Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{marxism}} [[Image:Gramsci.png|thumb|200px| Antonio Gramsci, 1891–1937]]
'''Cultural hegemony''' is the philosophic and sociological [[concept]], originated by the [[Marxist philosophy|Marxist philosopher]] [[Antonio Gramsci]], denoting that a culturally-diverse society can be ruled (dominated), by one of its [[social class]]es. It is the dominance of one social group over another, i.e. the [[ruling class]] over all other classes. The ideas of the ruling class come to be seen as the [[norm (sociology)|norm]]; they are seen as universal [[ideology|ideologies]], perceived to benefit everyone whilst only really benefiting the ruling class.
== Cultural Hegemony: Gramsci’s theory ==
For [[Karl Marx]], a capitalist society’s economic recessions and practical contradictions would provoke the [[working class]] to [[proletarian revolution|revolution in deposing capitalism]] — and then to restructuring the existing institutions (economic, political, social) per rational, [[socialist]] models; thus, beginning the transition to a [[communist]] society. In Marxian terms, the society’s dialectically-changing economy determines its cultural and political superstructures, i.e. its social and economic classes. Despite Marx and [[Friedrich Engels]] having predicted said [[eschatological]] scenario in 1848, decades later, the workers — the economic core of an industrialised society — had yet to effect it.
To understand this, Gramsci posits a ''strategic distinction'', between a ''War of Position'' and a ''War of Manoeuvre''. The war of position is intellectual, a [[culture war]] in which the anti-capitalist politicians (communist leaders sponsors, socialist scholars and ideological subversionist) seek to have the dominant voice in the mass media, other mass organisations, and the schools(and actively do ideological subversion). Once achieved, this position will be used to increase [[class consciousness]], teach revolutionary theory and analysis, and to inspire revolutionary organisation([[demoralization]]). On winning the intellectual war of position, communist leaders would then have the necessary political power and popular support to begin the [[maneuver warfare|war of manoeuvre]] — the [[revolutionary socialism|armed insurrection against capitalism]].
Although ''cultural domination'' was first analysed in [[economic class]] terms, it is broadly applicable to [[social class]]. Gramsci suggested that prevailing [[norm (sociology)|cultural norms]] must not be perceived as either “natural” and “inevitable”, but, that said ''cultural norms'' ([[institutions]], [[convention (norm)|practices]], [[beliefs]]) must be investigated for their roots in societal domination and their implications for societal [[liberation]].
Cultural hegemony is neither monolithic nor unified, rather it is a complex of layered ''[[social structure]]s'' (classes). Each has a “mission” (purpose) and an internal logic, allowing its members to behave in a particular way that is different from that of the members of the other social classes, while also coexisting with these other classes. Because of their different social missions, the classes will be able to coalesce into a greater whole, a [[society]], with a greater social mission. This greater, societal mission is different from the specific missions of the individual classes, because it assumes and includes them to itself, the whole.
Likewise, does ''cultural'' hegemony work; although each person in a society meaningfully lives life in his or her social class, society’s discrete classes might appear to have little in common with the life of an individual person. However, perceived as a whole, each person’s life contributes to the greater society’s hegemony. Diversity, variation, and freedom will apparently exist, since most people “see” many different life circumstances; but they are incapable of perceiving the greater hegemonic pattern created when the lives they themselves witness coalesce into a “society”. Through the existence of minor, different circumstances, a greater, layered hegemony is maintained, not fully recognized by most of the people living in it.<ref>{{cite book |first=Antonio |last=Gramsci |authorlink=Antonio Gramsci |editors=Joseph A. Buttigieg |title=Prison notebooks |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=[[New York City]] |year=1992 |pages=233–238 |isbn=0-231-10592-4 |oclc=24009547}}</ref>
In a layered cultural hegemony, personal "[[common sense]]" maintains a dual structural role. Each individual utilizes this "common sense" to cope with their daily life and explain to themselves the small segment of the [[social order]] they come to witness in the course of this life. However, because it is by nature limited in focus, common sense also inhibits the ability to perceive the greater, systemic nature of socio-economic exploitation that cultural hegemony makes possible. People concentrate their attention upon their ''immediate'' concerns and problems, i.e. their lives( systematically troubled, preoccupeid, absorbed and lost in the daily rutines), rather than (attentive, intent, focused)upon the ''fundamental'' sources of (their) social and economic [[oppression]], and be focused to solve theyer particular fundamental problems . Problems that been put on them by Marxist-Leninist politics created design of a "social order". The Hegelian-Gramsci hegemonic limited state of focuse, where one cannot see out of the box.
