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'{{For|the National Academy of Medicine|Académie Nationale de Médecine}} {{refimprove|date=February 2013}} [[File:Colbert Presenting the Members of the Royal Academy of Sciences to Louis XIV in 1667.PNG|thumb|right|266px|<center>Colbert Presenting the Members of the Royal Academy of Sciences to Louis XIV in 1667]] The '''French Academy of Sciences''' (French: ''Académie des sciences'') is a [[learned society]], founded in 1666 by [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] at the suggestion of [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]], to encourage and protect the spirit of French [[Scientific method|scientific research]]. It was at the forefront of scientific developments in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and is one of the earliest [[Academy of Sciences|Academies of Sciences]]. Today, it is one of the five Académies of [[Institut de France]]. == History == [[Image:Académie des Sciences 1698.jpg|thumb|left|240px|<center>A heroic depiction of the activities of the Academy from 1698]] The Academy of Sciences owes its origin to Colbert's plan to create a general academy. He chose a small group of scholars who met on 22 December 1666 in the King's library, and thereafter held twice-weekly working meetings there. The first 30 years of the Academy's existence were relatively informal, since no statutes had as yet been laid down for the institution. In contrast to [[Royal Society|its British counterpart]], the Academy was founded as an organ of government. The Academy was expected to remain apolitical, and to avoid discussion of religious and social issues (Conner, 2005, p.&nbsp;385). On 20 January 1699, Louis XIV gave the Company its first rules. The Academy received the name of '''Royal Academy of Sciences''' and was installed in the [[Louvre]] in Paris. Following this reform, the Academy began publishing a volume each year with information on all the work done by its members and obituaries for members who had died. This reform also codified the method by which members of the Academy could receive pensions for their work.<ref>{{cite book|author1=D'Alembert, Jean Le Rond.|authorlink1=Royal Academy of Sciences|editor1-last=Moak|editor1-first=David|title=The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project.|date=2007|publisher=Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan LIbrary|location=Ann Arbor|pages=54–55|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0000.874|archiveurl=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0000.874|archivedate=March 31, 2015}}</ref> On 8 August 1793, the [[National Convention]] abolished all the academies. On 22 August 1795, a '''National Institute of Sciences and Arts''' was put in place, bringing together the old academies of the sciences, literature and arts, among them the [[Académie française]] and the Académie des sciences. Almost all the old members of the previously abolished Académie were formally re-elected and retook their ancient seats. Among the exceptions was [[Dominique, comte de Cassini]], who refused to take his seat. Membership in the Academy was not restricted to scientists: in 1798 [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] was elected a member of the Academy and three years later a president in connection with his [[Napoleonic Campaign in Egypt|Egyptian expedition]], which had a scientific component.<ref name=alder>{{citation |first=Ken |last=Alder |title=The Measure of All Things – The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error that Transformed the World |publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|The Free Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-7432-1675-X}}</ref> In 1816, the again renamed "Royal Academy of Sciences" became autonomous, while forming part of the [[Institute of France]]; the head of State became its patron. In the [[French Second Republic|Second Republic]], the name returned to Académie des sciences. During this period, the Academy was funded by and accountable to the [[Minister of National Education (France)|Ministry of Public Instruction]].<ref>{{harvnb|Crosland|1992}}</ref> The Academy came to control French patent laws in the course of the eighteenth century, acting as the liaison of artisans' knowledge to the public domain. As a result, [[academician]]s dominated technological activities in France (Conner, 2005, p.&nbsp;385). The Academy proceedings were published under the name ''[[Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences]]'' (1835–1965). The ''Comptes rendus'' is now a journal series with seven titles. The publications can be found on site of the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|French National Library]]. In 1818 the French Academy of Sciences launched a competition to explain the properties of light. The civil engineer [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]] entered this competition by submitting a new [[wave theory of light]].<ref name="fresnel1868">{{Citation | last = Fresnel | first = A.J. | year =1868 | title = OEuvres Completes 1 | publisher = Imprimerie impériale | publication-place = Paris | url = https://books.google.com/books/about/%C5%92uvres_compl%C3%A8tes_d_Augustin_Fresnel_Th.html?id=3QgAAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> [[Siméon Denis Poisson]], one of the members of the judging committee, studied Fresnel's theory in detail. Being a supporter of the particle-theory of light, he looked for a way to disprove it. Poisson thought that he had found a flaw when he argued that a consequence of Fresnel's theory was that there would exist an on-axis bright spot in the shadow of a circular obstacle, where there should be complete darkness according to the particle-theory of light. The [[Poisson spot]] is not easily observed in every-day situations, so it was only natural for Poisson to interpret it as an absurd result and that it should disprove Fresnel's theory. However, the head of the committee, [[François Arago|Dominique-François-Jean Arago]], and who incidentally later became Prime Minister of France, decided to perform the experiment in more detail. He molded a 2-mm metallic disk to a glass plate with wax.