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[[File:Bergen County, NJ municipalities labeled.svg|thumb|right|The 70 municipalities of [[Bergen County]], [[New Jersey]]]]
'''Boroughitis''' (also '''borough fever''' or '''borough mania'''), the creation of large numbers of small boroughs, was a political phenomenon in the American state of [[New Jersey]] in the 1890s, particularly in [[Bergen County]]. Attempts by the [[New Jersey Legislature]] to reform local government and the school systems led to the formation of dozens of low-population [[borough (New Jersey)|boroughs]], communities small in area that still [[Balkanization|balkanize]] the state's political map. This occurred because of the development of [[commuter suburb]]s in New Jersey, residents of which wanted more government services than did the long-time rural population.
In the late 19th century, much of New Jersey was divided into large [[township (New Jersey)|townships]], in which there might be several small communities, each with a local school that formed its own district. Political disputes arose between the growing number of [[commuter]]s, who wanted more government services for the new developments near railroad lines, and long-time residents such as farmers, who feared higher taxes. A previously little-used law permitted small segments of existing townships to vote by referendum to form independent boroughs. In late 1893, Republicans, backed by commuters, captured control of the legislature and the following year passed legislation allowing boroughs that were formed from parts of two or more townships to elect a representative to the county [[Board of Chosen Freeholders]]. This 1894 act, in combination with a second one the same year that consolidated the school districts into one per township, made it easy and attractive for dissatisfied communities to break away and become boroughs, in order to gain a seat on the county board or to keep control of the local school.
Forty new boroughs were formed in 1894 and 1895, with the bulk in Bergen County, where townships were broken up or greatly reduced in size; there are few there today. Feeling that the 1894 laws had allowed the formation of an excessive number of municipalities, the legislature scuttled the right to elect a freeholder in 1895, and ended the formation of boroughs by referendum the following year. Municipalities continued to be created by the legislature into the 20th century, and although there have been efforts at consolidation in recent years to lower the cost of government, their number has been only slightly reduced.
== Background ==
{{further|Local government in New Jersey}}
[[File:Bergen Passaic 1872.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bergen County]] (and neighboring [[Passaic County]]) in 1872]]
At the time of the union of [[East Jersey]] and [[West Jersey]] into the [[Province of New Jersey]] in 1702, there were about 24 [[township (New Jersey)|townships]]; more were added under British government by [[letters patent]], court decrees, or legislative action.{{sfn|Snyder|p=22}} Following the [[American Revolutionary War]], the [[New Jersey Legislature]] confirmed all [[municipal charter]]s, and granted new ones; by 1798, the state had 104 townships. Increased economic activity in [[Essex County, New Jersey|Essex]], [[Morris County, New Jersey|Morris]] and [[Sussex County, New Jersey|Sussex]] counties, and the formation of [[Warren County, New Jersey|Warren County]], raised the number to 125 by 1834.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=53–55}}
Most of the townships had low taxes and little government; the roads (mostly of dirt) were maintained by farmers in lieu of taxes. Township meetings occurred each February; the citizens would discuss concerns, seek solutions, and collectively appoint agents to carry out their will. Voters in each township elected members of the county governing body, the [[Board of Chosen Freeholders]].<ref name="Wright Part 1" >{{cite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Duster Finds the Woodchuck Borough: A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fever 1894–95, Part One|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part1.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisher=Bergen County Historical Society}}</ref>
The railroad brought major changes to New Jersey beginning in the mid-19th century. The state was mostly agricultural, and the new lines made it easier for farmers to get their crops to market. But they also made it easier for those employed in New York City or Philadelphia to live outside the urban core and yet go to work each day.<ref name="Wright Part 1" /> Even before the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], the [[Brick Church (NJT station)|Brick Church station]], in [[Orange, New Jersey|Orange]], Essex County, about {{convert|15|mi}} from New York City, became the center of the nation's first [[commuter suburb]].{{sfn|Bruck & Pinto|pp=307–308}} New Jersey's townships acquired a new population, of [[commuter]]s, who formed communities near railroad stations, and who wanted good well-lit streets and roads, quality schools, and a stake in the government. They were bitterly opposed on each issue by the rural, agricultural population (or "punkin dusters"), who believed their taxes would go up to pay for services they did not want.<ref name="Wright Part 1" />
Schools and school districts caused angry debate between commuters and long-time residents. School district lines were independent of those of townships, for every school formed its own school district.<ref name="Wright Part 1" /><ref name = "wolfe">{{cite web|title=A History of Municipal Government in New Jersey Since 1798|last=Wolfe|first=Albert J.|publisher=The Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund|url=http://celdf.org/downloads/New%20Jersey%20-%20A%20history%20of%20municipal%20govt%20in%20NJ%20since%201798.pdf|accessdate=September 13, 2015}}</ref> Accordingly, townships could contain a number of school districts; [[Bergen County]]'s [[Franklin Township, Bergen County, New Jersey|Franklin Township]] contained eleven school districts serving 774 students.{{sfn|Karcher|p=83}}
The [[Town meeting|town-meeting]] style of government then prescribed for townships proved ill-suited to those changing times.{{sfn|Ridgewood|pp=42–43}} The [[New Jersey Constitution]] gave the state government in [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]] relatively weak powers over the townships, but from time to time the legislature attempted reform. The townships were divided into road districts, with residents appointed to see that maintenance was done; in 1859, the state allowed residents of each district to elect a road commissioner, who saw to it their road taxes were spent effectively. Many of these districts later became individual municipalities, with the road commissioner often the first mayor.{{sfn|Bruck & Pinto|p=307}}
== Legislation ==
[[Image:Monmouth County New Jersey Municipalities.png|thumb|left|400px|[[Monmouth County, New Jersey]] displays a number of "doughnut holes" where boroughs have seceded from the townships around them.]]
Until 1875, municipalities had been created or modified only by special acts of the legislature, but this ended then, with lawmakers instead passing general laws, and leaving actual incorporation of municipalities to referenda in areas wanting redress.{{sfn|Snyder|p=3}} In 1878, the legislature passed the Borough Act, allowing landowners in an area less than {{convert|4|sqmi}} and with fewer than 1,000 people to seek a referendum on secession from the township to become a [[borough (New Jersey)|borough]]. This referendum could take place on petition of the owners of 10 percent of the land, as measured by value, in the area in question, and 10 days notice of the vote was required. In 1882, the legislature expanded this measure to allow areas of less than {{convert|2|sqmi}} to become borough commissions with some autonomy within the township. Another impetus towards more municipalities developed in the 1870s, with the New Jersey public soured on the railroads because of the [[Panic of 1873]]. The newly [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] legislature passed laws that ended tax exemptions on railroad-owned lands. Much of the land, generally near stations, was sold off, and was transformed into communities that in the following years would [[Urban secession|secede from the township]] in which they lay, creating some of the "doughnut holes", with boroughs surrounded by the townships they were formerly part of, that mark the New Jersey municipal landscape today.{{sfn|Bruck & Pinto|pp=310–311}}{{sfn|Karcher|pp=77–83}}
In the 1893 elections, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] recaptured control of the New Jersey Legislature. This was due in part to another economic depression, the [[Panic of 1893]], which had occurred with Democrat [[Grover Cleveland]] in the [[White House]], and in part because some Democrats, like Republicans before them, had proven corrupt.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=77–83}} The increasing commuter population also played a role; Bergen County contained (and still does) many commuter communities because of its proximity to New York City. These new residents were strongly Republican, as contrasted with the Democratic farmers. According to local historian Kevin Wright, "Having gained sufficient numbers by 1893 to challenge Punkin Dusters at the polls, the Commuters of Bergen County led a political revolution in Home Rule that finally toppled the ancien régime."<ref name = "Wright Part 1" /> Legal disputes about control of the [[New Jersey Senate]] and the Republican desire to undo many Democratic policies occupied the legislature in the early part of its 1894 session.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=77–83}} Nevertheless, interest groups such as local landowners pushed the legislature for permissive policies on municipal incorporation, hoping to gain power in the new governments.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=10–14}}
[[File:NJ Capitol.JPG|thumb|left|The [[New Jersey State House]] in Trenton, where the 1894 acts were passed]]
As the legislature sat, the townships of Bergen County fractured. The provision of the Borough Act allowing separation had been little used prior to 1893.<ref name = "lang">{{cite journal|last=Lang|first=Arnold|title=Bergen County's Townships and Municipalities|url=http://njgsbc.org/files/bc-maps/bergenhistory.pdf|journal=The Archivist|date=1999–2000}}</ref> A year-long legal battle in [[Palisades Township, New Jersey|Palisades Township]], along the [[Hudson River]], led to a referendum that saw [[Tenafly, New Jersey|Tenafly]] break away in January 1894.<ref name = "Wright Part 1" /> Some communities seceded in early 1894 because of disputes about how to pay for [[macadam]]ized roads, which were first paved through much of Bergen County in the first half of the 1890s. The [[Hackensack, New Jersey|Hackensack]] ''Republican'' reported on March 1, "the chief reason why Delford [later [[Oradell, New Jersey|Oradell]]], [[Westwood, New Jersey|Westwood]], [[Hillsdale, New Jersey|Hillsdale]] and [[Park Ridge, New Jersey|Park Ridge]] want to become boroughs is that they may avoid what is feared will be<!-- no "a" in source --> heavy macadam tax".<ref name="Wright Part 2" /> The proposed borough of Delford would take land from multiple townships, uniting communities on both sides of the [[Hackensack River]] that shared a school, but incorporation was put on hold because of legal uncertainty as to whether a borough could be formed from parts of more than one township.<ref name="Wright Part 2" >{{cite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Duster Finds the Woodchuck Borough: A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fever 1894–95, Part Two|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part2.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisher=Bergen County Historical Society}}</ref>
In April, the Republican majority in Trenton let it be known they were working on a bill to solve Delford's problem by allowing boroughs to be formed from portions of two or more townships, and this became the Act of May 9, 1894. The act also granted such boroughs a seat on the county Board of Chosen Freeholders. According to Wright, "the consequences of casting special legislation under guise of a general law soon became patent".<ref name = "Wright Part 2" /> Since 1885, new boroughs had not gotten their own freeholder, with borough voters instead joining with those in the township they were formerly part of to elect one.<ref>{{cite book| title=Revision of the Statutes of New Jersey|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n400AQAAMAAJ|page=62|year=1887|publisher=Frederick D. Linn & Co.}}</ref> Partisans saw the political possibilities of the 1894 law, and contested control of the Bergen County government through the formation of boroughs that would elect freeholders of their party.<ref name="Wright Part 2" />
The energetic legislators finally reached school reform with Chapter CCCXXXV of the Public Laws of 1894. That act, passed on May 25, provided that "the several school districts in each township shall be consolidated into one school district".{{sfn|Karcher|pp=81–86}} The legislature's intent was to equalize funding between wealthier districts and poorer ones.<ref name="Wright Part 2" /> Had the legislature done no more, according to former [[New Jersey General Assembly]] Speaker [[Alan Karcher]], "New Jersey might have had fewer than 500 municipalities today".{{sfn|Karcher|pp=81–83}} However, the legislature further enacted in the bill, "that each [[city (New Jersey)|city]], borough, and [[town (New Jersey)|incorporated town]], shall be a school district, separate and distinct from the township school district".{{sfn|Karcher|pp=81–83}} Thus, if a community seceded from its township to form a borough, it would keep control of its school.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=81–83}} The new township school districts would be responsible for the debts of their predecessors, meaning that some communities faced the prospect of paying off, in part, the debts of others, and seeing some of their tax dollars going to fund others' schools. Under the law, by becoming an incorporated borough, they could avoid these things.{{sfn|Woodcliff Lake|p=24}}
The school legislation greatly fueled the borough craze in Bergen County. Wealthy communities that had had their own school districts now faced the prospect of sharing their school tax revenues with poorer areas, or of being divided up piecemeal in borough referenda. [[Allendale, New Jersey|Allendale]] broke away, principally from Franklin Township, because of such fears. At 650 people, Allendale was one of the more populous boroughs formed in 1894.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=83–85}} In such commuter communities as Park Ridge, those new residents often led the borough drives against the opposition of the old inhabitants who feared the improvements would not benefit them and that the new borough would quickly incur debt through issuance of [[municipal bonds]].<ref name= "Wright Part 2" />
Another new borough created by the residents to keep local school control was Woodcliff, which was formed around the settlement of Pascack from parts of [[Harrington Township, New Jersey|Harrington Township]] and [[Orvil Township, New Jersey|Orvil Township]], and which in 1910 became [[Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey|Woodcliff Lake]].{{sfn|Woodcliff Lake|pp=23–26}} Rural [[Upper Saddle River, New Jersey|Upper Saddle River]] broke away from Orvil Township and [[Hohokus Township, New Jersey|Hohokus Township]], taking one of Orvil Township's six schoolhouses—the press noted that the nascent borough would most likely go Democratic as only 16 Republicans could be found.<ref name = "lang" /><ref name = "Wright Part 3" /> [[Ridgewood, New Jersey|Ridgewood]], then a township, avoided further depredations by [[Midland Park, New Jersey|Midland Park]] and [[Glen Rock, New Jersey|Glen Rock]] by incorporating as a [[village (New Jersey)|village]].{{sfn|Ridgewood|p=43}} The borough of [[Wood-Ridge, New Jersey|Wood-Ridge]] was formed after the boundary lines were carefully drawn with an eye to the referendum, to exclude the home of a family of prominent landowners who were opposed to the incorporation—though not excluding their farmland. Once Wood-Ridge was successfully established, the farmhouse was annexed by borough ordinance.{{sfn|Karcher|p=84}}
Of the 40 boroughs created in 1894 and 1895, 26 were in Bergen County. The ones elsewhere included [[Roselle, New Jersey|Roselle]] and [[Mountainside, New Jersey|Mountainside]], in Union County.{{sfn|Karcher|p=86}} In September 1894, state Senator Henry D. Winton warned that the legislature at its next session was likely to amend if not gut the Borough Act because of the craze in Bergen County. Nine new members had been added to the Board of Chosen Freeholders from the previous sixteen, Winton noted, with a proportionate increase in the cost of government, which would be further inflated by the multiplicity of boroughs. The signal that the law might change did not slow the incorporations: Wood-Ridge, [[Carlstadt, New Jersey|Carlstadt]], [[Edgewater, New Jersey|Edgewater]], [[Old Tappan, New Jersey|Old Tappan]] and other boroughs trace their geneses to late 1894.<ref name = "Wright Part 3">{{cite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Duster Finds the Woodchuck Borough: A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fever 1894–95, Part Three|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part3.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisher=Bergen County Historical Society}}</ref> There were some fistfights and hard feelings over the borough formations, and Russell Jones, whose house was on the newly drawn line between [[Teaneck, New Jersey|Teaneck]] and [[Bogota, New Jersey|Bogota]], saw it burn down as firefighters argued about who had jurisdiction.{{sfn|Cunningham|p=86}}
== Aftermath and legacy ==
{{quote box | align = right | width = 25em | salign = right
| quote = We believe that there are many boroughs in this State which have no sufficient excuse for existence, which were prompted by some local desire for extravagant improvement, or were a part of a scheme of speculation to encourage the sale of real estate, or were the outgrowth of sectional or local jealousy which found too easy a vent in the facility which the borough law afforded for the creation of a new municipality. We have not thought it advisable, however, to question in any way the existence of any of these boroughs or, in rehabilitating them, to make any distinction between those that ought to exist and those that ought not. It will be sufficient for the present, we trust, to guard against the increase of such boroughs.
| source = State Senator [[Foster M. Voorhees]], report of the Joint Committee to Revise the Laws Concerning Boroughs, March 25, 1896<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Senate of the State of New Jersey|p=758|year=1896|publisher=MacCrellish & Quigley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0JNAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>}}
The wave of incorporations continued into 1895, with [[Cliffside Park, New Jersey|Cliffside Park]] gaining borough status in January. That month, Bergen County's school superintendent, John Terhune, wrote a report to Trenton, decrying that the law allowed borough petitioners to set the proposed lines to exclude opponents of incorporation, "The idea of allowing a bare majority the power to accept or reject a few that have dared to oppose the new fad, and for this simple expression of their rights to cut them from all school facilities is radically wrong and gross injustice. There is no defense for the injured, but they must meekly accept the situation. It is inconsistent with liberty, a term so dear to us all".<ref name = "Wright Part 4">{{cite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Duster Finds the Woodchuck Borough: A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fever 1894–95, Part Four|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part4.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisher=Bergen County Historical Society}}</ref> Superintendent Terhune wrote that "until the boroughing is done", it would not be possible to assess the many problems that the rapid subdivision had caused: "I would not attempt to estimate, let alone approximate, the changes caused by the boroughs. It is simply inconceivable".<ref name = "Wright Part 4" />
The Act of February 18, 1895 amended the previous year's borough bill to raise the requirement for incorporation petitions from owners of 10 percent of the land value to 50 percent.<ref name = "Wright Part 4" /> The rush was also slowed by the legislature deciding that no borough created thereafter could maintain a separate school system unless there were at least 400 children living within its limits.<ref name = "lang" /> With the Bergen County Board of Chosen Freeholders by then at 28 members, divided evenly between the parties, the legislature passed a bill setting the number of members of such boards in third-class counties (including Bergen) at 9, with the freeholders elected from the Delford-style boroughs to go out of office on May 8. Nevertheless, on May 9, electors in what became the borough of [[Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey|Englewood Cliffs]] voted to secede from [[Englewood, New Jersey|Englewood]], 34–1.<ref name = "Wright Part 4" />
[[File:Ho-Ho-Kus Public School.jpg|thumb|left|Public school for the borough of [[Ho-Ho-Kus, New Jersey|Ho-Ho-Kus]], Bergen County]]
[[North Arlington, New Jersey|North Arlington]] was incorporated as a borough by a referendum held on March 26, 1896, the day the state legislature passed a bill providing that, "no borough or village shall hereafter be incorporated in this state except by special act of the legislature."<ref name = "Wright Part 4" /> The following year, the legislature undertook a thorough revision of the laws relating to boroughs, and forbade incorporations, dissolutions, or boundary changes without its leave.<ref name = "wolfe" /> This simply moved the venue for conflicts over schools from local referenda to the corridors of the [[New Jersey State House|State House]] in Trenton. Boroughs continued to be incorporated by legislative act, with a major burst in the 1920s. These 20th century increases in the number of boroughs were sometimes caused by conflicts over road funds, causing [[Caldwell Township, New Jersey|Caldwell Township]], Essex County, to divide into six municipalities by 1908, and with [[Clementon Township, New Jersey|Clementon Township]], [[Camden County, New Jersey|Camden County]] fracturing into nine between 1915 and 1929.{{sfn|Karcher|p=59}}
By the 1920s, the number of municipalities in Bergen County had reached 70, where it still stands.<ref name="lang" /> After the 1920s, the legislature did not create many new municipalities, but local officials used [[zoning]] to affect land use, making annexation less attractive.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=9–11}} Because of boroughitis, the township all but disappeared from Bergen County as a form of government.<ref name = "wolfe" /> One that remains is [[South Hackensack, New Jersey|South Hackensack]], the remnants of [[Lodi Township, New Jersey|Lodi Township]] that no seceding borough wanted. Its three pieces are separated from each other by several miles.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ma|first=Myles|date=March 16, 2014|url=http://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2014/03/boroughitis_illustrated_the_three_south_hackensacks.html|title=A Town Divided: Boroughitis Leaves South Hackensack Split|publisher=nj.com|accessdate=October 1, 2015}}</ref>
Although other counties saw borough formation, the scope was far greater in Bergen County. Sparsely populated when the railroad lines went through in the 1850s, this made for a different pattern of development than other suburban counties, such as Union and Camden, which saw more planned development around railroad stations. Bergen's pattern of development was unique in New Jersey, with, until 1894, several commuter suburbs in a single township, something rare elsewhere in the state. With only one suburb to a township, commuter suburbs outside Bergen County tended to form "doughnut hole" boroughs rather than the township fracturing entirely. Another factor in the division was the overriding desire to keep control of the community school: as New Jersey State Senator [[Fairleigh Dickinson, Jr.]] later put it, "Home Rule is regarded as a political concept in other states, but in New Jersey it is a precept of theology".{{sfn|Karcher|p=75}} Karcher agreed with this statement, especially on the matter of education, and the desire for home rule has proven a barrier to consolidation.{{sfn|Karcher|p=75}}
A number of boroughs became townships in the early 1980s, though they did not necessarily change their form of government, as until 1986, more federal aid was available to municipalities called townships than to those styled boroughs.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=166–168}} As of 2014, New Jersey has 565 municipalities, the highest number of municipalities ''per capita'' of any state, and more than eight other states combined. Its boroughs include [[Teterboro, New Jersey|Teterboro]] in Bergen County, site of [[Teterboro Airport|an airport]], industrial buildings, and the homes of fewer than a hundred residents. Governor [[Chris Christie]] has urged consolidation to lower the cost of government, and a number of municipalities have studied it, but the only significant recent merger has been that of [[Borough of Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton Borough]] with [[Princeton Township, New Jersey|Princeton Township]] (2012).<ref>{{cite news|last=Magyar|first=Mark A.|url=http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/14/11/17/size-doesn-t-matter-study-of-nj-municipal-government-costs-concludes/|title=Size Doesn't Matter—Study of NJ Municipal Government|date=November 17, 2014|publisher=NJ Spotlight|accessdate=September 10, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Karcher|pp=193–194}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3400372480|title=DP-1 – Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Teterboro Borough, Bergen County, New Jersey|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=September 10, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Bruck & Pinto|pp=289, 295}}
Karcher, both while Speaker and afterwards, promoted consolidation, but saw it fall victim to home rule advocates.{{sfn|Karcher|p=215}} He discussed the long-term effect of the boroughitis craze:
{{quote |
The ultimate cost to the state's taxpayers ... directly attributable to the Republican reforms of 1894, is incalculable. One need only take an afternoon drive through Bergen County. The only evidence that you have traversed one borough in the last five minutes and are now entering another, which may take only three minutes to cross, is a sign. Otherwise it is virtually impossible to tell one [[wikt:fungible|fungible]] borough from the other. Yet each has its own most prized possession, and prized it should be considering its cost: its own school district.{{sfn|Karcher|p=87}}
}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Sources ==
*{{cite journal|last=Bruck|first=Andrew I.|last2=Pinto III|first2=H. Joseph|title=Overruled by Home Rule: The Problems with New Jersey's Latest Effort to Consolidate Municipalities|journal=Seton Hall Legislative Journal|volume=32|issue=2|url=http://mutex.gmu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lft&AN=502592545&site=ehost-live|pages=287–350|year=2008|ref={{sfnRef|Bruck & Pinto}}}}{{subscription}}
*{{cite book|editor=Chazotte, Irma|title=One Hundred Years of Woodcliff Lake Heritage, 1894–1994|publisher=Woodcliff Lake [New Jersey] Centennial Book Committee|oclc= 55524597|year=1997|ref={{sfnRef|Woodcliff Lake}} }}
*{{cite book|last=Cunningham|first=John T.|title=This is New Jersey|edition=4th|publisher=Rutgers University Press|date=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMk1LTo9wYcC&lpg=PA86&ots=ne_NtrEDQz&dq=russell%20jones%20bogota%20teaneck&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q=russell%20jones%20bogota%20teaneck&f=false|isbn=978-0-8135-2141-1|ref={{sfnRef|Cunningham}} }}
*{{cite book|last=Karcher|first=Alan|authorlink=Alan Karcher|title=New Jersey's Multiple Municipal Madness|publisher=Rutgers University Press|date=1998|edition=Kindle|isbn=978-0-8135-2566-2|ref={{sfnRef|Karcher}} }}
*{{cite book|publisher=Citizens Semi-Centennial Association [Ridgewood, NJ]|title=Ridgewood, Bergen County, New Jersey, Past and Present|oclc= 11745553|url=https://archive.org/details/ridgewoodbergenc00citi|year=1916|ref={{sfnRef|Ridgewood}} }}
*{{ cite book|last=Snyder|first=John P.|title=The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries, 1606–1968|publisher=Department of Geology and Topography|year=1969|url=http://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/enviroed/oldpubs/bulletin67.pdf|oclc=23824|ref={{sfnRef|Snyder}}}}
[[Category:1890s in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Bergen County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:History of New Jersey]]
[[Category:Local government in New Jersey]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{featured artizzle}}
[[Filizzle Countizzle, NJ municipalizzles labeled fo gettin yo pimp on cuz this is how we do it.svg|thumb|right|tha 70 municipalizzles of [[Bergizzle county]], [[New Jersey]]]]
'''Boroughizzles''' (also '''borough pizzy''' or '''borough mania'''), tha creation of large nizzy of sizzy boroughs, wizzizzle a politizzle phenomenon 'n tha Amerizzle stizzate of [[Nizzay jersey]] 'n thizzay 1890s, particularly 'n [[Bergen County]]. Attizzles by tha [[Nizzy Jersey Legislature]] ta reform local govizzle n tha sizzy' systizzems led ta thizze formation of dozizzles of low-population [[borough (Nizzy Jersey)|boroughs]], communizzles smiznall 'n area that stizzay [[Balkanization|balkanize]] tha state politizzle miznizzle. Fo'-fo' desert eagle to your motherfuckin' dome. Dis occurred cizzle of tha development of [[commizzle suburb]]s 'n New jersey, resizzles of which wanted mizzore govizzle services thizzizzle dizzle tha long-tizzle rurizzle population upside yo heezee.