<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/019685998601000203 |title=The Problem of Ideology{{ndash}} Marxism without Guarantees |year=1986 |first=Stuart |last=Hall |authorlink=Stuart Hall (cultural theorist) |journal=Journal of Communication Inquiry |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=28–44 |url=http://www.ram-wan.net/restrepo/hall/The%20problem%20of%20ideology.pdf}}</ref>
==Gramsci’s intellectual influence==
Although the concept of Cultural Hegemony has primarily been used by [[leftists]], organized conservative social organizations (movements) also have used it in their politics. An example, in the US of the 1990s, were the efforts of [[evangelical Christian]] organizations to win election onto local school boards in order to have the power to dictate curricula aligned with their religious interpretation of what constitutes a proper ''public'' education. To wit, in 1992, at the [[Republican Convention]], the rightist politician [[Patrick Buchanan]] addressed the conventioneers using the term ''[[Culture War]]'' in describing his perception of US politics, as being the socio-political struggle between conservatism and liberalism.
As a theory, Cultural Hegemony has deeply influenced [[Eurocommunism]], the [[social sciences]], and [[activist]] politics. In the social sciences, its theoretic application in examining major [[discourse]]s (e.g. those posited by [[Michel Foucault]]) is an important aspect of [[sociology]], [[political science]], [[anthropology]], and [[cultural studies]]; moreover, in education the concepts of cultural hegemony led to the development of [[critical pedagogy]]and technique of communist ideological subversion of West Democracy.
The 'International Gramsci Society' (IGS) was founded in October 1989 at the International conference "Gramsci nel mondo" held in Formia, Italy . Exactly in the time that suposedly Europian Communist party colapsed and Russians start disseminating information about a "Soviet discontinuity" in 1989-91 Society is International ideological thinktank.
The aim of the International Gramsci Society is to facilitate communication and the exchange of information among the very large number of marxist individuals from all over the world who are interested in Antonio Gramsci's life and work and in the presence of his hegemonic thought in culture.
http://www.internationalgramscisociety.org/
==Contemporary political analysis: cultural hegemony’s influence==
In political analysis, cultural hegemony is a much-applied analytic model. For example, an analysis of US political power from 1932 to 2006 addresses the dynamics of class struggle and cultural hegemony, documenting that the 1930s increase in trade union membership helped create the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]’s wide, popular base of political support. This situation was maintained until 1980, when the Republican Party successfully learned to appeal to the working class by means of the [[Southern Strategy]], first articulated in the late 1960s during the electoral campaigns of Richard M. Nixon.
In 2002, [[Christopher Story]] published [[''The European Union Collective'']] , which applied Story's analysis of a contemporary Europian development ISBN: 1-899798-01-3 Book show detailed analysis of the secret continuing German-Soviet Marx-Gramsci-Lenin strategic deception plan to achieve 'irreversible cultural hegemony over a single political space = lebensraum' from the Atlantic to the Pacific, using the [[European Union]] as one of the primary instruments for this purpose. Christopher Story was interviewed cople time in 1995 and 2003 with [[Wiliam H. McIlhany]] in his TVprogram [[''The McIlhany Report'']] ( P.O.Box7486 Bevery Hills CA 902212 ) Many of thise shoking intrviews are naw in internet to warn the people of comming one very dictatorial all Europian burocratic government controled from Brusel by Russian communist. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFA4B1rCKvg
[[Christopher Story]] speak that Communist Long Range Deceptive Strategy have a 4 main sub stratgic dimensions of instoling internacional communism. Number 4 is Gramsci Dimmension - Change cultural base of the country of enemy. About destroing culural base of country in accord to achive the communist revolution. Christopher Edward Harle Story FRSA is a British politic analist specialised on East Europe and Russia,http://www.sovietanalyst.com British government economic advicer in time of Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]], writer, publisher of newspaper [[''Soviet Analyst'']], Mr. Story continue to throw much penetrating light on contemporary deceptive communist Europian developments.''Soviet Analyst'' newspaper never accepted that there was a Soviet "strategic discontinuity" in 1989-91.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Story
==See also==
* [[Cultural imperialism]]
* [[Dominant ideology]]
* [[Hegemony]]
* Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, ''[[Hegemony and Socialist Strategy]]''
* [[Nicos Poulantzas]]
* [[Political consciousness]]
