Edit filter log

[ 0 => 'An '''Internet service provider''' ('''ISP''') is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, or participating in the [[Internet]]. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, [[community-owned]], [[non-profit]], or otherwise [[privately owned]].', 1 => false, 2 => 'Internet services typically provided by ISPs include [[Internet access]], [[transit (internet)|Internet transit]], [[domain name]] registration, web hosting, [[Usenet]] service, and [[colocation centre|colocation]].', 3 => false, 4 => '[[File:Stealth Fiber Crew installing fiber cable underneath the streets of Manhattan.jpg|thumb|Local ISP in Manhattan installing fiber for provisioning Internet access]]', 5 => false, 6 => '==History==', 7 => 'The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the [[World Wide Web]].<ref> {{cite web | title=Web history timeline |url= http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/03/11/world-wide-web-timeline/ |accessdate=2015-09-21}} </ref>', 8 => false, 9 => 'In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia,<ref>{{cite web|last=Clarke|first=Roger|title=Origins and Nature of the Internet in Australia|url=http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/OzI04.html#CIAP|accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref> and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, [[The World (internet service provider)|The World]] became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989.<ref>{{cite web | title=Hobbes' Internet Timeline v10.1 | author=Robert H'obbes' Zakon |url= http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/ |accessdate= November 14, 2011 }} Also published as Robert H. Zakon</ref>', 10 => false, 11 => 'On 23 April 2014, the U.S. [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) was reported to be considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier [[net neutrality]] position.<ref name="NYT-20140423">{{cite news |last=Wyatt |first=Edward |title=F.C.C., in ‘Net Neutrality’ Turnaround, Plans to Allow Fast Lane |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/24/technology/fcc-new-net-neutrality-rules.html |date=23 April 2014 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=2014-04-23 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20140424a">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Creating a Two-Speed Internet |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/25/opinion/creating-a-two-speed-internet.html |date=24 April 2014 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=2014-04-25 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20140511">{{cite news |last=Carr |first=David |title=Warnings Along F.C.C.’s Fast Lane |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/12/business/media/warnings-along-fccs-fast-lane.html |date=11 May 2014 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=11 May 2014 }}</ref> A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be [[municipal broadband]], according to [[Susan P. Crawford|Professor Susan Crawford]], a legal and technology expert at [[Harvard Law School]].<ref name="NYT-20140428">{{cite news |last=Crawford |first=Susan |authorlink=Susan P. Crawford |title=The Wire Next Time |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/28/opinion/the-wire-next-time.html |date=28 April 2014 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=2014-04-28 }}</ref> On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a [[telecommunication]] service, thereby preserving net neutrality.<ref name="NYT-20140515a">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Searching for Fairness on the Internet |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/16/opinion/searching-for-fairness-on-the-internet.html |date=15 May 2014 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=15 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20140515b">{{cite news |last=Wyatt |first=Edward |title=F.C.C. Backs Opening Net Rules for Debate |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/16/technology/fcc-road-map-to-net-neutrality.html |date=15 May 2014 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=15 May 2014 }}</ref> On 10 November 2014, President [[Barack Obama]] recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve [[net neutrality]].