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'{{csb-pageincludes|1=http://www.writeopinions.com/indian-english}} {{refimprove|date=December 2014}}English language public instruction began in India in the 1830s during the [[Company rule in India#Education|rule of the East India Company]] (India was then, and is today, one of the most linguistically diverse regions of the world<ref>{{citation|last=Lalmalsawma|first=David|title=India speaks 780 languages, 220 lost in last 50 years – survey|publisher=Reuters|date=7 September 2013|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2013/09/07/india-speaks-780-languages-220-lost-in-last-50-years-survey/}}</ref>). In 1837, English replaced [[Persian language|Persian]] as the official language of the Company. [[Thomas_Babington_Macaulay,_1st_Baron_Macaulay|Lord Macaulay]] played a major role in introducing English and western concepts to education in India. He supported the replacement of Persian by English as the official language, the use of English as the medium of instruction in all schools, and the training of English-speaking Indians as teachers.<ref name="John MacKenzie 2013">John MacKenzie, "A family empire," ''BBC History Magazine'' (Jan 2013)</ref> Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, primary- middle- and high schools were opened in many districts of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], with most high schools offering English language instruction in some subjects. In 1857, just before the end of Company rule, universities modelled on the [[University of London]] and using English as the medium of instruction were established in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and [[Chennai|Madras]]. During subsequent [[The Crown|Crown Rule]] in India, or the [[British Raj]], lasting from 1858 to 1947, English language penetration increased throughout India. This was driven in part by the gradually increasing hiring of Indians in the [[civil services]]. At the time of India's independence in 1947, English was the only functional [[lingua franca]] in the country. Consequently, although the [[Constitution of India]] (1951) declared [[Hindi]] the official language of the new republic, it retained English as the associate official language. Indian English generally uses the [[Indian numbering system]]. Idiomatic forms derived from Indian literary languages and vernaculars have been absorbed into Indian English. Nevertheless, there remains general homogeneity in phonetics, vocabulary, and phraseology between variants of the Indian English dialect.<ref>Mukesh Ranjan Verma and Krishna Autar Agrawal: ''Reflections on Indian English literature'' (2002), page 163: "Some of the words in American English have spelling pronunciation and also pronunciation spelling. These are also characteristic features of Indian English as well. The novels of Mulk Raj Anand, in particular, are full of examples of ..."</ref><ref>Pingali Sailaja: ''Indian English'' (2009), page 116: "So what was Cauvery is now Kaveri. Some residual spellings left by the British do exist such as the use of ee for /i:/ as in Mukherjee. Also, some place names such as Cuddapah and Punjab"</ref><ref>Edward Carney: ''Survey of English Spelling'' (2012), page 56: "Not all distributional differences, however, have important consequences for spelling. For instance, the ... Naturally enough, Indian English is heavily influenced by the native language of the area in which it is spoken."</ref><ref>''Indian English Literature'' (2002), page 300: "The use of Indian words with English spellings: e.g. 