland English Academy Ltd | location= Auckland, New Zealand| url=http://www.accentbootcamp.com/}}</ref> and Mid-Atlantic English tends to avoid Britishisms or Americanisms{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} so that it can be equally understandable and acceptable on both sides of the [[Atlantic Ocean]].
==Acquisition==
Mid-Atlantic English was usually learned in one of four ways:{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}
* Naturally, by spending extended time in various Anglophone communities, typically in North America.
* At a boarding school in America prior to the 1960s (after which it fell out of vogue).
* Intentionally for stage practice or other use.<ref>{{cite web|last=Coalson |first=Robert |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/08/language-mystery-when-did-americans-stop-sounding-this-way/243326/ |title=Language Mystery: When Did Americans Stop Sounding This Way? - James Fallows |publisher=The Atlantic |date=2011-08-08 |accessdate=2014-04-01}}</ref> A version codified by voice coach Edith Skinner, [[American Theater Standard]], is widely taught in acting schools.
* For non-native Anglophones, by learning English from different British and American sources.
==Phonology==
{{hidden begin|title=Philadelphia English vowels|toggle=left}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
! colspan="3" | '''Pure vowels ([[Monophthong]]s)'''
|-
| '''[[Help:IPA for English|English diaphoneme]]'''
| '''Philadelphia [[phoneme]]'''
| '''Example words'''
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/æ/}}
| {{IPA|[æ]}}
| '''a'''ct, p'''a'''l, tr'''a'''p
|-
| [[æ boarding|[a~ä]]]
| h'''a'''m, p'''a'''ss, y'''eah'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɑː/}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[ɑ~ä]}}
| rowspan="2" | bl'''ah''', b'''o'''ther, f'''a'''ther, <br/>l'''o'''t, t'''o'''p, w'''a'''sp
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/ɒ/}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɔː]}}
| rowspan="2" |'''a'''ll, d'''o'''g, b'''ough'''t, <br/>l'''o'''ss, s'''aw''', t'''augh'''t
|-
|{{IPA|/ɔː/}}
|-
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| {{IPA|[ɛ]}}
| dr'''e'''ss, m'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d
|-
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| {{IPA|[ə]}}
| '''a'''bout, syr'''u'''p, '''a'''ren'''a'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}
| older: {{IPA|[ɪ̈]}} <br/>newer: {{IPA|[ɪ~ɘ]}}
| h'''i'''t, sk'''i'''m, t'''i'''p
|-
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| older: {{IPA|[ɪ̟~ɪi]}} <br/>newer: {{IPA|[i]}} <br />preceding /g/: {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
| b'''ea'''m, ch'''i'''c, fl'''ee'''t
|-
| {{IPA|/ɨ/}}
| {{IPA|[ɪ~ɪ̈~ə]}}
| isl'''a'''nd, gam'''u'''t, wast'''e'''d
|-
| {{IPA|/ʌ/}}
| {{IPA|[ʌ~ɐ]}}
| b'''u'''s, fl'''oo'''d, wh'''a'''t
|-
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}}
| {{IPA|[ʊ]}}
| b'''oo'''k, p'''u'''t, sh'''ou'''ld
|-
| {{IPA|/uː/}}
| {{IPA|[ʉu]}}
| f'''oo'''d, gl'''ue''', n'''ew'''
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Diphthong]]s
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/äɪ/}}
| {{IPA|[äɪ~ɑɪ]}}
| r'''i'''de, sh'''i'''ne, tr'''y'''
|-
|-
| {{IPA|/aʊ/}}
| {{IPA|[aʊ~äʊ]}}
| n'''ow''', '''ou'''ch, sc'''ou'''t
|-
| {{IPA|/eɪ/}}
| {{IPA|[e̞ɪ]}}
| l'''a'''ke, p'''ai'''d, r'''ei'''n
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔɪ/}}
| {{IPA|[oɪ]}}
| b'''oy''', ch'''oi'''ce, m'''oi'''st
|-
| {{IPA|/oʊ/}}
| {{IPA|[ɜʊ]}}
| g'''oa'''t, '''oh''', sh'''ow'''
|-
! colspan="3" | [[R-colored vowel]]s
|-
| {{IPA|/ɑr/}}
| {{IPA|[ɑ(ɹ)~ä(ɹ]}}
| b'''ar'''n, c'''ar''', p'''ar'''k
|-
| {{IPA|/ɛər/}}
| {{IPA|[ɛə(ɹ)]}}
| b'''are''', b'''ear''', th'''ere'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɜr/}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ə~ɐ]}}
| rowspan="2" | b'''ur'''n, doct'''or''', f'''ir'''st, <br/> h'''er'''d, l'''ear'''n, m'''ur'''d'''er'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ər/}}
| {{IPA|/ə(ɹ)
| {{IPA|/ɪər/}}
| {{IPA|[ɪɹ~iɹ]}}
| f'''ear''', p'''eer''', t'''ier'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔr/}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɔ(ɹ)]}}
| rowspan="3" | h'''oar'''se, h'''or'''se, p'''oor''' <br/ > sc'''ore''', t'''our''', w'''ar'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔər/}}
| {{IPA|ɔə(ɹ)}}
| {{IPA|/ʊər/}}
| {{IPA|/ʊə(r)/}}
| {{IPA|/jʊər/}}
| {{IPA|[jə(ɹ)]}}
| c'''ure''', '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''
|}
{{hidden end}}
==Upper classes==
*Mid-Atlantic English was cultivated by the [[American upper class|upper classes]] in some areas of the [[Northeastern United States]]. Prior to [[World War II]], some of their institutions cultivated a norm influenced by the [[Received Pronunciation]] of [[Southern England]] as an international norm of English pronunciation. Recordings of [[President of the United States|American presidents]] [[Grover Cleveland]] (born in New Jersey, raised in [[Central New York]]) and Ohio-native [[William McKinley]] show their [[Public speaking|oratory]] employed a Mid-Atlantic accent. [[Theodore Roosevelt]], McKinley's successor and a native of New York, had a more natural non-rhotic, upper-class accent.