<ref name="NYT-20141110-EW">{{cite news |last=Wyatt |first=Edward |title=Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules |url=http://committeewomen/2014/11/11/technology/obama-net-neutrality-fcc.html |date=10 November 2014 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=15 November 2014 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141114">{{cite news |author=NYT Editorial Board |title=Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/15/opinion/why-the-fcc-should-heed-president-obama-on-internet-regulations.html |date=14 November 2014 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=15 November 2014 }}</ref><ref name="WRD-20150121-DAS">{{cite web |last=Sepulveda |first=Ambassador Daniel A. |title=The World Is Watching Our Net Neutrality Debate, So Let’s Get It Right |url=http://www.wired.com/2015/01/on-net-nuetrality-internet-freedom/ |date=21 January 2015 |work=[[Wired (website)]] |accessdate=20 January 2015 }}</ref> On 16 January 2015, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] presented legislation, in the form of a [[U.S. Congress]] [[United States House of Representatives|H.R.]] [[List of bills in the 114th United States Congress|discussion draft bill]], that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers.<ref name="NYT-20150120-JW">{{cite news |last=Weisman |first=Jonathan |title=Shifting Politics of Net Neutrality Debate Ahead of F.C.C.Vote |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/20/technology/shifting-politics-of-net-neutrality-debate-ahead-of-fcc-vote.html |date=19 January 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=20 January 2015 }}</ref><ref name="HG-20150116">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=H. R. _ 114th Congress, 1st Session [Discussion Draft] - To amend the Communications Act of 1934 to ensure Internet openness... |url=http://energycommerce.house.gov/sites/republicans.energycommerce.house.gov/files/114/BILLS-114hr-PIH-OpenInternet.pdf |date=16 January 2015 |format=[[PDF]] |work=[[U.S. Congress]] |accessdate=20 January 2015 }}</ref> On 31 January 2015, [[AP News]] reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats") [[Common carrier#Telecommunications|Title II (common carrier)]] of the [[Communications Act of 1934]] to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015.<ref name="NYT-20150202a">{{cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |title=In Net Neutrality Push, F.C.C. Is Expected to Propose Regulating Internet Service as a Utility |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/03/technology/in-net-neutrality-push-fcc-is-expected-to-propose-regulating-the-internet-as-a-utility.html |date=2 February 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=2 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150202b">{{cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |title=F.C.C. Chief Wants to Override State Laws Curbing Community Net Services |url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/02/02/f-c-c-chief-wants-to-override-state-laws-curbing-community-net-services/ |date=2 February 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=2 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name="AP-20150131">{{cite news |last=Flaherty |first=Anne |title=Just whose Internet is it? New federal rules may answer that |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150131/us--net_neutrality-news_guide-c235cbd2b9.html |date=31 January 2015 |work=[[AP News]] |accessdate=31 January 2015 }}</ref><ref name="WP-20150102">{{cite news |last=Fung |first=Brian |title=Get ready: The FCC says it will vote on net neutrality in February |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2015/01/02/get-ready-the-fcc-says-itll-vote-on-net-neutrality-in-february/ |date=2 January 2015 |work=[[Washington Post]] |accessdate=2 January 2015 }}</ref><ref name="AP-20150102">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=FCC to vote next month on net neutrality rules |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150103/us-fcc-net-neutrality-d8f89ffc53.html |date=2 January 2015 |work=[[AP News]] |accessdate=2 January 2015 }}</ref> Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the [[Telecommunications service provider|telecommunications]]<ref name="NYT-20150204">{{cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |title=F.C.C. Plans Strong Hand to Regulate the Internet |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/05/technology/fcc-wheeler-net-neutrality.html |date=4 February 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=5 February 2015 }}</ref> and, according to [[Tom Wheeler]], chairman of the FCC, ensure [[net neutrality]].<ref name="WRD-20150204">{{cite web |last=Wheeler |first=Tom |authorlink=Tom Wheeler |title=FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler: This Is How We Will Ensure Net Neutrality |url=http://www.wired.com/2015/02/fcc-chairman-wheeler-net-neutrality |date=4 February 2015 |work=[[Wired (magazine)]] |accessdate=5 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150206">{{cite news |author=The Editorial Board |title=Courage and Good Sense at the F.C.C. - Net Neutrality's Wise New Rules |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/06/opinion/net-neutralitys-wise-new-rules.html |date=6 February 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=6 February 2015 }}</ref> The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the [[New York Times]].