<ref name="fresnel1868_arago">{{Citation | last = Fresnel | first = A.J. | year =1868 | title = OEuvres Completes 1 | publisher = Imprimerie impériale | publication-place = Paris | page = 369 | url = https://books.google.com/books/about/%C5%92uvres_compl%C3%A8tes_d_Augustin_Fresnel_Th.html?id=3QgAAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> To everyone's surprise he succeeded in observing the predicted spot, which convinced most scientists of the wave-nature of light. For three centuries women were not allowed as members of the Academy, excluding two-time Nobel Prize winner [[Marie Curie]], Nobel winner [[Irène Joliot-Curie]], mathematician [[Sophie Germain]], and many other deserving women scientists. The first woman admitted as a correspondent member was a student of Curie's, [[Marguerite Perey]], in 1962. The first female full member was [[Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat]] in 1979. == The Academy today == [[Image:Institut France.jpg|thumb|right|<center>The [[Institut de France]] in Paris where the Academy is housed]] Today the Academy is one of five academies comprising the [[Institut de France]]. Its members are elected for life. Currently there are 150 full members, 300 corresponding members, and 120 foreign associates. They are divided into two scientific groups: the [[Mathematics|Mathematical]] and [[Physics|Physical]] sciences and their applications and the [[Chemistry|Chemical]], [[Biology|Biological]], Geological and Medical sciences and their applications. == Medals, awards and prizes == Each year, the Academy of Sciences distributes about 80 prizes. These include: * the [[Grande Médaille]], awarded annually, in rotation, in the relevant disciplines of each division of the Academy, to a French or foreign scholar who has contributed to the development of science in a decisive way. * the [[Lalande Prize]], awarded from 1802 through 1970, for outstanding achievement in astronomy * the [[Valz Prize]], awarded from 1877 through 1970, to honor advances in astronomy * the [[Richard Lounsbery Award]], jointly with the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] * the Prix [[Jacques Herbrand]] – for mathematics and physics * the [[Louis Bachelier Prize]] for major contributions to mathematical modeling in finance <ref>http://www.academie-sciences.fr/activite/prix/gp_natixis.htm</ref> * the Prix Michel Mon{{color|#808080|t}}petit for computer science and applied mathematics, awarded since 1977<ref>[[:fr:Prix Monpetit|French wikipedia article]]; both "[http://www.academie-sciences.fr/activite/prix/laureats_prixthem2011.pdf Monpetit]" and "[http://www.academie-sciences.fr/activite/prix/laureat_montpetit.pdf Mon'''t'''petit]" is found in Academy publications.</ref> * the [[Leconte Prize]], awarded annually since 1886, to recognize important discoveries in mathematics, physics, chemistry, natural history or medicine == People of the Academy == The following are incomplete lists of the officers of the Academy. See also [[:Category:Officers of the French Academy of Sciences]]. For a list of the Academy's members past and present, see [[:Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]] === Presidents === Source: [http://www.academie-sciences.fr/academie/membre/liste_president.htm French Academy of Sciences] *1800 [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] *1952 [[Albert Caquot]] *2001–2002 [[Hubert Curien]] *2003–2004 [[Étienne-Émile Baulieu]] *2005–2006 [[Édouard Brézin]] *2007–2008 [[Jules Hoffmann]] *2009–2010 [[Jean Salençon]] *2011-2012 [[Alain Carpentier]] <ref>http://www.academie-sciences.fr/academie/membre/liste_president.htm</ref> *2013–2014 [[Philippe Taquet]] === Treasurers === * ?–1788 [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]] * 1788–1791 [[Mathieu Tillet]] === Permanent secretaries === * December 1666 – April 1668 [[Jean-Baptiste Du Hamel]] * April 1668 – December 1669 [[Jean Gallois]] * January 1670 – January 1697 [[Jean-Baptiste Du Hamel]] * January 1697 – December 1740 [[Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle]] (nominated by the king in January 1699) * January 1741 – August 1743 [[Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan]] * September 1743 – July 1776 [[Jean-Paul Grandjean de Fouchy]] * August 1777 – August 1793 [[Marquis de Condorcet|Nicolas Caritat, marquis de Condorcet]] === Mathematical Sciences ===<!-- At some point it is actually mathematical and physical science--> *1801–1822 [[Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre]] *1822–1830 [[Joseph Fourier]] *1830–1853 [[François Arago]] *1853–1874 [[Léonce Élie de Beaumont]] *1874–1900 [[Joseph Bertrand]] *1900–1917 [[Gaston Darboux]] *1917–1942 [[Émile Picard]] *1942–1975 [[Louis de Broglie]] *1975–1996 Paul Germain *Currently: [[Jean Dercourt]] === Physical Sciences === *1795–1803 [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède]] *1803–1832 [[Georges Cuvier]] *1832–1833 [[Pierre-Louis Dulong]] *1833–1868 [[Pierre Flourens]] *1868–1884 [[Jean-Baptiste Dumas]] *1884–1886 [[Jules Jamin]] *1886–1887 [[Alfred Vulpian]] *1887–1889 [[Louis Pasteur]] *1889–1907 [[Marcelin Berthelot]] *1907 [[Albert de Lapparent]] *1908 [[Henri Becquerel]] *1908–1914 [[Philippe van Tieghem]] *1914–1948 [[Alfred Lacroix]] === Chemistry and Biology === *1948–1986 [[Robert Courrier]] *1986–1991 [[Alfred Jost]] *1991–2001 [[François Gros]] *2001–2006 [[Nicole Le Douarin]] *2006-2011 [[Jean-François Bach]] *currently [[Catherine Bréchignac]] === List of members of French Academy of Sciences === ;A #[[Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie]] #[[Serge Abiteboul]] #[[Anatole Abragam]] #[[Émile Achard]] #[[Michel Adanson]] #[[Yves Agid]] #[[Pierre Aigrain]] #[[Armand-Louis de Vignerot du Plessis d'Aiguillon]] #[[Michel Ferdinand d'Albert d'Ailly]] #[[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]] #[[Claude