'n tha late 19th century, mizzuch of Nizzew Jersey was divided into liznarge [[township (New Jersey)|townships]], 'n whizzizzle thizzay might be sevizzle smiznall communizzles, each witta local schoo' thizzle formed iizzy own district. Aint no killin' everybodys chillin'. Polizzle dispizzles aroze between tha frontin' hustla of [[commizzles, who wantizzle more government services fo` tha niznew develizzles nizzy railroad linizzles, n long-time residents siznuch as piznusha, whizzizzle fearizzle higha taxizzles spittin' that real shit. Dogg Hizouze Recizzles 'n tha mizzle fuckin hizouze. A previoizzle shawty-uze' lizzay permitted small segments of exist'n townshizzles ta vote by referizzle ta form indepizzle boroughs. In late 1893, Republizzles, backizzle by commuta, captured control of tha legislature n tha follow'n Y-to-tha-izzear pasze' legislizzle allow'n boroughs thizzat wizzizzle formizzle from pizzle of two or more townshizzles ta elect a representative ta tha county [[Bizzoard of Chosizzle Freeholda]]. Dizzay 1894 act, 'n combizzle wiznitta second one tha same yizzy thizzay consolidated thizza schoo' districts into one pa townshizzle, made it easy n attractive fo` dissatisfy communities ta break awizzle n becizzle boroughs, 'n oizzy ta gizzy a sizzizzle on tha county board or ta kizzle contrizzle of tha local schoo' cuz Im tizzy Double O G.
forty nizzizzle boroughs were formed 'n 1894 n 1895, wit tha bulk 'n Bergen Countizzle, where townships wizzere broken up or greatly redizzle 'n size; thizzere be fizzizzle tizzy today. F-to-tha-izzeel'n that tha 1894 laws hizzay allowed tizzy formation of an excessive niznumba of municipalities, tha legislizzle scuttled tha right ta elect a nigga 'n 1895, n endizzle tha formation of boroughs by referizzle thizza doggy stylin' yizzay. Municipalities continued ta be creatizzle by tha legislizzle into thizzle 20th centizzle, n although thizzay hizzy bizzy efforts at consolidation 'n recizzle Y-to-tha-izzears ta lizzy tha cizzy of government, they pimp has bizzay onlizzle slightly redizzle wit tha S-N-double-O-P.
== Background ==
{{furtha|local govizzle 'n Niznew jersey}}
[[File:Bizzle Passizzle 1872.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bergen County]] (n neighbor'n [[Passaic Countizzle]]) 'n 1872]]
At tha time of thizza union of [[E-a-ta-tha-izzeast Jersey]] n [[West Jersizzle]] into tha [[Provizzle of New Jersey]] 'n 1702, thizzle wizzle 'bout 24 [[township (New Jersey)|tizzles]]; mizzay were added unda British government by [[plizzay patent]], cizzay decrees, or legislative action.{{sfn|snyda|p=22}} Follow'n tha [[American Revolutionizzle Wiznar]], tha [[New Jersizzle Legislature]] confizzle all [[municipal chartizzles, n granted nizzew ones wit da big Bo$$ Dogg; by 1798, tha stiznate had 104 townshizzles. Increaze' economic activity 'n [[Essex County, New Jersey|Essex]], [[Morris County, Nizzay Jersey|Mizzles]] n [[Sussex County, New Jersey|Sizzle]] counties, n tizzy formation of [[Warrizzle County, Nizzay Jersey|Warren Countizzle]], rizzle' thizzle numba ta 125 by 1834.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=53–55}}
M-ta-tha-izzost of tha townships hizzle liznizzle taxes n shawtizzle govizzle; tha riznoads (mostly of dizzy) were maintizzle by hizzustla 'n liznieu of taxizzles fo yo bitch ass. Townshizzle meet'n occizzle each Febrizzle; tha citizens would discuss concerns, sizzle solizzles, n collectizzle appoint agents ta carry out thizzle will. Kizzilla 'n each township elizzle killa of tha county govern'n body, thizna [[Board of Chosen Freeholda]]. You gotta check dis shit out yo.<ref name="Wright Part 1" >{{cizzay web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Dizzle Finds tha Woodchuck Borizzle: A Centizzle Revizzle of Bergizzle County Borough Fizzay 1894–95, Pizzart One|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part1.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisha=bizzle County Historizzle Society}}</ref>
Tha railrizzle brought major changes ta Niznew Jersey begizzle 'n tha mid-19th century. Thizzle state was mostlizzle agricizzle, n thizzay nizzew linizzles made it easizzle fo` sizzy cizzalla ta gizzy they crops ta markizzle so bow down to the bow wow! Biznizzle thizzle also miznizzle it easizzle fo` thoze employed 'n New Y-ta-tha-izzork City or Philadelphia ta lizzle outsizzle thizna urban core n yet go ta wizzay eizzizzle day.<ref namizzle P-ta-tha-izzart 1" /> Even before tha [[American Civizzle War|Civil Wizzy]], tha [[Brizzay Chuch (NJT statizzle Chuch statizzle]], 'n [[Orange, Nizzle Jersey|Orange]], Essizzle County, 'B-O-to-tha-izzout {{convizzle}} frizzay Nizzay Y-to-tha-izzizzle City, becizzle thizza centa of thizzle nation fiznizzle [[commuta subizzle & Pintizzle=307–308}} Niznew Jersey townships acqizzle a niznew populizzle, of [[commuta]]s, who formed communities near railrizzle stations, n who wanted giznood well-lit S-t-r-ta-tha-izzeets n riznoads, quality schools, n a stake 'n thizzay government but real niggaz don't give a fuck. Aint no L-i-m-i-ta-tha-t. Im crazy, you can't phase me. They were bitterly oppoze' on each issue by tha rural, agricultural population (or "punkin pusha"), who believed they taxes wizzy go up ta pay fo` services thiznizzle did not want whizzere tha sun be shinin n I be rhymin'.<rizzle name="Wright Part 1" />
Schools n S-C-H-to-tha-izzoo' districts cizzle' angrizzle debizzle betwizzle commizzle n long-tizzle residents. Aint no L-i-m-i-ta-tha-t. Schiznoo' distrizzle linizzles were indepizzle of thoze of townships, fo` every schoo' formizzle its own schoo' district.<ref name="Wright Part 1" /><rizzy name = "wolfe">{{cite web|title=A History of Munizzle Government 'n Nizzay jersey Since 1798|last=Wolfe|first=Albert J.|publisher=tha Community Environmental Legal Defenze Fund|url=http://celdf.org/downloads/New%20Jersey%20-%20A%20history%20of%20municipal%20govt%20in%20NJ%20since%201798.pdf|accessdate=September 13, 2015}}</rizzay> Accordingly, townshizzles could contain a bitch of schoo' distrizzles like dis n like that n like dis n uh; Yippie yo, you can't see my flow. [[Bergen Countizzle]] [[Franklin Township, Bergizzle County, Nizzew Jersey|Frizzle Townshizzle]] contained eleven schoo' distrizzles serv'n 774 students. They cizzay me tha bizzy fizzay president and cant no hood fuck with death rizzow.{{sfn|karcha|p=83}}
Tha [[Ghiznetto meet'n|ghetto-meet'n]] sizzy of government then prescribed fo` townships provizzle ill-sizzle ta thizzoze doggy stylin' times so i cizzle git mizzy P-to-tha-izzimp on.{{sfn|Ridgewood|pp=42–43}} Tha [[Niznew Jersizzle Constitution]] gave tha state govizzle 'n [[Trenton, Nizzizzle Jersey|Trenton]] relatively wizneak powers ova tha townshizzles, bizzizzle fizzy tizzle ta time thizzay legislature attizzle reform. Tha townships were divided iizzy rizzay distrizzles, wit resizzles appizzle ta see thizzay maintizzle was dizzizzle; 'n 1859, tha state allowed residents of eizzizzle distrizzle ta elect a rizzy commizzle, who sizzizzle ta it they rizzay taxizzles were spent effectivizzle. Manizzle of thizzeze distrizzles drug deala became individual municipalizzles, wiznit tha road balla oftizzle thizzle fiznizzle mayizzle & Pintizzle=307}}
== Legislation ==
[[Image:Mizzle Countizzle Niznizzle Jersey Municipalities.png|thumb|left|400px|[[Monmouth County, Niznew jersey]] displizzles a numba of "doughnut holes" where boroughs H-to-tha-izzave seceded F-R-I-Double-Zizzay tha townshizzles around them so i cizzle git mizzy pimp on.]]
Untizzle 1875, municipalities had been creatizzle or modify only by special acts of tha legizzle, biznut dizzy endizzle thizzle, wit balla instizzle pass'n general liznaws, n leav'n actual incorpizzle of municipalizzles ta refizzle 'n areas rhymin' redress in all flavas.{{sfn|snyda|p=3}} 'n 1878, tha legislizzle pasze' tha Borough Act, allizzle landowna 'n an arizzle lizzle thizzle {{convizzle}} n wit shot calla tizzy 1,000 thugz ta seek a referendum on secession F-R-to-tha-izzom tha township ta become a [[borizzle (New Jersey)|borough]]. Dis referendum C-ta-tha-izzould takizzles P-l-ta-tha-izzace on petition of thiznizzle owna of 10 percizzle of tha lizzizzle, as measured by value, 'n tha area 'n question, n 10 D-to-tha-izzles notizzle of tha vizzay wizzle reqizzle. 'n 1882, tha legislature expanded dis measizzle ta allow areas of lizzizzle thiznizzle {{convizzle}} ta become borizzle commissions wit sizzle autonizzle witin thizzay township. Anotha impetus towizzles mizzy municipalizzles develizzle 'n tha 1870s, wizzle tha Nizzy Jersey public sourizzle on tha railroads coz of thizna [[Panic of 1873]]. Tha newly [[Democrizzle Party (United States)|Demizzle]] legislizzle P-to-tha-izzasze' laws that endizzle tax exemptions on railroad-izzle liznands. Mizzuch of tha lizzay, generally niznizzle statizzles, was sizzle off, n wizzy transformed into communities thiznat 'n tha follow'n yizzay would [[Urbizzle secession|secede from thizzle townshizzle]] 'n wizzy they lay, trippin' siznizzle of tha "doughnut holizzles", wit boroughs surrounded by thizza townships tizzy W-ta-tha-izzere formerly part of, tizzy mizzy thizzay Nizzew Jersizzle municizzle landscape todizzle & Pinto|pp=310–311}}{{sfn|karcha|pp=77–83}}
'n tha 1893 elizzles, [[Republican party (Unizzle States)|Republicans]] recaptured contrizzle of thizzle Nizzay Jersizzle Legislature. Dizzle was diznue 'n part ta anizzle economic deprizzle, tha [[Panic of 1893]], whizzich had occurred wit Democrat [[Grizzle Clevizzle]] 'n thizzizzle [[Wizzy Hizouze]], n 'n pizzy coz siznome Democrats, lizzike Republizzles befizzle them, hizzizzle proven corrupt, chill yo.{{sfn|karcha|pp=77–83}} Tizzy clockin' brotha populizzle aizzy played a role; Keep the party crackin while I'm steady rappin. Bergen County contizzle (n S-T-to-tha-izzill dizzle) manizzle commuta communizzles coz of its proxizzle ta New Yiznork City. T-H-to-tha-izzeze nizzay residents wizzizzle strongly Republican, as contrizzle wizzay tha Democratic motherfucka. Keep'n it gangsta dogg. Accord'n ta locizzle historian Kevin Wright, "Hav'n gainizzle suffizzle cracka by 1893 ta challenge Punkin Dizzusta at thizza pizzle, tha Commizzles of Bergen Countizzle lizze' a politizzle revolution 'n H-ta-tha-izzome Rizzle thizzizzle finizzle toppled tha ancien R-É-G-to-tha-izzime but real niggaz don't give a fuck. I'm a mutha fuckin 2-time felon."<ref nizzay = "Wrizzizzle Part 1" /> Legal disputes 'bizzy contrizzle of thizna [[Nizzew Jersey Senate]] n thizna Republican desire ta undo manizzle Democratic polizzles occupy tha legislature 'n tizzy early part of its 1894 session. Snoop dogg is in this bitch.{{sfn|karcha|pp=77–83}} Neverthizzles, intizzle grizzizzles such as local landowna pushizzle tha legislature fo` permissive policies on municipal incorporizzle, hizzay ta gizzain wanna be gangsta 'n tha nizzizzle governments.{{sfn|karcha|pp=10–14}}
[[File:NJ Capitol.jpg|thumb|left|tha [[New Jersizzle Stizzate Hizouze]] 'n Trenton, whizzle tha 1894 acts wizzizzle pasze']]
As tha legislature sizzy, thizza townships of Bergizzle County fractizzle. Tha provision of tha Borizzle Act allizzle separizzle had been shawty uze' prior ta 1893.<ref name = "lang">{{cizzle journal|last=Lang|first=Arnold|title=Bergen Countizzle Townships n Municipalities|url=http://njgsbc.org/files/bc-maps/bergenhistory.pdf|journal=tha Archivist|datizzle> A year-lizzle legal battle 'n [[Palisizzles Township, Nizzy Jersey|Palisizzles Townshizzle]], alizzle thizzle [[Hudsizzle Riva]], lizzay ta a referendum that sizzle [[Tenafly, Nizzle Jersey|Tenafly]] bizzy away 'n Janizzle 1894.<ref name = "Wright Part 1" /> Sizzle communizzles secizzle 'n 'n 1894 coz of disputes abizzle how ta piznay fo` [[macadizzle' rizzay, whizzich were first paved tizzy much of Bergizzle County 'n tha F-to-tha-izzirst hizzle of tha 1890s. Thizzle [[Hackensack, New Jersey|Hackizzle]] ''Republican'' reported on Mizzarch 1, "tha chizzle reasizzle why Delford [mothizzle [[Oradell, Nizzay Jersey|Oradell]]], [[Westwood, New Jersey|Wizzle]], [[Hillsdale, Nizzew Jersey|Hillsdale]] n [[Park Ridge, New Jersey|Park Rizzle]] wizzay ta becizzle borizzles be thizzat tizzy may avoid wizzy be feared W-ta-tha-izzill be<! Anotha dogg house production.-- no "a" in sizzizzle --> heavy macadam tax".<ref name="Wright Piznart 2" /> Thizza propoze' borough of Delfizzle wizzy takizzles land fizzy multizzle townshizzles, unit'n communizzles on both sides of tha [[Hackensack Rizzle]] thizzat shared a schoo', but incorpizzle was put on hold coz of legal uncertainty as ta nizzy a borizzle cizzizzle be formed friznizzle parts of mizzle T-H-to-tha-izzizzle one township.<ref namizzle P-ta-tha-izzart 2" >{{C-i-t-e-ta-tha-izzite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Criznacka Fizzay thizna Woodchizzle Borizzle: A Centennial Revizzle of Bergen county Borizzle Feva 1894–95, Pizzy Two|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part2.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisha=bergen county Historizzle Socizzle>
'n Aprizzle, tha Republican majorizzle 'n Trentizzle lizzet it be known tizzy were pimpin' on a bill ta sizzolve Delford problem by doggy stylin' boroughs ta be formizzle from portions of twizzle or mizzay townshizzles, n dizzay becizzle thizza Act of May 9, 1894. Tha aizzy also granted sizzle boroughs a seat on tha county Bizzizzle of Chosizzle Freeholda. Nizzle git shut up or gizzy wet up. Accord'n ta W-R-to-tha-izzight, "tizzy consequences of straight trippin' special legislizzle cracka guize of a general law siznoon became patizzle nizzle = "Wrizzle Pizzizzle 2" /> Sizzizzle 1885, new borizzles had nizzle gottizzle they own freeholda, wit borizzle vizzy instizzle straight trippizzle' wit thoze 'n tha township T-h-ta-tha-izzey were formerly pizzay of ta elect one.<rizzle B-to-tha-izzook| title=Revision of tha Statutes of New Jersey|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n400AQAAMAAJ|page=62|year=1887|publisher=Frederick D. L-to-tha-izzinn & Co.}}</ref> Partisans saw tha polizzle possibilities of thizzay 1894 law, n contizzle control of thizza Bergen Countizzle government through thizza formizzle of boroughs that would elizzle cizzy of T-H-to-tha-izzey party. Fo'-fo' desert eagle to your motherfuckin' dome. Wussup ta all mah niggaz 'n tha hizouze.<ref namizzle Part 2" />
Tha energetic legislizzles finizzle reachizzle schoo' reform wizzy K-to-tha-izzilla CCCXXXV of thizzle Public Laws of 1894. Thizzay act, pasze' on Mizzay 25, provided thizzat "thizzay several schizzoo' distrizzles 'n each townshizzle shall be consolidizzle into one school district" cuz its a G thang.{{sfn|karcha|pp=81–86}} Tha legislature intent was ta equalize fund'n between wealthia districts n brotha onizzle name="Wright Part 2" /> Had tha legislature diznone no more, accizzle ta wanna be gangsta [[New Jersey General Assembly]] Speaka [[Alan Karcha]], "Niznew jersey mizzy hizzy hizzay fewa than 500 municipalizzles today".{{sfn|karcha|pp=81–83}} Howeva, thizna legislizzle furtha enacted 'n tha biznill, "thizzizzle each [[citizzle (New Jersey)|city]], borizzle, n [[ghetto (Nizzew Jersey)|incorpizzle ghetto]], shall be a schoo' district, sepizzle n distizzle from tha townshizzle schoo' district".{{sfn|kizzle=81–83}} Thizzay, if a community seceded from iizzy township ta fizzle a borizzle, it would keep contrizzle of its schoo' n we out! Hollaz ta tha East Side.{{sfn|karcha|pp=81–83}} Tizzy nizzy township schiznoo' districts would be respizzle fo` tha dizzy of thizney predecizzles, miznean'n T-H-to-tha-izzat sizzome communities facizzle tha prospizzle of doggy stylizzay' off, 'n pizzizzle, tha debts of otha, n spendin' some of they tax dollars cruisin' ta fizzle otha' schizzay. Rappa tha lizzy, by becom'n an incorporated borizzle, thizzay ciznould avoid thizzeze th'n.{{sfn|woodclizzle Lake|p=24}}
Tha schoo' legislation greatly fueled tha borough craze 'n Bergizzle County hittizzle tizzy booty. Fo'-fo' desert eagle to your motherfuckin' dome. Wealthizzle communizzles thizzle hizzy hiznad they own schoo' districts nizzy faced tizzy prospect of bustizzle' they schoo' tax revenues wizzle poora arizzles, or of bein divizzle up piecemeal 'n borough refizzle tizzy off tizzy hook yo dogg. [[Allizzle, Nizzew Jersey|Allizzle]] broke awizzle, principally from Franklizzle Township, cizzay of such fears. At 650 P-ta-tha-izzeople, Allizzle was one of thizzay mizzay populous boroughs formed 'n 1894.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=83–85}} 'n sizzy commuta communities as Park Ridge, thoze nizzy resizzles often led tha borough drivizzles agizzle tha opposition of thizna old inhabizzles whizzay fearizzle tha improvizzles wizzle niznizzle benefit T-H-to-tha-izzem n tizzy tha new borizzle would quicklizzle incizzle diznebt T-h-r-ta-tha-izzough issuance of [[municipal B-to-tha-izzonds]], niggaz, betta recognize.<rizzle name= "Wriznight Pizzay 2" />
Anotha new borizzle created by tha residents ta keep locizzle S-C-H-to-tha-izzoo' control wizzy Woodcliff, which wizzay formed arizzle tha settlement of Pascizzle F-R-to-tha-izzom pizzay of [[Harrington Townshizzle, Nizzew Jersey|Harrington Townshizzle]] n [[Orvil Townshizzle, Nizzy Jersey|Orvil Townshizzle]], n which 'n 1910 became [[Woodclizzle L-I-Double-Zizzy, Nizzy Jersey|Woodcliff Lake]] fo all my homies in the pen.{{sfn|Woodcliff Lakizzle=23–26}} Rural [[Uppa Saddle Balla, Nizzle Crazizzle aizzy nigga Siznaddle Pliznaya]] broke away from Orvil Township n [[Hohokus Township, Nizzizzle Jersey|Hohizzles Township]], perpetratin' oizzy of Orvil Township sizzay schoolhouzes—tha press notizzle that thizzay nascent borizzle would mizzizzle likizzle go Democratic as only 16 Republizzles could be found.<ref name = "L-A-to-tha-izzang" /><riznef name = "Wright Piznart 3" /> [[Ridgizzle, Nizzle Jersey|Rizzle]], then a townshizzle, avizzle shot cizzalla depredations by [[Midland Pizzle, Nizzy Jersey|Mizzle Park]] n [[Gizzizzle R-to-tha-izzock, New Jersey|Glen Rizzy]] by gizzle bangin' as a [[villizzle (Nizzizzle Jersey)|villagizzle=43}} Tha borough of [[Wood-Ridge, Nizzay Jersizzle]] wizzas formed afta tha boundary linizzles W-ta-tha-izzere carefizzle drizzle wizzy an eye ta tha referizzle, ta exclude tha hiznome of a family of promizzle landizzle whizzle were oppoze' ta thizzle incorporizzle nizzizzle exclud'n they farmlizzle. Once Wood-Ridge wizzle successfully established, tha farmhouze wizzas annexed by borizzle ordinance.{{sfn|karcha|p=84}}
Of tha 40 boroughs created 'n 1894 n 1895, 26 wizzay 'n Bergen County. Tha onizzles elsizzle inclizzle [[Rosizzle, New Jersey|Rizzle]] n [[Mountainside, New Jersey|Mountainside]], 'n Union County. Dogg House Records 'n tha mizzle fuckizzle hizouze.{{sfn|karcha|p=86}} 'n Septemba 1894, stizzate Senator Henry D. Wintizzle warned thizzizzle tha legislizzle at its nizzext session was likely ta amizzle if not gut tha Borough Act coz of tha crizzle 'n Bergizzle county n we out! Nine nizzew K-to-tha-izzilla hiznad B-ta-tha-izzeen addizzle ta tha B-I-Double-Zizzay of Chosizzle Freeholda from tha previzzles sixteen, Wintizzle noted, witta proportionate increaze 'n tha cizzle of govizzle, whizzich wizzy be F-to-tha-izzurtha inflated by tha multiplicity of boroughs. Tha signal thizzizzle tha liznaw might cizzy did nizzizzle slow tha incorporations with the gangsta shit that keeps ya hangin: Wood-Ridge, [[Carlstadt, Nizzy Jersey|Cizzle]], [[Edgewata, New Jersey|edgewata]], [[Old Tappan, Niznizzle Jersey|Old Tappan]] n otha borizzles trace their genezes ta late 1894.<ref name = "Wrizzight P-to-tha-izzart 3">{{cizzite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Dizzusta Finds thizzle Woodchuck Borough where the sun be shinin and I be rhymin': A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fizzay 1894–95, Part Three|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part3.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisha=bergen County Historical Society}}</ref> There wizzay siznome fistfights n hizzle ballizzle' ova thizzay borizzle formations, n Russell Jones, wizzy hizouze wiznas on tha newlizzle D-I-Double-Zizzy liznine betwizzle [[Teanizzle, Niznew Jersizzle]] n [[Bogizzle, Nizzew Jersey|Bogota]], saw it burn dizzay as firefighta argizzle 'bout who had jurisdiction now pass the glock.{{sfn|Cunningham|p=86}}
== Aftizzle n legizzle ==
{{qizzy bizzay | align = right | width = 25em | salign = rizzight
| quote = We believe thizzizzle tizzizzle be many boroughs 'n dis Stizzay which have no sufficient excuze fo` exizzle, W-h-ta-tha-izzich wizzere prompted by some local desire fo` extravizzle improvement, or wizzy a part of a sizzy of speculation ta encourage tha sizzay of real estate, or W-ta-tha-izzere tizzy outgrowth of sectional or locizzle jealousy whizzich found too easizzle a vizzay 'n thizna facilizzle whizzay thizza borough lizzay afforded fo` tha creatizzle of a nizzle municipalizzle. We hiznizzle niznot thizzay it advisable, nigga, ta question 'n any wiznizzle tha exizzle of any of thizzeze boroughs or, 'n pimpizzle' them, ta mizzy anizzle distinction between thoze tizzy ought ta exizzle n thoze thizzat ought not. It wiznill be sufficient fo` tha presizzle, we trust, ta gizzay agizzle thizza incrizzle of such boroughs.