Recordings of U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], who came from a privileged New York family and who was educated at [[Groton School|Groton]], a private [[Massachusetts]] [[University-preparatory school|preparatory school]], had a number of characteristic patterns. Roosevelt's speech is [[rhotic and non-rhotic accents|non-rhotic]]; one of Roosevelt's most frequently heard speeches has a falling [[diphthong]] in the word ''fear'', which distinguishes it from other forms of surviving non-rhotic speech in the United States.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Robert MacNeil|author2=William Cran|author3=Robert McCrum|title=Do you speak American?: a companion to the PBS television series|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lL6mEYcKHFcC&pg=PA50|accessdate=18 June 2011|year=2005|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-385-51198-8|pages=50–}}</ref> "[[Linking and intrusive R|Linking R]]" appears in Roosevelt's delivery of the words "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself"; compare also Roosevelt's delivery of the words "naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan."<ref>[[commons:File:Roosevelt Pearl Harbor.ogg|Pearl Harbor speech]] by Franklin Delano Roosevelt (sound file)</ref>
According to [[William Labov]], the teaching of this pronunciation declined sharply after the end of World War II.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20051118050043/http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phonoatlas/Atlas_chapters/Ch7/Ch7.html |title=Chapter 7. The Restoration of Post-Vocalic /r/ |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=2005-11-18 |accessdate=2014-04-01}}</ref> As a result, this American version of a "posh" accent has all but disappeared even among the American upper classes. The clipped English of [[George Plimpton]] and [[William F. Buckley, Jr.]] may also serve as vestigial examples.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2185368/ |title=Why Did William F. Buckley Jr. talk like that? |last=Tsai |first=Michelle |publisher=''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' |date=2008-02-28 |accessdate=2008-02-28}}</ref>
==In media==
Mid-Atlantic English was formerly used by American actors who adopted some features of British pronunciation until the mid-1960s. [[Orson Welles]] notably spoke in a mid-Atlantic accent in the 1941 film ''[[Citizen Kane]]'', as did many of his co-stars, such as [[Joseph Cotten]].{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
British expatriates [[Cary Grant]], [[Anthony Hopkins]] or [[Camilla Luddington]], Americans [[Douglas Fairbanks Jr]], [[Bette Davis]], [[Joan Crawford]], [[Elizabeth Taylor]], [[Eleanor Parker]], [[Grace Kelly]], [[Jane Wyatt]], [[Eartha Kitt]], [[Agnes Moorehead]], [[Jonathan Harris]], [[William Daniels]], [[Vincent Price]] and [[Richard Chamberlain]], and Canadians [[Christopher Plummer]], [[John Vernon]] and [[Lorne Greene]] have also exemplified the accent.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}
Use of this accent declined rapidly after World War II. Actors such as [[Humphrey Bogart]], [[Henry Fonda]] and [[John Wayne]] portrayed serious roles speaking in various American-English accents, and the export of American cinema familiarized the rest of the world with their features.
A contemporary comedic example of a Mid-Atlantic accent appears in the television sitcom ''[[Frasier]]'' used by the Crane brothers played by [[Kelsey Grammer]] and [[David Hyde Pierce]], as well as the aristocratic accent spoken by [[Pete Campbell]] in the drama series ''[[Mad Men]]''. [[Mark Hamill]]'s [[voice acting|vocal portrayal]] of Batman villain [[Joker (comics)|the Joker]] adopts a highly theatrical Mid-Atlantic accent throughout the character's many animation and video game appearances. [[Tabitha St. Germain]] uses a Mid-Atlantic accent for the voice of Rarity in ''[[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic]]''.{{citation-needed|date=November 2014}}
US-based British infomercial host [[Anthony Sullivan (pitchman)|Anthony Sullivan]] (also known for the show PitchMen with [[Billy Mays]]), speaks with a Mid-Atlantic accent which is a combination of his native Devon accent and an American accent. As a result it doesn't sound distinctly British or American, but was cultivated so he could be understood by US viewers and yet still appeal to those who wanted to buy something from a Brit. As a result, he pronounces such words as 'potato' and 'tomato' in the American way in his infomercials, but insists people pronounce Anthony in the British way (ie, 'th' pronounced like 't').
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
*[[Robert MacNeil]] and William Cran, ''[[Do You Speak American?]]'' (Talese, 2004). ISBN 0-385-51198-1
==External links==
*[http://www.archive.org/details/otr_guidinglight/ Early radio episodes of] [[The Guiding Light]] featuring Mid-Atlantic English
*[http://www.wnyc.org/shows/bl/episodes/2004/03/25/segments/28346 The Brian Lehrer Show: Puhfect Together]
{{English dialects by continent}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mid-Atlantic English}}
[[Category:Standard English]]
[[Category:American and British English differences]]
[[Category:Dialect levelling]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Hatnote|This article is about an acquired dialect of English that crosses the Atlantic, not one naturally localised to the Mid-Atlantic United States. For mid-Atlantic dialects of American English, see [[Mid-Atlantic American English]].}}
'''Mid-Atlantic English''' (less ambiguously known as a '''Transatlantic accent''') is a cultivated or acquired version of the [[English language]] once found in certain aristocratic elements of American society and taught for use in the American theatre. It is not a [[vernacular]] typical of any location, but rather blends [[American English|American]] and [[British English|British]] without being predominantly either. Mid-Atlantic speech patterns and vocabulary are also used by some [[English language|Anglophone]] [[expatriate]]s, many adopting certain features of the accent of their place of residence.
Mid-Atlantic English was popular in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] films from the 1930s to the early 1960s, and is associated with such people as [[Cary Grant]],<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/feb/15/cary-grant-screen-legend Philip French's screen legends: Cary Grant | Film | The Observer]. Guardian. Retrieved on 2011-06-18.</ref> [[Katharine Hepburn]], [[Irene Dunne]], [[William F. Buckley, Jr.]],<ref>{{cite news| last=Konigsberg | first=Eric | date=2008-02-29 | url= http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/29/nyregion/29buckley.html?pagewanted=print |title= On TV, Buckley Led Urbane Debating Club | publisher= The New York Times | accessdate=2011-06-18}}</ref> [[Gore Vidal]], [[George Plimpton]],<ref>[http://gothamist.com/2008/02/25/new_york_city_a_1.php New York City Accents Changing with the Times]. Gothamist (2008-02-25). Retrieved on 2011-06-18.</ref><ref>[http://www.observer.com/node/48130 ]{{dead link|date=June 2011}}</ref> [[Roscoe Lee Browne]],<ref>[http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09028/944895-325.stm Lane, Hamlisch among Theater Hall of Fame inductees]. Post-gazette.com (2009-01-28). Retrieved on 2011-06-18.</ref> [[Norman Mailer]],<ref>[http://articles.sfgate.com/2007-11-11/news/17268120_1_barbary-shore-american-letters-norman-mailer With Mailer's death, U.S. loses a colorful writer and character – SFGate]. Articles.sfgate.com (2007-11-11). Retrieved on 2011-06-18.</ref> [[Diana Vreeland]],<ref>[http://www.lapl.org/collections-resources/lapl-reads/review/empress-fashion Empress of fashion : a life of Diana Vreeland] Los Angeles Public Library Online (2012-12-28). Retrieved on 2013-11-25.</ref> [[Maria Callas]], [[Patrick McGoohan]], [[Cornelius Vanderbilt IV]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Greenhouse |first=Emily |url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2013/05/the-first-american-anti-nazi-film-rediscovered.html |title=The First American Anti-Nazi Film, Rediscovered |publisher=The New Yorker |date= |accessdate=2014-04-01}}</ref> [[John Houseman]], [[Angela Cartwright]], and [[Jonathan Harris]]. The monologuist [[Ruth Draper]]'s recorded "The Italian Lesson" gives an example of this East Coast American upper-class diction of the 1940s.
