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[ 0 => '{{For|the Austrian municipality|Droß}}', 1 => '[[File:Aluminium dross2.png|Aluminium dross|right|thumb]]', 2 => ''''Dross''' is a [[mass]] of [[solid]] [[impurity|impurities]] floating on a [[molten metal]] or dispersed in the metal, such as in wrought iron. It forms on the surface of low-[[melting-point]] metals such as [[tin]], [[lead]], [[zinc]] or [[aluminium]] or [[alloy]]s by [[oxidation]] of the metal(s).', 3 => false, 4 => 'With [[wrought iron]], hammering and later [[Rolling (metalworking)|rolling]] removed some dross.<ref>{{cite book', 5 => '|title=The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present', 6 => '|last=Landes', 7 => '|first=David S.', 8 => '|authorlink=David Landes', 9 => '|coauthors= ', 10 => '|year=1969|publisher=Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge', 11 => '|location=Cambridge, New York', 12 => '|isbn= 0-521-09418-6|pages=91', 13 => '|postscript= <!--None--> }}</ref>', 14 => 'With tin and lead the dross can be removed by adding [[sodium hydroxide]] pellets, which dissolve the oxides and form a [[slag]]. If floating, dross can also be skimmed off.', 15 => false, 16 => 'Dross, as a solid, is distinguished from slag, which is a liquid. Dross product is not entirely waste material; for example, [[aluminium dross recycling|aluminium dross can be recycled]] and is used in secondary [[steelmaking]] for slag [[deoxidizer|deoxidation]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Kogel | first = Jessica Elzea | last2 = Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration | title = Industrial minerals & rocks: commodities, markets, and uses | page = 1406 | publisher = SME | year = 2006 | edition = 7th | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=zNicdkuulE4C&pg=PA1406 | isbn = 978-0-87335-233-8 | postscript =.}}</ref>', 17 => false, 18 => '==Etymology and usage==', 19 => 'The term ''dross'' derives from the [[Old English]] word ''dros'', meaning the scum produced when smelting metals. By the 15th century it had come to refer to rubbish in general.<ref name="dr">{{cite web|title=Dross|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=dross|work=www.etymologyonline.com}}</ref> ''Dregs'',<ref name="dr"/> and the geological term [[Druse (geology)|''druse'']] are also thought to be etymologically related.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kf8n2v9ZjxIC|title=Chambers's Etymological Dictionary of the English Language|year=1875|publisher=W & R Chambers|pages=142}}</ref> Metallurgical dross is referenced as a metaphor for worthless material in the Bible and in other religious texts.{{refn|In the [[Book of Ezekiel]] 22 v 18 : ''"Son of man, the house of Israel is to me become dross: all they are brass, and tin, and iron, and lead, in the midst of the furnace; they are even the dross of silver."'',<ref>{{cite book|chapterurl=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms%20119:119;Ezekiel%2022:18,19&version=KJV|title =The Bible (King James version)|chapter=Ezekiel 22:18|work=www.biblegateway.com}}</ref> in the [[Book of Proverbs]],<ref>{{cite book| chapterurl=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Proverbs%2025:4;26:23&version=KJV |chapter = Proverbs 25:4| title=The Bible (King James version)| work=www.biblegateway.com}}</ref> and in the [[Book of Mormon]] ([[Book of Alma|Alma]] 32:3 ) ''"Therefore they were poor; yea, they were esteemed by their brethren as dross."''.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://scriptures.lds.org/en/alma/32/3|title =The Book of Mormon|chapter=Alma 32:3|work=http://lds.org/scriptures/}}</ref>|group=note}} {{refn|In the Buddhist text, the [[Dhammapada]]: ''239. One by one, little by little, moment by moment, a wise man should remove his own impurities, as a smith removes his dross from silver.''<ref>{{cite web', 20 => '|last=Buddharakkhita', 21 => '|first=Acarya|title=The Dhammapada, section XVIII', 22 => '|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/dhp/index.html', 23 => '|publisher=Access To Insight', 24 => '|accessdate=11 September 2013}}</ref>|group=note}}', 25 => false, 26 => '==See also==', 27 => '*[[Aluminium alloy inclusions]]', 28 => '*[[Slag]]', 29 => false, 30 => '==Notes==', 31 => '{{reflist|group=note}}', 32 => false, 33 => '==References==', 34 => '{{Reflist}}', 35 => false, 36 => '==External links==', 37 => '{{Wiktionary}}', 38 => '*[http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=2150 AZoM.com – Aluminium Dross Recycling]', 39 => '* Herbert F. Lund. [http://books.google.com/books?id=gIn8o0b6zj0C&pg=PT975&dq=aluminium+dross++recycling&ei=fR_zSu6MDYSOygTCxPSmDw&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=&f=false The McGraw-Hill recycling handbook]. Chapter 37.23: [[United Kingdom]]: [[European Union]] Directive Precipitates [[Aluminum]] "Dross" [[Recycling]].', 40 => '* [http://www.smartwaste.co.uk/filelibrary/Cement_aluminium_dross.pdf Residues from aluminium dross recycling in cement]', 41 => '* [http://www.pyrogenesis.com/pdfs/pyro_drosite.pdf DrosRite Aluminum Recycling Process]', 42 => false, 43 => '{{Metalworking navbox|castopen}}', 44 => false, 45 => '[[Category:Casting (manufacturing)]]', 46 => '[[Category:Metallurgy]]', 47 => '[[Category:Deoxidizers]]' ]