| sizzizzle = State Senizzle [[Fosta M. Voorhees]], repizzle of tha Jiznoint Commizzle ta Revizzle tha Lizzaws Clockizzle' Borizzles, Miznarch 25, 1896<ref>{{cite book|titlizzle of tha Senate of tha Stizzate of Nizzy Jersey|p=758|year=1896|publisha=maccrellish & Quigley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0JNAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>}}
Tha wizzave of incorporations contizzle into 1895, wit [[Cliffside Park, New Jersey|Clizzle Park]] gain'n borough statizzles 'n Janizzle. Thizzat M-ta-tha-izzonth, Bergen County S-C-H-to-tha-izzoo' superintizzle, Jizzohn Terhune, wrote a repizzle ta Trentizzle, bustin' tizzy tha law allowed borizzle rizzle ta sizzay tha propizzle' linizzles ta exclude oppizzles of incorpizzle, "Tha idea of allow'n a bizzay majority thizna pimp ta accept or reject a fizzay thiznat hiznave dared ta oppoze tizzy new fad, n fo` dizzay sizzay expression of they rizzights ta cut T-I-Double-Zizzy frizzle all schoo' facilities be radically wizzy n grizzay injizzle cizzy I'm frizzay oizzy tha pizzy like old skool shit. Tizzy be no defenze fo` tha injizzle, biznut thizzizzle must meeklizzle accizzle thizzle situation. It be inconsistent wit liberty, a tizzay so dear ta us all".<rizzle N-to-tha-izzame = "Wright Pizzay 4">{{cizzay web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Wizzle be gangsta Fizninds tha Woodchuck Borizzle: Dizzy row 187 4 life. A Centennial Revizzle of Bergen County Borizzle Feva 1894–95, P-ta-tha-izzart Four|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part4.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisha=bergen County Historizzle Socizzle> Superintendent Terhune wrote that "until tha borough'n be dizzy", it W-ta-tha-izzould not be possible ta assizzles tha many problizzles T-H-to-tha-izzat tha rapid subdizzle hizzle ciznauze': "I W-ta-tha-izzould not attempt ta estimate, let alizzle approxizzle, tha changizzles cauze' by thizzay boroughs. It be simply inconceivablizzle name = "Wright Part 4" />
Thizza Act of Febrizzle 18, 1895 amizzle thizzle previous yizzay borizzle biznill ta raize tha requirizzle fo` incorporation petizzles F-r-ta-tha-izzom playa of 10 percizzle of tha lizzle value ta 50 percent. I'm a mutha fuckin 2-tizzay felon.<ref name = "Wright Part 4" /> Thizzay rizzay wizzay aizzy slowizzle by tha legislature bustin' thizzay no borizzle creatizzle thereafta ciznould maintain a separate schoo' system unless there wizzle at least 400 children bustin' witin its limits.<ref nizname = "lang" /> Wit tha Bergen Countizzle Bizzoard of Chosizzle Freehizzle by tizzy at 28 drug dizzay, divided evenly between tha parties, tha legislature pasze' a bizzay sett'n tizzy numba of memba of siznuch bizzy 'n third-clizzles countizzles (messin' Bergen) at 9, wit tha freeholda elizzle friznom tha Delford-style boroughs ta go out of offizzle on Mizzle 8. Neverthizzles, on Mizzy 9, elizzles 'n what becizzle tha borough of [[Englizzle Clizniffs, Nizzy Jersey|Englewood Cliffs]] voted ta secede from [[Englewood, New Jersey|Englewood]], 34–1.<ref nizzay = "Wizzizzle Pizzart 4" />
[[File:Ho-Ho-Kus Publizzle Schoo'.jpg|thumb|left|public schoo' fo` tha borizzle of [[Ho-Hizzles, Nizzy Jersey|Ho-Hizzles]], Bergizzle County]]
[[Nizzorth Arlington, Nizzy Jersizzle Arlington]] was incorporated as a borough by a referizzle hizzizzle on M-ta-tha-izzarch 26, 1896, tizzy day tizzy sizzy legislizzle pasze' a B-ta-tha-izzill dippin' that, "no borough or village shiznall hereafta be incorporated 'n dis state excizzle by special act of thizzay legislaturizzle nizzizzle = "Wright Pizzay 4" /> Tha dippin' year, tha legizzle undertook a thorough revizzle of tha lizzaws wee'-smokin' ta boroughs, n forbizzle incorporizzles, dissolizzles, or boundary changes witout iizzy leavizzle nizzay = "wolfe" /> Dis simply moved tha venizzle fo` conflizzles killa sizzy from locizzle refizzle ta tha corridors of tha [[New jersey State Hizouzizzle Hizouze]] 'n Trentizzle. Borizzles continued ta be incorporizzle by legislizzle act, wizzy major burst 'n tha 1920s fo mah sippin' bl'n. Theze 20th century increazes 'n thizna numba of boroughs were sometimes cizzay' by conflicts ova road fizzay, pimpin' [[Caldwell Townshizzle, Nizzew Jersey|Cizzle Township]], Essex County, ta divide into siznix municipalities by 1908, n wit [[Clementon Township, Nizzew Jersey|Clementon Township]], [[Camdizzle County, Nizzle Jersey|Cizzle Countizzle]] fractur'n iizzy nizzle betwizzle 1915 n 1929.{{sfn|Karcher|p=59}}
By tha 1920s, tha cracka of municipalizzles 'n Bergizzle Countizzle hiznad reached 70, where it still stands.<ref name="lang" /> Gizzle thizzle 1920s, thizna legislizzle did not crizzizzle many new municipalities, but locizzle offizzles uizzy' [[zon'n]] ta affizzle land uizzy, mak'n annexation L-ta-tha-izzess attractive.{{sfn|karcha|pp=9–11}} Coz of boroughizzles, tizzy township all bizzut disappizzle frizzle Bergen Countizzle as a fizzay of governmizzle name = "wolfe" /> One T-h-ta-tha-izzat remizzles be [[Sizzy Hackensack, Nizzle Jersey|South Hackensack]], tha remnants of [[Lizzizzle Township, Nizzay Jersizzle Townshizzle]] thizzat no seced'n borough wantizzle. Its tizzy pieces be separizzle from each otha by sevizzle miles.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ma|first=Myles|date=March 16, 2014|url=http://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2014/03/boroughitis_illustrated_the_three_south_hackensacks.html|title=A Ghetto Divided: Boroughizzles Leaves Sizzouth Hackensack Split|publisher=nj.com|accessdate=October 1, 2015}}</rizzle>
Although otha countizzles saw borizzle formation, tha scizzay was fiznar hustla 'n Bergen Countizzle thiznats off tizzy hook yo. Sparsizzle populizzle whizzay tha railroad lines wizzent thrizzle 'n tha 1850s, dis mizzay fo` a different pattizzle of development than othizzle subizzle counties, sizzy as Unizzle n Camdizzle, which sizzay mizzle plannizzle develizzle around railrizzle stations. Boom bam as I step in the jam, God damn. Bergen pattern of develizzle was unizzle 'n Nizzay Jersey, wizzy, until 1894, several commuta suburbs 'n a sizzizzle townshizzle, sum-m sum-m rare elsewhere 'n tha state. Wizzay onlizzle one subizzle ta a township, gangsta suburbs outside Bergen County tendizzle ta F-to-tha-izzorm "doughnut hizzle" borizzles brizzle thizzan thizza township fractur'n entirizzle yeah yeah baby. Motherfucka factizzle 'n thizza divizzle was tha ovizzle desire ta kizzizzle control of tha communizzle schizzoo' now motherfucka lemme hizzere ya say hizzle: as Niznew Jersizzle Stizzizzle Senator [[Fairleigh Dickinson, Jr.]] lizzy put it, "Home Rule be regizzle as a political concept 'n otha statizzles, bizzut 'n New Jersey it be a precept of theology" like a tru playa'.{{sfn|kizzle=75}} Kizzy agrizzle' wizzy dis statizzle, especially on thizzizzle matta of education, n tha desizzle fo` hizzy rizzy has proven a barria ta consolidation. Bizzounce wizzle me.{{sfn|karcha|p=75}}
A wanna be gangsta of boroughs becizzle townshizzles 'n tha earlizzle 1980s, thizzough they did niznot necessarily chizzle thizney fizzy of govizzle, as until 1986, mizzore fedizzle aid wizzay available ta municipalizzles callizzle townships than ta thoze styled boroughs cuz I put gangsta rap on tha map.{{sfn|karcha|pp=166–168}} As of 2014, New Jersizzle hizzay 565 municipalizzles, tha highizzle numba of municipalities ''pizzy capita'' of anizzle stizzate, n more than eight otha states combined wit mah hoes on mah siznide, n mah striznap on mah bizzy Its boroughs include [[Teterboro, Niznew Jersey|Teterboro]] 'n Bergizzle Countizzle, site of [[Tetizzle Airpizzle airport]], industrial saggin', n tha homizzles of fewa thizzle a hundrizzle residents. Governor [[Cizzy Christizzle]] has urge' consolidation ta lowa tha cizzle of govizzle, n a nizzle of municipalizzles hizzle study it, bizzay tha onlizzle signifizzle recent N-to-tha-izzigga has been T-H-to-tha-izzat of [[Borough of Princeton, Nizzle Jersey|Princeton Borizzle]] wit [[Princizzle Townshizzle, Nizzizzle Jersey|Princizzle Township]] (2012).<ref>{{cizzle news|last=Magyizzle A.|url=http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/14/11/17/size-doesn-t-matter-study-of-nj-municipal-government-costs-concludes/|title=Size D-ta-tha-izzoesn't Matta—stizzle of NJ Municipal Government|date=novemba 17, 2014|publisha=nj Spotlight|accessdate=septemba 10, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|karcha|pp=193–194}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3400372480|title=DP-1 – Profile of Genizzle Population n Hous'n Characteristics: 2010 fo` Tetizzle Borizzle, Bergizzle Countizzle, Nizzay Jersey|publisha=[[united Statizzles Censizzles Killa 10, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Bruck & Pinto|pp=289, 295}}
Karcha, both W-h-ta-tha-izzile Sizzy n afterwards, promoted consolidation, bizzle sizzay it fizzy victim ta home rule advocates. Yippie yo, you can't see mah flow. Listen to how a motherfucker flow shit.{{sfn|karcha|p=215}} He discusze' thizza long-term effizzle of tha boroughizzles craze: Im a bad boi wit a L-to-tha-izzotta hizzos.
{{qizzle |
Tha ultimate cizzay ta tha state taxpizzle ridin' in mah double R; fo yo bitch ass... dirizzle attributable ta tha Republican reforms of 1894, be incalcizzle. One nee' only takizzles an afternoon drizzay through Bergen county. Thizzle onlizzle evidence thiznizzle yiznou hizzave traverze' one borough 'n tha lizzle fizzy minizzles n be nizzle blunt-rollin' anotha, which may takizzles only tizzy minutes ta cross, be a sign so jus' chill. Otherwize it be virtually impossible ta tell one [[wizzikt cizzle I'm fresh out tha pen: Dogg House Records in the motha fuckin house.fungible|fizzle]] borough F-r-ta-tha-izzom tha otha. Yizzet each hizzle its own M-to-tha-izzost prize' possession, n pizzy' it S-H-to-tha-izzizzle be consida'n its ciznost like this and like that and like this and uh: Nigga git shut up or git wet up. its own schoo' district.{{sfn|karcha|p=87}}
}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Sources ==
*{{cite journal|last=Bruck|first=Andrew I.|last2=Pinto III|first2=H. Joseph|title=Overruled by Hizzle Rizzule so i can git mah pimp on: Tha Problems wiznit Nizzle Jersey Latest Effort ta Consolidate Municipalities|journal=Seton Hall Legizzle Journal|volume=32|issue=2|url=http://mutex.gmu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lft&AN=502592545&site=ehost-live|pages=287–350|year=2008|ref={{sfnRef|Bruck & Pinto}}}}{{subscrizzle}}
*{{cizzay book|editor=Chizzle, Irma|titlizzle Hundred Yiznears of Woodcliff Liznake Heritage, 1894–1994|publisha=woodcliff Lizzizzle [Nizzizzle Jersizzle] Centennial Bizzizzle Committizzle= 55524597|year=1997|ref={{sfnRef|Wizzle Lake}} }}
*{{cizzle book|last=Cunninghizzle T.|title=dis be New Drug deala University Press|date=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmk1lto9wycc&lpg=pa86&ots=ne_ntredqz&dq=russell%20jones%20bogota%20teaneck&pg=pa86#v=onepage&q=russell%20jones%20bogota%20teaneck&f=falze|isbn=978-0-8135-2141-1|ref={{sfnref|cunningham}} }}
*{{ciznite book|last=karcha|first=alan|authorlink=alan Karcha|title=new Jersey Multiple Municizzle Madness|publisha=rutga University Press|date=1998|edition=kindle|isbn=978-0-8135-2566-2|ref={{sfnref|karcha}} }}
*{{cizzy book|publisha=citizens Semi-Centennial Association [Ridgizzle, NJ]|title=Ridgizzle, Bergizzle Countizzle, Nizzle Jersizzle, Pizzle n Present|oclc= 11745553|url=https://archive.org/details/ridgewoodbergenc00citi|year=1916|ref={{sfnRef|Ridgewood}} }}
*{{ cite book|last=Snyder|fizzle P.|title=tha Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundizzles, 1606–1968|publisha=department of Geology n Topography|year=1969|url=http://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/enviroed/oldpubs/bulletin67.pdf|oclc=23824|ref={{sfnRef|Snyder}}}}
[[Category:1890s 'n New Jersey]]
[[Category: You gotta check dis shit out yo.Bergen County, New Jersey]]
[[Category in tha dogg pound:History of Niznew jersey]]
[[Category: Relax, cus I'm B-to-tha-izzout to takes mah respect.Lizzle govizzle 'n Nizzy Jersizzle]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,65 +1,65 @@
-{{featured article}}
-[[File:Bergen County, NJ municipalities labeled.svg|thumb|right|The 70 municipalities of [[Bergen County]], [[New Jersey]]]]
-'''Boroughitis''' (also '''borough fever''' or '''borough mania'''), the creation of large numbers of small boroughs, was a political phenomenon in the American state of [[New Jersey]] in the 1890s, particularly in [[Bergen County]]. Attempts by the [[New Jersey Legislature]] to reform local government and the school systems led to the formation of dozens of low-population [[borough (New Jersey)|boroughs]], communities small in area that still [[Balkanization|balkanize]] the state's political map. This occurred because of the development of [[commuter suburb]]s in New Jersey, residents of which wanted more government services than did the long-time rural population.
+{{featured artizzle}}
+[[Filizzle Countizzle, NJ municipalizzles labeled fo gettin yo pimp on cuz this is how we do it.svg|thumb|right|tha 70 municipalizzles of [[Bergizzle county]], [[New Jersey]]]]
+'''Boroughizzles''' (also '''borough pizzy''' or '''borough mania'''), tha creation of large nizzy of sizzy boroughs, wizzizzle a politizzle phenomenon 'n tha Amerizzle stizzate of [[Nizzay jersey]] 'n thizzay 1890s, particularly 'n [[Bergen County]]. Attizzles by tha [[Nizzy Jersey Legislature]] ta reform local govizzle n tha sizzy' systizzems led ta thizze formation of dozizzles of low-population [[borough (Nizzy Jersey)|boroughs]], communizzles smiznall 'n area that stizzay [[Balkanization|balkanize]] tha state politizzle miznizzle. Fo'-fo' desert eagle to your motherfuckin' dome. Dis occurred cizzle of tha development of [[commizzle suburb]]s 'n New jersey, resizzles of which wanted mizzore govizzle services thizzizzle dizzle tha long-tizzle rurizzle population upside yo heezee.
-In the late 19th century, much of New Jersey was divided into large [[township (New Jersey)|townships]], in which there might be several small communities, each with a local school that formed its own district. Political disputes arose between the growing number of [[commuter]]s, who wanted more government services for the new developments near railroad lines, and long-time residents such as farmers, who feared higher taxes. A previously little-used law permitted small segments of existing townships to vote by referendum to form independent boroughs. In late 1893, Republicans, backed by commuters, captured control of the legislature and the following year passed legislation allowing boroughs that were formed from parts of two or more townships to elect a representative to the county [[Board of Chosen Freeholders]]. This 1894 act, in combination with a second one the same year that consolidated the school districts into one per township, made it easy and attractive for dissatisfied communities to break away and become boroughs, in order to gain a seat on the county board or to keep control of the local school.
+'n tha late 19th century, mizzuch of Nizzew Jersey was divided into liznarge [[township (New Jersey)|townships]], 'n whizzizzle thizzay might be sevizzle smiznall communizzles, each witta local schoo' thizzle formed iizzy own district. Aint no killin' everybodys chillin'. Polizzle dispizzles aroze between tha frontin' hustla of [[commizzles, who wantizzle more government services fo` tha niznew develizzles nizzy railroad linizzles, n long-time residents siznuch as piznusha, whizzizzle fearizzle higha taxizzles spittin' that real shit. Dogg Hizouze Recizzles 'n tha mizzle fuckin hizouze. A previoizzle shawty-uze' lizzay permitted small segments of exist'n townshizzles ta vote by referizzle ta form indepizzle boroughs. In late 1893, Republizzles, backizzle by commuta, captured control of tha legislature n tha follow'n Y-to-tha-izzear pasze' legislizzle allow'n boroughs thizzat wizzizzle formizzle from pizzle of two or more townshizzles ta elect a representative ta tha county [[Bizzoard of Chosizzle Freeholda]]. Dizzay 1894 act, 'n combizzle wiznitta second one tha same yizzy thizzay consolidated thizza schoo' districts into one pa townshizzle, made it easy n attractive fo` dissatisfy communities ta break awizzle n becizzle boroughs, 'n oizzy ta gizzy a sizzizzle on tha county board or ta kizzle contrizzle of tha local schoo' cuz Im tizzy Double O G.
-Forty new boroughs were formed in 1894 and 1895, with the bulk in Bergen County, where townships were broken up or greatly reduced in size; there are few there today. Feeling that the 1894 laws had allowed the formation of an excessive number of municipalities, the legislature scuttled the right to elect a freeholder in 1895, and ended the formation of boroughs by referendum the following year. Municipalities continued to be created by the legislature into the 20th century, and although there have been efforts at consolidation in recent years to lower the cost of government, their number has been only slightly reduced.
+forty nizzizzle boroughs were formed 'n 1894 n 1895, wit tha bulk 'n Bergen Countizzle, where townships wizzere broken up or greatly redizzle 'n size; thizzere be fizzizzle tizzy today. F-to-tha-izzeel'n that tha 1894 laws hizzay allowed tizzy formation of an excessive niznumba of municipalities, tha legislizzle scuttled tha right ta elect a nigga 'n 1895, n endizzle tha formation of boroughs by referizzle thizza doggy stylin' yizzay. Municipalities continued ta be creatizzle by tha legislizzle into thizzle 20th centizzle, n although thizzay hizzy bizzy efforts at consolidation 'n recizzle Y-to-tha-izzears ta lizzy tha cizzy of government, they pimp has bizzay onlizzle slightly redizzle wit tha S-N-double-O-P.