The terms "Transatlantic" and "Mid-Atlantic" are sometimes used in Britain to refer, often critically, to the speech of British public figures (often in the entertainment industry) who affect a quasi-American accent. The fictional Radio Norwich DJ, Dave Clifton, from the BBC television comedy series ''[[I'm Alan Partridge]]'', and food writer [[Loyd Grossman]], speak with a Transatlantic accent.
International media tend to reduce the number of mutually unintelligible versions of English to some extent,<ref>{{cite web| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080930093617/http://www.accentbootcamp.com/ |title=How could accent reduction change your life?| archivedate=2008-09-30 | work=accentbootcamp.com | publisher=Auckland English Academy Ltd | location= Auckland, New Zealand| url=http://www.accentbootcamp.com/}}</ref> and Mid-Atlantic English tends to avoid Britishisms or Americanisms{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} so that it can be equally understandable and acceptable on both sides of the [[Atlantic Ocean]].
==Acquisition==
Mid-Atlantic English was usually learned in one of four ways:{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}
* Naturally, by spending extended time in various Anglophone communities, typically in North America.
* At a boarding school in America prior to the 1960s (after which it fell out of vogue).
* Intentionally for stage practice or other use.<ref>{{cite web|last=Coalson |first=Robert |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/08/language-mystery-when-did-americans-stop-sounding-this-way/243326/ |title=Language Mystery: When Did Americans Stop Sounding This Way? - James Fallows |publisher=The Atlantic |date=2011-08-08 |accessdate=2014-04-01}}</ref> A version codified by voice coach Edith Skinner, [[American Theater Standard]], is widely taught in acting schools.
* For non-native Anglophones, by learning English from different British and American sources.
==Phonology==
==Vowels==
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Short [[monophthong]]s<ref name="s">{{Harvcoltxt|Skinner|1990}}</ref>
!
|[[Front vowel|Front]]
|[[Central vowel|Central]]
|[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-align=center
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|ɪ}}
|
| {{IPA|ʊ}}
|-align=center
! [[Close vowel|Close-Mid]]
| {{IPA|e}}
|
| {{IPA|o*}}
|-align=center
! [[Open vowel|Open-Mid]]
|
| {{IPA|ə*}}
|
|-align=center
![[Open vowel|Near-open]]
| {{IPA|æ}}
| {{IPA|ʌ}}
|
|-align=center
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA|a~ä}}
|
| {{IPA|ɒ}}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> only occurs in unstressed syllables
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Long monophthongs<ref name="s"/>
!
|[[Front vowel|Front]]
|[[Central vowel|Central]]
|[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-align=center
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|iː}}
|
| {{IPA|uː}}
|-align=center
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|
| {{IPA|ɜː~ɐː}}
| {{IPA|ɔː}}
|-align=center
|-align=center
![[Back vowel|Open]]
|
|
| {{IPA|ɑː}}
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Closing [[diphthong]]s<ref name="s"/>
!
|[[Front vowel|Front]]
|[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-align=center
! Close-mid
| {{IPA|eɪ̯}}
| {{IPA|oʊ̯}}
|-align=center
! Open-mid
|
| {{IPA|ɔɪ̯}}
|-align=center
|-align=center
! Open
| {{IPA|äɪ~aɪ̯}}
| {{IPA|aʊ~äʊ}}
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Centering diphthongs<ref name="s"/>
!
|[[Front vowel|Front]]
|[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-align=center
! Close
| {{IPA|ɪə̯}}
|{{IPA|ʊə̯}}
|-align=center
! Close-mid
|{{IPA|ɛə̯}}
|{{IPA|ɔə̯}}
|-align=center
|-align=center
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Triphthongs<ref name="s"/>
!
|[[Front vowel|Front]]
|[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-align=center
! Open
| {{IPA|aɪ̯ə~äɪə̯}}
| {{IPA|äʊə̯~ɑʊ̯ə}}
|}
{{hidden begin|title=Mid-Atlantic English vowels|toggle=left}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
! colspan="3" | '''Pure vowels ([[Monophthong]]s)'''
|-
| '''[[Help:IPA for English|English diaphoneme]]'''
| '''Mid-Atlantic[[phoneme]]'''
| '''Example words'''
|-
|-
| {{IPA|/æ/}}
| {{IPA|[æ]}}
| '''a'''ct, p'''a'''l, tr'''a'''p
|-
|{{IPA|/ɑː/}}
|{{IPA|[a~ä]}}
|bl'''ah''', f'''a'''ther,h'''a'''m, p'''a'''ss, y'''eah'''
|-
|{{IPA|/ɒ/}}
|{{IPA|[ɒ]}}
|l'''o'''t, t'''o'''p, w'''a'''sp,b'''o'''ther,
|-
|{{IPA|/ɔː/}}
|{{IPA|[ɔː]}}
|'''a'''ll, d'''o'''g, b'''ough'''t, <br/>l'''o'''ss, s'''aw''', t'''augh'''t
|-
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| {{IPA|[ɛ]}}
| dr'''e'''ss, m'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d
|-
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| {{IPA|[ə]}}
| '''a'''bout, syr'''u'''p, '''a'''ren'''a'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}
|{{IPA|[ɪ]}}
| h'''i'''t, sk'''i'''m, t'''i'''p
|-
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{IPA|[iː]}}
| b'''ea'''m, ch'''i'''c, fl'''ee'''t
|-
| {{IPA|/ɨ/}}
| {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
| isl'''a'''nd, gam'''u'''t, wast'''e'''d
|-
| {{IPA|/ʌ/}}
| {{IPA|[ʌ]}}
| b'''u'''s, fl'''oo'''d, wh'''a'''t
|-
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}}
| {{IPA|[ʊ]}}
| b'''oo'''k, p'''u'''t, sh'''ou'''ld
|-
| {{IPA|/uː/}}
| {{IPA|[uː]}}
| f'''oo'''d, gl'''ue''', n'''ew'''
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Diphthong]]s
|-
| {{IPA|/äɪ/}}
| {{IPA|[aɪ~äɪ]}}
| r'''i'''de, sh'''i'''ne, tr'''y'''
|-
| {{IPA|/aʊ/}}
| {{IPA|[aʊ~äʊ]}}
| n'''ow''', '''ou'''ch, sc'''ou'''t
|-
| {{IPA|/eɪ/}}
| {{IPA|[eɪ]}}
| l'''a'''ke, p'''ai'''d, r'''ei'''n
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔɪ/}}
| {{IPA|[ɔɪ]}}
| b'''oy''', ch'''oi'''ce, m'''oi'''st
|-
| {{IPA|/oʊ/}}
| {{IPA|[oʊ]}}
| g'''oa'''t, '''oh''', sh'''ow'''
|-
! colspan="3" | [[R-colored vowel]]s
|-
| {{IPA|/ɑr/}}
| {{IPA|[ɑː(ɹ)~äː(ɹ]}}
| b'''ar'''n, c'''ar''', p'''ar'''k
|-
| {{IPA|/ɛər/}}
| {{IPA|[ɛə(ɹ)]}}
| b'''are''', b'''ear''', th'''ere'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɜr/}}
| {{IPA|[ə~ɐ]}}
| b'''ur'''n, f'''ir'''st, <br/> h'''er'''d, l'''ear'''n,
|-
| {{IPA|/ər/}}
| {{IPA|[ə(ɹ)]}}
|doct'''or''',m'''ur'''d'''er'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɪər/}}
| {{IPA|[ɪə(ɹ)]}}
| f'''ear''', p'''eer''', t'''ier'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔr/}}
| rowspan="1" | {{IPA|[ɔː(ɹ)]}}
| rowspan="1" | h'''or'''se, w'''ar'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔər/}}
| {{IPA|[ɔə(ɹ)]}}
| h'''oar'''se,sc'''ore'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ʊər/}}
| {{IPA|[ʊə(r)]}}
| p'''oor''',t'''our'''
|-
| {{IPA|/jʊər/}}
| {{IPA|[jə(ɹ)]}}
| c'''ure''', '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''
|}
{{hidden end}}
==Consonants==
{| class="wikitable"
!