Allègre]] #[[Zacharie Allemand]] #[[Jacques d'Allonville|Jacques d'Allonville de Louville]] #[[Émile Amagat|Émile Hilaire Amagat]] #[[Christian Amatore]] #[[Antoine-Jean Amelot de Chaillou]] #[[Jean-Jacques Amelot de Chaillou]] #[[Guillaume Amontons]] #[[André-Marie Ampère]] #[[Paul Ancel]] #[[Marie Henri Andoyer]] #[[Antoine-François Andréossy]] #[[Leonid Andrussow]] #[[Anders Jonas Ångström]] #[[Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville]] #[[Paul Émile Appell]] #[[François Arago]] #[[Camille Arambourg]] #[[Jean d'Arcet]] #[[Jean-Pierre-Joseph d'Arcet]] #[[Adolphe d'Archiac]] #[[Emmanuel Ariès]] #[[Marc Antoine René de Voyer|Marc Antoine-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson]] #[[Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652–1721)]] #[[Vladimir Arnold]] #[[Jacques Arsac]] #[[Arsène d'Arsonval]] #[[Alain Aspect]] #[[Michael Atiyah]] #[[John Attfield]] #[[Thierry Aubin]] #[[André Aubréville]] #[[Jean Victoire Audouin]] #[[Pierre Victor Auger]] #[[Adrien Auzout]] ;B #[[Jacques Babinet]] #[[François Baccelli]] #[[Benjamin Baillaud]] #[[Jules Baillaud]] #[[Johann Ritter von Baillou]] #[[Jean Sylvain Bailly]] #[[René-Louis Baire]] #[[Antoine Jérôme Balard]] #[[Roger Balian]] #[[Sébastien Balibar]] #[[Gilbert Ballet]] #[[David Baltimore]] #[[Jean-Philippe Baratier]] #[[Édouard Bard]] #[[Adhémar Jean Claude Barré de Saint-Venant]] #[[Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière]] #[[Jean Barriol]] #[[Charles Barrois]] #[[René Barthélemy]] #[[Paul-Joseph Barthez]] #[[Neil Bartlett (chemist)]] #[[Eugène Bataillon]] #[[Étienne-Émile Baulieu]] #[[Henri Baulig]] #[[Antoine Baume]] #[[Pierre Bayen]] #[[Henri-Émile Bazin]] #[[Charles-François Beautemps-Beaupré]] #[[Charles Juste de Beauvau, Prince of Craon|Charles-Juste de Beauvau-Craon]] #[[Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot de Beauvois]] #[[Klaus Bechgaard]] #[[Antoine César Becquerel]] #[[Edmond Becquerel]] #[[Henri Becquerel]] #[[Jean Becquerel]] #[[Dom Bédos de Celles]] #[[Henri Béghin]] #[[Auguste Béhal]] #[[Jean-Paul Behr]] #[[Giacopo Belgrado]] #[[Eugène Belgrand]] #[[Bernard Forest de Bélidor]] #[[Alim-Louis Benabid]] #[[Brooke Benjamin]] #[[Alain Bensoussan]] #[[Seymour Benzer]] #[[Paul Berg]] #[[André Berger]] #[[Marcel Berger]] #[[Sune Bergström]] #[[Claude Bernard]] #[[Jean Bernard (physician)]] #[[Jacob Bernoulli|Jacob I Bernoulli]] #[[Johann II Bernoulli]] #[[Claude Berrou]] #[[Gérard Berry]] #[[Paul Bert]] #[[Daniel Berthelot]] #[[Pierre Eugène Marcellin Berthelot]] #[[Pierre Berthier]] #[[Claude Louis Berthollet]] #[[Alain Berthoz]] #[[Louis-Émile Bertin]] #[[Henri Léonard Jean Baptiste Bertin]] #[[Gabriel Bertrand]] #[[Joseph Bertrand]] #[[Léon Bertrand (geologist)]] #[[Marcel Alexandre Bertrand]] #[[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]] #[[Friedrich Bessel]] #[[Marcel Bessis]] #[[Henry Bessemer]] #[[Joseph Bethenod]] #[[François Sulpice Beudant]] #[[Étienne Bézout]] #[[Irénée-Jules Bienaymé]] #[[Jérôme Bignon de Blanzy]] #[[Jean-Paul Bignon]] #[[Guillaume Bigourdan]] #[[Albert Bijaoui]] #[[Jacques Philippe Marie Binet]] #[[Léon Binet]] #[[Jean-Baptiste Biot]] #[[Raphaël Bischoffsheim]] #[[Jean-Michel Bismut]] #[[Joseph Black]] #[[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville]] #[[Jacques Blamont]] #[[Émile Blanchard]] #[[Louis Blaringhem]] #[[Brebis Bleaney]] #[[Nicolaas Bloembergen]] #[[André Blondel]] #[[François Blondel]] #[[Jean Baptiste Gaspard Bochart de Saron]] #[[David Mervyn Blow]] #[[Herman Boerhaave]] #[[Enrico Bombieri]] #[[Roland Bonaparte]] #[[Pierre Ossian Bonnet|Pierre-Ossian Bonnet]] #[[Gaston Bonnier]] #[[Jean-Charles de Borda]] #[[Christian Bordé]] #[[Armand Borel]] #[[Émile Borel]] #[[Jean-Baptiste Édouard Bornet]] #[[Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent]] #[[Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc]] #[[Charles Bossut]] #[[Raoul Bott]] #[[Charles Jacques Bouchard|Charles Jacques Bouchard (pathologist)]] #[[Hélène Bouchiat]] #[[Marie-Anne Bouchiat]] #[[Alain-Michel Boudet]] #[[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]] #[[Pierre Bouguer]] #[[Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud]] #[[Henri Marie Bouley]] #[[Anatole Bouquet de La Grye]] #[[Jean-Claude Bouquet]] #[[Jacques Bourcart]] #[[Louis-Claude Bourdelin]] #[[Édouard Boureau]] #[[Jean Bourgain]] #[[Robert Bourgeois (general)]] #[[Claude Bourgelat]] #[[Jean-François de Bourgoing]] #[[Joseph Valentin Boussinesq]] #[[Jean-Baptiste Boussingault]] #[[Edmond Bouty]] #[[Alexis Bouvard]] #[[Eugène Louis Bouvier]] #[[Daniel Bovet]] #[[Alexis Boyer]] #[[Jean-François Boyer]] #[[Louis-Léon de Brancas]] #[[Édouard Branly]] #[[Pierre Braunstein]] #[[Auguste Bravais]] #[[Yves Bréchet]] #[[Catherine Bréchignac]] #[[Abraham-Louis Breguet]] #[[Louis-François-Clement Breguet]] #[[Sydney Brenner]] #[[Jacques Antoine Charles Bresse]] #[[Jules-Louis Breton]] #[[David Brewster]] #[[Édouard Brézin]] #[[Haïm Brezis]] #[[Marcel Brillouin]] #[[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] #[[André-Jean-François-Marie Brochant de Villiers]] #[[Louis de Broglie]] #[[Maurice de Broglie]] #[[Adolphe Brongniart]] #[[Alexandre Brongniart]] #[[Jean Brossel]] #[[Pierre Marie Auguste Broussonet]] #[[Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard]] #[[François Bruhat]] #[[Jean-Nicolas Buache]] #[[Philippe Buache]] #[[Margaret Buckingham]] #[[Jean Baptiste Michel Bucquet]] #[[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]] #[[Huy Duong Bui]] #[[Robert Bunsen]] #[[Jacques Buot]] #[[Johann Karl Burckhardt]] #[[Denis Parsons Burkitt]] #[[Claude Burdin]] #[[Édouard Bureau]] #[[Pierre Buser]] #[[Antoine Bussy]] #[[Louis de Bussy]] #[[Adolf Butenandt]] ;C #[[Bernard Cabane]] #[[Henri Cabannes]] #[[Jean Cabannes]] #[[Michel Caboche]] #[[Blas Cabrera]] #[[Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt]] #[[Charles Cagniard de la Tour|Charles Cagniard de Latour]] #[[Auguste André Thomas Cahours]] #[[Louis Paul Cailletet]] #[[Octave Callandreau]] #[[Albert