== Background ==
-{{further|Local government in New Jersey}}
-[[File:Bergen Passaic 1872.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bergen County]] (and neighboring [[Passaic County]]) in 1872]]
+{{furtha|local govizzle 'n Niznew jersey}}
+[[File:Bizzle Passizzle 1872.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bergen County]] (n neighbor'n [[Passaic Countizzle]]) 'n 1872]]
-At the time of the union of [[East Jersey]] and [[West Jersey]] into the [[Province of New Jersey]] in 1702, there were about 24 [[township (New Jersey)|townships]]; more were added under British government by [[letters patent]], court decrees, or legislative action.{{sfn|Snyder|p=22}} Following the [[American Revolutionary War]], the [[New Jersey Legislature]] confirmed all [[municipal charter]]s, and granted new ones; by 1798, the state had 104 townships. Increased economic activity in [[Essex County, New Jersey|Essex]], [[Morris County, New Jersey|Morris]] and [[Sussex County, New Jersey|Sussex]] counties, and the formation of [[Warren County, New Jersey|Warren County]], raised the number to 125 by 1834.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=53–55}}
+At tha time of thizza union of [[E-a-ta-tha-izzeast Jersey]] n [[West Jersizzle]] into tha [[Provizzle of New Jersey]] 'n 1702, thizzle wizzle 'bout 24 [[township (New Jersey)|tizzles]]; mizzay were added unda British government by [[plizzay patent]], cizzay decrees, or legislative action.{{sfn|snyda|p=22}} Follow'n tha [[American Revolutionizzle Wiznar]], tha [[New Jersizzle Legislature]] confizzle all [[municipal chartizzles, n granted nizzew ones wit da big Bo$$ Dogg; by 1798, tha stiznate had 104 townshizzles. Increaze' economic activity 'n [[Essex County, New Jersey|Essex]], [[Morris County, Nizzay Jersey|Mizzles]] n [[Sussex County, New Jersey|Sizzle]] counties, n tizzy formation of [[Warrizzle County, Nizzay Jersey|Warren Countizzle]], rizzle' thizzle numba ta 125 by 1834.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=53–55}}
-Most of the townships had low taxes and little government; the roads (mostly of dirt) were maintained by farmers in lieu of taxes. Township meetings occurred each February; the citizens would discuss concerns, seek solutions, and collectively appoint agents to carry out their will. Voters in each township elected members of the county governing body, the [[Board of Chosen Freeholders]].<ref name="Wright Part 1" >{{cite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Duster Finds the Woodchuck Borough: A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fever 1894–95, Part One|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part1.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisher=Bergen County Historical Society}}</ref>
+M-ta-tha-izzost of tha townships hizzle liznizzle taxes n shawtizzle govizzle; tha riznoads (mostly of dizzy) were maintizzle by hizzustla 'n liznieu of taxizzles fo yo bitch ass. Townshizzle meet'n occizzle each Febrizzle; tha citizens would discuss concerns, sizzle solizzles, n collectizzle appoint agents ta carry out thizzle will. Kizzilla 'n each township elizzle killa of tha county govern'n body, thizna [[Board of Chosen Freeholda]]. You gotta check dis shit out yo.<ref name="Wright Part 1" >{{cizzay web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Dizzle Finds tha Woodchuck Borizzle: A Centizzle Revizzle of Bergizzle County Borough Fizzay 1894–95, Pizzart One|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part1.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisha=bizzle County Historizzle Society}}</ref>
-The railroad brought major changes to New Jersey beginning in the mid-19th century. The state was mostly agricultural, and the new lines made it easier for farmers to get their crops to market. But they also made it easier for those employed in New York City or Philadelphia to live outside the urban core and yet go to work each day.<ref name="Wright Part 1" /> Even before the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], the [[Brick Church (NJT station)|Brick Church station]], in [[Orange, New Jersey|Orange]], Essex County, about {{convert|15|mi}} from New York City, became the center of the nation's first [[commuter suburb]].{{sfn|Bruck & Pinto|pp=307–308}} New Jersey's townships acquired a new population, of [[commuter]]s, who formed communities near railroad stations, and who wanted good well-lit streets and roads, quality schools, and a stake in the government. They were bitterly opposed on each issue by the rural, agricultural population (or "punkin dusters"), who believed their taxes would go up to pay for services they did not want.<ref name="Wright Part 1" />
+Tha railrizzle brought major changes ta Niznew Jersey begizzle 'n tha mid-19th century. Thizzle state was mostlizzle agricizzle, n thizzay nizzew linizzles made it easizzle fo` sizzy cizzalla ta gizzy they crops ta markizzle so bow down to the bow wow! Biznizzle thizzle also miznizzle it easizzle fo` thoze employed 'n New Y-ta-tha-izzork City or Philadelphia ta lizzle outsizzle thizna urban core n yet go ta wizzay eizzizzle day.<ref namizzle P-ta-tha-izzart 1" /> Even before tha [[American Civizzle War|Civil Wizzy]], tha [[Brizzay Chuch (NJT statizzle Chuch statizzle]], 'n [[Orange, Nizzle Jersey|Orange]], Essizzle County, 'B-O-to-tha-izzout {{convizzle}} frizzay Nizzay Y-to-tha-izzizzle City, becizzle thizza centa of thizzle nation fiznizzle [[commuta subizzle & Pintizzle=307–308}} Niznew Jersey townships acqizzle a niznew populizzle, of [[commuta]]s, who formed communities near railrizzle stations, n who wanted giznood well-lit S-t-r-ta-tha-izzeets n riznoads, quality schools, n a stake 'n thizzay government but real niggaz don't give a fuck. Aint no L-i-m-i-ta-tha-t. Im crazy, you can't phase me. They were bitterly oppoze' on each issue by tha rural, agricultural population (or "punkin pusha"), who believed they taxes wizzy go up ta pay fo` services thiznizzle did not want whizzere tha sun be shinin n I be rhymin'.<rizzle name="Wright Part 1" />
-Schools and school districts caused angry debate between commuters and long-time residents. School district lines were independent of those of townships, for every school formed its own school district.<ref name="Wright Part 1" /><ref name = "wolfe">{{cite web|title=A History of Municipal Government in New Jersey Since 1798|last=Wolfe|first=Albert J.|publisher=The Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund|url=http://celdf.org/downloads/New%20Jersey%20-%20A%20history%20of%20municipal%20govt%20in%20NJ%20since%201798.pdf|accessdate=September 13, 2015}}</ref> Accordingly, townships could contain a number of school districts; [[Bergen County]]'s [[Franklin Township, Bergen County, New Jersey|Franklin Township]] contained eleven school districts serving 774 students.{{sfn|Karcher|p=83}}
+Schools n S-C-H-to-tha-izzoo' districts cizzle' angrizzle debizzle betwizzle commizzle n long-tizzle residents. Aint no L-i-m-i-ta-tha-t. Schiznoo' distrizzle linizzles were indepizzle of thoze of townships, fo` every schoo' formizzle its own schoo' district.<ref name="Wright Part 1" /><rizzy name = "wolfe">{{cite web|title=A History of Munizzle Government 'n Nizzay jersey Since 1798|last=Wolfe|first=Albert J.|publisher=tha Community Environmental Legal Defenze Fund|url=http://celdf.org/downloads/New%20Jersey%20-%20A%20history%20of%20municipal%20govt%20in%20NJ%20since%201798.pdf|accessdate=September 13, 2015}}</rizzay> Accordingly, townshizzles could contain a bitch of schoo' distrizzles like dis n like that n like dis n uh; Yippie yo, you can't see my flow. [[Bergen Countizzle]] [[Franklin Township, Bergizzle County, Nizzew Jersey|Frizzle Townshizzle]] contained eleven schoo' distrizzles serv'n 774 students. They cizzay me tha bizzy fizzay president and cant no hood fuck with death rizzow.{{sfn|karcha|p=83}}
-The [[Town meeting|town-meeting]] style of government then prescribed for townships proved ill-suited to those changing times.{{sfn|Ridgewood|pp=42–43}} The [[New Jersey Constitution]] gave the state government in [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]] relatively weak powers over the townships, but from time to time the legislature attempted reform. The townships were divided into road districts, with residents appointed to see that maintenance was done; in 1859, the state allowed residents of each district to elect a road commissioner, who saw to it their road taxes were spent effectively. Many of these districts later became individual municipalities, with the road commissioner often the first mayor.{{sfn|Bruck & Pinto|p=307}}
+Tha [[Ghiznetto meet'n|ghetto-meet'n]] sizzy of government then prescribed fo` townships provizzle ill-sizzle ta thizzoze doggy stylin' times so i cizzle git mizzy P-to-tha-izzimp on.{{sfn|Ridgewood|pp=42–43}} Tha [[Niznew Jersizzle Constitution]] gave tha state govizzle 'n [[Trenton, Nizzizzle Jersey|Trenton]] relatively wizneak powers ova tha townshizzles, bizzizzle fizzy tizzle ta time thizzay legislature attizzle reform. Tha townships were divided iizzy rizzay distrizzles, wit resizzles appizzle ta see thizzay maintizzle was dizzizzle; 'n 1859, tha state allowed residents of eizzizzle distrizzle ta elect a rizzy commizzle, who sizzizzle ta it they rizzay taxizzles were spent effectivizzle. Manizzle of thizzeze distrizzles drug deala became individual municipalizzles, wiznit tha road balla oftizzle thizzle fiznizzle mayizzle & Pintizzle=307}}
== Legislation ==
-[[Image:Monmouth County New Jersey Municipalities.png|thumb|left|400px|[[Monmouth County, New Jersey]] displays a number of "doughnut holes" where boroughs have seceded from the townships around them.]]
-Until 1875, municipalities had been created or modified only by special acts of the legislature, but this ended then, with lawmakers instead passing general laws, and leaving actual incorporation of municipalities to referenda in areas wanting redress.{{sfn|Snyder|p=3}} In 1878, the legislature passed the Borough Act, allowing landowners in an area less than {{convert|4|sqmi}} and with fewer than 1,000 people to seek a referendum on secession from the township to become a [[borough (New Jersey)|borough]]. This referendum could take place on petition of the owners of 10 percent of the land, as measured by value, in the area in question, and 10 days notice of the vote was required. In 1882, the legislature expanded this measure to allow areas of less than {{convert|2|sqmi}} to become borough commissions with some autonomy within the township. Another impetus towards more municipalities developed in the 1870s, with the New Jersey public soured on the railroads because of the [[Panic of 1873]]. The newly [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] legislature passed laws that ended tax exemptions on railroad-owned lands. Much of the land, generally near stations, was sold off, and was transformed into communities that in the following years would [[Urban secession|secede from the township]] in which they lay, creating some of the "doughnut holes", with boroughs surrounded by the townships they were formerly part of, that mark the New Jersey municipal landscape today.{{sfn|Bruck & Pinto|pp=310–311}}{{sfn|Karcher|pp=77–83}}
+[[Image:Mizzle Countizzle Niznizzle Jersey Municipalities.png|thumb|left|400px|[[Monmouth County, Niznew jersey]] displizzles a numba of "doughnut holes" where boroughs H-to-tha-izzave seceded F-R-I-Double-Zizzay tha townshizzles around them so i cizzle git mizzy pimp on.]]
+Untizzle 1875, municipalities had been creatizzle or modify only by special acts of tha legizzle, biznut dizzy endizzle thizzle, wit balla instizzle pass'n general liznaws, n leav'n actual incorpizzle of municipalizzles ta refizzle 'n areas rhymin' redress in all flavas.{{sfn|snyda|p=3}} 'n 1878, tha legislizzle pasze' tha Borough Act, allizzle landowna 'n an arizzle lizzle thizzle {{convizzle}} n wit shot calla tizzy 1,000 thugz ta seek a referendum on secession F-R-to-tha-izzom tha township ta become a [[borizzle (New Jersey)|borough]]. Dis referendum C-ta-tha-izzould takizzles P-l-ta-tha-izzace on petition of thiznizzle owna of 10 percizzle of tha lizzizzle, as measured by value, 'n tha area 'n question, n 10 D-to-tha-izzles notizzle of tha vizzay wizzle reqizzle. 'n 1882, tha legislature expanded dis measizzle ta allow areas of lizzizzle thiznizzle {{convizzle}} ta become borizzle commissions wit sizzle autonizzle witin thizzay township. Anotha impetus towizzles mizzy municipalizzles develizzle 'n tha 1870s, wizzle tha Nizzy Jersey public sourizzle on tha railroads coz of thizna [[Panic of 1873]]. Tha newly [[Democrizzle Party (United States)|Demizzle]] legislizzle P-to-tha-izzasze' laws that endizzle tax exemptions on railroad-izzle liznands. Mizzuch of tha lizzay, generally niznizzle statizzles, was sizzle off, n wizzy transformed into communities thiznat 'n tha follow'n yizzay would [[Urbizzle secession|secede from thizzle townshizzle]] 'n wizzy they lay, trippin' siznizzle of tha "doughnut holizzles", wit boroughs surrounded by thizza townships tizzy W-ta-tha-izzere formerly part of, tizzy mizzy thizzay Nizzew Jersizzle municizzle landscape todizzle & Pinto|pp=310–311}}{{sfn|karcha|pp=77–83}}
-In the 1893 elections, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] recaptured control of the New Jersey Legislature. This was due in part to another economic depression, the [[Panic of 1893]], which had occurred with Democrat [[Grover Cleveland]] in the [[White House]], and in part because some Democrats, like Republicans before them, had proven corrupt.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=77–83}} The increasing commuter population also played a role; Bergen County contained (and still does) many commuter communities because of its proximity to New York City. These new residents were strongly Republican, as contrasted with the Democratic farmers. According to local historian Kevin Wright, "Having gained sufficient numbers by 1893 to challenge Punkin Dusters at the polls, the Commuters of Bergen County led a political revolution in Home Rule that finally toppled the ancien régime."<ref name = "Wright Part 1" /> Legal disputes about control of the [[New Jersey Senate]] and the Republican desire to undo many Democratic policies occupied the legislature in the early part of its 1894 session.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=77–83}} Nevertheless, interest groups such as local landowners pushed the legislature for permissive policies on municipal incorporation, hoping to gain power in the new governments.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=10–14}}
+'n tha 1893 elizzles, [[Republican party (Unizzle States)|Republicans]] recaptured contrizzle of thizzle Nizzay Jersizzle Legislature. Dizzle was diznue 'n part ta anizzle economic deprizzle, tha [[Panic of 1893]], whizzich had occurred wit Democrat [[Grizzle Clevizzle]] 'n thizzizzle [[Wizzy Hizouze]], n 'n pizzy coz siznome Democrats, lizzike Republizzles befizzle them, hizzizzle proven corrupt, chill yo.{{sfn|karcha|pp=77–83}} Tizzy clockin' brotha populizzle aizzy played a role; Keep the party crackin while I'm steady rappin. Bergen County contizzle (n S-T-to-tha-izzill dizzle) manizzle commuta communizzles coz of its proxizzle ta New Yiznork City. T-H-to-tha-izzeze nizzay residents wizzizzle strongly Republican, as contrizzle wizzay tha Democratic motherfucka. Keep'n it gangsta dogg. Accord'n ta locizzle historian Kevin Wright, "Hav'n gainizzle suffizzle cracka by 1893 ta challenge Punkin Dizzusta at thizza pizzle, tha Commizzles of Bergen Countizzle lizze' a politizzle revolution 'n H-ta-tha-izzome Rizzle thizzizzle finizzle toppled tha ancien R-É-G-to-tha-izzime but real niggaz don't give a fuck. I'm a mutha fuckin 2-time felon."<ref nizzay = "Wrizzizzle Part 1" /> Legal disputes 'bizzy contrizzle of thizna [[Nizzew Jersey Senate]] n thizna Republican desire ta undo manizzle Democratic polizzles occupy tha legislature 'n tizzy early part of its 1894 session. Snoop dogg is in this bitch.{{sfn|karcha|pp=77–83}} Neverthizzles, intizzle grizzizzles such as local landowna pushizzle tha legislature fo` permissive policies on municipal incorporizzle, hizzay ta gizzain wanna be gangsta 'n tha nizzizzle governments.{{sfn|karcha|pp=10–14}}
-[[File:NJ Capitol.JPG|thumb|left|The [[New Jersey State House]] in Trenton, where the 1894 acts were passed]]
-As the legislature sat, the townships of Bergen County fractured. The provision of the Borough Act allowing separation had been little used prior to 1893.<ref name = "lang">{{cite journal|last=Lang|first=Arnold|title=Bergen County's Townships and Municipalities|url=http://njgsbc.org/files/bc-maps/bergenhistory.pdf|journal=The Archivist|date=1999–2000}}</ref> A year-long legal battle in [[Palisades Township, New Jersey|Palisades Township]], along the [[Hudson River]], led to a referendum that saw [[Tenafly, New Jersey|Tenafly]] break away in January 1894.<ref name = "Wright Part 1" /> Some communities seceded in early 1894 because of disputes about how to pay for [[macadam]]ized roads, which were first paved through much of Bergen County in the first half of the 1890s. The [[Hackensack, New Jersey|Hackensack]] ''Republican'' reported on March 1, "the chief reason why Delford [later [[Oradell, New Jersey|Oradell]]], [[Westwood, New Jersey|Westwood]], [[Hillsdale, New Jersey|Hillsdale]] and [[Park Ridge, New Jersey|Park Ridge]] want to become boroughs is that they may avoid what is feared will be<!-- no "a" in source --> heavy macadam tax".<ref name="Wright Part 2" /> The proposed borough of Delford would take land from multiple townships, uniting communities on both sides of the [[Hackensack River]] that shared a school, but incorporation was put on hold because of legal uncertainty as to whether a borough could be formed from parts of more than one township.<ref name="Wright Part 2" >{{cite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Duster Finds the Woodchuck Borough: A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fever 1894–95, Part Two|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part2.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisher=Bergen County Historical Society}}</ref>
+[[File:NJ Capitol.jpg|thumb|left|tha [[New Jersizzle Stizzate Hizouze]] 'n Trenton, whizzle tha 1894 acts wizzizzle pasze']]
+As tha legislature sizzy, thizza townships of Bergizzle County fractizzle. Tha provision of tha Borizzle Act allizzle separizzle had been shawty uze' prior ta 1893.<ref name = "lang">{{cizzle journal|last=Lang|first=Arnold|title=Bergen Countizzle Townships n Municipalities|url=http://njgsbc.org/files/bc-maps/bergenhistory.pdf|journal=tha Archivist|datizzle> A year-lizzle legal battle 'n [[Palisizzles Township, Nizzy Jersey|Palisizzles Townshizzle]], alizzle thizzle [[Hudsizzle Riva]], lizzay ta a referendum that sizzle [[Tenafly, Nizzle Jersey|Tenafly]] bizzy away 'n Janizzle 1894.<ref name = "Wright Part 1" /> Sizzle communizzles secizzle 'n 'n 1894 coz of disputes abizzle how ta piznay fo` [[macadizzle' rizzay, whizzich were first paved tizzy much of Bergizzle County 'n tha F-to-tha-izzirst hizzle of tha 1890s. Thizzle [[Hackensack, New Jersey|Hackizzle]] ''Republican'' reported on Mizzarch 1, "tha chizzle reasizzle why Delford [mothizzle [[Oradell, Nizzay Jersey|Oradell]]], [[Westwood, New Jersey|Wizzle]], [[Hillsdale, Nizzew Jersey|Hillsdale]] n [[Park Ridge, New Jersey|Park Rizzle]] wizzay ta becizzle borizzles be thizzat tizzy may avoid wizzy be feared W-ta-tha-izzill be<! Anotha dogg house production.-- no "a" in sizzizzle --> heavy macadam tax".<ref name="Wright Piznart 2" /> Thizza propoze' borough of Delfizzle wizzy takizzles land fizzy multizzle townshizzles, unit'n communizzles on both sides of tha [[Hackensack Rizzle]] thizzat shared a schoo', but incorpizzle was put on hold coz of legal uncertainty as ta nizzy a borizzle cizzizzle be formed friznizzle parts of mizzle T-H-to-tha-izzizzle one township.<ref namizzle P-ta-tha-izzart 2" >{{C-i-t-e-ta-tha-izzite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Criznacka Fizzay thizna Woodchizzle Borizzle: A Centennial Revizzle of Bergen county Borizzle Feva 1894–95, Pizzy Two|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part2.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisha=bergen county Historizzle Socizzle>
-In April, the Republican majority in Trenton let it be known they were working on a bill to solve Delford's problem by allowing boroughs to be formed from portions of two or more townships, and this became the Act of May 9, 1894. The act also granted such boroughs a seat on the county Board of Chosen Freeholders. According to Wright, "the consequences of casting special legislation under guise of a general law soon became patent".<ref name = "Wright Part 2" /> Since 1885, new boroughs had not gotten their own freeholder, with borough voters instead joining with those in the township they were formerly part of to elect one.<ref>{{cite book| title=Revision of the Statutes of New Jersey|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n400AQAAMAAJ|page=62|year=1887|publisher=Frederick D. Linn & Co.}}</ref> Partisans saw the political possibilities of the 1894 law, and contested control of the Bergen County government through the formation of boroughs that would elect freeholders of their party.<ref name="Wright Part 2" />
+'n Aprizzle, tha Republican majorizzle 'n Trentizzle lizzet it be known tizzy were pimpin' on a bill ta sizzolve Delford problem by doggy stylin' boroughs ta be formizzle from portions of twizzle or mizzay townshizzles, n dizzay becizzle thizza Act of May 9, 1894. Tha aizzy also granted sizzle boroughs a seat on tha county Bizzizzle of Chosizzle Freeholda. Nizzle git shut up or gizzy wet up. Accord'n ta W-R-to-tha-izzight, "tizzy consequences of straight trippin' special legislizzle cracka guize of a general law siznoon became patizzle nizzle = "Wrizzle Pizzizzle 2" /> Sizzizzle 1885, new borizzles had nizzle gottizzle they own freeholda, wit borizzle vizzy instizzle straight trippizzle' wit thoze 'n tha township T-h-ta-tha-izzey were formerly pizzay of ta elect one.<rizzle B-to-tha-izzook| title=Revision of tha Statutes of New Jersey|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n400AQAAMAAJ|page=62|year=1887|publisher=Frederick D. L-to-tha-izzinn & Co.}}</ref> Partisans saw tha polizzle possibilities of thizzay 1894 law, n contizzle control of thizza Bergen Countizzle government through thizza formizzle of boroughs that would elizzle cizzy of T-H-to-tha-izzey party. Fo'-fo' desert eagle to your motherfuckin' dome. Wussup ta all mah niggaz 'n tha hizouze.<ref namizzle Part 2" />
-The energetic legislators finally reached school reform with Chapter CCCXXXV of the Public Laws of 1894. That act, passed on May 25, provided that "the several school districts in each township shall be consolidated into one school district".{{sfn|Karcher|pp=81–86}} The legislature's intent was to equalize funding between wealthier districts and poorer ones.<ref name="Wright Part 2" /> Had the legislature done no more, according to former [[New Jersey General Assembly]] Speaker [[Alan Karcher]], "New Jersey might have had fewer than 500 municipalities today".{{sfn|Karcher|pp=81–83}} However, the legislature further enacted in the bill, "that each [[city (New Jersey)|city]], borough, and [[town (New Jersey)|incorporated town]], shall be a school district, separate and distinct from the township school district".{{sfn|Karcher|pp=81–83}} Thus, if a community seceded from its township to form a borough, it would keep control of its school.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=81–83}} The new township school districts would be responsible for the debts of their predecessors, meaning that some communities faced the prospect of paying off, in part, the debts of others, and seeing some of their tax dollars going to fund others' schools. Under the law, by becoming an incorporated borough, they could avoid these things.{{sfn|Woodcliff Lake|p=24}}
+Tha energetic legislizzles finizzle reachizzle schoo' reform wizzy K-to-tha-izzilla CCCXXXV of thizzle Public Laws of 1894. Thizzay act, pasze' on Mizzay 25, provided thizzat "thizzay several schizzoo' distrizzles 'n each townshizzle shall be consolidizzle into one school district" cuz its a G thang.{{sfn|karcha|pp=81–86}} Tha legislature intent was ta equalize fund'n between wealthia districts n brotha onizzle name="Wright Part 2" /> Had tha legislature diznone no more, accizzle ta wanna be gangsta [[New Jersey General Assembly]] Speaka [[Alan Karcha]], "Niznew jersey mizzy hizzy hizzay fewa than 500 municipalizzles today".{{sfn|karcha|pp=81–83}} Howeva, thizna legislizzle furtha enacted 'n tha biznill, "thizzizzle each [[citizzle (New Jersey)|city]], borizzle, n [[ghetto (Nizzew Jersey)|incorpizzle ghetto]], shall be a schoo' district, sepizzle n distizzle from tha townshizzle schoo' district".{{sfn|kizzle=81–83}} Thizzay, if a community seceded from iizzy township ta fizzle a borizzle, it would keep contrizzle of its schoo' n we out! Hollaz ta tha East Side.{{sfn|karcha|pp=81–83}} Tizzy nizzy township schiznoo' districts would be respizzle fo` tha dizzy of thizney predecizzles, miznean'n T-H-to-tha-izzat sizzome communities facizzle tha prospizzle of doggy stylizzay' off, 'n pizzizzle, tha debts of otha, n spendin' some of they tax dollars cruisin' ta fizzle otha' schizzay. Rappa tha lizzy, by becom'n an incorporated borizzle, thizzay ciznould avoid thizzeze th'n.{{sfn|woodclizzle Lake|p=24}}
-The school legislation greatly fueled the borough craze in Bergen County. Wealthy communities that had had their own school districts now faced the prospect of sharing their school tax revenues with poorer areas, or of being divided up piecemeal in borough referenda. [[Allendale, New Jersey|Allendale]] broke away, principally from Franklin Township, because of such fears. At 650 people, Allendale was one of the more populous boroughs formed in 1894.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=83–85}} In such commuter communities as Park Ridge, those new residents often led the borough drives against the opposition of the old inhabitants who feared the improvements would not benefit them and that the new borough would quickly incur debt through issuance of [[municipal bonds]].<ref name= "Wright Part 2" />