![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[labiodental consonant|Labio-<br>dental]]
![[dental consonant|Dental]]
![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
![[glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}}
|
|
| {{IPA|n}}
|
|
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-align=center
![[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
| {{IPA|p b}}
|
|
| {{IPA|t d}}
|
|
| {{IPA|k ɡ}}
|
|-align=center
![[affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|t͡ʃ d͡ʒ}}
|
|
|
|-align=center
![[fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
| {{IPA|f v}}
| {{IPA|θ ð}}
| {{IPA|s z}}
| {{IPA|ʃ ʒ}}
|
| {{IPA|ʍ}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|-align=center
![[approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|r}}
| {{IPA|j}}
| {{IPA|w}}
|
|-align=center
![[lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|
| {{IPA|l}}
|
|
|
|
|}
{{IPA|ʍ}} is used in most words spelled "wh".<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Skinner|1990|p=335}}</ref>
{{IPA|/h/}} may be voiced ({{IPA|[ɦ]}}) between two vowel sounds. [[Linking R]] is used but [[intrusive R]] is not permitted.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Skinner|1990|p=102}}</ref> The consonant clusters {{IPA|/tj/}}, {{IPA|/dj/}}, {{IPA|/nj/}}, {{IPA|/sj/}} and {{IPA|/lj/}} (as in ''tune'', ''due'', ''new'', ''pursue'', ''evolution'') are all present, as found in Received Pronunciation, but in few North American dialects (see [[yod-dropping]]). In {{IPA|/sj/}} and {{IPA|/lj/}}, yod-dropping is optional.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Skinner|1990|p=336}}</ref>
==Upper classes==
*Mid-Atlantic English was cultivated by the [[American upper class|upper classes]] in some areas of the [[Northeastern United States]]. Prior to [[World War II]], some of their institutions cultivated a norm influenced by the [[Received Pronunciation]] of [[Southern England]] as an international norm of English pronunciation. Recordings of [[President of the United States|American presidents]] [[Grover Cleveland]] (born in New Jersey, raised in [[Central New York]]) and Ohio-native [[William McKinley]] show their [[Public speaking|oratory]] employed a Mid-Atlantic accent. [[Theodore Roosevelt]], McKinley's successor and a native of New York, had a more natural non-rhotic, upper-class accent.
Recordings of U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], who came from a privileged New York family and who was educated at [[Groton School|Groton]], a private [[Massachusetts]] [[University-preparatory school|preparatory school]], had a number of characteristic patterns. Roosevelt's speech is [[rhotic and non-rhotic accents|non-rhotic]]; one of Roosevelt's most frequently heard speeches has a falling [[diphthong]] in the word ''fear'', which distinguishes it from other forms of surviving non-rhotic speech in the United States.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Robert MacNeil|author2=William Cran|author3=Robert McCrum|title=Do you speak American?: a companion to the PBS television series|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lL6mEYcKHFcC&pg=PA50|accessdate=18 June 2011|year=2005|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-385-51198-8|pages=50–}}</ref> "[[Linking and intrusive R|Linking R]]" appears in Roosevelt's delivery of the words "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself"; compare also Roosevelt's delivery of the words "naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan."<ref>[[commons:File:Roosevelt Pearl Harbor.ogg|Pearl Harbor speech]] by Franklin Delano Roosevelt (sound file)</ref>
According to [[William Labov]], the teaching of this pronunciation declined sharply after the end of World War II.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20051118050043/http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phonoatlas/Atlas_chapters/Ch7/Ch7.html |title=Chapter 7. The Restoration of Post-Vocalic /r/ |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=2005-11-18 |accessdate=2014-04-01}}</ref> As a result, this American version of a "posh" accent has all but disappeared even among the American upper classes. The clipped English of [[George Plimpton]] and [[William F. Buckley, Jr.]] may also serve as vestigial examples.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2185368/ |title=Why Did William F. Buckley Jr. talk like that? |last=Tsai |first=Michelle |publisher=''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' |date=2008-02-28 |accessdate=2008-02-28}}</ref>
==In media==
Mid-Atlantic English was formerly used by American actors who adopted some features of British pronunciation until the mid-1960s. [[Orson Welles]] notably spoke in a mid-Atlantic accent in the 1941 film ''[[Citizen Kane]]'', as did many of his co-stars, such as [[Joseph Cotten]].{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
British expatriates [[Cary Grant]], [[Anthony Hopkins]] or [[Camilla Luddington]], Americans [[Douglas Fairbanks Jr]], [[Bette Davis]], [[Joan Crawford]], [[Elizabeth Taylor]], [[Eleanor Parker]], [[Grace Kelly]], [[Jane Wyatt]], [[Eartha Kitt]], [[Agnes Moorehead]], [[Jonathan Harris]], [[William Daniels]], [[Vincent Price]] and [[Richard Chamberlain]], and Canadians [[Christopher Plummer]], [[John Vernon]] and [[Lorne Greene]] have also exemplified the accent.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}
Use of this accent declined rapidly after World War II. Actors such as [[Humphrey Bogart]], [[Henry Fonda]] and [[John Wayne]] portrayed serious roles speaking in various American-English accents, and the export of American cinema familiarized the rest of the world with their features.
A contemporary comedic example of a Mid-Atlantic accent appears in the television sitcom ''[[Frasier]]'' used by the Crane brothers played by [[Kelsey Grammer]] and [[David Hyde Pierce]], as well as the aristocratic accent spoken by [[Pete Campbell]] in the drama series ''[[Mad Men]]''. [[Mark Hamill]]'s [[voice acting|vocal portrayal]] of Batman villain [[Joker (comics)|the Joker]] adopts a highly theatrical Mid-Atlantic accent throughout the character's many animation and video game appearances. [[Tabitha St. Germain]] uses a Mid-Atlantic accent for the voice of Rarity in ''[[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic]]''.{{citation-needed|date=November 2014}}
US-based British infomercial host [[Anthony Sullivan (pitchman)|Anthony Sullivan]] (also known for the show PitchMen with [[Billy Mays]]), speaks with a Mid-Atlantic accent which is a combination of his native Devon accent and an American accent. As a result it doesn't sound distinctly British or American, but was cultivated so he could be understood by US viewers and yet still appeal to those who wanted to buy something from a Brit. As a result, he pronounces such words as 'potato' and 'tomato' in the American way in his infomercials, but insists people pronounce Anthony in the British way (ie, 'th' pronounced like 't').