Calmette]] #[[Charles Camichel]] #[[Petrus Camper]] #[[Charles Étienne Louis Camus]] #[[François Joseph des Camus|Francois-Joseph de Camus]] #[[Sébastien Candel]] #[[Augustin Pyrame de Candolle]] #[[André Capron (physician)]] #[[Albert Caquot]] #[[Lennart Carleson]] #[[Lazare Carnot]] #[[Marie-Adolphe Carnot]] #[[Edgardo D. Carosella]] #[[Alain Carpentier]] #[[Jules Carpentier]] #[[Louis Carré (mathematician)]] #[[Élie Cartan]] #[[Henri Cartan]] #[[César-François Cassini de Thury]] #[[Dominique, comte de Cassini]] #[[Giovanni Domenico Cassini]] #[[Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini]] #[[Jacques Cassini]] #[[Raimond Castaing]] #[[Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix de Castries]] #[[Augustin-Louis Cauchy]] #[[André Cauderon]] #[[Maurice Caullery]] #[[Henri Jacques Nompar de Caumont]] #[[Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]] #[[Lucien Cayeux]] #[[Roger Cayrel]] #[[Anny Cazenave]] #[[Jacques Philippe Martin Cels]] #[[Carlo Cercignani]] #[[Giuseppe Raimondo de Cesàro]] #[[Catherine Cesarsky]] #[[Joseph Bernard de Chabert]] #[[Philibert Chabert]] #[[Ernst Boris Chain]] #[[William Gilbert Chaloner]] #[[Pierre Chambon]] #[[François Jules Hilaire Chambrelent]] #[[Georges Champetier]] #[[Christian Champy]] #[[Gustave Charles Bonaventure Chancel]] #[[Jean-Pierre Changeux]] #[[Jean Chanorier]] #[[Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche]] #[[Jean-Antoine Chaptal]] #[[Moyse Charas]] #[[Jean-Baptiste Charcot]] #[[Jean-Martin Charcot]] #[[Hilaire de Chardonnet]] #[[Jacques Charles]] #[[Gaston Charlot]] #[[Georges Charpak]] #[[Georges Charpy]] #[[Michel Chasles]] #[[Gaspard Adolphe Chatin]] #[[Joannes Charles Melchior Chatin]] #[[Auguste Chauveau]] #[[Yves Chauvin]] #[[Jean Chazy]] #[[Pafnuty Chebyshev]] #[[Shiing-Shen Chern]] #[[Auguste Chevalier|Auguste Chevalier (botanist)]] #[[Eugène Chevandier de Valdrome]] #[[Pierre Chevenard]] #[[Michel Eugène Chevreul]] #[[Pierre Chirac]] #[[Robert Hippolyte Chodat]] #[[César Gabriel de Choiseul-Praslin]] #[[Pierre-Jean-Baptiste Chomel]] #[[Pyotr Chikhachyov]] #[[Daniel Choquet]] #[[Gustave Choquet]] #[[Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat]] #[[Joanne Chory]] #[[Claude-Henri Chouard]] #[[Philippe G. Ciarlet]] #[[André Chrétien]] #[[François Chicoyneau]] #[[Alexis Claude Clairaut]] #[[Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron]] #[[Charles Pierre Claret de Fleurieu]] #[[Marc Antoine Louis Claret de La Tourrette]] #[[Claude Debru]] #[[Georges Claude]] #[[Jules Germain Cloquet]] #[[Claude Cohen-Tannoudji]] #[[Ferdinand Julius Cohn]] #[[Jean-Baptiste Colbert de Torcy]] #[[Henri Colin (priest)]] #[[Michel Combarnous]] #[[Alain Colmerauer]] #[[Charles Combes]] #[[Claude Combes]] #[[Françoise Combes]] #[[Marquis de Condorcet]] #[[Alain Connes]] #[[Yves Coppens]] #[[Louis Cordier]] #[[Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis]] #[[Marie Alfred Cornu]] #[[Raymond Cornubert]] #[[Pierre Corvol]] #[[Suzanne Cory]] #[[Pascale Cossart]] #[[Eugène Cosserat]] #[[Ernest Cosson]] #[[Julien Noël Costantin]] #[[Jacques Marie Cyprien Victor Coste]] #[[Aimé Cotton]] #[[Frank Albert Cotton]] #[[André Couder]] #[[Charles-Augustin de Coulomb]] #[[Jean Coulomb]] #[[Robert Courrier]] #[[François-César Le Tellier de Courtanvaux]] #[[Georges Courtès (astronomer)]] #[[Vincent Courtillot]] #[[Marin Cureau de La Chambre]] #[[Claude Antoine Couplet]] #[[Pierre Couplet]] #[[Francis Crick]] #[[Pierre Curie]] #[[Hubert Curien]] #[[Frédéric Cuvier]] #[[Georges Cuvier]] ;D #[[Louis Daguerre]] #[[Count Patrick D'Arcy]] #[[Michel Ferdinand d'Albert d'Ailly]] #[[Jean Dalibard]] #[[Marie-Charles Damoiseau|Marie-Charles-Théodore de Damoiseau de Montfort]] #[[Thibault Damour]] #[[Antoine Danchin]] #[[Pierre Dangeard]] #[[Pierre Augustin Dangeard]] #[[Philippe de Courcillon de Dangeau]] #[[André Danjon]] #[[Jean Gaston Darboux]] #[[Eugène Darmois]] #[[Georges Darmois]] #[[Georges Jean Marie Darrieus]] #[[Pierre Daru]] #[[Darius Paul Dassault]] #[[Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton]] #[[Gabriel Auguste Daubrée]] #[[Raymond Daudel]] #[[Jean Dausset]] #[[Robert Dautray]] #[[Michel Davier]] #[[William Morris Davis]] #[[Jules Henri Debray]] #[[Robert Debré]] #[[Gérard Debreu]] #[[Joseph Decaisne]] #[[Henri Décamps]] #[[Bernard Decaux]] #[[Richard Dedekind]] #[[Christian de Duve]] #[[Georges Deflandre]] #[[Charles De Geer]] #[[Ennio De Giorgi]] #[[Stanislas Dehaene]] #[[Pierre Paul Dehérain]] #[[Anne Dejean-Assémat]] #[[Yves Delage]] #[[Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre]] #[[Charles-Eugène Delaunay]] #[[Marcel Delépine]] #[[Achille Delesse]] #[[Benjamin Delessert]] #[[François-Marie Delessert]] #[[Charles Delezenne]] #[[Jean Delhaye]] #[[Pierre Deligne]] #[[Guillaume Delisle]] #[[Joseph-Nicolas Delisle]] #[[Jean-André Deluc]] #[[Jean-Pierre Demailly]] #[[Anatoly Nikolaievich Demidov]] #[[Albert Demolon]] #[[Jean Dénarié]] #[[Jean-François Denisse]] #[[Arnaud Denjoy]] #[[Antoine Deparcieux|Antoine Deparcieux (1703-1768)]] #[[Charles Depéret]] #[[Marcel Deprez]] #[[Bernard Derrida]] #[[Jean Dercourt]] #[[Peter Dervan]] #[[Paul-Quentin Desains]] #[[Alfred Des Cloizeaux]] #[[René Louiche Desfontaines]] #[[René-Nicolas Dufriche Desgenettes]] #[[Alexandre Desgrez]] #[[Henri Deslandres]] #[[Pierre Deslongchamps]] #[[Nicolas Desmarest]] #[[Charles-Bernard Desormes]] #[[César-Mansuète Despretz]] #[[Nicolas Deyeux]] #[[Jean Dieudonné]] #[[Achille Pierre Dionis du Séjour]] #[[Alfred Ditte]] #[[Philbert Maurice d'Ocagne]] #[[Denis Dodart]] #[[Wolfgang Doeblin]] #[[Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu]] #[[Simon Donaldson]] #[[Franciscus Cornelis Donders]] #[[David Donoho]] #[[Joseph L. Doob]] #[[Jean Dorst]] #[[Urbain Dortet de Tessan]] #[[Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan]] #[[Jules Drach]] #[[Paul Dorveaux]] #[[Adrien Douady]] #[[François-Joseph Double]] #[[James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton]] #[[Joseph Henri Ferdinand Douvillé]] #[[Reinhart Dozy]] #[[Charles François de