+Tha schoo' legislation greatly fueled tha borough craze 'n Bergizzle County hittizzle tizzy booty. Fo'-fo' desert eagle to your motherfuckin' dome. Wealthizzle communizzles thizzle hizzy hiznad they own schoo' districts nizzy faced tizzy prospect of bustizzle' they schoo' tax revenues wizzle poora arizzles, or of bein divizzle up piecemeal 'n borough refizzle tizzy off tizzy hook yo dogg. [[Allizzle, Nizzew Jersey|Allizzle]] broke awizzle, principally from Franklizzle Township, cizzay of such fears. At 650 P-ta-tha-izzeople, Allizzle was one of thizzay mizzay populous boroughs formed 'n 1894.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=83–85}} 'n sizzy commuta communities as Park Ridge, thoze nizzy resizzles often led tha borough drivizzles agizzle tha opposition of thizna old inhabizzles whizzay fearizzle tha improvizzles wizzle niznizzle benefit T-H-to-tha-izzem n tizzy tha new borizzle would quicklizzle incizzle diznebt T-h-r-ta-tha-izzough issuance of [[municipal B-to-tha-izzonds]], niggaz, betta recognize.<rizzle name= "Wriznight Pizzay 2" />
-Another new borough created by the residents to keep local school control was Woodcliff, which was formed around the settlement of Pascack from parts of [[Harrington Township, New Jersey|Harrington Township]] and [[Orvil Township, New Jersey|Orvil Township]], and which in 1910 became [[Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey|Woodcliff Lake]].{{sfn|Woodcliff Lake|pp=23–26}} Rural [[Upper Saddle River, New Jersey|Upper Saddle River]] broke away from Orvil Township and [[Hohokus Township, New Jersey|Hohokus Township]], taking one of Orvil Township's six schoolhouses—the press noted that the nascent borough would most likely go Democratic as only 16 Republicans could be found.<ref name = "lang" /><ref name = "Wright Part 3" /> [[Ridgewood, New Jersey|Ridgewood]], then a township, avoided further depredations by [[Midland Park, New Jersey|Midland Park]] and [[Glen Rock, New Jersey|Glen Rock]] by incorporating as a [[village (New Jersey)|village]].{{sfn|Ridgewood|p=43}} The borough of [[Wood-Ridge, New Jersey|Wood-Ridge]] was formed after the boundary lines were carefully drawn with an eye to the referendum, to exclude the home of a family of prominent landowners who were opposed to the incorporation—though not excluding their farmland. Once Wood-Ridge was successfully established, the farmhouse was annexed by borough ordinance.{{sfn|Karcher|p=84}}
+Anotha new borizzle created by tha residents ta keep locizzle S-C-H-to-tha-izzoo' control wizzy Woodcliff, which wizzay formed arizzle tha settlement of Pascizzle F-R-to-tha-izzom pizzay of [[Harrington Townshizzle, Nizzew Jersey|Harrington Townshizzle]] n [[Orvil Townshizzle, Nizzy Jersey|Orvil Townshizzle]], n which 'n 1910 became [[Woodclizzle L-I-Double-Zizzy, Nizzy Jersey|Woodcliff Lake]] fo all my homies in the pen.{{sfn|Woodcliff Lakizzle=23–26}} Rural [[Uppa Saddle Balla, Nizzle Crazizzle aizzy nigga Siznaddle Pliznaya]] broke away from Orvil Township n [[Hohokus Township, Nizzizzle Jersey|Hohizzles Township]], perpetratin' oizzy of Orvil Township sizzay schoolhouzes—tha press notizzle that thizzay nascent borizzle would mizzizzle likizzle go Democratic as only 16 Republizzles could be found.<ref name = "L-A-to-tha-izzang" /><riznef name = "Wright Piznart 3" /> [[Ridgizzle, Nizzle Jersey|Rizzle]], then a townshizzle, avizzle shot cizzalla depredations by [[Midland Pizzle, Nizzy Jersey|Mizzle Park]] n [[Gizzizzle R-to-tha-izzock, New Jersey|Glen Rizzy]] by gizzle bangin' as a [[villizzle (Nizzizzle Jersey)|villagizzle=43}} Tha borough of [[Wood-Ridge, Nizzay Jersizzle]] wizzas formed afta tha boundary linizzles W-ta-tha-izzere carefizzle drizzle wizzy an eye ta tha referizzle, ta exclude tha hiznome of a family of promizzle landizzle whizzle were oppoze' ta thizzle incorporizzle nizzizzle exclud'n they farmlizzle. Once Wood-Ridge wizzle successfully established, tha farmhouze wizzas annexed by borizzle ordinance.{{sfn|karcha|p=84}}
-Of the 40 boroughs created in 1894 and 1895, 26 were in Bergen County. The ones elsewhere included [[Roselle, New Jersey|Roselle]] and [[Mountainside, New Jersey|Mountainside]], in Union County.{{sfn|Karcher|p=86}} In September 1894, state Senator Henry D. Winton warned that the legislature at its next session was likely to amend if not gut the Borough Act because of the craze in Bergen County. Nine new members had been added to the Board of Chosen Freeholders from the previous sixteen, Winton noted, with a proportionate increase in the cost of government, which would be further inflated by the multiplicity of boroughs. The signal that the law might change did not slow the incorporations: Wood-Ridge, [[Carlstadt, New Jersey|Carlstadt]], [[Edgewater, New Jersey|Edgewater]], [[Old Tappan, New Jersey|Old Tappan]] and other boroughs trace their geneses to late 1894.<ref name = "Wright Part 3">{{cite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Duster Finds the Woodchuck Borough: A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fever 1894–95, Part Three|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part3.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisher=Bergen County Historical Society}}</ref> There were some fistfights and hard feelings over the borough formations, and Russell Jones, whose house was on the newly drawn line between [[Teaneck, New Jersey|Teaneck]] and [[Bogota, New Jersey|Bogota]], saw it burn down as firefighters argued about who had jurisdiction.{{sfn|Cunningham|p=86}}
+Of tha 40 boroughs created 'n 1894 n 1895, 26 wizzay 'n Bergen County. Tha onizzles elsizzle inclizzle [[Rosizzle, New Jersey|Rizzle]] n [[Mountainside, New Jersey|Mountainside]], 'n Union County. Dogg House Records 'n tha mizzle fuckizzle hizouze.{{sfn|karcha|p=86}} 'n Septemba 1894, stizzate Senator Henry D. Wintizzle warned thizzizzle tha legislizzle at its nizzext session was likely ta amizzle if not gut tha Borough Act coz of tha crizzle 'n Bergizzle county n we out! Nine nizzew K-to-tha-izzilla hiznad B-ta-tha-izzeen addizzle ta tha B-I-Double-Zizzay of Chosizzle Freeholda from tha previzzles sixteen, Wintizzle noted, witta proportionate increaze 'n tha cizzle of govizzle, whizzich wizzy be F-to-tha-izzurtha inflated by tha multiplicity of boroughs. Tha signal thizzizzle tha liznaw might cizzy did nizzizzle slow tha incorporations with the gangsta shit that keeps ya hangin: Wood-Ridge, [[Carlstadt, Nizzy Jersey|Cizzle]], [[Edgewata, New Jersey|edgewata]], [[Old Tappan, Niznizzle Jersey|Old Tappan]] n otha borizzles trace their genezes ta late 1894.<ref name = "Wrizzight P-to-tha-izzart 3">{{cizzite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Dizzusta Finds thizzle Woodchuck Borough where the sun be shinin and I be rhymin': A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fizzay 1894–95, Part Three|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part3.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisha=bergen County Historical Society}}</ref> There wizzay siznome fistfights n hizzle ballizzle' ova thizzay borizzle formations, n Russell Jones, wizzy hizouze wiznas on tha newlizzle D-I-Double-Zizzy liznine betwizzle [[Teanizzle, Niznew Jersizzle]] n [[Bogizzle, Nizzew Jersey|Bogota]], saw it burn dizzay as firefighta argizzle 'bout who had jurisdiction now pass the glock.{{sfn|Cunningham|p=86}}
-== Aftermath and legacy ==
+== Aftizzle n legizzle ==
-{{quote box | align = right | width = 25em | salign = right
-| quote = We believe that there are many boroughs in this State which have no sufficient excuse for existence, which were prompted by some local desire for extravagant improvement, or were a part of a scheme of speculation to encourage the sale of real estate, or were the outgrowth of sectional or local jealousy which found too easy a vent in the facility which the borough law afforded for the creation of a new municipality. We have not thought it advisable, however, to question in any way the existence of any of these boroughs or, in rehabilitating them, to make any distinction between those that ought to exist and those that ought not. It will be sufficient for the present, we trust, to guard against the increase of such boroughs.
-| source = State Senator [[Foster M. Voorhees]], report of the Joint Committee to Revise the Laws Concerning Boroughs, March 25, 1896<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Senate of the State of New Jersey|p=758|year=1896|publisher=MacCrellish & Quigley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0JNAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>}}
-The wave of incorporations continued into 1895, with [[Cliffside Park, New Jersey|Cliffside Park]] gaining borough status in January. That month, Bergen County's school superintendent, John Terhune, wrote a report to Trenton, decrying that the law allowed borough petitioners to set the proposed lines to exclude opponents of incorporation, "The idea of allowing a bare majority the power to accept or reject a few that have dared to oppose the new fad, and for this simple expression of their rights to cut them from all school facilities is radically wrong and gross injustice. There is no defense for the injured, but they must meekly accept the situation. It is inconsistent with liberty, a term so dear to us all".<ref name = "Wright Part 4">{{cite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Duster Finds the Woodchuck Borough: A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fever 1894–95, Part Four|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part4.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisher=Bergen County Historical Society}}</ref> Superintendent Terhune wrote that "until the boroughing is done", it would not be possible to assess the many problems that the rapid subdivision had caused: "I would not attempt to estimate, let alone approximate, the changes caused by the boroughs. It is simply inconceivable".<ref name = "Wright Part 4" />
+{{qizzy bizzay | align = right | width = 25em | salign = rizzight
+| quote = We believe thizzizzle tizzizzle be many boroughs 'n dis Stizzay which have no sufficient excuze fo` exizzle, W-h-ta-tha-izzich wizzere prompted by some local desire fo` extravizzle improvement, or wizzy a part of a sizzy of speculation ta encourage tha sizzay of real estate, or W-ta-tha-izzere tizzy outgrowth of sectional or locizzle jealousy whizzich found too easizzle a vizzay 'n thizna facilizzle whizzay thizza borough lizzay afforded fo` tha creatizzle of a nizzle municipalizzle. We hiznizzle niznot thizzay it advisable, nigga, ta question 'n any wiznizzle tha exizzle of any of thizzeze boroughs or, 'n pimpizzle' them, ta mizzy anizzle distinction between thoze tizzy ought ta exizzle n thoze thizzat ought not. It wiznill be sufficient fo` tha presizzle, we trust, ta gizzay agizzle thizza incrizzle of such boroughs.
+| sizzizzle = State Senizzle [[Fosta M. Voorhees]], repizzle of tha Jiznoint Commizzle ta Revizzle tha Lizzaws Clockizzle' Borizzles, Miznarch 25, 1896<ref>{{cite book|titlizzle of tha Senate of tha Stizzate of Nizzy Jersey|p=758|year=1896|publisha=maccrellish & Quigley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0JNAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>}}
+Tha wizzave of incorporations contizzle into 1895, wit [[Cliffside Park, New Jersey|Clizzle Park]] gain'n borough statizzles 'n Janizzle. Thizzat M-ta-tha-izzonth, Bergen County S-C-H-to-tha-izzoo' superintizzle, Jizzohn Terhune, wrote a repizzle ta Trentizzle, bustin' tizzy tha law allowed borizzle rizzle ta sizzay tha propizzle' linizzles ta exclude oppizzles of incorpizzle, "Tha idea of allow'n a bizzay majority thizna pimp ta accept or reject a fizzay thiznat hiznave dared ta oppoze tizzy new fad, n fo` dizzay sizzay expression of they rizzights ta cut T-I-Double-Zizzy frizzle all schoo' facilities be radically wizzy n grizzay injizzle cizzy I'm frizzay oizzy tha pizzy like old skool shit. Tizzy be no defenze fo` tha injizzle, biznut thizzizzle must meeklizzle accizzle thizzle situation. It be inconsistent wit liberty, a tizzay so dear ta us all".<rizzle N-to-tha-izzame = "Wright Pizzay 4">{{cizzay web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Wizzle be gangsta Fizninds tha Woodchuck Borizzle: Dizzy row 187 4 life. A Centennial Revizzle of Bergen County Borizzle Feva 1894–95, P-ta-tha-izzart Four|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part4.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisha=bergen County Historizzle Socizzle> Superintendent Terhune wrote that "until tha borough'n be dizzy", it W-ta-tha-izzould not be possible ta assizzles tha many problizzles T-H-to-tha-izzat tha rapid subdizzle hizzle ciznauze': "I W-ta-tha-izzould not attempt ta estimate, let alizzle approxizzle, tha changizzles cauze' by thizzay boroughs. It be simply inconceivablizzle name = "Wright Part 4" />
-The Act of February 18, 1895 amended the previous year's borough bill to raise the requirement for incorporation petitions from owners of 10 percent of the land value to 50 percent.<ref name = "Wright Part 4" /> The rush was also slowed by the legislature deciding that no borough created thereafter could maintain a separate school system unless there were at least 400 children living within its limits.<ref name = "lang" /> With the Bergen County Board of Chosen Freeholders by then at 28 members, divided evenly between the parties, the legislature passed a bill setting the number of members of such boards in third-class counties (including Bergen) at 9, with the freeholders elected from the Delford-style boroughs to go out of office on May 8. Nevertheless, on May 9, electors in what became the borough of [[Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey|Englewood Cliffs]] voted to secede from [[Englewood, New Jersey|Englewood]], 34–1.<ref name = "Wright Part 4" />
+Thizza Act of Febrizzle 18, 1895 amizzle thizzle previous yizzay borizzle biznill ta raize tha requirizzle fo` incorporation petizzles F-r-ta-tha-izzom playa of 10 percizzle of tha lizzle value ta 50 percent. I'm a mutha fuckin 2-tizzay felon.<ref name = "Wright Part 4" /> Thizzay rizzay wizzay aizzy slowizzle by tha legislature bustin' thizzay no borizzle creatizzle thereafta ciznould maintain a separate schoo' system unless there wizzle at least 400 children bustin' witin its limits.<ref nizname = "lang" /> Wit tha Bergen Countizzle Bizzoard of Chosizzle Freehizzle by tizzy at 28 drug dizzay, divided evenly between tha parties, tha legislature pasze' a bizzay sett'n tizzy numba of memba of siznuch bizzy 'n third-clizzles countizzles (messin' Bergen) at 9, wit tha freeholda elizzle friznom tha Delford-style boroughs ta go out of offizzle on Mizzle 8. Neverthizzles, on Mizzy 9, elizzles 'n what becizzle tha borough of [[Englizzle Clizniffs, Nizzy Jersey|Englewood Cliffs]] voted ta secede from [[Englewood, New Jersey|Englewood]], 34–1.<ref nizzay = "Wizzizzle Pizzart 4" />
-[[File:Ho-Ho-Kus Public School.jpg|thumb|left|Public school for the borough of [[Ho-Ho-Kus, New Jersey|Ho-Ho-Kus]], Bergen County]]
-[[North Arlington, New Jersey|North Arlington]] was incorporated as a borough by a referendum held on March 26, 1896, the day the state legislature passed a bill providing that, "no borough or village shall hereafter be incorporated in this state except by special act of the legislature."<ref name = "Wright Part 4" /> The following year, the legislature undertook a thorough revision of the laws relating to boroughs, and forbade incorporations, dissolutions, or boundary changes without its leave.<ref name = "wolfe" /> This simply moved the venue for conflicts over schools from local referenda to the corridors of the [[New Jersey State House|State House]] in Trenton. Boroughs continued to be incorporated by legislative act, with a major burst in the 1920s. These 20th century increases in the number of boroughs were sometimes caused by conflicts over road funds, causing [[Caldwell Township, New Jersey|Caldwell Township]], Essex County, to divide into six municipalities by 1908, and with [[Clementon Township, New Jersey|Clementon Township]], [[Camden County, New Jersey|Camden County]] fracturing into nine between 1915 and 1929.{{sfn|Karcher|p=59}}
+[[File:Ho-Ho-Kus Publizzle Schoo'.jpg|thumb|left|public schoo' fo` tha borizzle of [[Ho-Hizzles, Nizzy Jersey|Ho-Hizzles]], Bergizzle County]]
+[[Nizzorth Arlington, Nizzy Jersizzle Arlington]] was incorporated as a borough by a referizzle hizzizzle on M-ta-tha-izzarch 26, 1896, tizzy day tizzy sizzy legislizzle pasze' a B-ta-tha-izzill dippin' that, "no borough or village shiznall hereafta be incorporated 'n dis state excizzle by special act of thizzay legislaturizzle nizzizzle = "Wright Pizzay 4" /> Tha dippin' year, tha legizzle undertook a thorough revizzle of tha lizzaws wee'-smokin' ta boroughs, n forbizzle incorporizzles, dissolizzles, or boundary changes witout iizzy leavizzle nizzay = "wolfe" /> Dis simply moved tha venizzle fo` conflizzles killa sizzy from locizzle refizzle ta tha corridors of tha [[New jersey State Hizouzizzle Hizouze]] 'n Trentizzle. Borizzles continued ta be incorporizzle by legislizzle act, wizzy major burst 'n tha 1920s fo mah sippin' bl'n. Theze 20th century increazes 'n thizna numba of boroughs were sometimes cizzay' by conflicts ova road fizzay, pimpin' [[Caldwell Townshizzle, Nizzew Jersey|Cizzle Township]], Essex County, ta divide into siznix municipalities by 1908, n wit [[Clementon Township, Nizzew Jersey|Clementon Township]], [[Camdizzle County, Nizzle Jersey|Cizzle Countizzle]] fractur'n iizzy nizzle betwizzle 1915 n 1929.{{sfn|Karcher|p=59}}
-By the 1920s, the number of municipalities in Bergen County had reached 70, where it still stands.<ref name="lang" /> After the 1920s, the legislature did not create many new municipalities, but local officials used [[zoning]] to affect land use, making annexation less attractive.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=9–11}} Because of boroughitis, the township all but disappeared from Bergen County as a form of government.<ref name = "wolfe" /> One that remains is [[South Hackensack, New Jersey|South Hackensack]], the remnants of [[Lodi Township, New Jersey|Lodi Township]] that no seceding borough wanted. Its three pieces are separated from each other by several miles.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ma|first=Myles|date=March 16, 2014|url=http://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2014/03/boroughitis_illustrated_the_three_south_hackensacks.html|title=A Town Divided: Boroughitis Leaves South Hackensack Split|publisher=nj.com|accessdate=October 1, 2015}}</ref>
+By tha 1920s, tha cracka of municipalizzles 'n Bergizzle Countizzle hiznad reached 70, where it still stands.<ref name="lang" /> Gizzle thizzle 1920s, thizna legislizzle did not crizzizzle many new municipalities, but locizzle offizzles uizzy' [[zon'n]] ta affizzle land uizzy, mak'n annexation L-ta-tha-izzess attractive.{{sfn|karcha|pp=9–11}} Coz of boroughizzles, tizzy township all bizzut disappizzle frizzle Bergen Countizzle as a fizzay of governmizzle name = "wolfe" /> One T-h-ta-tha-izzat remizzles be [[Sizzy Hackensack, Nizzle Jersey|South Hackensack]], tha remnants of [[Lizzizzle Township, Nizzay Jersizzle Townshizzle]] thizzat no seced'n borough wantizzle. Its tizzy pieces be separizzle from each otha by sevizzle miles.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ma|first=Myles|date=March 16, 2014|url=http://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2014/03/boroughitis_illustrated_the_three_south_hackensacks.html|title=A Ghetto Divided: Boroughizzles Leaves Sizzouth Hackensack Split|publisher=nj.com|accessdate=October 1, 2015}}</rizzle>
-Although other counties saw borough formation, the scope was far greater in Bergen County. Sparsely populated when the railroad lines went through in the 1850s, this made for a different pattern of development than other suburban counties, such as Union and Camden, which saw more planned development around railroad stations. Bergen's pattern of development was unique in New Jersey, with, until 1894, several commuter suburbs in a single township, something rare elsewhere in the state. With only one suburb to a township, commuter suburbs outside Bergen County tended to form "doughnut hole" boroughs rather than the township fracturing entirely. Another factor in the division was the overriding desire to keep control of the community school: as New Jersey State Senator [[Fairleigh Dickinson, Jr.]] later put it, "Home Rule is regarded as a political concept in other states, but in New Jersey it is a precept of theology".{{sfn|Karcher|p=75}} Karcher agreed with this statement, especially on the matter of education, and the desire for home rule has proven a barrier to consolidation.{{sfn|Karcher|p=75}}
+Although otha countizzles saw borizzle formation, tha scizzay was fiznar hustla 'n Bergen Countizzle thiznats off tizzy hook yo. Sparsizzle populizzle whizzay tha railroad lines wizzent thrizzle 'n tha 1850s, dis mizzay fo` a different pattizzle of development than othizzle subizzle counties, sizzy as Unizzle n Camdizzle, which sizzay mizzle plannizzle develizzle around railrizzle stations. Boom bam as I step in the jam, God damn. Bergen pattern of develizzle was unizzle 'n Nizzay Jersey, wizzy, until 1894, several commuta suburbs 'n a sizzizzle townshizzle, sum-m sum-m rare elsewhere 'n tha state. Wizzay onlizzle one subizzle ta a township, gangsta suburbs outside Bergen County tendizzle ta F-to-tha-izzorm "doughnut hizzle" borizzles brizzle thizzan thizza township fractur'n entirizzle yeah yeah baby. Motherfucka factizzle 'n thizza divizzle was tha ovizzle desire ta kizzizzle control of tha communizzle schizzoo' now motherfucka lemme hizzere ya say hizzle: as Niznew Jersizzle Stizzizzle Senator [[Fairleigh Dickinson, Jr.]] lizzy put it, "Home Rule be regizzle as a political concept 'n otha statizzles, bizzut 'n New Jersey it be a precept of theology" like a tru playa'.{{sfn|kizzle=75}} Kizzy agrizzle' wizzy dis statizzle, especially on thizzizzle matta of education, n tha desizzle fo` hizzy rizzy has proven a barria ta consolidation. Bizzounce wizzle me.{{sfn|karcha|p=75}}
-A number of boroughs became townships in the early 1980s, though they did not necessarily change their form of government, as until 1986, more federal aid was available to municipalities called townships than to those styled boroughs.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=166–168}} As of 2014, New Jersey has 565 municipalities, the highest number of municipalities ''per capita'' of any state, and more than eight other states combined. Its boroughs include [[Teterboro, New Jersey|Teterboro]] in Bergen County, site of [[Teterboro Airport|an airport]], industrial buildings, and the homes of fewer than a hundred residents. Governor [[Chris Christie]] has urged consolidation to lower the cost of government, and a number of municipalities have studied it, but the only significant recent merger has been that of [[Borough of Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton Borough]] with [[Princeton Township, New Jersey|Princeton Township]] (2012).<ref>{{cite news|last=Magyar|first=Mark A.|url=http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/14/11/17/size-doesn-t-matter-study-of-nj-municipal-government-costs-concludes/|title=Size Doesn't Matter—Study of NJ Municipal Government|date=November 17, 2014|publisher=NJ Spotlight|accessdate=September 10, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Karcher|pp=193–194}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3400372480|title=DP-1 – Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Teterboro Borough, Bergen County, New Jersey|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=September 10, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Bruck & Pinto|pp=289, 295}}
+A wanna be gangsta of boroughs becizzle townshizzles 'n tha earlizzle 1980s, thizzough they did niznot necessarily chizzle thizney fizzy of govizzle, as until 1986, mizzore fedizzle aid wizzay available ta municipalizzles callizzle townships than ta thoze styled boroughs cuz I put gangsta rap on tha map.{{sfn|karcha|pp=166–168}} As of 2014, New Jersizzle hizzay 565 municipalizzles, tha highizzle numba of municipalities ''pizzy capita'' of anizzle stizzate, n more than eight otha states combined wit mah hoes on mah siznide, n mah striznap on mah bizzy Its boroughs include [[Teterboro, Niznew Jersey|Teterboro]] 'n Bergizzle Countizzle, site of [[Tetizzle Airpizzle airport]], industrial saggin', n tha homizzles of fewa thizzle a hundrizzle residents. Governor [[Cizzy Christizzle]] has urge' consolidation ta lowa tha cizzle of govizzle, n a nizzle of municipalizzles hizzle study it, bizzay tha onlizzle signifizzle recent N-to-tha-izzigga has been T-H-to-tha-izzat of [[Borough of Princeton, Nizzle Jersey|Princeton Borizzle]] wit [[Princizzle Townshizzle, Nizzizzle Jersey|Princizzle Township]] (2012).<ref>{{cizzle news|last=Magyizzle A.|url=http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/14/11/17/size-doesn-t-matter-study-of-nj-municipal-government-costs-concludes/|title=Size D-ta-tha-izzoesn't Matta—stizzle of NJ Municipal Government|date=novemba 17, 2014|publisha=nj Spotlight|accessdate=septemba 10, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|karcha|pp=193–194}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3400372480|title=DP-1 – Profile of Genizzle Population n Hous'n Characteristics: 2010 fo` Tetizzle Borizzle, Bergizzle Countizzle, Nizzay Jersey|publisha=[[united Statizzles Censizzles Killa 10, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Bruck & Pinto|pp=289, 295}}
-Karcher, both while Speaker and afterwards, promoted consolidation, but saw it fall victim to home rule advocates.{{sfn|Karcher|p=215}} He discussed the long-term effect of the boroughitis craze:
+Karcha, both W-h-ta-tha-izzile Sizzy n afterwards, promoted consolidation, bizzle sizzay it fizzy victim ta home rule advocates. Yippie yo, you can't see mah flow. Listen to how a motherfucker flow shit.{{sfn|karcha|p=215}} He discusze' thizza long-term effizzle of tha boroughizzles craze: Im a bad boi wit a L-to-tha-izzotta hizzos.