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
*[[Robert MacNeil]] and William Cran, ''[[Do You Speak American?]]'' (Talese, 2004). ISBN 0-385-51198-1
==External links==
*[http://www.archive.org/details/otr_guidinglight/ Early radio episodes of] [[The Guiding Light]] featuring Mid-Atlantic English
*[http://www.wnyc.org/shows/bl/episodes/2004/03/25/segments/28346 The Brian Lehrer Show: Puhfect Together]
{{English dialects by continent}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mid-Atlantic English}}
[[Category:Standard English]]
[[Category:American and British English differences]]
[[Category:Dialect levelling]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -16,34 +16,137 @@
* For non-native Anglophones, by learning English from different British and American sources.
==Phonology==
+==Vowels==
+{|class="wikitable"
+|+ Short [[monophthong]]s<ref name="s">{{Harvcoltxt|Skinner|1990}}</ref>
+!
+|[[Front vowel|Front]]
+|[[Central vowel|Central]]
+|[[Back vowel|Back]]
+|-align=center
+! [[Close vowel|Close]]
+| {{IPA|ɪ}}
+|
+| {{IPA|ʊ}}
+|-align=center
+! [[Close vowel|Close-Mid]]
+| {{IPA|e}}
+|
+| {{IPA|o*}}
+|-align=center
+! [[Open vowel|Open-Mid]]
+|
+| {{IPA|ə*}}
+|
+|-align=center
+![[Open vowel|Near-open]]
+| {{IPA|æ}}
+| {{IPA|ʌ}}
+|
+|-align=center
+![[Open vowel|Open]]
+| {{IPA|a~ä}}
+|
+| {{IPA|ɒ}}
+|}
+<nowiki>*</nowiki> only occurs in unstressed syllables
+
+{|class="wikitable"
+|+ Long monophthongs<ref name="s"/>
+!
+|[[Front vowel|Front]]
+|[[Central vowel|Central]]
+|[[Back vowel|Back]]
+|-align=center
+! [[Close vowel|Close]]
+| {{IPA|iː}}
+|
+| {{IPA|uː}}
+|-align=center
+! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
+|
+| {{IPA|ɜː~ɐː}}
+| {{IPA|ɔː}}
+|-align=center
+|-align=center
+![[Back vowel|Open]]
+|
+|
+| {{IPA|ɑː}}
+|}
+
+{|class="wikitable"
+|+ Closing [[diphthong]]s<ref name="s"/>
+!
+|[[Front vowel|Front]]
+|[[Back vowel|Back]]
+|-align=center
+! Close-mid
+| {{IPA|eɪ̯}}
+| {{IPA|oʊ̯}}
+|-align=center
+! Open-mid
+|
+| {{IPA|ɔɪ̯}}
+|-align=center
+|-align=center
+! Open
+| {{IPA|äɪ~aɪ̯}}
+| {{IPA|aʊ~äʊ}}
+|}
-{{hidden begin|title=Philadelphia English vowels|toggle=left}}
+{|class="wikitable"
+|+ Centering diphthongs<ref name="s"/>
+!
+|[[Front vowel|Front]]
+|[[Back vowel|Back]]
+|-align=center
+! Close
+| {{IPA|ɪə̯}}
+|{{IPA|ʊə̯}}
+|-align=center
+! Close-mid
+|{{IPA|ɛə̯}}
+|{{IPA|ɔə̯}}
+|-align=center
+|-align=center
+|}
+{|class="wikitable"
+|+ Triphthongs<ref name="s"/>
+!
+|[[Front vowel|Front]]
+|[[Back vowel|Back]]
+|-align=center
+! Open
+| {{IPA|aɪ̯ə~äɪə̯}}
+| {{IPA|äʊə̯~ɑʊ̯ə}}
+|}
+
+{{hidden begin|title=Mid-Atlantic English vowels|toggle=left}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
! colspan="3" | '''Pure vowels ([[Monophthong]]s)'''
|-
| '''[[Help:IPA for English|English diaphoneme]]'''
-| '''Philadelphia [[phoneme]]'''
+| '''Mid-Atlantic[[phoneme]]'''
| '''Example words'''
|-
|-
-| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/æ/}}
+| {{IPA|/æ/}}
| {{IPA|[æ]}}
| '''a'''ct, p'''a'''l, tr'''a'''p
|-
-| [[æ boarding|[a~ä]]]
-| h'''a'''m, p'''a'''ss, y'''eah'''
-|-
-| {{IPA|/ɑː/}}
-| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[ɑ~ä]}}
-| rowspan="2" | bl'''ah''', b'''o'''ther, f'''a'''ther, <br/>l'''o'''t, t'''o'''p, w'''a'''sp
-|-
-| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/ɒ/}}
-|-
-| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɔː]}}
-| rowspan="2" |'''a'''ll, d'''o'''g, b'''ough'''t, <br/>l'''o'''ss, s'''aw''', t'''augh'''t
+|{{IPA|/ɑː/}}
+|{{IPA|[a~ä]}}
+|bl'''ah''', f'''a'''ther,h'''a'''m, p'''a'''ss, y'''eah'''
+|-
+|{{IPA|/ɒ/}}
+|{{IPA|[ɒ]}}
+|l'''o'''t, t'''o'''p, w'''a'''sp,b'''o'''ther,
|-
|{{IPA|/ɔː/}}
+|{{IPA|[ɔː]}}
+|'''a'''ll, d'''o'''g, b'''ough'''t, <br/>l'''o'''ss, s'''aw''', t'''augh'''t
|-
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| {{IPA|[ɛ]}}
@@ -54,19 +157,19 @@
| '''a'''bout, syr'''u'''p, '''a'''ren'''a'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}
-| older: {{IPA|[ɪ̈]}} <br/>newer: {{IPA|[ɪ~ɘ]}}
+|{{IPA|[ɪ]}}
| h'''i'''t, sk'''i'''m, t'''i'''p
|-
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
-| older: {{IPA|[ɪ̟~ɪi]}} <br/>newer: {{IPA|[i]}} <br />preceding /g/: {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
+| {{IPA|[iː]}}
| b'''ea'''m, ch'''i'''c, fl'''ee'''t
|-
| {{IPA|/ɨ/}}
-| {{IPA|[ɪ~ɪ̈~ə]}}
+| {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
| isl'''a'''nd, gam'''u'''t, wast'''e'''d
|-
| {{IPA|/ʌ/}}
-| {{IPA|[ʌ~ɐ]}}
+| {{IPA|[ʌ]}}
| b'''u'''s, fl'''oo'''d, wh'''a'''t
|-
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}}
@@ -74,37 +177,35 @@