Cisternay du Fay]] #[[Jean-Baptiste du Hamel]] #[[Guichard Joseph Duverney|Joseph-Guichard Du Verney]] #[[Guillaume Dubois]] #[[Charles Dubost (surgeon)]] #[[Denis Duboule]] #[[Émile Duclaux]] #[[Jacques Duclaux]] #[[Jean Dufay]] #[[Michel Duflo]] #[[Charles Dufraisse]] #[[Armand Dufrénoy]] #[[René-Nicolas Dufriche Desgenettes]] #[[Pierre Dugac]] #[[Antoine Louis Dugès]] #[[Jean-Marie Duhamel]] #[[Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau]] #[[Henri Dulac]] #[[Pierre Louis Dulong]] #[[Jean-Baptiste Dumas]] #[[André Marie Constant Duméril]] #[[Auguste Duméril]] #[[Louis Isidore Duperrey]] #[[Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars]] #[[Charles Dupin]] #[[Gaston Dupouy]] #[[Henri Dupuy de Lôme]] #[[Guillaume Dupuytren]] #[[Michel Durand-Delga]] #[[Henri Dutrochet]] #[[Jacques-François-Marie Duverney]] #[[Pierre Duverney]] #[[Georges Louis Duvernoy]] #[[Freeman Dyson]] ;E #[[Thomas Ebbesen]] #[[Gerald Edelman]] #[[Sam Edwards (physicist)]] #[[Jean-Marc Egly]] #[[Manfred Eigen]] #[[Georg Christoph Eimmart]] #[[Léonce Élie de Beaumont]] #[[Pierre Encrenaz]] #[[Anne Ephrussi]] #[[Ernest Esclangon]] #[[Robert Esnault-Pelterie]] #[[Victor Marie d'Estrées]] #[[Évariste Sanchez-Palencia]] ;F #[[Charles Fabry]] #[[Ludvig Faddeev]] #[[Guy-Crescent Fagon]] #[[Paul Fallot]] #[[Thomas Fantet de Lagny]] #[[Michael Faraday]] #[[Olivier Faugeras]] #[[Pierre Faurre]] #[[Idelphonse Favé]] #[[Alexandre Favre]] #[[Pierre-Antoine Favre]] #[[Hervé Faye]] #[[Gaston Fayet]] #[[Pierre Fayet]] #[[Charles Fehrenbach (astronomer)]] #[[Gérard Férey]] #[[Antoine Ferrein]] #[[Gustave-Auguste Ferrié]] #[[Albert Fert]] #[[Carlos Chagas Filho]] #[[Henri Filhol]] #[[Gilles Filleau des Billettes]] #[[Mathias Fink]] #[[Alain Fischer]] #[[Hippolyte Fizeau]] #[[Philippe Flajolet]] #[[Patrick Flandrin]] #[[André Hercule de Fleury]] #[[Paul Fliche]] #[[Michel Fliess]] #[[Jean Pierre Flourens]] #[[Ferdinand Foch]] #[[Alexis Fontaine des Bertins]] #[[Jean-Marc Fontaine]] #[[Maurice Fontaine (biologist)]] #[[Marc Fontecave]] #[[Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle]] #[[François Véron Duverger de Forbonnais]] #[[Léon Foucault]] #[[Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy]] #[[Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier]] #[[Auguste Denis Fougeroux de Bondaroy]] #[[Ferdinand André Fouqué]] #[[Louis-Benjamin Francœur]] #[[Jean Fréchet]] #[[René Maurice Fréchet]] #[[Claude Fréjacques]] #[[Edmond Frémy]] #[[Bernard Frénicle de Bessy]] #[[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]] #[[Louis Claude de Saulces de Freycinet]] #[[Charles Friedel]] #[[Jacques Friedel]] #[[Uriel Frisch]] ;G #[[Pierre Gabriel]] #[[Jean Gallois]] #[[François Alexandre Pierre de Garsault]] #[[Henri Gambey]] #[[René Garnier]] #[[Adrien de Gasparin]] #[[Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré]] #[[Albert Gaudry]] #[[Roger Jean Gautheret]] #[[Armand Gautier (chemist)]] #[[Claude Gay]] #[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] #[[Louis Gayant]] #[[Ulysse Gayon]] #[[Walter Jakob Gehring]] #[[Israel Gelfand]] #[[Pierre-Gilles de Gennes]] #[[Louis Gentil]] #[[Reinhard Genzel]] #[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]] #[[Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]] #[[Claude Joseph Geoffroy|Claude-Joseph Geoffroy]] #[[Étienne-François Geoffroy]] #[[Paul Germain (scientist)]] #[[Paul Gervais|Paul Gervais (zoologist)]] #[[Étienne Ghys]] #[[Fabiola Gianotti]] #[[Alfred Mathieu Giard]] #[[Martin Gibbs]] #[[Maurice Gignoux]] #[[François Gigot de la Peyronie|François Gigot de Lapeyronie]] #[[François-Hilaire Gilbert]] #[[Jean-Yves Girard]] #[[Pierre-Simon Girard]] #[[Jacques Glowinski]] #[[Roland Glowinski]] #[[Jean Godin des Odonais]] #[[Louis Godin]] #[[Dominique Alexandre Godron]] #[[André Goffeau]] #[[Marcel Golay (astronomer)]] #[[Marcel J. E. Golay|Marcel J. E. Golay (mathematician)]] #[[Maurice Goldman]] #[[Jean Ogier de Gombauld]] #[[John B. Goodenough]] #[[Pierre de Gorsse]] #[[Jules Gosselet]] #[[Léon Athanese Gosselin]] #[[André Gougenheim]] #[[Édouard Goursat]] #[[Louis Georges Gouy]] #[[Thomas Gouye]] #[[Arnaud de Gramont (1861-1923)]] #[[Armand de Gramont (1879-1962)]] #[[François Cyrille Grand'Eury]] #[[Alfred Grandidier]] #[[Jean-Paul Grandjean de Fouchy]] #[[Pierre-Paul Grassé]] #[[Charles Joseph Gravier]] #[[Howard Green (physician)]] #[[Alfred George Greenhill]] #[[Mikhail Leonidovich Gromov]] #[[Victor Grignard]] #[[Édouard Grimaux]] #[[Pierre Grivet]] #[[François Gros (biologist)]] #[[Jean Grosse]] #[[Marianne Grunberg-Manago]] #[[Jean Paul de Gua de Malves|Jean-Paul de Gua de Malves]] #[[Jean-Étienne Guettard]] #[[Claude Guichard (mathematician)]] #[[Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes]] #[[Georges Guillain|Georges Guillain (neurologist)]] #[[Roger Guillemin]] #[[Jean-Pierre-François Guillot-Duhamel]] #[[André Guinier]] #[[Philibert Guinier]] #[[John Gurdon]] #[[Camille Gutton]] #[[Jean Casimir Félix Guyon]] #[[Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau]] ;H #[[Jean Nicolas Pierre Hachette]] #[[Louis Hackspill (academician)]] #[[Jacques Hadamard]] #[[Johann Kaspar Hagenbuch]] #[[Paul Hagenmuller]] #[[Erwin Hahn]] #[[George Ellery Hale]] #[[Michel Haïssaguerre]] #[[James Hall (paleontologist)]] #[[Jean Noël Hallé]] #[[Albin Haller]] #[[Bernard Halpern]] #[[Georges Henri Halphen]] #[[Victor Ambartsumian|Victor Hambartsumian]] #[[Jean Hamburger]] #[[Maurice Hamy]] #[[Theodor W. Hänsch]] #[[Serge Haroche]] #[[Godfrey Harold Hardy]] #[[Nicolaas Hartsoeker]] #[[Julien Haton de La Goupillière]] #[[Émile Haug]] #[[Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann]] #[[Paul Hautefeuille]] #[[René Just Haüy]] #[[Edmond Hébert]] #[[Paul Helbronner]] #[[Claude-Adrien Helvétius]] #[[Louis-Félix Henneguy]] #[[Frère Héribaud-Joseph]] #[[Louis-Étienne Héricart de Thury]] #[[Michael Herman (mathematician)]] #[[Jakob Hermann]] #[[Charles Hermite]] #[[Antoine-Marie Héron de Villefossev]] #[[Jean-Marie Heurtault de Lammerville]] #[[Corneille Heymans]] #[[Gustave-Adolphe