<ref name="NYT-20150224">{{cite news |last=Weisman |first=Jonathan |title=As Republicans Concede, F.C.C. Is Expected to Enforce Net Neutrality |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/25/technology/path-clears-for-net-neutrality-ahead-of-fcc-vote.html |date=24 February 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=24 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name=NYT-20150225">{{cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |title=The Push for Net Neutrality Arose From Lack of Choice |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/26/technology/limited-high-speed-internet-choices-underlie-net-neutrality-rules.html |date=25 February 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=25 February 2015 }}</ref>', 12 => false, 13 => 'On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting [[Common carrier#Telecommunications|Title II (common carrier)]] of the [[Communications Act of 1934]] and [[Telecommunications policy of the United States#Broadband deployment policy objectives|Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996]] to the Internet.<ref name="FCC-20150226">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=FCC Adopts Strong, Sustainable Rules To Protect The Open Internet |url=http://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2015/db0226/DOC-332260A1.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |date=26 February 2015 |work=[[Federal Communications Commission]] |accessdate=26 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150226">{{cite news |last1=Ruiz |first1=Rebecca R. |last2=Lohr |first2=Steve |title=In Net Neutrality Victory, F.C.C. Classifies Broadband Internet Service as a Public Utility |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/27/technology/net-neutrality-fcc-vote-internet-utility.htm |date=26 February 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=26 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name="AP-20150225">{{cite news |last=Flaherty |first=Anne |title=FACT CHECK: Talking heads skew 'net neutrality' debate |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150225/us--net_neutrality-fact_check-e30cfb560f.html |date=25 February 2015 |work=[[AP News]] |accessdate=26 February 2015 }}</ref> The FCC Chairman, [[Tom Wheeler]], commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."<ref name="HP-20150226">{{cite news |last=Liebelson |first=Dana |title=Net Neutrality Prevails In Historic FCC Vote |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/26/net-neutrality-fcc-vote_n_6761702.html |date=26 February 2015 |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=27 February 2015 }}</ref>', 14 => false, 15 => 'On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules.<ref name="NYT-20150312a">{{cite news |last=Ruiz |first=Rebecca R. |title=F.C.C. Sets Net Neutrality Rules |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/technology/fcc-releases-net-neutrality-rules.html |date=12 March 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=13 March 2015 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150312b">{{cite news |last=Sommer |first=Jeff |title=What the Net Neutrality Rules Say |url=http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/12/technology/net-neutrality-rules-explained.html |date=12 March 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=13 March 2015 }}</ref><ref name="FCC-20150315">{{cite web |author=FCC Staff |title=Federal Communications Commission - FCC 15-24 - In the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - GN Docket No. 14-28 - Report and Order on Remand, Declaratory Ruling, and Order |url=http://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2015/db0312/FCC-15-24A1.pdf |date=12 March 2015 |format=[[PDF]] |work=[[Federal Communications Commission]] |accessdate=13 March 2015 }}</ref> On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new "[[Net neutrality in the United States|Net Neutrality]]" regulations.<ref name="CNET-20150413">{{cite web |last=Reisinger |first=Don |title=Net neutrality rules get published -- let the lawsuits begin |url=http://www.cnet.com/news/fccs-net-neutrality-rules-hit-federal-register-lawsuit-underway/ |date=13 April 2015 |work=[[CNET]] |accessdate=13 April 2015 }}</ref><ref name="FR-20150413">{{cite web |author=[[Federal Communications Commission]] |title=Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - A Rule by the Federal Communications Commission on 04/13/2015 |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2015/04/13/2015-07841/protecting-and-promoting-the-open-internet |date=13 April 2015 |work=[[Federal Register]] |accessdate=13 April 2015 }}</ref>', 16 => false, 17 => '==Classification==', 18 => false, 19 => '===Access providers ISP===', 20 => '{{anchor|Access ISP'S}} <!