| b'''oo'''k, p'''u'''t, sh'''ou'''ld
|-
| {{IPA|/uː/}}
-| {{IPA|[ʉu]}}
+| {{IPA|[uː]}}
| f'''oo'''d, gl'''ue''', n'''ew'''
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Diphthong]]s
|-
-| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/äɪ/}}
-| {{IPA|[äɪ~ɑɪ]}}
+| {{IPA|/äɪ/}}
+| {{IPA|[aɪ~äɪ]}}
| r'''i'''de, sh'''i'''ne, tr'''y'''
|-
-
-|-
| {{IPA|/aʊ/}}
| {{IPA|[aʊ~äʊ]}}
| n'''ow''', '''ou'''ch, sc'''ou'''t
|-
| {{IPA|/eɪ/}}
-| {{IPA|[e̞ɪ]}}
+| {{IPA|[eɪ]}}
| l'''a'''ke, p'''ai'''d, r'''ei'''n
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔɪ/}}
-| {{IPA|[oɪ]}}
+| {{IPA|[ɔɪ]}}
| b'''oy''', ch'''oi'''ce, m'''oi'''st
|-
| {{IPA|/oʊ/}}
-| {{IPA|[ɜʊ]}}
+| {{IPA|[oʊ]}}
| g'''oa'''t, '''oh''', sh'''ow'''
|-
! colspan="3" | [[R-colored vowel]]s
|-
| {{IPA|/ɑr/}}
-| {{IPA|[ɑ(ɹ)~ä(ɹ]}}
+| {{IPA|[ɑː(ɹ)~äː(ɹ]}}
| b'''ar'''n, c'''ar''', p'''ar'''k
|-
| {{IPA|/ɛər/}}
@@ -112,28 +213,110 @@
| b'''are''', b'''ear''', th'''ere'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɜr/}}
-| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ə~ɐ]}}
-| rowspan="2" | b'''ur'''n, doct'''or''', f'''ir'''st, <br/> h'''er'''d, l'''ear'''n, m'''ur'''d'''er'''
+| {{IPA|[ə~ɐ]}}
+| b'''ur'''n, f'''ir'''st, <br/> h'''er'''d, l'''ear'''n,
|-
| {{IPA|/ər/}}
-| {{IPA|/ə(ɹ)
+| {{IPA|[ə(ɹ)]}}
+|doct'''or''',m'''ur'''d'''er'''
+|-
| {{IPA|/ɪər/}}
-| {{IPA|[ɪɹ~iɹ]}}
+| {{IPA|[ɪə(ɹ)]}}
| f'''ear''', p'''eer''', t'''ier'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔr/}}
-| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɔ(ɹ)]}}
-| rowspan="3" | h'''oar'''se, h'''or'''se, p'''oor''' <br/ > sc'''ore''', t'''our''', w'''ar'''
+| rowspan="1" | {{IPA|[ɔː(ɹ)]}}
+| rowspan="1" | h'''or'''se, w'''ar'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔər/}}
-| {{IPA|ɔə(ɹ)}}
+| {{IPA|[ɔə(ɹ)]}}
+| h'''oar'''se,sc'''ore'''
+|-
| {{IPA|/ʊər/}}
-| {{IPA|/ʊə(r)/}}
+| {{IPA|[ʊə(r)]}}
+| p'''oor''',t'''our'''
+|-
| {{IPA|/jʊər/}}
| {{IPA|[jə(ɹ)]}}
| c'''ure''', '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''
|}
{{hidden end}}
+==Consonants==
+
+{| class="wikitable"
+!
+![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
+![[labiodental consonant|Labio-<br>dental]]
+![[dental consonant|Dental]]
+![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
+![[postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
+![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
+![[velar consonant|Velar]]
+![[glottal consonant|Glottal]]
+|-align=center
+![[nasal stop|Nasal]]
+| {{IPA|m}}
+|
+|
+| {{IPA|n}}
+|
+|
+| {{IPA|ŋ}}
+|
+|-align=center
+![[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
+| {{IPA|p b}}
+|
+|
+| {{IPA|t d}}
+|
+|
+| {{IPA|k ɡ}}
+|
+|-align=center
+![[affricate consonant|Affricate]]
+|
+|
+|
+|
+| {{IPA|t͡ʃ d͡ʒ}}
+|
+|
+|
+|-align=center
+![[fricative consonant|Fricative]]
+|
+| {{IPA|f v}}
+| {{IPA|θ ð}}
+| {{IPA|s z}}
+| {{IPA|ʃ ʒ}}
+|
+| {{IPA|ʍ}}
+| {{IPA|h}}
+|-align=center
+![[approximant consonant|Approximant]]
+|
+|
+|
+|
+| {{IPA|r}}
+| {{IPA|j}}
+| {{IPA|w}}
+|
+|-align=center
+![[lateral consonant|Lateral]]
+|
+|
+|
+| {{IPA|l}}
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|}
+
+{{IPA|ʍ}} is used in most words spelled "wh".<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Skinner|1990|p=335}}</ref>
+{{IPA|/h/}} may be voiced ({{IPA|[ɦ]}}) between two vowel sounds. [[Linking R]] is used but [[intrusive R]] is not permitted.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Skinner|1990|p=102}}</ref> The consonant clusters {{IPA|/tj/}}, {{IPA|/dj/}}, {{IPA|/nj/}}, {{IPA|/sj/}} and {{IPA|/lj/}} (as in ''tune'', ''due'', ''new'', ''pursue'', ''evolution'') are all present, as found in Received Pronunciation, but in few North American dialects (see [[yod-dropping]]). In {{IPA|/sj/}} and {{IPA|/lj/}}, yod-dropping is optional.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Skinner|1990|p=336}}</ref>
==Upper classes==
*Mid-Atlantic English was cultivated by the [[American upper class|upper classes]] in some areas of the [[Northeastern United States]]. Prior to [[World War II]], some of their institutions cultivated a norm influenced by the [[Received Pronunciation]] of [[Southern England]] as an international norm of English pronunciation. Recordings of [[President of the United States|American presidents]] [[Grover Cleveland]] (born in New Jersey, raised in [[Central New York]]) and Ohio-native [[William McKinley]] show their [[Public speaking|oratory]] employed a Mid-Atlantic accent. [[Theodore Roosevelt]], McKinley's successor and a native of New York, had a more natural non-rhotic, upper-class accent.