* [[Posthegemony]]
* [[Southern strategy]]
* [[The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere]]
* [[James C. Scott]], ''Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts'' (1990), contests “cultural hegemony” with “hidden transcript” vs. “public transcript”)
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
*http://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/index.htm
*http://www.internationalgramscisociety.org/
*http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/research/gramsci-journal/
*http://rethinkingmarxism.org/cms/
*http://www.einet.net/review/1302-869793/
Rethinking_Marxism_Association_for_Economic_and_Social_Analysis_Home_Page.htm
== Books ==
*{{cite book |first=Lenny |last=Flank |title=Hegemony and Counter-Hegemony: Marxism, Capitalism, and Their Relation to Sexism, Racism, Nationalism, and Authoritarianism |year=2007 |location=[[St. Petersburg, Florida]] |publisher=Red and Black Publishers |isbn=978-0-9791813-7-5 |oclc=191763227}}
*{{cite book |title=The Freee Art Collective Manifesto for a Counter-Hegemonic Art |year=2007 |first=Dave |last=Beech |coauthors=Andy Hewitt and Mel Jordan |isbn=978-0-9554748-0-4 |oclc=269432294 |publisher=Freee Publishing |location=England}}
[[Category:Hegemony]]
[[Category:Political philosophy]]
[[Category:Philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Marxist theory]]
[[Category:Socialism]]
[[Category:Anti-corporate activism]]
[[ca:Hegemonia cultural]]
[[de:Kulturelle Hegemonie]]
[[es:Hegemonía cultural]]
[[fr:Hégémonie culturelle]]
[[it:Egemonia culturale]]
[[ja:文化ヘゲモニー]]
[[sc:Egemonia culturale]]
[[tr:Kültürel hegemonya]]
[[zh:文化霸權]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{marxism}} [[Image:Gramsci.png|thumb|200px| Antonio Gramsci, 1891–1937]]
'''Cultural hegemony''' is the philosophic and sociological [[concept]], originated by the [[Marxist philosophy|Marxist philosopher]] [[Antonio Gramsci]], denoting that a culturally-diverse society can be ruled (dominated), by one of its [[social class]]es. It is the dominance of one social group over another, i.e. the [[ruling class]] over all other classes. The ideas of the ruling class come to be seen as the [[norm (sociology)|norm]]; they are seen as universal [[ideology|ideologies]], perceived to benefit everyone whilst only really benefiting the ruling class.
== Cultural Hegemony: Gramsci’s theory ==
For [[Karl Marx]], a capitalist society’s economic recessions and practical contradictions would provoke the [[working class]] to [[proletarian revolution|revolution in deposing capitalism]] — and then to restructuring the existing institutions (economic, political, social) per rational, [[socialist]] models; thus, beginning the transition to a [[communist]] society. In Marxian terms, the society’s dialectically-changing economy determines its cultural and political superstructures, i.e. its social and economic classes. Despite Marx and [[Friedrich Engels]] having predicted said [[eschatological]] scenario in 1848, decades later, the workers — the economic core of an industrialised society — had yet to effect it.
To understand this, Gramsci posits a ''strategic distinction'', between a ''War of Position'' and a ''War of Manoeuvre''. The war of position is intellectual, a [[culture war]] in which the anti-capitalist politicians (communist leaders sponsors, socialist scholars and ideological subversionist) seek to have the dominant voice in the mass media, other mass organisations, and the schools(and actively do ideological subversion). Once achieved, this position will be used to increase [[class consciousness]], teach revolutionary theory and analysis, and to inspire revolutionary organisation([[demoralization]]). On winning the intellectual war of position, communist leaders would then have the necessary political power and popular support to begin the [[maneuver warfare|war of manoeuvre]] — the [[revolutionary socialism|armed insurrection against capitalism]].
Although ''cultural domination'' was first analysed in [[economic class]] terms, it is broadly applicable to [[social class]]. Gramsci suggested that prevailing [[norm (sociology)|cultural norms]] must not be perceived as either “natural” and “inevitable”, but, that said ''cultural norms'' ([[institutions]], [[convention (norm)|practices]], [[beliefs]]) must be investigated for their roots in societal domination and their implications for societal [[liberation]].
Cultural hegemony is neither monolithic nor unified, rather it is a complex of layered ''[[social structure]]s'' (classes). Each has a “mission” (purpose) and an internal logic, allowing its members to behave in a particular way that is different from that of the members of the other social classes, while also coexisting with these other classes. Because of their different social missions, the classes will be able to coalesce into a greater whole, a [[society]], with a greater social mission. This greater, societal mission is different from the specific missions of the individual classes, because it assumes and includes them to itself, the whole.