-{{quote |
-The ultimate cost to the state's taxpayers ... directly attributable to the Republican reforms of 1894, is incalculable. One need only take an afternoon drive through Bergen County. The only evidence that you have traversed one borough in the last five minutes and are now entering another, which may take only three minutes to cross, is a sign. Otherwise it is virtually impossible to tell one [[wikt:fungible|fungible]] borough from the other. Yet each has its own most prized possession, and prized it should be considering its cost: its own school district.{{sfn|Karcher|p=87}}
+{{qizzle |
+Tha ultimate cizzay ta tha state taxpizzle ridin' in mah double R; fo yo bitch ass... dirizzle attributable ta tha Republican reforms of 1894, be incalcizzle. One nee' only takizzles an afternoon drizzay through Bergen county. Thizzle onlizzle evidence thiznizzle yiznou hizzave traverze' one borough 'n tha lizzle fizzy minizzles n be nizzle blunt-rollin' anotha, which may takizzles only tizzy minutes ta cross, be a sign so jus' chill. Otherwize it be virtually impossible ta tell one [[wizzikt cizzle I'm fresh out tha pen: Dogg House Records in the motha fuckin house.fungible|fizzle]] borough F-r-ta-tha-izzom tha otha. Yizzet each hizzle its own M-to-tha-izzost prize' possession, n pizzy' it S-H-to-tha-izzizzle be consida'n its ciznost like this and like that and like this and uh: Nigga git shut up or git wet up. its own schoo' district.{{sfn|karcha|p=87}}
}}
@@ -68,14 +68,14 @@
== Sources ==
-*{{cite journal|last=Bruck|first=Andrew I.|last2=Pinto III|first2=H. Joseph|title=Overruled by Home Rule: The Problems with New Jersey's Latest Effort to Consolidate Municipalities|journal=Seton Hall Legislative Journal|volume=32|issue=2|url=http://mutex.gmu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lft&AN=502592545&site=ehost-live|pages=287–350|year=2008|ref={{sfnRef|Bruck & Pinto}}}}{{subscription}}
-*{{cite book|editor=Chazotte, Irma|title=One Hundred Years of Woodcliff Lake Heritage, 1894–1994|publisher=Woodcliff Lake [New Jersey] Centennial Book Committee|oclc= 55524597|year=1997|ref={{sfnRef|Woodcliff Lake}} }}
-*{{cite book|last=Cunningham|first=John T.|title=This is New Jersey|edition=4th|publisher=Rutgers University Press|date=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMk1LTo9wYcC&lpg=PA86&ots=ne_NtrEDQz&dq=russell%20jones%20bogota%20teaneck&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q=russell%20jones%20bogota%20teaneck&f=false|isbn=978-0-8135-2141-1|ref={{sfnRef|Cunningham}} }}
-*{{cite book|last=Karcher|first=Alan|authorlink=Alan Karcher|title=New Jersey's Multiple Municipal Madness|publisher=Rutgers University Press|date=1998|edition=Kindle|isbn=978-0-8135-2566-2|ref={{sfnRef|Karcher}} }}
-*{{cite book|publisher=Citizens Semi-Centennial Association [Ridgewood, NJ]|title=Ridgewood, Bergen County, New Jersey, Past and Present|oclc= 11745553|url=https://archive.org/details/ridgewoodbergenc00citi|year=1916|ref={{sfnRef|Ridgewood}} }}
-*{{ cite book|last=Snyder|first=John P.|title=The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries, 1606–1968|publisher=Department of Geology and Topography|year=1969|url=http://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/enviroed/oldpubs/bulletin67.pdf|oclc=23824|ref={{sfnRef|Snyder}}}}
+*{{cite journal|last=Bruck|first=Andrew I.|last2=Pinto III|first2=H. Joseph|title=Overruled by Hizzle Rizzule so i can git mah pimp on: Tha Problems wiznit Nizzle Jersey Latest Effort ta Consolidate Municipalities|journal=Seton Hall Legizzle Journal|volume=32|issue=2|url=http://mutex.gmu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lft&AN=502592545&site=ehost-live|pages=287–350|year=2008|ref={{sfnRef|Bruck & Pinto}}}}{{subscrizzle}}
+*{{cizzay book|editor=Chizzle, Irma|titlizzle Hundred Yiznears of Woodcliff Liznake Heritage, 1894–1994|publisha=woodcliff Lizzizzle [Nizzizzle Jersizzle] Centennial Bizzizzle Committizzle= 55524597|year=1997|ref={{sfnRef|Wizzle Lake}} }}
+*{{cizzle book|last=Cunninghizzle T.|title=dis be New Drug deala University Press|date=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmk1lto9wycc&lpg=pa86&ots=ne_ntredqz&dq=russell%20jones%20bogota%20teaneck&pg=pa86#v=onepage&q=russell%20jones%20bogota%20teaneck&f=falze|isbn=978-0-8135-2141-1|ref={{sfnref|cunningham}} }}
+*{{ciznite book|last=karcha|first=alan|authorlink=alan Karcha|title=new Jersey Multiple Municizzle Madness|publisha=rutga University Press|date=1998|edition=kindle|isbn=978-0-8135-2566-2|ref={{sfnref|karcha}} }}
+*{{cizzy book|publisha=citizens Semi-Centennial Association [Ridgizzle, NJ]|title=Ridgizzle, Bergizzle Countizzle, Nizzle Jersizzle, Pizzle n Present|oclc= 11745553|url=https://archive.org/details/ridgewoodbergenc00citi|year=1916|ref={{sfnRef|Ridgewood}} }}
+*{{ cite book|last=Snyder|fizzle P.|title=tha Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundizzles, 1606–1968|publisha=department of Geology n Topography|year=1969|url=http://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/enviroed/oldpubs/bulletin67.pdf|oclc=23824|ref={{sfnRef|Snyder}}}}
-[[Category:1890s in New Jersey]]
-[[Category:Bergen County, New Jersey]]
-[[Category:History of New Jersey]]
-[[Category:Local government in New Jersey]]
+[[Category:1890s 'n New Jersey]]
+[[Category: You gotta check dis shit out yo.Bergen County, New Jersey]]
+[[Category in tha dogg pound:History of Niznew jersey]]
+[[Category: Relax, cus I'm B-to-tha-izzout to takes mah respect.Lizzle govizzle 'n Nizzy Jersizzle]]
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New page size (new_size) | 34105 |
Old page size (old_size) | 28991 |
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0 => '{{featured artizzle}}',
1 => '[[Filizzle Countizzle, NJ municipalizzles labeled fo gettin yo pimp on cuz this is how we do it.svg|thumb|right|tha 70 municipalizzles of [[Bergizzle county]], [[New Jersey]]]]',
2 => ''''Boroughizzles''' (also '''borough pizzy''' or '''borough mania'''), tha creation of large nizzy of sizzy boroughs, wizzizzle a politizzle phenomenon 'n tha Amerizzle stizzate of [[Nizzay jersey]] 'n thizzay 1890s, particularly 'n [[Bergen County]]. Attizzles by tha [[Nizzy Jersey Legislature]] ta reform local govizzle n tha sizzy' systizzems led ta thizze formation of dozizzles of low-population [[borough (Nizzy Jersey)|boroughs]], communizzles smiznall 'n area that stizzay [[Balkanization|balkanize]] tha state politizzle miznizzle. Fo'-fo' desert eagle to your motherfuckin' dome. Dis occurred cizzle of tha development of [[commizzle suburb]]s 'n New jersey, resizzles of which wanted mizzore govizzle services thizzizzle dizzle tha long-tizzle rurizzle population upside yo heezee.',
3 => ''n tha late 19th century, mizzuch of Nizzew Jersey was divided into liznarge [[township (New Jersey)|townships]], 'n whizzizzle thizzay might be sevizzle smiznall communizzles, each witta local schoo' thizzle formed iizzy own district. Aint no killin' everybodys chillin'. Polizzle dispizzles aroze between tha frontin' hustla of [[commizzles, who wantizzle more government services fo` tha niznew develizzles nizzy railroad linizzles, n long-time residents siznuch as piznusha, whizzizzle fearizzle higha taxizzles spittin' that real shit. Dogg Hizouze Recizzles 'n tha mizzle fuckin hizouze. A previoizzle shawty-uze' lizzay permitted small segments of exist'n townshizzles ta vote by referizzle ta form indepizzle boroughs. In late 1893, Republizzles, backizzle by commuta, captured control of tha legislature n tha follow'n Y-to-tha-izzear pasze' legislizzle allow'n boroughs thizzat wizzizzle formizzle from pizzle of two or more townshizzles ta elect a representative ta tha county [[Bizzoard of Chosizzle Freeholda]]. Dizzay 1894 act, 'n combizzle wiznitta second one tha same yizzy thizzay consolidated thizza schoo' districts into one pa townshizzle, made it easy n attractive fo` dissatisfy communities ta break awizzle n becizzle boroughs, 'n oizzy ta gizzy a sizzizzle on tha county board or ta kizzle contrizzle of tha local schoo' cuz Im tizzy Double O G.',
4 => 'forty nizzizzle boroughs were formed 'n 1894 n 1895, wit tha bulk 'n Bergen Countizzle, where townships wizzere broken up or greatly redizzle 'n size; thizzere be fizzizzle tizzy today. F-to-tha-izzeel'n that tha 1894 laws hizzay allowed tizzy formation of an excessive niznumba of municipalities, tha legislizzle scuttled tha right ta elect a nigga 'n 1895, n endizzle tha formation of boroughs by referizzle thizza doggy stylin' yizzay. Municipalities continued ta be creatizzle by tha legislizzle into thizzle 20th centizzle, n although thizzay hizzy bizzy efforts at consolidation 'n recizzle Y-to-tha-izzears ta lizzy tha cizzy of government, they pimp has bizzay onlizzle slightly redizzle wit tha S-N-double-O-P.',
5 => '{{furtha|local govizzle 'n Niznew jersey}}',
6 => '[[File:Bizzle Passizzle 1872.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bergen County]] (n neighbor'n [[Passaic Countizzle]]) 'n 1872]]',
7 => 'At tha time of thizza union of [[E-a-ta-tha-izzeast Jersey]] n [[West Jersizzle]] into tha [[Provizzle of New Jersey]] 'n 1702, thizzle wizzle 'bout 24 [[township (New Jersey)|tizzles]]; mizzay were added unda British government by [[plizzay patent]], cizzay decrees, or legislative action.{{sfn|snyda|p=22}} Follow'n tha [[American Revolutionizzle Wiznar]], tha [[New Jersizzle Legislature]] confizzle all [[municipal chartizzles, n granted nizzew ones wit da big Bo$$ Dogg; by 1798, tha stiznate had 104 townshizzles. Increaze' economic activity 'n [[Essex County, New Jersey|Essex]], [[Morris County, Nizzay Jersey|Mizzles]] n [[Sussex County, New Jersey|Sizzle]] counties, n tizzy formation of [[Warrizzle County, Nizzay Jersey|Warren Countizzle]], rizzle' thizzle numba ta 125 by 1834.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=53–55}}',
8 => 'M-ta-tha-izzost of tha townships hizzle liznizzle taxes n shawtizzle govizzle; tha riznoads (mostly of dizzy) were maintizzle by hizzustla 'n liznieu of taxizzles fo yo bitch ass. Townshizzle meet'n occizzle each Febrizzle; tha citizens would discuss concerns, sizzle solizzles, n collectizzle appoint agents ta carry out thizzle will. Kizzilla 'n each township elizzle killa of tha county govern'n body, thizna [[Board of Chosen Freeholda]]. You gotta check dis shit out yo.<ref name="Wright Part 1" >{{cizzay web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Dizzle Finds tha Woodchuck Borizzle: A Centizzle Revizzle of Bergizzle County Borough Fizzay 1894–95, Pizzart One|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part1.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisha=bizzle County Historizzle Society}}</ref>',
9 => 'Tha railrizzle brought major changes ta Niznew Jersey begizzle 'n tha mid-19th century. Thizzle state was mostlizzle agricizzle, n thizzay nizzew linizzles made it easizzle fo` sizzy cizzalla ta gizzy they crops ta markizzle so bow down to the bow wow! Biznizzle thizzle also miznizzle it easizzle fo` thoze employed 'n New Y-ta-tha-izzork City or Philadelphia ta lizzle outsizzle thizna urban core n yet go ta wizzay eizzizzle day.<ref namizzle P-ta-tha-izzart 1" /> Even before tha [[American Civizzle War|Civil Wizzy]], tha [[Brizzay Chuch (NJT statizzle Chuch statizzle]], 'n [[Orange, Nizzle Jersey|Orange]], Essizzle County, 'B-O-to-tha-izzout {{convizzle}} frizzay Nizzay Y-to-tha-izzizzle City, becizzle thizza centa of thizzle nation fiznizzle [[commuta subizzle & Pintizzle=307–308}} Niznew Jersey townships acqizzle a niznew populizzle, of [[commuta]]s, who formed communities near railrizzle stations, n who wanted giznood well-lit S-t-r-ta-tha-izzeets n riznoads, quality schools, n a stake 'n thizzay government but real niggaz don't give a fuck. Aint no L-i-m-i-ta-tha-t. Im crazy, you can't phase me. They were bitterly oppoze' on each issue by tha rural, agricultural population (or "punkin pusha"), who believed they taxes wizzy go up ta pay fo` services thiznizzle did not want whizzere tha sun be shinin n I be rhymin'.<rizzle name="Wright Part 1" />',
10 => 'Schools n S-C-H-to-tha-izzoo' districts cizzle' angrizzle debizzle betwizzle commizzle n long-tizzle residents. Aint no L-i-m-i-ta-tha-t. Schiznoo' distrizzle linizzles were indepizzle of thoze of townships, fo` every schoo' formizzle its own schoo' district.<ref name="Wright Part 1" /><rizzy name = "wolfe">{{cite web|title=A History of Munizzle Government 'n Nizzay jersey Since 1798|last=Wolfe|first=Albert J.|publisher=tha Community Environmental Legal Defenze Fund|url=http://celdf.org/downloads/New%20Jersey%20-%20A%20history%20of%20municipal%20govt%20in%20NJ%20since%201798.pdf|accessdate=September 13, 2015}}</rizzay> Accordingly, townshizzles could contain a bitch of schoo' distrizzles like dis n like that n like dis n uh; Yippie yo, you can't see my flow. [[Bergen Countizzle]] [[Franklin Township, Bergizzle County, Nizzew Jersey|Frizzle Townshizzle]] contained eleven schoo' distrizzles serv'n 774 students. They cizzay me tha bizzy fizzay president and cant no hood fuck with death rizzow.{{sfn|karcha|p=83}}',
11 => 'Tha [[Ghiznetto meet'n|ghetto-meet'n]] sizzy of government then prescribed fo` townships provizzle ill-sizzle ta thizzoze doggy stylin' times so i cizzle git mizzy P-to-tha-izzimp on.{{sfn|Ridgewood|pp=42–43}} Tha [[Niznew Jersizzle Constitution]] gave tha state govizzle 'n [[Trenton, Nizzizzle Jersey|Trenton]] relatively wizneak powers ova tha townshizzles, bizzizzle fizzy tizzle ta time thizzay legislature attizzle reform. Tha townships were divided iizzy rizzay distrizzles, wit resizzles appizzle ta see thizzay maintizzle was dizzizzle; 'n 1859, tha state allowed residents of eizzizzle distrizzle ta elect a rizzy commizzle, who sizzizzle ta it they rizzay taxizzles were spent effectivizzle. Manizzle of thizzeze distrizzles drug deala became individual municipalizzles, wiznit tha road balla oftizzle thizzle fiznizzle mayizzle & Pintizzle=307}}',
12 => '[[Image:Mizzle Countizzle Niznizzle Jersey Municipalities.png|thumb|left|400px|[[Monmouth County, Niznew jersey]] displizzles a numba of "doughnut holes" where boroughs H-to-tha-izzave seceded F-R-I-Double-Zizzay tha townshizzles around them so i cizzle git mizzy pimp on.]]',
13 => 'Untizzle 1875, municipalities had been creatizzle or modify only by special acts of tha legizzle, biznut dizzy endizzle thizzle, wit balla instizzle pass'n general liznaws, n leav'n actual incorpizzle of municipalizzles ta refizzle 'n areas rhymin' redress in all flavas.{{sfn|snyda|p=3}} 'n 1878, tha legislizzle pasze' tha Borough Act, allizzle landowna 'n an arizzle lizzle thizzle {{convizzle}} n wit shot calla tizzy 1,000 thugz ta seek a referendum on secession F-R-to-tha-izzom tha township ta become a [[borizzle (New Jersey)|borough]]. Dis referendum C-ta-tha-izzould takizzles P-l-ta-tha-izzace on petition of thiznizzle owna of 10 percizzle of tha lizzizzle, as measured by value, 'n tha area 'n question, n 10 D-to-tha-izzles notizzle of tha vizzay wizzle reqizzle. 'n 1882, tha legislature expanded dis measizzle ta allow areas of lizzizzle thiznizzle {{convizzle}} ta become borizzle commissions wit sizzle autonizzle witin thizzay township. Anotha impetus towizzles mizzy municipalizzles develizzle 'n tha 1870s, wizzle tha Nizzy Jersey public sourizzle on tha railroads coz of thizna [[Panic of 1873]]. Tha newly [[Democrizzle Party (United States)|Demizzle]] legislizzle P-to-tha-izzasze' laws that endizzle tax exemptions on railroad-izzle liznands. Mizzuch of tha lizzay, generally niznizzle statizzles, was sizzle off, n wizzy transformed into communities thiznat 'n tha follow'n yizzay would [[Urbizzle secession|secede from thizzle townshizzle]] 'n wizzy they lay, trippin' siznizzle of tha "doughnut holizzles", wit boroughs surrounded by thizza townships tizzy W-ta-tha-izzere formerly part of, tizzy mizzy thizzay Nizzew Jersizzle municizzle landscape todizzle & Pinto|pp=310–311}}{{sfn|karcha|pp=77–83}}',
14 => ''n tha 1893 elizzles, [[Republican party (Unizzle States)|Republicans]] recaptured contrizzle of thizzle Nizzay Jersizzle Legislature. Dizzle was diznue 'n part ta anizzle economic deprizzle, tha [[Panic of 1893]], whizzich had occurred wit Democrat [[Grizzle Clevizzle]] 'n thizzizzle [[Wizzy Hizouze]], n 'n pizzy coz siznome Democrats, lizzike Republizzles befizzle them, hizzizzle proven corrupt, chill yo.{{sfn|karcha|pp=77–83}} Tizzy clockin' brotha populizzle aizzy played a role; Keep the party crackin while I'm steady rappin. Bergen County contizzle (n S-T-to-tha-izzill dizzle) manizzle commuta communizzles coz of its proxizzle ta New Yiznork City. T-H-to-tha-izzeze nizzay residents wizzizzle strongly Republican, as contrizzle wizzay tha Democratic motherfucka. Keep'n it gangsta dogg. Accord'n ta locizzle historian Kevin Wright, "Hav'n gainizzle suffizzle cracka by 1893 ta challenge Punkin Dizzusta at thizza pizzle, tha Commizzles of Bergen Countizzle lizze' a politizzle revolution 'n H-ta-tha-izzome Rizzle thizzizzle finizzle toppled tha ancien R-É-G-to-tha-izzime but real niggaz don't give a fuck. I'm a mutha fuckin 2-time felon."<ref nizzay = "Wrizzizzle Part 1" /> Legal disputes 'bizzy contrizzle of thizna [[Nizzew Jersey Senate]] n thizna Republican desire ta undo manizzle Democratic polizzles occupy tha legislature 'n tizzy early part of its 1894 session. Snoop dogg is in this bitch.{{sfn|karcha|pp=77–83}} Neverthizzles, intizzle grizzizzles such as local landowna pushizzle tha legislature fo` permissive policies on municipal incorporizzle, hizzay ta gizzain wanna be gangsta 'n tha nizzizzle governments.{{sfn|karcha|pp=10–14}}',
15 => '[[File:NJ Capitol.jpg|thumb|left|tha [[New Jersizzle Stizzate Hizouze]] 'n Trenton, whizzle tha 1894 acts wizzizzle pasze']]',
16 => 'As tha legislature sizzy, thizza townships of Bergizzle County fractizzle. Tha provision of tha Borizzle Act allizzle separizzle had been shawty uze' prior ta 1893.<ref name = "lang">{{cizzle journal|last=Lang|first=Arnold|title=Bergen Countizzle Townships n Municipalities|url=http://njgsbc.org/files/bc-maps/bergenhistory.pdf|journal=tha Archivist|datizzle> A year-lizzle legal battle 'n [[Palisizzles Township, Nizzy Jersey|Palisizzles Townshizzle]], alizzle thizzle [[Hudsizzle Riva]], lizzay ta a referendum that sizzle [[Tenafly, Nizzle Jersey|Tenafly]] bizzy away 'n Janizzle 1894.<ref name = "Wright Part 1" /> Sizzle communizzles secizzle 'n 'n 1894 coz of disputes abizzle how ta piznay fo` [[macadizzle' rizzay, whizzich were first paved tizzy much of Bergizzle County 'n tha F-to-tha-izzirst hizzle of tha 1890s. Thizzle [[Hackensack, New Jersey|Hackizzle]] ''Republican'' reported on Mizzarch 1, "tha chizzle reasizzle why Delford [mothizzle [[Oradell, Nizzay Jersey|Oradell]]], [[Westwood, New Jersey|Wizzle]], [[Hillsdale, Nizzew Jersey|Hillsdale]] n [[Park Ridge, New Jersey|Park Rizzle]] wizzay ta becizzle borizzles be thizzat tizzy may avoid wizzy be feared W-ta-tha-izzill be<! Anotha dogg house production.-- no "a" in sizzizzle --> heavy macadam tax".<ref name="Wright Piznart 2" /> Thizza propoze' borough of Delfizzle wizzy takizzles land fizzy multizzle townshizzles, unit'n communizzles on both sides of tha [[Hackensack Rizzle]] thizzat shared a schoo', but incorpizzle was put on hold coz of legal uncertainty as ta nizzy a borizzle cizzizzle be formed friznizzle parts of mizzle T-H-to-tha-izzizzle one township.<ref namizzle P-ta-tha-izzart 2" >{{C-i-t-e-ta-tha-izzite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Criznacka Fizzay thizna Woodchizzle Borizzle: A Centennial Revizzle of Bergen county Borizzle Feva 1894–95, Pizzy Two|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part2.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisha=bergen county Historizzle Socizzle>',
17 => ''n Aprizzle, tha Republican majorizzle 'n Trentizzle lizzet it be known tizzy were pimpin' on a bill ta sizzolve Delford problem by doggy stylin' boroughs ta be formizzle from portions of twizzle or mizzay townshizzles, n dizzay becizzle thizza Act of May 9, 1894. Tha aizzy also granted sizzle boroughs a seat on tha county Bizzizzle of Chosizzle Freeholda. Nizzle git shut up or gizzy wet up. Accord'n ta W-R-to-tha-izzight, "tizzy consequences of straight trippin' special legislizzle cracka guize of a general law siznoon became patizzle nizzle = "Wrizzle Pizzizzle 2" /> Sizzizzle 1885, new borizzles had nizzle gottizzle they own freeholda, wit borizzle vizzy instizzle straight trippizzle' wit thoze 'n tha township T-h-ta-tha-izzey were formerly pizzay of ta elect one.<rizzle B-to-tha-izzook| title=Revision of tha Statutes of New Jersey|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n400AQAAMAAJ|page=62|year=1887|publisher=Frederick D. L-to-tha-izzinn & Co.}}</ref> Partisans saw tha polizzle possibilities of thizzay 1894 law, n contizzle control of thizza Bergen Countizzle government through thizza formizzle of boroughs that would elizzle cizzy of T-H-to-tha-izzey party. Fo'-fo' desert eagle to your motherfuckin' dome. Wussup ta all mah niggaz 'n tha hizouze.<ref namizzle Part 2" />',
18 => 'Tha energetic legislizzles finizzle reachizzle schoo' reform wizzy K-to-tha-izzilla CCCXXXV of thizzle Public Laws of 1894. Thizzay act, pasze' on Mizzay 25, provided thizzat "thizzay several schizzoo' distrizzles 'n each townshizzle shall be consolidizzle into one school district" cuz its a G thang.{{sfn|karcha|pp=81–86}} Tha legislature intent was ta equalize fund'n between wealthia districts n brotha onizzle name="Wright Part 2" /> Had tha legislature diznone no more, accizzle ta wanna be gangsta [[New Jersey General Assembly]] Speaka [[Alan Karcha]], "Niznew jersey mizzy hizzy hizzay fewa than 500 municipalizzles today".{{sfn|karcha|pp=81–83}} Howeva, thizna legislizzle furtha enacted 'n tha biznill, "thizzizzle each [[citizzle (New Jersey)|city]], borizzle, n [[ghetto (Nizzew Jersey)|incorpizzle ghetto]], shall be a schoo' district, sepizzle n distizzle from tha townshizzle schoo' district".{{sfn|kizzle=81–83}} Thizzay, if a community seceded from iizzy township ta fizzle a borizzle, it would keep contrizzle of its schoo' n we out! Hollaz ta tha East Side.{{sfn|karcha|pp=81–83}} Tizzy nizzy township schiznoo' districts would be respizzle fo` tha dizzy of thizney predecizzles, miznean'n T-H-to-tha-izzat sizzome communities facizzle tha prospizzle of doggy stylizzay' off, 'n pizzizzle, tha debts of otha, n spendin' some of they tax dollars cruisin' ta fizzle otha' schizzay. Rappa tha lizzy, by becom'n an incorporated borizzle, thizzay ciznould avoid thizzeze th'n.{{sfn|woodclizzle Lake|p=24}}',
19 => 'Tha schoo' legislation greatly fueled tha borough craze 'n Bergizzle County hittizzle tizzy booty. Fo'-fo' desert eagle to your motherfuckin' dome. Wealthizzle communizzles thizzle hizzy hiznad they own schoo' districts nizzy faced tizzy prospect of bustizzle' they schoo' tax revenues wizzle poora arizzles, or of bein divizzle up piecemeal 'n borough refizzle tizzy off tizzy hook yo dogg. [[Allizzle, Nizzew Jersey|Allizzle]] broke awizzle, principally from Franklizzle Township, cizzay of such fears. At 650 P-ta-tha-izzeople, Allizzle was one of thizzay mizzay populous boroughs formed 'n 1894.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=83–85}} 'n sizzy commuta communities as Park Ridge, thoze nizzy resizzles often led tha borough drivizzles agizzle tha opposition of thizna old inhabizzles whizzay fearizzle tha improvizzles wizzle niznizzle benefit T-H-to-tha-izzem n tizzy tha new borizzle would quicklizzle incizzle diznebt T-h-r-ta-tha-izzough issuance of [[municipal B-to-tha-izzonds]], niggaz, betta recognize.<rizzle name= "Wriznight Pizzay 2" />',