' |
New page size (new_size) | 16445 |
Old page size (old_size) | 13438 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 3007 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '==Vowels==',
1 => '{|class="wikitable"',
2 => '|+ Short [[monophthong]]s<ref name="s">{{Harvcoltxt|Skinner|1990}}</ref>',
3 => '!',
4 => '|[[Front vowel|Front]]',
5 => '|[[Central vowel|Central]]',
6 => '|[[Back vowel|Back]]',
7 => '|-align=center',
8 => '! [[Close vowel|Close]]',
9 => '| {{IPA|ɪ}}',
10 => '| ',
11 => '| {{IPA|ʊ}}',
12 => '|-align=center',
13 => '! [[Close vowel|Close-Mid]]',
14 => '| {{IPA|e}}',
15 => '| ',
16 => '| {{IPA|o*}}',
17 => '|-align=center',
18 => '! [[Open vowel|Open-Mid]]',
19 => '| ',
20 => '| {{IPA|ə*}}',
21 => '| ',
22 => '|-align=center',
23 => '![[Open vowel|Near-open]]',
24 => '| {{IPA|æ}}',
25 => '| {{IPA|ʌ}}',
26 => '|',
27 => '|-align=center',
28 => '![[Open vowel|Open]]',
29 => '| {{IPA|a~ä}}',
30 => '| ',
31 => '| {{IPA|ɒ}} ',
32 => '|}',
33 => '<nowiki>*</nowiki> only occurs in unstressed syllables',
34 => false,
35 => '{|class="wikitable"',
36 => '|+ Long monophthongs<ref name="s"/>',
37 => '!',
38 => '|[[Front vowel|Front]]',
39 => '|[[Central vowel|Central]]',
40 => '|[[Back vowel|Back]]',
41 => '|-align=center',
42 => '! [[Close vowel|Close]]',
43 => '| {{IPA|iː}}',
44 => '|',
45 => '| {{IPA|uː}}',
46 => '|-align=center',
47 => '! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]',
48 => '|',
49 => '| {{IPA|ɜː~ɐː}}',
50 => '| {{IPA|ɔː}}',
51 => '|-align=center',
52 => '|-align=center',
53 => '![[Back vowel|Open]]',
54 => '|',
55 => '| ',
56 => '| {{IPA|ɑː}}',
57 => '|}',
58 => false,
59 => '{|class="wikitable"',
60 => '|+ Closing [[diphthong]]s<ref name="s"/>',
61 => '!',
62 => '|[[Front vowel|Front]]',
63 => '|[[Back vowel|Back]]',
64 => '|-align=center',
65 => '! Close-mid',
66 => '| {{IPA|eɪ̯}}',
67 => '| {{IPA|oʊ̯}}',
68 => '|-align=center',
69 => '! Open-mid',
70 => '|',
71 => '| {{IPA|ɔɪ̯}}',
72 => '|-align=center',
73 => '|-align=center',
74 => '! Open',
75 => '| {{IPA|äɪ~aɪ̯}}',
76 => '| {{IPA|aʊ~äʊ}}',
77 => '|}',
78 => '{|class="wikitable"',
79 => '|+ Centering diphthongs<ref name="s"/>',
80 => '!',
81 => '|[[Front vowel|Front]]',
82 => '|[[Back vowel|Back]]',
83 => '|-align=center',
84 => '! Close',
85 => '| {{IPA|ɪə̯}}',
86 => '|{{IPA|ʊə̯}}',
87 => '|-align=center',
88 => '! Close-mid',
89 => '|{{IPA|ɛə̯}}',
90 => '|{{IPA|ɔə̯}}',
91 => '|-align=center',
92 => '|-align=center',
93 => '|}',
94 => '{|class="wikitable"',
95 => '|+ Triphthongs<ref name="s"/>',
96 => '!',
97 => '|[[Front vowel|Front]]',
98 => '|[[Back vowel|Back]]',
99 => '|-align=center',
100 => '! Open',
101 => '| {{IPA|aɪ̯ə~äɪə̯}}',
102 => '| {{IPA|äʊə̯~ɑʊ̯ə}}',
103 => '|}',
104 => false,
105 => '{{hidden begin|title=Mid-Atlantic English vowels|toggle=left}}',
106 => '| '''Mid-Atlantic[[phoneme]]'''',
107 => '| {{IPA|/æ/}}',
108 => '|{{IPA|/ɑː/}}',
109 => '|{{IPA|[a~ä]}}',
110 => '|bl'''ah''', f'''a'''ther,h'''a'''m, p'''a'''ss, y'''eah''' ',
111 => '|-',
112 => '|{{IPA|/ɒ/}}',
113 => '|{{IPA|[ɒ]}}',
114 => '|l'''o'''t, t'''o'''p, w'''a'''sp,b'''o'''ther,',
115 => '|{{IPA|[ɔː]}}',
116 => '|'''a'''ll, d'''o'''g, b'''ough'''t, <br/>l'''o'''ss, s'''aw''', t'''augh'''t',
117 => '|{{IPA|[ɪ]}}',
118 => '| {{IPA|[iː]}} ',
119 => '| {{IPA|[ɪ]}}',
120 => '| {{IPA|[ʌ]}}',
121 => '| {{IPA|[uː]}}',
122 => '| {{IPA|/äɪ/}}',
123 => '| {{IPA|[aɪ~äɪ]}}',
124 => '| {{IPA|[eɪ]}}',
125 => '| {{IPA|[ɔɪ]}}',
126 => '| {{IPA|[oʊ]}}',
127 => '| {{IPA|[ɑː(ɹ)~äː(ɹ]}} ',
128 => '| {{IPA|[ə~ɐ]}}',
129 => '| b'''ur'''n, f'''ir'''st, <br/> h'''er'''d, l'''ear'''n, ',
130 => '| {{IPA|[ə(ɹ)]}}',
131 => '|doct'''or''',m'''ur'''d'''er'''',
132 => '|-',
133 => '| {{IPA|[ɪə(ɹ)]}}',
134 => '| rowspan="1" | {{IPA|[ɔː(ɹ)]}} ',
135 => '| rowspan="1" | h'''or'''se, w'''ar'''',
136 => '| {{IPA|[ɔə(ɹ)]}}',
137 => '| h'''oar'''se,sc'''ore'''',
138 => '|-',
139 => '| {{IPA|[ʊə(r)]}}',
140 => '| p'''oor''',t'''our'''',
141 => '|-',
142 => '==Consonants==',
143 => false,
144 => '{| class="wikitable"',
145 => '!',
146 => '![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]',
147 => '![[labiodental consonant|Labio-<br>dental]]',
148 => '![[dental consonant|Dental]]',
149 => '![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]',
150 => '![[postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]',
151 => '![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]',
152 => '![[velar consonant|Velar]]',
153 => '![[glottal consonant|Glottal]]',
154 => '|-align=center',
155 => '![[nasal stop|Nasal]]',
156 => '| {{IPA|m}}',
157 => '|',
158 => '|',
159 => '| {{IPA|n}}',
160 => '|',
161 => '|',
162 => '| {{IPA|ŋ}}',
163 => '|',
164 => '|-align=center',
165 => '![[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]',
166 => '| {{IPA|p b}}',
167 => '|',
168 => '|',
169 => '| {{IPA|t d}}',
170 => '|',
171 => '|',
172 => '| {{IPA|k ɡ}}',
173 => '|',
174 => '|-align=center',
175 => '![[affricate consonant|Affricate]]',
176 => '|',
177 => '|',
178 => '|',
179 => '|',
180 => '| {{IPA|t͡ʃ d͡ʒ}}',
181 => '|',
182 => '|',
183 => '|',
184 => '|-align=center',
185 => '![[fricative consonant|Fricative]]',
186 => '|',
187 => '| {{IPA|f v}}',
188 => '| {{IPA|θ ð}}',
189 => '| {{IPA|s z}}',
190 => '| {{IPA|ʃ ʒ}}',
191 => '|',
192 => '| {{IPA|ʍ}}',
193 => '| {{IPA|h}}',
194 => '|-align=center',
195 => '![[approximant consonant|Approximant]]',
196 => '|',
197 => '|',
198 => '|',
199 => '|',
200 => '| {{IPA|r}}',
201 => '| {{IPA|j}}',
202 => '| {{IPA|w}}',
203 => '|',