-- old section name (renamed 30 November 2011) -->', 21 => 'ISPs provide [[Internet access]], employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network.<ref>[http://windows. microsoft. com/en-us/windows-vista/what-are-the-different-internet-connection-methods What are the different Internet connection methods?]</ref> Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with [[acoustic coupler]]s to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics.', 22 => false, 23 => 'For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide [[Dial-up internet access|dial-up]], DSL (typically [[asymmetric digital subscriber line]] (ADSL), [[cable modem]] or [[Integrated Services Digital Network]] (ISDN) (typically [[basic rate interface]]). Using [[Fiber-optic communication|fiber-optic]]s to end users is called [[Fiber to the x|Fiber To The Home]] or similar names.<ref>{{cite web |title= FTTx: Fiber To The Home/Premises/Curb |url= http://www. thefoa. org/FTTX/ |publisher= The Fiber Optic Association |accessdate= June 1, 2013 }}</ref>', 24 => false, 25 => 'For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as [[single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line]]), [[Ethernet]], [[Metro Ethernet|metropolitan Ethernet]], [[gigabit Ethernet]], [[Frame Relay]], ISDN [[Primary Rate Interface]], [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode|ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)]] and [[synchronous optical networking]] (SONET).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://ciscoccna24.blogspot.com/2010/10/tdm-examples-isdn-and-sonet.html|title= CCNA|work= ciscoccna24.blogspot.com|accessdate= 2 February 2015}}</ref>', 26 => false, 27 => '[[Wireless broadband|Wireless access]] is another option, including [[satellite Internet access]].', 28 => false, 29 => '===Edge providers===', 30 => '{{expand section|date=February 2015}}', 31 => 'Edge providers create Internet [[content provider|content]].<ref>', 32 => '{{cite web', 33 => '| url = https://www.benton.org/node/151645', 34 => '| title = FCC: This is What a Net Neutrality Violation Looks Like', 35 => '| date = 2013-05-12', 36 => '| website = Benton Foundation', 37 => '| publisher = Benton Foundation', 38 => '| access-date = 2015-02-09', 39 => '| quote = [...] “edge providers” are anyone who creates content like ESPN, Facebook, local governments, and personal websites [...]', 40 => '}}', 41 => '</ref>', 42 => false, 43 => '===Mailbox providers===', 44 => 'A [[mailbox provider]] is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides [[Message transfer agent|email servers]] to send, receive, accept, and store email for [[End-user (computer science)#End user|end users]] or other organizations.', 45 => false, 46 => 'Many mailbox providers are also access providers,<ref>{{cite IETF |title=Complaint Feedback Loop Operational Recommendations |rfc=6449 |editor= J.D. Falk |year=2011 |month= November |publisher=[[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]] |accessdate= 28 June 2012}}</ref> while others are not (e.g., [[Yahoo! Mail]], [[Outlook.com]], [[Gmail]], [[AOL Mail]], [[Po box]]). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers [[email hosting service]]s, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing [[Simple Mail Transfer Protocol]] (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through [[Internet Message Access Protocol]] (IMAP), the [[Post Office Protocol]], [[Webmail]], or a proprietary protocol.<ref>{{cite IETF |title= Creation and Use of Email Feedback Reports: An Applicability Statement for the Abuse Reporting Format (ARF) |rfc= 6650 |editor= Murray Kucherawy |year=2012 |month= June |publisher= [[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]] |accessdate= 28 June 2012 |quote= "Mailbox Provider" refers to an organization that accepts, stores, and offers access to RFC 5322 messages ("email messages") for end users. Such an organization has typically implemented SMTP RFC 5321 and might provide access to messages through IMAP RFC 3501, the Post Office Protocol (POP) RFC 1939, a proprietary interface designed for HTTP RFC 7230, or a proprietary protocol.}}</ref>', 47 => false, 48 => '===Hosting ISPs===', 49 => '[[Internet hosting service]]s provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.', 50 => false, 51 => '===Transit ISPs===', 52 => '[[File:Internet Connectivity Distribution & Core.svg|thumb|upright=2.0]]', 53 => 'Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.