Likewise, does ''cultural'' hegemony work; although each person in a society meaningfully lives life in his or her social class, society’s discrete classes might appear to have little in common with the life of an individual person. However, perceived as a whole, each person’s life contributes to the greater society’s hegemony. Diversity, variation, and freedom will apparently exist, since most people “see” many different life circumstances; but they are incapable of perceiving the greater hegemonic pattern created when the lives they themselves witness coalesce into a “society”. Through the existence of minor, different circumstances, a greater, layered hegemony is maintained, not fully recognized by most of the people living in it.<ref>{{cite book |first=Antonio |last=Gramsci |authorlink=Antonio Gramsci |editors=Joseph A. Buttigieg |title=Prison notebooks |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=[[New York City]] |year=1992 |pages=233–238 |isbn=0-231-10592-4 |oclc=24009547}}</ref>
In a layered cultural hegemony, personal "[[common sense]]" maintains a dual structural role. Each individual utilizes this "common sense" to cope with their daily life and explain to themselves the small segment of the [[social order]] they come to witness in the course of this life. However, because it is by nature limited in focus, common sense also inhibits the ability to perceive the greater, systemic nature of socio-economic exploitation that cultural hegemony makes possible. People concentrate their attention upon their ''immediate'' concerns and problems, i.e. their lives( systematically troubled, preoccupeid, absorbed and lost in the daily rutines), rather than (attentive, intent, focused)upon the ''fundamental'' sources of (their) social and economic [[oppression]], and be focused to solve theyer particular fundamental problems . Problems that been put on them by Marxist-Leninist politics created design of a "social order". The Hegelian-Gramsci hegemonic limited state of focuse, where one cannot see out of the box.
<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/019685998601000203 |title=The Problem of Ideology{{ndash}} Marxism without Guarantees |year=1986 |first=Stuart |last=Hall |authorlink=Stuart Hall (cultural theorist) |journal=Journal of Communication Inquiry |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=28–44 |url=http://www.ram-wan.net/restrepo/hall/The%20problem%20of%20ideology.pdf}}</ref>
==Gramsci’s intellectual influence==
Although the concept of Cultural Hegemony has primarily been used by [[leftists]], organized conservative social organizations (movements) also have used it in their politics. An example, in the US of the 1990s, were the efforts of [[evangelical Christian]] organizations to win election onto local school boards in order to have the power to dictate curricula aligned with their religious interpretation of what constitutes a proper ''public'' education. To wit, in 1992, at the [[Republican Convention]], the rightist politician [[Patrick Buchanan]] addressed the conventioneers using the term ''[[Culture War]]'' in describing his perception of US politics, as being the socio-political struggle between conservatism and liberalism.
As a theory, Cultural Hegemony has deeply influenced [[Eurocommunism]], the [[social sciences]], and [[activist]] politics. In the social sciences, its theoretic application in examining major [[discourse]]s (e.g. those posited by [[Michel Foucault]]) is an important aspect of [[sociology]], [[political science]], [[anthropology]], and [[cultural studies]]; moreover, in education the concepts of cultural hegemony led to the development of [[critical pedagogy]]and technique of communist ideological subversion of West Democracy.
The 'International Gramsci Society' (IGS) was founded in October 1989 at the International conference "Gramsci nel mondo" held in Formia, Italy . Exactly in the time that suposedly Europian Communist party colapsed and Russians start disseminating information about a "Soviet discontinuity" in 1989-91 Society is International ideological thinktank.
The aim of the International Gramsci Society is to facilitate communication and the exchange of information among the very large number of marxist individuals from all over the world who are interested in Antonio Gramsci's life and work and in the presence of his hegemonic thought in culture.