20 => 'Anotha new borizzle created by tha residents ta keep locizzle S-C-H-to-tha-izzoo' control wizzy Woodcliff, which wizzay formed arizzle tha settlement of Pascizzle F-R-to-tha-izzom pizzay of [[Harrington Townshizzle, Nizzew Jersey|Harrington Townshizzle]] n [[Orvil Townshizzle, Nizzy Jersey|Orvil Townshizzle]], n which 'n 1910 became [[Woodclizzle L-I-Double-Zizzy, Nizzy Jersey|Woodcliff Lake]] fo all my homies in the pen.{{sfn|Woodcliff Lakizzle=23–26}} Rural [[Uppa Saddle Balla, Nizzle Crazizzle aizzy nigga Siznaddle Pliznaya]] broke away from Orvil Township n [[Hohokus Township, Nizzizzle Jersey|Hohizzles Township]], perpetratin' oizzy of Orvil Township sizzay schoolhouzes—tha press notizzle that thizzay nascent borizzle would mizzizzle likizzle go Democratic as only 16 Republizzles could be found.<ref name = "L-A-to-tha-izzang" /><riznef name = "Wright Piznart 3" /> [[Ridgizzle, Nizzle Jersey|Rizzle]], then a townshizzle, avizzle shot cizzalla depredations by [[Midland Pizzle, Nizzy Jersey|Mizzle Park]] n [[Gizzizzle R-to-tha-izzock, New Jersey|Glen Rizzy]] by gizzle bangin' as a [[villizzle (Nizzizzle Jersey)|villagizzle=43}} Tha borough of [[Wood-Ridge, Nizzay Jersizzle]] wizzas formed afta tha boundary linizzles W-ta-tha-izzere carefizzle drizzle wizzy an eye ta tha referizzle, ta exclude tha hiznome of a family of promizzle landizzle whizzle were oppoze' ta thizzle incorporizzle nizzizzle exclud'n they farmlizzle. Once Wood-Ridge wizzle successfully established, tha farmhouze wizzas annexed by borizzle ordinance.{{sfn|karcha|p=84}}',
21 => 'Of tha 40 boroughs created 'n 1894 n 1895, 26 wizzay 'n Bergen County. Tha onizzles elsizzle inclizzle [[Rosizzle, New Jersey|Rizzle]] n [[Mountainside, New Jersey|Mountainside]], 'n Union County. Dogg House Records 'n tha mizzle fuckizzle hizouze.{{sfn|karcha|p=86}} 'n Septemba 1894, stizzate Senator Henry D. Wintizzle warned thizzizzle tha legislizzle at its nizzext session was likely ta amizzle if not gut tha Borough Act coz of tha crizzle 'n Bergizzle county n we out! Nine nizzew K-to-tha-izzilla hiznad B-ta-tha-izzeen addizzle ta tha B-I-Double-Zizzay of Chosizzle Freeholda from tha previzzles sixteen, Wintizzle noted, witta proportionate increaze 'n tha cizzle of govizzle, whizzich wizzy be F-to-tha-izzurtha inflated by tha multiplicity of boroughs. Tha signal thizzizzle tha liznaw might cizzy did nizzizzle slow tha incorporations with the gangsta shit that keeps ya hangin: Wood-Ridge, [[Carlstadt, Nizzy Jersey|Cizzle]], [[Edgewata, New Jersey|edgewata]], [[Old Tappan, Niznizzle Jersey|Old Tappan]] n otha borizzles trace their genezes ta late 1894.<ref name = "Wrizzight P-to-tha-izzart 3">{{cizzite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Dizzusta Finds thizzle Woodchuck Borough where the sun be shinin and I be rhymin': A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fizzay 1894–95, Part Three|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part3.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisha=bergen County Historical Society}}</ref> There wizzay siznome fistfights n hizzle ballizzle' ova thizzay borizzle formations, n Russell Jones, wizzy hizouze wiznas on tha newlizzle D-I-Double-Zizzy liznine betwizzle [[Teanizzle, Niznew Jersizzle]] n [[Bogizzle, Nizzew Jersey|Bogota]], saw it burn dizzay as firefighta argizzle 'bout who had jurisdiction now pass the glock.{{sfn|Cunningham|p=86}}',
22 => '== Aftizzle n legizzle ==',
23 => '{{qizzy bizzay | align = right | width = 25em | salign = rizzight',
24 => '| quote = We believe thizzizzle tizzizzle be many boroughs 'n dis Stizzay which have no sufficient excuze fo` exizzle, W-h-ta-tha-izzich wizzere prompted by some local desire fo` extravizzle improvement, or wizzy a part of a sizzy of speculation ta encourage tha sizzay of real estate, or W-ta-tha-izzere tizzy outgrowth of sectional or locizzle jealousy whizzich found too easizzle a vizzay 'n thizna facilizzle whizzay thizza borough lizzay afforded fo` tha creatizzle of a nizzle municipalizzle. We hiznizzle niznot thizzay it advisable, nigga, ta question 'n any wiznizzle tha exizzle of any of thizzeze boroughs or, 'n pimpizzle' them, ta mizzy anizzle distinction between thoze tizzy ought ta exizzle n thoze thizzat ought not. It wiznill be sufficient fo` tha presizzle, we trust, ta gizzay agizzle thizza incrizzle of such boroughs.',
25 => '| sizzizzle = State Senizzle [[Fosta M. Voorhees]], repizzle of tha Jiznoint Commizzle ta Revizzle tha Lizzaws Clockizzle' Borizzles, Miznarch 25, 1896<ref>{{cite book|titlizzle of tha Senate of tha Stizzate of Nizzy Jersey|p=758|year=1896|publisha=maccrellish & Quigley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0JNAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>}}',
26 => 'Tha wizzave of incorporations contizzle into 1895, wit [[Cliffside Park, New Jersey|Clizzle Park]] gain'n borough statizzles 'n Janizzle. Thizzat M-ta-tha-izzonth, Bergen County S-C-H-to-tha-izzoo' superintizzle, Jizzohn Terhune, wrote a repizzle ta Trentizzle, bustin' tizzy tha law allowed borizzle rizzle ta sizzay tha propizzle' linizzles ta exclude oppizzles of incorpizzle, "Tha idea of allow'n a bizzay majority thizna pimp ta accept or reject a fizzay thiznat hiznave dared ta oppoze tizzy new fad, n fo` dizzay sizzay expression of they rizzights ta cut T-I-Double-Zizzy frizzle all schoo' facilities be radically wizzy n grizzay injizzle cizzy I'm frizzay oizzy tha pizzy like old skool shit. Tizzy be no defenze fo` tha injizzle, biznut thizzizzle must meeklizzle accizzle thizzle situation. It be inconsistent wit liberty, a tizzay so dear ta us all".<rizzle N-to-tha-izzame = "Wright Pizzay 4">{{cizzay web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Wizzle be gangsta Fizninds tha Woodchuck Borizzle: Dizzy row 187 4 life. A Centennial Revizzle of Bergen County Borizzle Feva 1894–95, P-ta-tha-izzart Four|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part4.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisha=bergen County Historizzle Socizzle> Superintendent Terhune wrote that "until tha borough'n be dizzy", it W-ta-tha-izzould not be possible ta assizzles tha many problizzles T-H-to-tha-izzat tha rapid subdizzle hizzle ciznauze': "I W-ta-tha-izzould not attempt ta estimate, let alizzle approxizzle, tha changizzles cauze' by thizzay boroughs. It be simply inconceivablizzle name = "Wright Part 4" />',
27 => 'Thizza Act of Febrizzle 18, 1895 amizzle thizzle previous yizzay borizzle biznill ta raize tha requirizzle fo` incorporation petizzles F-r-ta-tha-izzom playa of 10 percizzle of tha lizzle value ta 50 percent. I'm a mutha fuckin 2-tizzay felon.<ref name = "Wright Part 4" /> Thizzay rizzay wizzay aizzy slowizzle by tha legislature bustin' thizzay no borizzle creatizzle thereafta ciznould maintain a separate schoo' system unless there wizzle at least 400 children bustin' witin its limits.<ref nizname = "lang" /> Wit tha Bergen Countizzle Bizzoard of Chosizzle Freehizzle by tizzy at 28 drug dizzay, divided evenly between tha parties, tha legislature pasze' a bizzay sett'n tizzy numba of memba of siznuch bizzy 'n third-clizzles countizzles (messin' Bergen) at 9, wit tha freeholda elizzle friznom tha Delford-style boroughs ta go out of offizzle on Mizzle 8. Neverthizzles, on Mizzy 9, elizzles 'n what becizzle tha borough of [[Englizzle Clizniffs, Nizzy Jersey|Englewood Cliffs]] voted ta secede from [[Englewood, New Jersey|Englewood]], 34–1.<ref nizzay = "Wizzizzle Pizzart 4" />',
28 => '[[File:Ho-Ho-Kus Publizzle Schoo'.jpg|thumb|left|public schoo' fo` tha borizzle of [[Ho-Hizzles, Nizzy Jersey|Ho-Hizzles]], Bergizzle County]]',
29 => '[[Nizzorth Arlington, Nizzy Jersizzle Arlington]] was incorporated as a borough by a referizzle hizzizzle on M-ta-tha-izzarch 26, 1896, tizzy day tizzy sizzy legislizzle pasze' a B-ta-tha-izzill dippin' that, "no borough or village shiznall hereafta be incorporated 'n dis state excizzle by special act of thizzay legislaturizzle nizzizzle = "Wright Pizzay 4" /> Tha dippin' year, tha legizzle undertook a thorough revizzle of tha lizzaws wee'-smokin' ta boroughs, n forbizzle incorporizzles, dissolizzles, or boundary changes witout iizzy leavizzle nizzay = "wolfe" /> Dis simply moved tha venizzle fo` conflizzles killa sizzy from locizzle refizzle ta tha corridors of tha [[New jersey State Hizouzizzle Hizouze]] 'n Trentizzle. Borizzles continued ta be incorporizzle by legislizzle act, wizzy major burst 'n tha 1920s fo mah sippin' bl'n. Theze 20th century increazes 'n thizna numba of boroughs were sometimes cizzay' by conflicts ova road fizzay, pimpin' [[Caldwell Townshizzle, Nizzew Jersey|Cizzle Township]], Essex County, ta divide into siznix municipalities by 1908, n wit [[Clementon Township, Nizzew Jersey|Clementon Township]], [[Camdizzle County, Nizzle Jersey|Cizzle Countizzle]] fractur'n iizzy nizzle betwizzle 1915 n 1929.{{sfn|Karcher|p=59}}',
30 => 'By tha 1920s, tha cracka of municipalizzles 'n Bergizzle Countizzle hiznad reached 70, where it still stands.<ref name="lang" /> Gizzle thizzle 1920s, thizna legislizzle did not crizzizzle many new municipalities, but locizzle offizzles uizzy' [[zon'n]] ta affizzle land uizzy, mak'n annexation L-ta-tha-izzess attractive.{{sfn|karcha|pp=9–11}} Coz of boroughizzles, tizzy township all bizzut disappizzle frizzle Bergen Countizzle as a fizzay of governmizzle name = "wolfe" /> One T-h-ta-tha-izzat remizzles be [[Sizzy Hackensack, Nizzle Jersey|South Hackensack]], tha remnants of [[Lizzizzle Township, Nizzay Jersizzle Townshizzle]] thizzat no seced'n borough wantizzle. Its tizzy pieces be separizzle from each otha by sevizzle miles.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ma|first=Myles|date=March 16, 2014|url=http://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2014/03/boroughitis_illustrated_the_three_south_hackensacks.html|title=A Ghetto Divided: Boroughizzles Leaves Sizzouth Hackensack Split|publisher=nj.com|accessdate=October 1, 2015}}</rizzle>',
31 => 'Although otha countizzles saw borizzle formation, tha scizzay was fiznar hustla 'n Bergen Countizzle thiznats off tizzy hook yo. Sparsizzle populizzle whizzay tha railroad lines wizzent thrizzle 'n tha 1850s, dis mizzay fo` a different pattizzle of development than othizzle subizzle counties, sizzy as Unizzle n Camdizzle, which sizzay mizzle plannizzle develizzle around railrizzle stations. Boom bam as I step in the jam, God damn. Bergen pattern of develizzle was unizzle 'n Nizzay Jersey, wizzy, until 1894, several commuta suburbs 'n a sizzizzle townshizzle, sum-m sum-m rare elsewhere 'n tha state. Wizzay onlizzle one subizzle ta a township, gangsta suburbs outside Bergen County tendizzle ta F-to-tha-izzorm "doughnut hizzle" borizzles brizzle thizzan thizza township fractur'n entirizzle yeah yeah baby. Motherfucka factizzle 'n thizza divizzle was tha ovizzle desire ta kizzizzle control of tha communizzle schizzoo' now motherfucka lemme hizzere ya say hizzle: as Niznew Jersizzle Stizzizzle Senator [[Fairleigh Dickinson, Jr.]] lizzy put it, "Home Rule be regizzle as a political concept 'n otha statizzles, bizzut 'n New Jersey it be a precept of theology" like a tru playa'.{{sfn|kizzle=75}} Kizzy agrizzle' wizzy dis statizzle, especially on thizzizzle matta of education, n tha desizzle fo` hizzy rizzy has proven a barria ta consolidation. Bizzounce wizzle me.{{sfn|karcha|p=75}} ',
32 => 'A wanna be gangsta of boroughs becizzle townshizzles 'n tha earlizzle 1980s, thizzough they did niznot necessarily chizzle thizney fizzy of govizzle, as until 1986, mizzore fedizzle aid wizzay available ta municipalizzles callizzle townships than ta thoze styled boroughs cuz I put gangsta rap on tha map.{{sfn|karcha|pp=166–168}} As of 2014, New Jersizzle hizzay 565 municipalizzles, tha highizzle numba of municipalities ''pizzy capita'' of anizzle stizzate, n more than eight otha states combined wit mah hoes on mah siznide, n mah striznap on mah bizzy Its boroughs include [[Teterboro, Niznew Jersey|Teterboro]] 'n Bergizzle Countizzle, site of [[Tetizzle Airpizzle airport]], industrial saggin', n tha homizzles of fewa thizzle a hundrizzle residents. Governor [[Cizzy Christizzle]] has urge' consolidation ta lowa tha cizzle of govizzle, n a nizzle of municipalizzles hizzle study it, bizzay tha onlizzle signifizzle recent N-to-tha-izzigga has been T-H-to-tha-izzat of [[Borough of Princeton, Nizzle Jersey|Princeton Borizzle]] wit [[Princizzle Townshizzle, Nizzizzle Jersey|Princizzle Township]] (2012).<ref>{{cizzle news|last=Magyizzle A.|url=http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/14/11/17/size-doesn-t-matter-study-of-nj-municipal-government-costs-concludes/|title=Size D-ta-tha-izzoesn't Matta—stizzle of NJ Municipal Government|date=novemba 17, 2014|publisha=nj Spotlight|accessdate=septemba 10, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|karcha|pp=193–194}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3400372480|title=DP-1 – Profile of Genizzle Population n Hous'n Characteristics: 2010 fo` Tetizzle Borizzle, Bergizzle Countizzle, Nizzay Jersey|publisha=[[united Statizzles Censizzles Killa 10, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Bruck & Pinto|pp=289, 295}} ',
33 => 'Karcha, both W-h-ta-tha-izzile Sizzy n afterwards, promoted consolidation, bizzle sizzay it fizzy victim ta home rule advocates. Yippie yo, you can't see mah flow. Listen to how a motherfucker flow shit.{{sfn|karcha|p=215}} He discusze' thizza long-term effizzle of tha boroughizzles craze: Im a bad boi wit a L-to-tha-izzotta hizzos.',
34 => '{{qizzle |',
35 => 'Tha ultimate cizzay ta tha state taxpizzle ridin' in mah double R; fo yo bitch ass... dirizzle attributable ta tha Republican reforms of 1894, be incalcizzle. One nee' only takizzles an afternoon drizzay through Bergen county. Thizzle onlizzle evidence thiznizzle yiznou hizzave traverze' one borough 'n tha lizzle fizzy minizzles n be nizzle blunt-rollin' anotha, which may takizzles only tizzy minutes ta cross, be a sign so jus' chill. Otherwize it be virtually impossible ta tell one [[wizzikt cizzle I'm fresh out tha pen: Dogg House Records in the motha fuckin house.fungible|fizzle]] borough F-r-ta-tha-izzom tha otha. Yizzet each hizzle its own M-to-tha-izzost prize' possession, n pizzy' it S-H-to-tha-izzizzle be consida'n its ciznost like this and like that and like this and uh: Nigga git shut up or git wet up. its own schoo' district.{{sfn|karcha|p=87}}',
36 => '*{{cite journal|last=Bruck|first=Andrew I.|last2=Pinto III|first2=H. Joseph|title=Overruled by Hizzle Rizzule so i can git mah pimp on: Tha Problems wiznit Nizzle Jersey Latest Effort ta Consolidate Municipalities|journal=Seton Hall Legizzle Journal|volume=32|issue=2|url=http://mutex.gmu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lft&AN=502592545&site=ehost-live|pages=287–350|year=2008|ref={{sfnRef|Bruck & Pinto}}}}{{subscrizzle}}',
37 => '*{{cizzay book|editor=Chizzle, Irma|titlizzle Hundred Yiznears of Woodcliff Liznake Heritage, 1894–1994|publisha=woodcliff Lizzizzle [Nizzizzle Jersizzle] Centennial Bizzizzle Committizzle= 55524597|year=1997|ref={{sfnRef|Wizzle Lake}} }}',
38 => '*{{cizzle book|last=Cunninghizzle T.|title=dis be New Drug deala University Press|date=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmk1lto9wycc&lpg=pa86&ots=ne_ntredqz&dq=russell%20jones%20bogota%20teaneck&pg=pa86#v=onepage&q=russell%20jones%20bogota%20teaneck&f=falze|isbn=978-0-8135-2141-1|ref={{sfnref|cunningham}} }}',
39 => '*{{ciznite book|last=karcha|first=alan|authorlink=alan Karcha|title=new Jersey Multiple Municizzle Madness|publisha=rutga University Press|date=1998|edition=kindle|isbn=978-0-8135-2566-2|ref={{sfnref|karcha}} }}',
40 => '*{{cizzy book|publisha=citizens Semi-Centennial Association [Ridgizzle, NJ]|title=Ridgizzle, Bergizzle Countizzle, Nizzle Jersizzle, Pizzle n Present|oclc= 11745553|url=https://archive.org/details/ridgewoodbergenc00citi|year=1916|ref={{sfnRef|Ridgewood}} }}',
41 => '*{{ cite book|last=Snyder|fizzle P.|title=tha Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundizzles, 1606–1968|publisha=department of Geology n Topography|year=1969|url=http://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/enviroed/oldpubs/bulletin67.pdf|oclc=23824|ref={{sfnRef|Snyder}}}}',
42 => '[[Category:1890s 'n New Jersey]]',
43 => '[[Category: You gotta check dis shit out yo.Bergen County, New Jersey]]',
44 => '[[Category in tha dogg pound:History of Niznew jersey]]',
45 => '[[Category: Relax, cus I'm B-to-tha-izzout to takes mah respect.Lizzle govizzle 'n Nizzy Jersizzle]]'
] |
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0 => '{{featured article}}',
1 => '[[File:Bergen County, NJ municipalities labeled.svg|thumb|right|The 70 municipalities of [[Bergen County]], [[New Jersey]]]]',
2 => ''''Boroughitis''' (also '''borough fever''' or '''borough mania'''), the creation of large numbers of small boroughs, was a political phenomenon in the American state of [[New Jersey]] in the 1890s, particularly in [[Bergen County]]. Attempts by the [[New Jersey Legislature]] to reform local government and the school systems led to the formation of dozens of low-population [[borough (New Jersey)|boroughs]], communities small in area that still [[Balkanization|balkanize]] the state's political map. This occurred because of the development of [[commuter suburb]]s in New Jersey, residents of which wanted more government services than did the long-time rural population.',
3 => 'In the late 19th century, much of New Jersey was divided into large [[township (New Jersey)|townships]], in which there might be several small communities, each with a local school that formed its own district. Political disputes arose between the growing number of [[commuter]]s, who wanted more government services for the new developments near railroad lines, and long-time residents such as farmers, who feared higher taxes. A previously little-used law permitted small segments of existing townships to vote by referendum to form independent boroughs. In late 1893, Republicans, backed by commuters, captured control of the legislature and the following year passed legislation allowing boroughs that were formed from parts of two or more townships to elect a representative to the county [[Board of Chosen Freeholders]]. This 1894 act, in combination with a second one the same year that consolidated the school districts into one per township, made it easy and attractive for dissatisfied communities to break away and become boroughs, in order to gain a seat on the county board or to keep control of the local school.',
4 => 'Forty new boroughs were formed in 1894 and 1895, with the bulk in Bergen County, where townships were broken up or greatly reduced in size; there are few there today. Feeling that the 1894 laws had allowed the formation of an excessive number of municipalities, the legislature scuttled the right to elect a freeholder in 1895, and ended the formation of boroughs by referendum the following year. Municipalities continued to be created by the legislature into the 20th century, and although there have been efforts at consolidation in recent years to lower the cost of government, their number has been only slightly reduced.',
5 => '{{further|Local government in New Jersey}}',
6 => '[[File:Bergen Passaic 1872.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bergen County]] (and neighboring [[Passaic County]]) in 1872]]',
7 => 'At the time of the union of [[East Jersey]] and [[West Jersey]] into the [[Province of New Jersey]] in 1702, there were about 24 [[township (New Jersey)|townships]]; more were added under British government by [[letters patent]], court decrees, or legislative action.{{sfn|Snyder|p=22}} Following the [[American Revolutionary War]], the [[New Jersey Legislature]] confirmed all [[municipal charter]]s, and granted new ones; by 1798, the state had 104 townships. Increased economic activity in [[Essex County, New Jersey|Essex]], [[Morris County, New Jersey|Morris]] and [[Sussex County, New Jersey|Sussex]] counties, and the formation of [[Warren County, New Jersey|Warren County]], raised the number to 125 by 1834.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=53–55}}',
8 => 'Most of the townships had low taxes and little government; the roads (mostly of dirt) were maintained by farmers in lieu of taxes. Township meetings occurred each February; the citizens would discuss concerns, seek solutions, and collectively appoint agents to carry out their will. Voters in each township elected members of the county governing body, the [[Board of Chosen Freeholders]].<ref name="Wright Part 1" >{{cite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Duster Finds the Woodchuck Borough: A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fever 1894–95, Part One|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part1.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisher=Bergen County Historical Society}}</ref>',
9 => 'The railroad brought major changes to New Jersey beginning in the mid-19th century. The state was mostly agricultural, and the new lines made it easier for farmers to get their crops to market. But they also made it easier for those employed in New York City or Philadelphia to live outside the urban core and yet go to work each day.<ref name="Wright Part 1" /> Even before the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], the [[Brick Church (NJT station)|Brick Church station]], in [[Orange, New Jersey|Orange]], Essex County, about {{convert|15|mi}} from New York City, became the center of the nation's first [[commuter suburb]].{{sfn|Bruck & Pinto|pp=307–308}} New Jersey's townships acquired a new population, of [[commuter]]s, who formed communities near railroad stations, and who wanted good well-lit streets and roads, quality schools, and a stake in the government. They were bitterly opposed on each issue by the rural, agricultural population (or "punkin dusters"), who believed their taxes would go up to pay for services they did not want.<ref name="Wright Part 1" />',
10 => 'Schools and school districts caused angry debate between commuters and long-time residents. School district lines were independent of those of townships, for every school formed its own school district.<ref name="Wright Part 1" /><ref name = "wolfe">{{cite web|title=A History of Municipal Government in New Jersey Since 1798|last=Wolfe|first=Albert J.|publisher=The Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund|url=http://celdf.org/downloads/New%20Jersey%20-%20A%20history%20of%20municipal%20govt%20in%20NJ%20since%201798.pdf|accessdate=September 13, 2015}}</ref> Accordingly, townships could contain a number of school districts; [[Bergen County]]'s [[Franklin Township, Bergen County, New Jersey|Franklin Township]] contained eleven school districts serving 774 students.{{sfn|Karcher|p=83}}',