Hirn]] #[[Heisuke Hironaka]] #[[Friedrich Hirzebruch]] #[[Jules A. Hoffmann]] #[[Wilhelm Homberg]] #[[Xavier Hommaire de Hell]] #[[Gerard 't Hooft]] #[[Camille d'Hostun, duc de Tallard|Camille d'Hostun]] #[[Jacques-Julien Houtou de La Billardière]] #[[Auguste Houzeau]] #[[Francis Clark Howell]] #[[François Huber]] #[[Jean-Baptiste Hubert]] #[[Gérard Huet]] #[[François-Joseph Hunauld]] #[[Jean-Henri Humbert|Henri Jean Humbert]] #[[Georges Humbert]] #[[Alexander von Humboldt]] #[[Christiaan Huygens]] #[[Jean-Baptiste Huzard]] ;I #[[Jean Ichbiah]] #[[Christian Ludwig Ideler]] #[[John Iliopoulos]] #[[Édouard Imbeaux]] #[[Antoine-Tristan Danty d'Isnard]] #[[Gérard Iooss]] #[[Kiyosi Itô]] ;J #[[François Jacob]] #[[Maurice Jacob]] #[[Hervé Jacquet]] #[[Pierre Jacquinot]] #[[Jules Jamin]] #[[Edward Janczewski]] #[[Paul Janet (physicist)]] #[[Maurice-Marie Janot]] #[[Jules Janssen]] #[[Gabriel Jars]] #[[Erik Jarvik]] #[[Hippolyte François Jaubert]] #[[André Jaumotte]] #[[Claude Jaupart]] #[[Maurice Javillier]] #[[Marc Jeannerod]] #[[Edme-Sébastien Jeaurat]] #[[Antoine Joseph Jobert de Lamballe|Antoine-Joseph Jobert de Lamballe]] #[[Pierre Jolibois]] #[[Frédéric Joliot-Curie]] #[[Pierre Joliot|Pierre Joliot-Curie]] #[[Nicolas Joly]] #[[Camille Jordan]] #[[Alfred Jost]] #[[Louis Joubin]] #[[Émile Jouguet]] #[[Michel Jouvet]] #[[Gaston Julia]] #[[Marc Julia]] #[[Edmond Jurien de La Gravière]] #[[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu]] #[[Antoine de Jussieu]] #[[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]] #[[Bernard de Jussieu]] #[[Joseph de Jussieu]] ;K #[[Fotis Kafatos]] #[[Henri B. Kagan]] #[[Jean-Pierre Kahane]] #[[Axel Kahn]] #[[Gilles Kahn]] #[[Olivier Kahn]] #[[Rudolf E. Kalman]] #[[Eric Kandel]] #[[Daniel Kaplan]] #[[Henry Kaplan (doctor)|Henry Seymour Kaplan]] #[[Richard M. Karp]] #[[Éric Karsenti]] #[[Masaki Kashiwara]] #[[Alfred Kastler]] #[[Ephraim Katzir]] #[[Friedrich Kick]] #[[Brigitte Kieffer]] #[[Wilfrid Kilian]] #[[Sergiu Klainerman]] #[[Daniel Kleppner]] #[[Aaron Klug]] #[[Ernst Knobil]] #[[Paul Knochel]] #[[Donald Knuth]] #[[Gabriel Koenigs]] #[[Andrey Kolmogorov]] #[[Johann Samuel König]] #[[Maxim Kontsevich]] #[[Jean-Louis Koszul]] #[[Vladimir Mikhaïlovitch Kotlyakov]] #[[Philippe Kourilsky]] #[[Jean Kovalevsky]] #[[Vladimír Krajina]] #[[Christian Kramp]] #[[Julius Kühn]] #[[Ernst Kummer]] #[[Johann von Löwenstern-Kunckel]] #[[Carl Sigismund Kunth]] ;L #[[Charles Marie de La Condamine]] #[[Jean-Nicolas de La Hire]] #[[Philippe de La Hire]] #[[Louis Alexandre de La Rochefoucauld d'Enville]] #[[François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt|François XII de La Rochefoucauld]] #[[Aymar de la Baume Pluvinel|Aymar de La Baume Pluvinel]] #[[Antoine Émile Henry Labeyrie]] #[[Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille]] #[[Antoine Lacassagne]] #[[Henri de Lacaze-Duthiers]] #[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède]] #[[Antoine Lacroix|Alfred Antoine François Lacroix]] #[[Sylvestre-François Lacroix]] #[[Laurent Lafforgue]] #[[Philippe-Étienne Lafosse]] #[[Anne-Marie Lagrange]] #[[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]] #[[Edmond Laguerre]] #[[Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande]] #[[Michel Lefrançois de Lalande]] #[[André Lallemand]] #[[Charles Lallemand (geophysicist)]] #[[Jean-Yves Lallemand]] #[[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] #[[Gabriel Lamé]] #[[Jean Vincent Félix Lamouroux]] #[[Louis Landouzy]] #[[Paul Langevin]] #[[Odilon Lannelongue]] #[[Louis Lapicque]] #[[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] #[[Yves Laporte]] #[[Albert de Lapparent]] #[[Charles-Louis Largeteau]] #[[Dominique-Jean Larrey]] #[[Jacques Laskar]] #[[Joseph-Marie-François de Lassone]] #[[Raymond Latarjet]] #[[Pierre André Latreille]] #[[Maxime Laubeuf]] #[[Lucien Laubier]] #[[Charles Laubry|Charles Laubry (physician)]] #[[Stanislas Laugier]] #[[Gérard Laumon]] #[[Louis de Launay]] #[[Aimé Laussedat]] #[[Guy Laval]] #[[Alphonse Laveran]] #[[Antoine Lavoisier]] #[[Sandra Lavorel]] #[[John Law (economist)|John Law de Lauriston]] #[[Peter Lax]] #[[Michel Lazdunski]] #[[Guy Lazorthes]] #[[Joseph Achille Le Bel]] #[[Denis Le Bihan]] #[[Henry Le Chatelier]] #[[Nicole Marthe Le Douarin]] #[[Philippe Gustave le Doulcet, comte de Pontécoulant]] #[[Jean Le Fèvre (astronomer)]] #[[Gérard Le Fur]] #[[Jean-François Le Gall]] #[[Guillaume Le Gentil]] #[[Paul Lebeau]] #[[Henri-Léon Lebesgue]] #[[Maurice Leblanc (engineer)]] #[[Jean-Baptiste Leblond]] #[[Emmanuel Leclainche]] #[[Albert Mathieu Leclerc du Sablon]] #[[Paul Henri Lecomte]] #[[Léon Lecornu]] #[[Louis Lefèvre‑Gineau]] #[[Adrien-Marie Legendre]] #[[Jean-Pierre Lehman]] #[[Jean-Marie Lehn]] #[[Louis Lémery]] #[[Nicolas Lémery]] #[[Georges Lemoine|Clément Georges Lemoine]] #[[Louis Guillaume Le Monnier]] #[[Pierre Charles Le Monnier]] #[[Pierre Lemonnier|Pierre Lemonnier (mathematician)]] #[[Pierre Léna]] #[[Joseph Lepaute Dagelet]] #[[Michel Robert Le Peletier des Forts]] #[[Pierre Lépine]] #[[Louis Leprince-Ringuet]] #[[Xavier Le Pichon]] #[[Jean Leray]] #[[René Leriche]] #[[François-Xavier Lesbre]] #[[Marcel Lesieur]] #[[Ferdinand de Lesseps]] #[[Jean-Baptiste Le Roy]] #[[Pierre Le Roy]] #[[Camille Le Tellier de Louvois]] #[[Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil]] #[[Hervé Le Treut]] #[[Rita Levi-Montalcini]] #[[Pierre Lévêque (scientist)]] #[[Auguste Michel-Lévy]] #[[Maurice Lévy|Maurice Lévy (mathematician)]] #[[Paul Lévy (mathematician)]] #[[Urbain Le Verrier]] #[[Anders Johan Lexell]] #[[Guillaume François Antoine de l'Hôpital]] #[[Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle]] #[[Albert J. Libchaber]] #[[Guglielmo Libri Carucci dalla Sommaja]] #[[Émile Licent]] #[[André Lichnerowicz]] #[[Sophus Lie]] #[[Joseph Lieutaud]] #[[Jacques-Louis Lions]] #[[Pierre-Louis Lions]] #[[Joseph Liouville]] #[[Gabriel Lippmann]] #[[Fyodor Litke]] #[[Alexis Littré]] #[[Jacques Livage]] #[[Rodolfo Llinás]] #[[Maurice Loewy]] #[[Étienne-Charles de Loménie de Brienne]] #[[Claude