http://www.internationalgramscisociety.org/
Society organizes an international conference every few years. IGS conferences provide the occasion for an extensive examination of the status of Gramsci's hegemony influence in contemporary culture, the diversity of Gramscian studies, the various directions in which the interpretations and the uses of Gramsci's ideas and categories have been developing and provide IGS members with the opportunity to collectively plan the work of the Society and give its organizational structure a more permanent and solid form. IGS Newsletter in both paper and electronic form. All back issues of the 'IGS Newsletter' are available in an online searchable HTML format and as downloadable Adobe Acrobat Reader at.pdf files and 'International Gramsci Journal', is published by University of Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/research/gramsci-journal/
a peer-reviewed, biannual electronic journal. The IGS Coordinating Committee is (2007) composed of a 10 members from United Kingdom, Brazil, Australia, United States, Mexico, Italy, Japan. A number of individuals who represent various geo-cultural areas and who collaborate with the secretary in gathering and disseminating information of interest to Society
'RethinkingMarxism' http://rethinkingmarxism.org/cms/
a journal of economics,culture & society Print ISSN 0893-5696 Online ISSN 1475-8059 from 1988, Marxist journal who have demonstrated significance of Gramsci's Marxist traditions and sponsoring four international gala conferences, and its sponsoring organization, the 'Association for Economic and Social Analysis'
http://www.einet.net/review/1302-869793/
Rethinking_Marxism_Association_for_Economic_and_Social_Analysis_Home_Page.htm
==Contemporary political analysis: cultural hegemony’s influence==
In political analysis, cultural hegemony is a much-applied analytic model. For example, an analysis of US political power from 1932 to 2006 addresses the dynamics of class struggle and cultural hegemony, documenting that the 1930s increase in trade union membership helped create the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]’s wide, popular base of political support. This situation was maintained until 1980, when the Republican Party successfully learned to appeal to the working class by means of the [[Southern Strategy]], first articulated in the late 1960s during the electoral campaigns of Richard M. Nixon.
In 2002, [[Christopher Story]] published [[''The European Union Collective'']] , which applied Story's analysis of a contemporary Europian development ISBN: 1-899798-01-3 Book show detailed analysis of the secret continuing German-Soviet Marx-Gramsci-Lenin strategic deception plan to achieve 'irreversible cultural hegemony over a single political space = lebensraum' from the Atlantic to the Pacific, using the [[European Union]] as one of the primary instruments for this purpose. Christopher Story was interviewed cople time in 1995 and 2003 with [[Wiliam H. McIlhany]] in his TVprogram [[''The McIlhany Report'']] ( P.O.Box7486 Bevery Hills CA 902212 ) Many of thise shoking intrviews are naw in internet to warn the people of comming one very dictatorial all Europian burocratic government controled from Brusel by Russian communist. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFA4B1rCKvg
[[Christopher Story]] speak that Communist Long Range Deceptive Strategy have a 4 main sub stratgic dimensions of instoling internacional communism. Number 4 is Gramsci Dimmension - Change cultural base of the country of enemy. About destroing culural base of country in accord to achive the communist revolution. Christopher Edward Harle Story FRSA is a British politic analist specialised on East Europe and Russia,http://www.sovietanalyst.com British government economic advicer in time of Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]], writer, publisher of newspaper [[''Soviet Analyst'']], Mr. Story continue to throw much penetrating light on contemporary deceptive communist Europian developments.''Soviet Analyst'' newspaper never accepted that there was a Soviet "strategic discontinuity" in 1989-91.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Story
==See also==
* [[Cultural imperialism]]
* [[Dominant ideology]]
* [[Hegemony]]
* Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, ''[[Hegemony and Socialist Strategy]]''
* [[Nicos Poulantzas]]
* [[Political consciousness]]
* [[Posthegemony]]
* [[Southern strategy]]
* [[The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere]]
* [[James C. Scott]], ''Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts'' (1990), contests “cultural hegemony” with “hidden transcript” vs. “public transcript”)
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
*http://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/index.htm
*http://www.internationalgramscisociety.org/
*http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/research/gramsci-journal/
*http://rethinkingmarxism.org/cms/
*http://www.einet.net/review/1302-869793/
Rethinking_Marxism_Association_for_Economic_and_Social_Analysis_Home_Page.htm
== Books ==
*{{cite book |first=Lenny |last=Flank |title=Hegemony and Counter-Hegemony: Marxism, Capitalism, and Their Relation to Sexism, Racism, Nationalism, and Authoritarianism |year=2007 |location=[[St. Petersburg, Florida]] |publisher=Red and Black Publishers |isbn=978-0-9791813-7-5 |oclc=191763227}}
*{{cite book |title=The Freee Art Collective Manifesto for a Counter-Hegemonic Art |year=2007 |first=Dave |last=Beech |coauthors=Andy Hewitt and Mel Jordan |isbn=978-0-9554748-0-4 |oclc=269432294 |publisher=Freee Publishing |location=England}}
[[Category:Hegemony]]
[[Category:Political philosophy]]
[[Category:Philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Marxist theory]]
[[Category:Socialism]]
[[Category:Anti-corporate activism]]
[[ca:Hegemonia cultural]]
[[de:Kulturelle Hegemonie]]
[[es:Hegemonía cultural]]
[[fr:Hégémonie culturelle]]
[[it:Egemonia culturale]]
[[ja:文化ヘゲモニー]]
[[sc:Egemonia culturale]]
[[tr:Kültürel hegemonya]]
[[zh:文化霸權]]' |