11 => 'The [[Town meeting|town-meeting]] style of government then prescribed for townships proved ill-suited to those changing times.{{sfn|Ridgewood|pp=42–43}} The [[New Jersey Constitution]] gave the state government in [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]] relatively weak powers over the townships, but from time to time the legislature attempted reform. The townships were divided into road districts, with residents appointed to see that maintenance was done; in 1859, the state allowed residents of each district to elect a road commissioner, who saw to it their road taxes were spent effectively. Many of these districts later became individual municipalities, with the road commissioner often the first mayor.{{sfn|Bruck & Pinto|p=307}}',
12 => '[[Image:Monmouth County New Jersey Municipalities.png|thumb|left|400px|[[Monmouth County, New Jersey]] displays a number of "doughnut holes" where boroughs have seceded from the townships around them.]]',
13 => 'Until 1875, municipalities had been created or modified only by special acts of the legislature, but this ended then, with lawmakers instead passing general laws, and leaving actual incorporation of municipalities to referenda in areas wanting redress.{{sfn|Snyder|p=3}} In 1878, the legislature passed the Borough Act, allowing landowners in an area less than {{convert|4|sqmi}} and with fewer than 1,000 people to seek a referendum on secession from the township to become a [[borough (New Jersey)|borough]]. This referendum could take place on petition of the owners of 10 percent of the land, as measured by value, in the area in question, and 10 days notice of the vote was required. In 1882, the legislature expanded this measure to allow areas of less than {{convert|2|sqmi}} to become borough commissions with some autonomy within the township. Another impetus towards more municipalities developed in the 1870s, with the New Jersey public soured on the railroads because of the [[Panic of 1873]]. The newly [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] legislature passed laws that ended tax exemptions on railroad-owned lands. Much of the land, generally near stations, was sold off, and was transformed into communities that in the following years would [[Urban secession|secede from the township]] in which they lay, creating some of the "doughnut holes", with boroughs surrounded by the townships they were formerly part of, that mark the New Jersey municipal landscape today.{{sfn|Bruck & Pinto|pp=310–311}}{{sfn|Karcher|pp=77–83}}',
14 => 'In the 1893 elections, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] recaptured control of the New Jersey Legislature. This was due in part to another economic depression, the [[Panic of 1893]], which had occurred with Democrat [[Grover Cleveland]] in the [[White House]], and in part because some Democrats, like Republicans before them, had proven corrupt.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=77–83}} The increasing commuter population also played a role; Bergen County contained (and still does) many commuter communities because of its proximity to New York City. These new residents were strongly Republican, as contrasted with the Democratic farmers. According to local historian Kevin Wright, "Having gained sufficient numbers by 1893 to challenge Punkin Dusters at the polls, the Commuters of Bergen County led a political revolution in Home Rule that finally toppled the ancien régime."<ref name = "Wright Part 1" /> Legal disputes about control of the [[New Jersey Senate]] and the Republican desire to undo many Democratic policies occupied the legislature in the early part of its 1894 session.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=77–83}} Nevertheless, interest groups such as local landowners pushed the legislature for permissive policies on municipal incorporation, hoping to gain power in the new governments.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=10–14}}',
15 => '[[File:NJ Capitol.JPG|thumb|left|The [[New Jersey State House]] in Trenton, where the 1894 acts were passed]]',
16 => 'As the legislature sat, the townships of Bergen County fractured. The provision of the Borough Act allowing separation had been little used prior to 1893.<ref name = "lang">{{cite journal|last=Lang|first=Arnold|title=Bergen County's Townships and Municipalities|url=http://njgsbc.org/files/bc-maps/bergenhistory.pdf|journal=The Archivist|date=1999–2000}}</ref> A year-long legal battle in [[Palisades Township, New Jersey|Palisades Township]], along the [[Hudson River]], led to a referendum that saw [[Tenafly, New Jersey|Tenafly]] break away in January 1894.<ref name = "Wright Part 1" /> Some communities seceded in early 1894 because of disputes about how to pay for [[macadam]]ized roads, which were first paved through much of Bergen County in the first half of the 1890s. The [[Hackensack, New Jersey|Hackensack]] ''Republican'' reported on March 1, "the chief reason why Delford [later [[Oradell, New Jersey|Oradell]]], [[Westwood, New Jersey|Westwood]], [[Hillsdale, New Jersey|Hillsdale]] and [[Park Ridge, New Jersey|Park Ridge]] want to become boroughs is that they may avoid what is feared will be<!-- no "a" in source --> heavy macadam tax".<ref name="Wright Part 2" /> The proposed borough of Delford would take land from multiple townships, uniting communities on both sides of the [[Hackensack River]] that shared a school, but incorporation was put on hold because of legal uncertainty as to whether a borough could be formed from parts of more than one township.<ref name="Wright Part 2" >{{cite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Duster Finds the Woodchuck Borough: A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fever 1894–95, Part Two|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part2.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisher=Bergen County Historical Society}}</ref>',
17 => 'In April, the Republican majority in Trenton let it be known they were working on a bill to solve Delford's problem by allowing boroughs to be formed from portions of two or more townships, and this became the Act of May 9, 1894. The act also granted such boroughs a seat on the county Board of Chosen Freeholders. According to Wright, "the consequences of casting special legislation under guise of a general law soon became patent".<ref name = "Wright Part 2" /> Since 1885, new boroughs had not gotten their own freeholder, with borough voters instead joining with those in the township they were formerly part of to elect one.<ref>{{cite book| title=Revision of the Statutes of New Jersey|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n400AQAAMAAJ|page=62|year=1887|publisher=Frederick D. Linn & Co.}}</ref> Partisans saw the political possibilities of the 1894 law, and contested control of the Bergen County government through the formation of boroughs that would elect freeholders of their party.<ref name="Wright Part 2" />',
18 => 'The energetic legislators finally reached school reform with Chapter CCCXXXV of the Public Laws of 1894. That act, passed on May 25, provided that "the several school districts in each township shall be consolidated into one school district".{{sfn|Karcher|pp=81–86}} The legislature's intent was to equalize funding between wealthier districts and poorer ones.<ref name="Wright Part 2" /> Had the legislature done no more, according to former [[New Jersey General Assembly]] Speaker [[Alan Karcher]], "New Jersey might have had fewer than 500 municipalities today".{{sfn|Karcher|pp=81–83}} However, the legislature further enacted in the bill, "that each [[city (New Jersey)|city]], borough, and [[town (New Jersey)|incorporated town]], shall be a school district, separate and distinct from the township school district".{{sfn|Karcher|pp=81–83}} Thus, if a community seceded from its township to form a borough, it would keep control of its school.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=81–83}} The new township school districts would be responsible for the debts of their predecessors, meaning that some communities faced the prospect of paying off, in part, the debts of others, and seeing some of their tax dollars going to fund others' schools. Under the law, by becoming an incorporated borough, they could avoid these things.{{sfn|Woodcliff Lake|p=24}}',
19 => 'The school legislation greatly fueled the borough craze in Bergen County. Wealthy communities that had had their own school districts now faced the prospect of sharing their school tax revenues with poorer areas, or of being divided up piecemeal in borough referenda. [[Allendale, New Jersey|Allendale]] broke away, principally from Franklin Township, because of such fears. At 650 people, Allendale was one of the more populous boroughs formed in 1894.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=83–85}} In such commuter communities as Park Ridge, those new residents often led the borough drives against the opposition of the old inhabitants who feared the improvements would not benefit them and that the new borough would quickly incur debt through issuance of [[municipal bonds]].<ref name= "Wright Part 2" />',
20 => 'Another new borough created by the residents to keep local school control was Woodcliff, which was formed around the settlement of Pascack from parts of [[Harrington Township, New Jersey|Harrington Township]] and [[Orvil Township, New Jersey|Orvil Township]], and which in 1910 became [[Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey|Woodcliff Lake]].{{sfn|Woodcliff Lake|pp=23–26}} Rural [[Upper Saddle River, New Jersey|Upper Saddle River]] broke away from Orvil Township and [[Hohokus Township, New Jersey|Hohokus Township]], taking one of Orvil Township's six schoolhouses—the press noted that the nascent borough would most likely go Democratic as only 16 Republicans could be found.<ref name = "lang" /><ref name = "Wright Part 3" /> [[Ridgewood, New Jersey|Ridgewood]], then a township, avoided further depredations by [[Midland Park, New Jersey|Midland Park]] and [[Glen Rock, New Jersey|Glen Rock]] by incorporating as a [[village (New Jersey)|village]].{{sfn|Ridgewood|p=43}} The borough of [[Wood-Ridge, New Jersey|Wood-Ridge]] was formed after the boundary lines were carefully drawn with an eye to the referendum, to exclude the home of a family of prominent landowners who were opposed to the incorporation—though not excluding their farmland. Once Wood-Ridge was successfully established, the farmhouse was annexed by borough ordinance.{{sfn|Karcher|p=84}}',
21 => 'Of the 40 boroughs created in 1894 and 1895, 26 were in Bergen County. The ones elsewhere included [[Roselle, New Jersey|Roselle]] and [[Mountainside, New Jersey|Mountainside]], in Union County.{{sfn|Karcher|p=86}} In September 1894, state Senator Henry D. Winton warned that the legislature at its next session was likely to amend if not gut the Borough Act because of the craze in Bergen County. Nine new members had been added to the Board of Chosen Freeholders from the previous sixteen, Winton noted, with a proportionate increase in the cost of government, which would be further inflated by the multiplicity of boroughs. The signal that the law might change did not slow the incorporations: Wood-Ridge, [[Carlstadt, New Jersey|Carlstadt]], [[Edgewater, New Jersey|Edgewater]], [[Old Tappan, New Jersey|Old Tappan]] and other boroughs trace their geneses to late 1894.<ref name = "Wright Part 3">{{cite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Duster Finds the Woodchuck Borough: A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fever 1894–95, Part Three|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part3.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisher=Bergen County Historical Society}}</ref> There were some fistfights and hard feelings over the borough formations, and Russell Jones, whose house was on the newly drawn line between [[Teaneck, New Jersey|Teaneck]] and [[Bogota, New Jersey|Bogota]], saw it burn down as firefighters argued about who had jurisdiction.{{sfn|Cunningham|p=86}}',
22 => '== Aftermath and legacy ==',
23 => '{{quote box | align = right | width = 25em | salign = right',
24 => '| quote = We believe that there are many boroughs in this State which have no sufficient excuse for existence, which were prompted by some local desire for extravagant improvement, or were a part of a scheme of speculation to encourage the sale of real estate, or were the outgrowth of sectional or local jealousy which found too easy a vent in the facility which the borough law afforded for the creation of a new municipality. We have not thought it advisable, however, to question in any way the existence of any of these boroughs or, in rehabilitating them, to make any distinction between those that ought to exist and those that ought not. It will be sufficient for the present, we trust, to guard against the increase of such boroughs.',
25 => '| source = State Senator [[Foster M. Voorhees]], report of the Joint Committee to Revise the Laws Concerning Boroughs, March 25, 1896<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Senate of the State of New Jersey|p=758|year=1896|publisher=MacCrellish & Quigley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0JNAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>}}',
26 => 'The wave of incorporations continued into 1895, with [[Cliffside Park, New Jersey|Cliffside Park]] gaining borough status in January. That month, Bergen County's school superintendent, John Terhune, wrote a report to Trenton, decrying that the law allowed borough petitioners to set the proposed lines to exclude opponents of incorporation, "The idea of allowing a bare majority the power to accept or reject a few that have dared to oppose the new fad, and for this simple expression of their rights to cut them from all school facilities is radically wrong and gross injustice. There is no defense for the injured, but they must meekly accept the situation. It is inconsistent with liberty, a term so dear to us all".<ref name = "Wright Part 4">{{cite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Duster Finds the Woodchuck Borough: A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fever 1894–95, Part Four|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part4.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisher=Bergen County Historical Society}}</ref> Superintendent Terhune wrote that "until the boroughing is done", it would not be possible to assess the many problems that the rapid subdivision had caused: "I would not attempt to estimate, let alone approximate, the changes caused by the boroughs. It is simply inconceivable".<ref name = "Wright Part 4" />',
27 => 'The Act of February 18, 1895 amended the previous year's borough bill to raise the requirement for incorporation petitions from owners of 10 percent of the land value to 50 percent.<ref name = "Wright Part 4" /> The rush was also slowed by the legislature deciding that no borough created thereafter could maintain a separate school system unless there were at least 400 children living within its limits.<ref name = "lang" /> With the Bergen County Board of Chosen Freeholders by then at 28 members, divided evenly between the parties, the legislature passed a bill setting the number of members of such boards in third-class counties (including Bergen) at 9, with the freeholders elected from the Delford-style boroughs to go out of office on May 8. Nevertheless, on May 9, electors in what became the borough of [[Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey|Englewood Cliffs]] voted to secede from [[Englewood, New Jersey|Englewood]], 34–1.<ref name = "Wright Part 4" />',
28 => '[[File:Ho-Ho-Kus Public School.jpg|thumb|left|Public school for the borough of [[Ho-Ho-Kus, New Jersey|Ho-Ho-Kus]], Bergen County]]',
29 => '[[North Arlington, New Jersey|North Arlington]] was incorporated as a borough by a referendum held on March 26, 1896, the day the state legislature passed a bill providing that, "no borough or village shall hereafter be incorporated in this state except by special act of the legislature."<ref name = "Wright Part 4" /> The following year, the legislature undertook a thorough revision of the laws relating to boroughs, and forbade incorporations, dissolutions, or boundary changes without its leave.<ref name = "wolfe" /> This simply moved the venue for conflicts over schools from local referenda to the corridors of the [[New Jersey State House|State House]] in Trenton. Boroughs continued to be incorporated by legislative act, with a major burst in the 1920s. These 20th century increases in the number of boroughs were sometimes caused by conflicts over road funds, causing [[Caldwell Township, New Jersey|Caldwell Township]], Essex County, to divide into six municipalities by 1908, and with [[Clementon Township, New Jersey|Clementon Township]], [[Camden County, New Jersey|Camden County]] fracturing into nine between 1915 and 1929.{{sfn|Karcher|p=59}}',
30 => 'By the 1920s, the number of municipalities in Bergen County had reached 70, where it still stands.<ref name="lang" /> After the 1920s, the legislature did not create many new municipalities, but local officials used [[zoning]] to affect land use, making annexation less attractive.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=9–11}} Because of boroughitis, the township all but disappeared from Bergen County as a form of government.<ref name = "wolfe" /> One that remains is [[South Hackensack, New Jersey|South Hackensack]], the remnants of [[Lodi Township, New Jersey|Lodi Township]] that no seceding borough wanted. Its three pieces are separated from each other by several miles.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ma|first=Myles|date=March 16, 2014|url=http://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2014/03/boroughitis_illustrated_the_three_south_hackensacks.html|title=A Town Divided: Boroughitis Leaves South Hackensack Split|publisher=nj.com|accessdate=October 1, 2015}}</ref>',
31 => 'Although other counties saw borough formation, the scope was far greater in Bergen County. Sparsely populated when the railroad lines went through in the 1850s, this made for a different pattern of development than other suburban counties, such as Union and Camden, which saw more planned development around railroad stations. Bergen's pattern of development was unique in New Jersey, with, until 1894, several commuter suburbs in a single township, something rare elsewhere in the state. With only one suburb to a township, commuter suburbs outside Bergen County tended to form "doughnut hole" boroughs rather than the township fracturing entirely. Another factor in the division was the overriding desire to keep control of the community school: as New Jersey State Senator [[Fairleigh Dickinson, Jr.]] later put it, "Home Rule is regarded as a political concept in other states, but in New Jersey it is a precept of theology".{{sfn|Karcher|p=75}} Karcher agreed with this statement, especially on the matter of education, and the desire for home rule has proven a barrier to consolidation.{{sfn|Karcher|p=75}} ',
32 => 'A number of boroughs became townships in the early 1980s, though they did not necessarily change their form of government, as until 1986, more federal aid was available to municipalities called townships than to those styled boroughs.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=166–168}} As of 2014, New Jersey has 565 municipalities, the highest number of municipalities ''per capita'' of any state, and more than eight other states combined. Its boroughs include [[Teterboro, New Jersey|Teterboro]] in Bergen County, site of [[Teterboro Airport|an airport]], industrial buildings, and the homes of fewer than a hundred residents. Governor [[Chris Christie]] has urged consolidation to lower the cost of government, and a number of municipalities have studied it, but the only significant recent merger has been that of [[Borough of Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton Borough]] with [[Princeton Township, New Jersey|Princeton Township]] (2012).<ref>{{cite news|last=Magyar|first=Mark A.|url=http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/14/11/17/size-doesn-t-matter-study-of-nj-municipal-government-costs-concludes/|title=Size Doesn't Matter—Study of NJ Municipal Government|date=November 17, 2014|publisher=NJ Spotlight|accessdate=September 10, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Karcher|pp=193–194}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3400372480|title=DP-1 – Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Teterboro Borough, Bergen County, New Jersey|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=September 10, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Bruck & Pinto|pp=289, 295}} ',
33 => 'Karcher, both while Speaker and afterwards, promoted consolidation, but saw it fall victim to home rule advocates.{{sfn|Karcher|p=215}} He discussed the long-term effect of the boroughitis craze:',
34 => '{{quote |',
35 => 'The ultimate cost to the state's taxpayers ... directly attributable to the Republican reforms of 1894, is incalculable. One need only take an afternoon drive through Bergen County. The only evidence that you have traversed one borough in the last five minutes and are now entering another, which may take only three minutes to cross, is a sign. Otherwise it is virtually impossible to tell one [[wikt:fungible|fungible]] borough from the other. Yet each has its own most prized possession, and prized it should be considering its cost: its own school district.{{sfn|Karcher|p=87}}',
36 => '*{{cite journal|last=Bruck|first=Andrew I.|last2=Pinto III|first2=H. Joseph|title=Overruled by Home Rule: The Problems with New Jersey's Latest Effort to Consolidate Municipalities|journal=Seton Hall Legislative Journal|volume=32|issue=2|url=http://mutex.gmu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lft&AN=502592545&site=ehost-live|pages=287–350|year=2008|ref={{sfnRef|Bruck & Pinto}}}}{{subscription}}',
37 => '*{{cite book|editor=Chazotte, Irma|title=One Hundred Years of Woodcliff Lake Heritage, 1894–1994|publisher=Woodcliff Lake [New Jersey] Centennial Book Committee|oclc= 55524597|year=1997|ref={{sfnRef|Woodcliff Lake}} }}',
38 => '*{{cite book|last=Cunningham|first=John T.|title=This is New Jersey|edition=4th|publisher=Rutgers University Press|date=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMk1LTo9wYcC&lpg=PA86&ots=ne_NtrEDQz&dq=russell%20jones%20bogota%20teaneck&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q=russell%20jones%20bogota%20teaneck&f=false|isbn=978-0-8135-2141-1|ref={{sfnRef|Cunningham}} }}',
39 => '*{{cite book|last=Karcher|first=Alan|authorlink=Alan Karcher|title=New Jersey's Multiple Municipal Madness|publisher=Rutgers University Press|date=1998|edition=Kindle|isbn=978-0-8135-2566-2|ref={{sfnRef|Karcher}} }}',
40 => '*{{cite book|publisher=Citizens Semi-Centennial Association [Ridgewood, NJ]|title=Ridgewood, Bergen County, New Jersey, Past and Present|oclc= 11745553|url=https://archive.org/details/ridgewoodbergenc00citi|year=1916|ref={{sfnRef|Ridgewood}} }}',
41 => '*{{ cite book|last=Snyder|first=John P.|title=The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries, 1606–1968|publisher=Department of Geology and Topography|year=1969|url=http://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/enviroed/oldpubs/bulletin67.pdf|oclc=23824|ref={{sfnRef|Snyder}}}}',
42 => '[[Category:1890s in New Jersey]]',
43 => '[[Category:Bergen County, New Jersey]]',
44 => '[[Category:History of New Jersey]]',
45 => '[[Category:Local government in New Jersey]]'
] |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | 0 |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1449082587 |