<ref name="ssrn">[http://ssrn.com/abstract=2128103 Gerson & Ryan A Primer on Internet Exchange Points for Policymakers and Non-Engineers] Working Paper, August 11, 2012</ref>', 54 => false, 55 => 'In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a [[tier 1 carrier]]. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one [[point of presence]] (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence.<ref>Id.</ref> Transit ISPs provide large amounts of [[Bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]] for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.<ref>[http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk365/technologies_configuration_example09186a008009456d.shtml#intro cisco.com Sample Configuration for BGP with Two Different Service Providers (Multihoming)] BGP article</ref>', 56 => false, 57 => '===Virtual ISPs===', 58 => 'A [[virtual ISP]] (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a ''wholesale ISP'' in this context,<ref>', 59 => '[http://cgi.amazing.com/isp/hooking-up.html Amazing.com "Hooking up to the Internet"]', 60 => '</ref> which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble [[mobile virtual network operator]]s and [[competitive local exchange carrier]]s for voice communications.', 61 => false, 62 => '===Free ISPs===', 63 => 'Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial [[television]], in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called [[Free-net|freenets]], are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}', 64 => false, 65 => '===Wireless ISP===', 66 => 'A [[wireless internet service provider]] (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900&nbsp;MHz, 2.4&nbsp;GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8&nbsp;GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}', 67 => false, 68 => '==Peering==', 69 => 'ISPs may engage in [[peering]], where multiple ISPs interconnect at [[peering point]]s or [[Internet exchange point]]s (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.<ref name="ssrn"/>', 70 => false, 71 => 'ISPs requiring no upstream and having only customers (end customers and/or peer ISPs) are called [[Tier 1 carrier|Tier 1 ISPs]].{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}', 72 => false, 73 => 'Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}', 74 => false, 75 => '==Law enforcement and intelligence assistance==', 76 => 'Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via [[Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act]] (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow [[law enforcement]] agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial [[National Security Agency]] program known as [[PRISM]] provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution]].<ref>[http://www.informationweek.com/security/risk-management/nsa-prism-creates-stir-but-appears-legal/d/d-id/1110275 NSA PRISM Creates Stir, But Appears Legal]. InformationWeek. Retrieved on 2014-03-12.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obama’s Speech on N.S.A. Phone Surveillance|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/18/us/politics/obamas-speech-on-nsa-phone-surveillance.html?_r=0|accessdate=21 January 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=17 January 2014}}</ref> Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of [[surveillance]] and [[packet sniffing]] equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as [[DCSNet]] in the United States, or [[SORM]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2000/02/new-kgb-takes-internet-sorm|title=New KGB Takes Internet by SORM|work=Mother Jones|accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref> in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time.', 77 => false, 78 => '==See also==', 79 => '{{portal|Computer networking|Computer science}}', 80 => '{{div col||20em}}', 81 => '* [[Content delivery network]]', 82 => '* [[Geo-blocking]]', 83 => '* [[Index of Internet-related articles]]', 84 => '* [[Internet hosting service]]', 85 => '* [[Outline of the Internet]]', 86 => '{{div col end}}', 87 => '{{clear}}', 88 => false, 89 => '==References==', 90 => '{{Reflist|30em}}', 91 => false, 92 => '==External links==', 93 => '* [http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Internet/Access_Providers/ DMOZ ISP listings]', 94 => '* [https://www.oecd.org/sti/broadband/oecdbroadbandportal.htm OECD ISP penetration data]', 95 => '* [http://dir.yahoo.com/Business_and_Economy/Business_to_Business/Communications_and_Networking/Internet_and_World_Wide_Web/Network_Service_Providers/Internet_Service_Providers__ISPs_/ Yahoo ISP listings]', 96 => false, 97 => '{{Telecommunications}}', 98 => false, 99 => '[[Category:Internet service providers| ]]' ]