Lorius]] #[[Auguste-Louis Loubatières]] #[[Antoine Louis]] #[[Auguste and Louis Lumière]] #[[Just Lucas-Championnière]] #[[René Lucas]] #[[Henry de Lumley]] #[[Paul d'Albert de Luynes]] #[[André Michel Lwoff]] #[[Bernard Lyot]] ;M #[[Odile Macchi]] #[[Jean-Baptiste de Machault d'Arnouville]] #[[Pierre Joseph Macquer]] #[[François Magendie]] #[[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] #[[Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes]] #[[Pierre Magnol]] #[[Ernest Maindron]] #[[Lucien Malavard]] #[[Nicolas Malebranche]] #[[Nicolas de Malézieu]] #[[Bernard Malgrange]] #[[François Ernest Mallard]] #[[Edmond Malinvaud]] #[[Bernard Malissen]] #[[Paul Malliavin]] #[[Paul-Jacques Malouin]] #[[Étienne-Louis Malus]] #[[Jean-Louis Mandel]] #[[Szolem Mandelbrojt]] #[[Louis Mangin]] #[[Yuri Manin]] #[[Daniel Mansuy]] #[[Giacomo Filippo Maraldi]] #[[Giovanni Domenico Maraldi]] #[[Jean Marchant]] #[[André Maréchal]] #[[Étienne-Jules Marey]] #[[Edme Mariotte]] #[[Auguste-Frédéric-Louis Viesse de Marmont]] #[[Louis Martin (physician)]] #[[Emmanuel de Martonne]] #[[Éleuthère Mascart]] #[[Camille Matignon]] #[[Charles-Victor Mauguin]] #[[Pierre Louis Maupertuis]] #[[Victor Mauvais]] #[[Michel Mayor]] #[[Ernst Mayr]] #[[Pierre Méchain]] #[[Matthew Meselson]] #[[Félix Mesnil]] #[[Charles Messier]] #[[Charles Maurain]] #[[Gérard Mégie]] #[[Jean Baptiste Meusnier|Jean-Baptiste Marie Meusnier de La Place]] #[[Yves Meyer]] #[[Elliot Meyerowitz]] #[[Louis Michel (physicist)]] #[[Henri Milloux]] #[[Alphonse Milne-Edwards]] #[[Henri Milne-Edwards]] #[[Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel]] #[[Maryam Mirzakhani]] #[[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]] #[[Keith Moffatt]] #[[Henri Moissan]] #[[Théodose Du Moncel]] #[[Henri Mondor]] #[[Gaspard Monge]] #[[Jean-André Mongez]] #[[Roger Monier]] #[[Théodore Monod]] #[[Camille Montagne]] #[[Luc Montagnier]] #[[Étienne Mignot de Montigny]] #[[Marc René, marquis de Montalembert|Marc-René de Montalembert (1714-1800)]] #[[Paul Montel|Paul Montel (mathematician)]] #[[Montgolfier brothers]] #[[Étienne Mignot de Montigny]] #[[Jean-Étienne Montucla]] #[[Alfred Moquin-Tandon]] #[[Dino Moras]] #[[Jean-Pierre Morat]] #[[Alessandro Morbidelli (astronomer)]] #[[Jean Moreau de Séchelles]] #[[Charles-Gilbert Morel de Vindé]] #[[François Morel (biologist)]] #[[W. Jason Morgan]] #[[Arthur Morin]] #[[Amédée Mouchez|Amédée Ernest Mouchez]] #[[Charles Moureu]] #[[Gustave Moussu]] #[[Ferdinand von Müller]] #[[Ernest Munier-Chalmas]] #[[Arnold Munnich]] #[[Roderick Murchison]] #[[James D. Murray]] ;N #[[Napoleon]] #[[Claude-Louis Navier]] #[[Louis Néel]] #[[Auguste Nélaton]] #[[Ngô Bảo Châu]] #[[François Nicole|François Nicole (mathematician)]] #[[Charles Nicolle]] #[[Louis Nirenberg]] #[[Yasutomi Nishizuka]] #[[Maurice Nivat]] #[[Jean de Noailles]] #[[Jean Antoine Nollet]] #[[Gustav Nossal]] #[[Philippe Nozières]] ;O #[[Guillaume-Antoine Olivier]] #[[Jean Baptiste Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy|Jean-Baptiste Julien d'Omalius]] #[[Satoshi Ōmura]] #[[Mikhail Ostrogradsky]] #[[Guy Ourisson]] #[[Jacques Ozanam]] #[[Paul Ozenda]] ;P #[[Svante Pääbo]] #[[Paul Painlevé]] #[[Jacob Palis]] #[[Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot de Beauvois]] #[[Antoine Parent]] #[[Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky]] #[[François-Edmond Pâris]] #[[Giorgio Parisi]] #[[Antoine Parmentier]] #[[Hippolyte Parodi]] #[[Paul Pascal]] #[[Antoine François Passy]] #[[Louis Pasteur]] #[[Renaud Paulian]] #[[Ivan Pavlov]] #[[Anselme Payen]] #[[Jean-Claude Pecker]] #[[Philippe-Jean Pelletan]] #[[Bertrand Pelletier]] #[[Pierre Joseph Pelletier]] #[[Pedro II of Brazil]] #[[Théophile-Jules Pelouze]] #[[Paul Pelseneer]] #[[Pierre-François Percy]] #[[Joseph Pérès]] #[[Marguerite Perey]] #[[Claude Perrault]] #[[François Perrier]] #[[Francis Perrin]] #[[Jean Baptiste Perrin]] #[[Jean-Rodolphe Perronet]] #[[Peter the Great]] #[[Richard Peto]] #[[Christine Petit]] #[[François Pourfour du Petit]] #[[Jean Louis Petit|Jean-Louis Petit (anatomist)]] #[[Ivan Peychès]] #[[Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas|Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux de Maurepas]] #[[Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Saint-Florentin|Louis Phélypeaux de Saint-Florentin]] #[[Alfred Maurice Picard]] #[[Émile Picard]] #[[Jean Picard]] #[[Bernard Picinbono]] #[[Nathaniel Pigott]] #[[Philippe Pinel]] #[[Alexandre Guy Pingré]] #[[Guillaume Piobert]] #[[Olivier Pironneau]] #[[Gilles Pisier]] #[[Pedro José Amadeo Pissis|Pierre Joseph Aimé Pissis]] #[[Henri Pitot]] #[[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort]] #[[Jean Piveteau]] #[[Lucien Plantefol]] #[[Marcin Odlanicki Poczobutt]] #[[Jean-Paul Poirier]] #[[Henri Poincaré]] #[[Louis Poinsot]] #[[Siméon Denis Poisson]] #[[Pierre-Isaac Poissonnier]] #[[Melchior de Polignac]] #[[Alexander Markovich Polyakov]] #[[Jean-Victor Poncelet]] #[[John Pond]] #[[Maurice Ponte]] #[[Antoine Portal]] #[[Éric Postaire]] #[[Laurent Pothenot]] #[[Alfred Potier]] #[[Pierre Potier]] #[[Michel Pouchard]] #[[Claude Pouillet]] #[[Frank Press]] #[[Constant Prévost]] #[[Joseph Privat de Molières]] #[[Alain Prochiantz]] #[[Gaspard de Prony]] #[[Jacques Prost]] #[[Joseph Louis Proust]] #[[Jean-Michel Provençal]] #[[Jean-Loup Puget]] #[[Pierre Puiseux]] #[[Victor Puiseux]] #[[Louis Puissant]] #[[Bernard Pullman]] #[[Marc-Antoine Puvis]] ;Q #[[Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau]] #[[Denis-Bernard Quatremère d'Isjonval]] #[[Yves Quéré]] #[[François Quesnay]] ;R #[[Michael Rabin]] #[[Emil Racoviță]] #[[Rodolphe Radau]] #[[Miroslav Radman]] #[[Gaston Ramon]] #[[Louis Ramond de Carbonnières]] #[[Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.]] #[[Louis-Antoine Ranvier]] #[[Auguste Rateau]] #[[Bernard Raveau]] #[[Pierre François Olive Rayer]] #[[Michel Raynaud]] #[[René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur]] #[[Pierre-Sylvain Régis]] #[[Henri Victor Regnault]] #[[Jules Reiset]] #[[Bernard Renau