'Mundus,' 'raksha'; 'Ed Cherukka,' 'Chacko Saar Vannu'"</ref> English is the official language of [[ Nagaland]] the only state in India to have so.This variety closely approximating [[Received Pronunciation]] and associated with younger generation of urban and sub-urban regions of metropolitan cities of the country ==Introduction== After [[Indian Independence]] in 1947, Hindi was declared the first official language, and attempts were made to declare Hindi the sole national language of India. Due to [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|protests from Tamil Nadu]] and other non-Hindi-speaking states, it was decided to temporarily retain English for official purposes until at least 1965. By the end of this period, however, opposition from non-Hindi states was still too strong to have Hindi declared the sole language. With this in mind, the English Language Amendment Bill declared English to be an associate language "until such time as all non-Hindi States had agreed to its being dropped." This has never occurred, as English is now reckoned as all but indispensable. For instance, it is the only reliable means of day-to-day communication between the central government and the non-Hindi states.The accent is more or less similar to [[Received Pronunciation]] with a Indian Influences. ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {{hidden begin|title=Cultivated Indian English vowels|toggle=left}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ ! colspan="3" | '''Pure vowels ([[Monophthong]]s)''' |- | '''[[Help:IPA for English|English diaphoneme]]''' | '''Cultivated Indian English[[phoneme]]''' | '''Example words''' |- |- | {{IPA|/æ/}} | {{IPA|[æ~a]}} | '''a'''ct, p'''a'''l, tr'''a'''p |- |{{IPA|/ɑː/}} |{{IPA|[ɑː]}} | bl'''ah''',f'''a'''ther,p'''a'''lm,p'''a'''ss, b'''a'''th |- |{{IPA|/ɒ/}} |{{IPA|[ɔ]}} |l'''o'''t, t'''o'''p, w'''a'''sp,b'''o'''ther, |- |{{IPA|/ɔː/}} |{{IPA|[ɔː~oː]}} |'''a'''ll, d'''o'''g, b'''ough'''t, <br/>l'''o'''ss, s'''aw''', t'''augh'''t |- | {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | {{IPA|[ɛ]}} | dr'''e'''ss, m'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d |- | {{IPA|/ə/}} | {{IPA|[ə]}} | '''a'''bout, syr'''u'''p, '''a'''ren'''a''' |- | {{IPA|/ɪ/}} |{{IPA|[ɪ]}} | h'''i'''t, sk'''i'''m, t'''i'''p |- | {{IPA|/iː/}} | {{IPA|[iː]}} | b'''ea'''m, ch'''i'''c, fl'''ee'''t |- | {{IPA|/ɨ/}} | {{IPA|[ɪ]}} | isl'''a'''nd, gam'''u'''t, wast'''e'''d |- | {{IPA|/ʌ/}} | {{IPA|[ɐ~ä]}} | b'''u'''s, fl'''oo'''d, wh'''a'''t |- | {{IPA|/ʊ/}} | {{IPA|[ʊ~ɵ]}} | b'''oo'''k, p'''u'''t, sh'''ou'''ld |- | {{IPA|/uː/}} | {{IPA|[uː]}} | f'''oo'''d, gl'''ue''', n'''ew''' |- ! colspan="3" | [[Diphthong]]s |- | {{IPA|/aɪ/}} | {{IPA|[äɪ~ɑɪ]}} | r'''i'''de, sh'''i'''ne, tr'''y''' |- | {{IPA|/aʊ/}} | {{IPA|[æʊ~ɑʊ]}} | n'''ow''', '''ou'''ch, sc'''ou'''t |- | {{IPA|/eɪ/}} | {{IPA|[eɪ~ɛɪ]}} | l'''a'''ke, p'''ai'''d, r'''ei'''n |- | {{IPA|/ɔɪ/}} | {{IPA|[ɔɪ~oɪ]}} | b'''oy''', ch'''oi'''ce, m'''oi'''st |- | | {{IPA|/oʊ/}} | {{IPA|[oʊ~əʊ]}} | g'''oa'''t, '''oh''', sh'''ow''' |- | {{IPA|/oʊ/}} | {{IPA|[oʊ~ɔʊ]}} | g'''oa'''l,c'''o'''ld |- ! colspan="3" | [[R-colored vowel]]s |- | {{IPA|/ɑr/}} | {{IPA|[ä(ɹ)~(ɑɹ]}} | b'''ar'''n, c'''ar''', p'''ar'''k |- | {{IPA|/ɛər/}} | {{IPA|[ɛə(ɹ)]}} | b'''are''', b'''ear''', th'''ere''' |- | {{IPA|/ɜr/}} | {{IPA|[ə~ɐ]}} | b'''ur'''n, f'''ir'''st, <br/> h'''er'''d, l'''ear'''n, |- | {{IPA|/ər/}} | {{IPA|[ə(ɹ)]}} |doct'''or''',m'''ur'''d'''er''' |- | {{IPA|/ɪər/}} | {{IPA|[ɪə(ɹ)]}} | f'''ear''', p'''eer''', t'''ier''' |- | {{IPA|/ɔr/}} | rowspan="1" | {{IPA|[ɔː(ɹ)~oː(ɹ)]}} | rowspan="1" | h'''or'''se, w'''ar''' |- | {{IPA|/ɔər/}} | {{IPA|[ɔː(ɹ)~oː(ɹ)]}} | h'''oar'''se,sc'''ore''' |- | {{IPA|/ʊər/}} | {{IPA|[ʊə(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ)~oː(ɹ)]}} | p'''oor''',t'''our''' |- | {{IPA|/jʊər/}} | {{IPA|[jʊə(ɹ)~jɔː(ɹ)~joː(ɹ)]}} | c'''ure''', '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure''' |} {{hidden end}} ==Consonants== {{IPA|[[ʍ]]}} spelled "wh" and {{IPA|w}} spelled "w" are merged to later form. [[Linking R]] is used but [[intrusive R]] is not permitted.The consonant clusters {{IPA|/tj/}}, {{IPA|/dj/}}, {{IPA|/nj/}}, {{IPA|/sj/}} and {{IPA|/lj/}} (as in ''tune'', ''due'', ''new'', ''pursue'', ''evolution'') all may present, as found in Received Pronunciation but more often they are pronounced as {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}} and {{IPA|/ʃ/}} in ''tune'', ''due'', ''pursue'' ==See also== *[[Standard Indian English ]] *[[Regional Indian English]] ==References=='