204 => '|-align=center',
205 => '![[lateral consonant|Lateral]]',
206 => '|',
207 => '|',
208 => '|',
209 => '| {{IPA|l}}',
210 => '|',
211 => '|',
212 => '|',
213 => '|',
214 => '|}',
215 => false,
216 => '{{IPA|ʍ}} is used in most words spelled "wh".<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Skinner|1990|p=335}}</ref> ',
217 => '{{IPA|/h/}} may be voiced ({{IPA|[ɦ]}}) between two vowel sounds. [[Linking R]] is used but [[intrusive R]] is not permitted.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Skinner|1990|p=102}}</ref> The consonant clusters {{IPA|/tj/}}, {{IPA|/dj/}}, {{IPA|/nj/}}, {{IPA|/sj/}} and {{IPA|/lj/}} (as in ''tune'', ''due'', ''new'', ''pursue'', ''evolution'') are all present, as found in Received Pronunciation, but in few North American dialects (see [[yod-dropping]]). In {{IPA|/sj/}} and {{IPA|/lj/}}, yod-dropping is optional.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Skinner|1990|p=336}}</ref>'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '{{hidden begin|title=Philadelphia English vowels|toggle=left}}',
1 => '| '''Philadelphia [[phoneme]]'''',
2 => '| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/æ/}}',
3 => '| [[æ boarding|[a~ä]]]',
4 => '| h'''a'''m, p'''a'''ss, y'''eah'''',
5 => '|-',
6 => '| {{IPA|/ɑː/}}',
7 => '| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[ɑ~ä]}}',
8 => '| rowspan="2" | bl'''ah''', b'''o'''ther, f'''a'''ther, <br/>l'''o'''t, t'''o'''p, w'''a'''sp',
9 => '|-',
10 => '| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/ɒ/}}',
11 => '|-',
12 => '| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɔː]}}',
13 => '| rowspan="2" |'''a'''ll, d'''o'''g, b'''ough'''t, <br/>l'''o'''ss, s'''aw''', t'''augh'''t',
14 => '| older: {{IPA|[ɪ̈]}} <br/>newer: {{IPA|[ɪ~ɘ]}}',
15 => '| older: {{IPA|[ɪ̟~ɪi]}} <br/>newer: {{IPA|[i]}} <br />preceding /g/: {{IPA|[ɪ]}}',
16 => '| {{IPA|[ɪ~ɪ̈~ə]}}',
17 => '| {{IPA|[ʌ~ɐ]}}',
18 => '| {{IPA|[ʉu]}}',
19 => '| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/äɪ/}}',
20 => '| {{IPA|[äɪ~ɑɪ]}}',
21 => false,
22 => '|-',
23 => '| {{IPA|[e̞ɪ]}}',
24 => '| {{IPA|[oɪ]}}',
25 => '| {{IPA|[ɜʊ]}}',
26 => '| {{IPA|[ɑ(ɹ)~ä(ɹ]}} ',
27 => '| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ə~ɐ]}}',
28 => '| rowspan="2" | b'''ur'''n, doct'''or''', f'''ir'''st, <br/> h'''er'''d, l'''ear'''n, m'''ur'''d'''er''' ',
29 => '| {{IPA|/ə(ɹ)',
30 => '| {{IPA|[ɪɹ~iɹ]}}',
31 => '| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɔ(ɹ)]}} ',
32 => '| rowspan="3" | h'''oar'''se, h'''or'''se, p'''oor''' <br/ > sc'''ore''', t'''our''', w'''ar'''',
33 => '| {{IPA|ɔə(ɹ)}}',
34 => '| {{IPA|/ʊə(r)/}}'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/feb/15/cary-grant-screen-legend',
1 => 'http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/29/nyregion/29buckley.html?pagewanted=print',
2 => 'http://gothamist.com/2008/02/25/new_york_city_a_1.php',
3 => 'http://www.observer.com/node/48130',
4 => 'http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09028/944895-325.stm',
5 => 'http://articles.sfgate.com/2007-11-11/news/17268120_1_barbary-shore-american-letters-norman-mailer',
6 => 'http://www.lapl.org/collections-resources/lapl-reads/review/empress-fashion',
7 => 'http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2013/05/the-first-american-anti-nazi-film-rediscovered.html',
8 => 'http://web.archive.org/web/20080930093617/http://www.accentbootcamp.com/',
9 => 'http://www.accentbootcamp.com/',
10 => 'http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/08/language-mystery-when-did-americans-stop-sounding-this-way/243326/',
11 => 'http://books.google.com/books?id=lL6mEYcKHFcC&pg=PA50',
12 => 'http://web.archive.org/web/20051118050043/http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phonoatlas/Atlas_chapters/Ch7/Ch7.html',
13 => 'http://www.slate.com/id/2185368/',
14 => 'http://www.archive.org/details/otr_guidinglight/',
15 => 'http://www.wnyc.org/shows/bl/episodes/2004/03/25/segments/28346'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'http://articles.sfgate.com/2007-11-11/news/17268120_1_barbary-shore-american-letters-norman-mailer',
1 => 'http://books.google.com/books?id=lL6mEYcKHFcC&pg=PA50',
2 => 'http://gothamist.com/2008/02/25/new_york_city_a_1.php',
3 => 'http://web.archive.org/web/20051118050043/http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phonoatlas/Atlas_chapters/Ch7/Ch7.html',
4 => 'http://web.archive.org/web/20080930093617/http://www.accentbootcamp.com/',
5 => 'http://www.accentbootcamp.com/',
6 => 'http://www.archive.org/details/otr_guidinglight/',
7 => 'http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/feb/15/cary-grant-screen-legend',
8 => 'http://www.lapl.org/collections-resources/lapl-reads/review/empress-fashion',
9 => 'http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2013/05/the-first-american-anti-nazi-film-rediscovered.html',
10 => 'http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/29/nyregion/29buckley.html?pagewanted=print',
11 => 'http://www.observer.com/node/48130',
12 => 'http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09028/944895-325.stm',
13 => 'http://www.slate.com/id/2185368/',
14 => 'http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/08/language-mystery-when-did-americans-stop-sounding-this-way/243326/',
15 => 'http://www.wnyc.org/shows/bl/episodes/2004/03/25/segments/28346'
] |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | 0 |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1418226060 |