d'Eliçagaray]] #[[Michel-Louis Reneaulme de Lagaranne]] #[[Aimé-Henry Résal]] #[[Charles-René Reynaud]] #[[Dimitri Riabouchinsky]] #[[Alexander Rich]] #[[Achille Richard]] #[[Louis Claude Richard]] #[[Alfred Richet]] #[[Charles Richet]] #[[Gilles Personne de Roberval]] #[[Charles Philippe Robin]] #[[Pierre Jean Robiquet]] #[[Alexis-Marie de Rochon]] #[[Joseph Rogniat]] #[[Michel Rohmer]] #[[Michel Rolle]] #[[Barbara Romanowicz]] #[[Bernard Roques]] #[[François Étienne de Rosily-Mesros]] #[[Élisabeth Rossel]] #[[Jean Rossier]] #[[Émile Roubaud]] #[[Marcel Roubault]] #[[Eugène Rouché]] #[[Guillaume-François Rouelle]] #[[Hilaire Rouelle|Hilaire-Marin Rouelle]] #[[Emmanuel de Rougé]] #[[Jean-Baptiste Rougier de La Bergerie]] #[[François Désiré Roulin]] #[[Albin Roussin]] #[[Gustave Roussy]] #[[Didier Roux]] #[[Pierre Paul Émile Roux]] #[[Philibert Joseph Roux]] #[[Jacques Ruffié]] #[[David Ruelle]] ;S #[[Paul Sabatier]] #[[Raphaël Bienvenu Sabatier]] #[[José-Alain Sahel]] #[[Laure Saint-Raymond]] #[[Bertrand Saint-Sernin]] #[[Charles Sainte-Claire Deville]] #[[Henri Sainte-Claire Deville]] #[[Andrei Sakharov]] #[[Jean Salençon]] #[[Bengt I. Samuelsson]] #[[Évariste Sanchez-Palencia]] #[[Jacques-Noël Sané]] #[[Frederick Sanger]] #[[Philippe Sansonetti]] #[[Gaston de Saporta]] #[[Émile Sarrau]] #[[Joseph Saurin]] #[[Philippe Sautet]] #[[Jean-Pierre Sauvage|Jean-Pierre Sauvage (chemist)]] #[[Joseph Sauveur]] #[[Félix Savary]] #[[Jean-Michel Savéant]] #[[Marie Jules César Savigny]] #[[Jean Moreau de Séchelles]] #[[Évry Schatzman]] #[[Knut Schmidt-Nielsen]] #[[Christian Schönbein]] #[[Émile Schribaux]] #[[Marcel-Paul Schützenberger]] #[[Paul Schützenberger]] #[[Laurent Schwartz|Laurent Schwartz (mathematician)]] #[[Maxime Schwartz]] #[[William Scoresby]] #[[Hippolyte Sebert]] #[[Leonid I. Sedov]] #[[Pierre-Armand Séguier]] #[[Marc Seguin]] #[[Paul Séjourné]] #[[Nikolay Semyonov]] #[[Henri Hureau de Senarmont]] #[[Jean-Pierre Serre]] #[[Étienne Serres]] #[[Joseph Alfred Serret|Joseph-Alfred Serret]] #[[Adi Shamir]] #[[Pierre Sinaÿ]] #[[Yuly Shokalsky]] #[[Piotr Slonimski]] #[[Sergei Sobolev]] #[[Ionel Solomon]] #[[Susan Solomon]] #[[Raymond Stora]] #[[Gilbert Stork]] #[[Carl Størmer]] #[[Erich Spitz]] #[[Jacques Charles François Sturm]] ;T #[[Michel Talagrand]] #[[Paul Tapponnier (geophysicist)]] #[[Philippe Taquet]] #[[Jean-Marie Tarascon]] #[[Pierre Tardi]] #[[Andrzej Tarkowski]] #[[John Tate]] #[[Daniel Tauvry]] #[[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]] #[[Léon Teisserenc de Bort]] #[[Camille le Tellier de Louvois]] #[[Roger Temam]] #[[Jacques-René Tenon]] #[[Pierre-Marie Termier]] #[[Jean Terrasson]] #[[Henri-Alexandre Tessier]] #[[Louis Jacques Thénard]] #[[Melchisédech Thévenot]] #[[René Thom]] #[[André Thouin]] #[[Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem]] #[[Nicolas-Christiern de Thy de Milly]] #[[Marc Tiffeneau]] #[[Jean Tilho]] #[[Mathieu Tillet]] #[[Félix Tisserand]] #[[Camille Tissot]] #[[Jacques Tits]] #[[Jacques Tréfouël (chemist)]] #[[Henri Tresca]] #[[Louis-Élisabeth de La Vergne de Tressan]] #[[Jean-Jacques Trillat]] #[[Louis Joseph Troost]] #[[Philibert Trudaine de Montigny]] #[[Daniel-Charles Trudaine]] #[[René Truhaut]] #[[Rudolf Trümpy]] #[[Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus]] #[[Maurice Tubiana]] #[[Edmond Tulasne]] #[[Étienne-François Turgot]] #[[Raymond Turpin]] ;U #[[Georges Urbain]] ;V #[[Constantin Vago]] #[[Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant]] #[[Sébastien Vaillant]] #[[William Vainchenker]] #[[Achille Valenciennes]] #[[Jean-Baptiste-Henri de Valincour]] #[[Alain-Jacques Valleron]] #[[Florent-Jean de Vallière|Jean-Florent de Vallière]] #[[Albert Vandel]] #[[Alexandre-Théophile Vandermonde]] #[[Jean-Baptiste Van Mons]] #[[Pierre de Vanssay de Blavous]] #[[Pierre Varignon]] #[[Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban]] #[[Jacques Vaucanson]] #[[Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin]] #[[Alfred Velpeau]] #[[Gabriele Veneziano]] #[[Étienne Pierre Ventenat]] #[[Jean-René de Verdun de La Crenne]] #[[Aristide Auguste Stanislas Verneuil]] #[[Édouard de Verneuil]] #[[Simon de Verville]] #[[Ernest Vessiot]] #[[Pierre Viala]] #[[Louis Vicat]] #[[Félix Vicq d'Azyr]] #[[Paul Marie Eugène Vieille]] #[[Armand de Vignerot du Plessis|Louis-François-Armand de Vignerot du Plessis de Richelieu]] #[[Jacques Villain]] #[[Cédric Villani]] #[[Henri Villat]] #[[Paul Villard]] #[[Clément Adrien Vincendon-Dumoulin]] #[[Jean Hyacinthe Vincent]] #[[Jean-Didier Vincent]] #[[Jules Violle]] #[[Olivier Voinnet]] #[[Claire Voisin]] #[[Alfred Vulpian]] ;W #[[Frédéric Wallerant]] #[[Eugenius Warming]] #[[André Weil]] #[[Pierre Weiss]] #[[Jean Weissenbach]] #[[Wendelin Werner]] #[[Andrew Wiles]] #[[Jacques-Bénigne Winslow]] #[[Edward Witten]] #[[Gérard Wlérick]] #[[Ulrich Frédéric Woldemar, Comte de Lowendal]] #[[Charles Wolf (astronomer)]] #[[Christian Wolff (philosopher)]] #[[Étienne Wolff]] #[[Élie Wollman]] #[[Lodewijk Woltjer]] #[[Charles-Adolphe Wurtz]] #[[Kurt Wüthrich]] #[[Jean Wyart]] ;Y #[[Shinya Yamanaka]] #[[Jean-Christophe Yoccoz]] #[[Marc Yor]] #[[Marat Yusupov]] ;Z #[[Anton Zeilinger]] #[[Jean Zinn-Justin]] #[[Wang Zhenyi]] == See also == * [[French art salons and academies]] * [[French Geodesic Mission]] * [[:fr:Catégorie:Membre de l'Académie des sciences (France)|Catégorie:Membre de l'Académie des sciences (France)]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} *{{citation|last= Crosland|first= Maurice P.|title= Science Under Control: The French Academy of Sciences, 1795–1914 |year= 1992 |publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 0-521-52475-X}} *{{citation|title=Royal Funding of the Parisian Académie Royale Des Sciences During the 1690s|first=Alice|last=Stroup| publisher= DIANE Publishing|year= 1987|isbn=0-87169-774-2}} *{{citation|title=Science and Social Status: The Members of the Academie Des Sciences 1666–1750|first=David J.|last= Sturdy|publisher=Boydell & Brewer |year=1995|isbn=0-85115-395-X}} {{refend}} == External links == {{Commons category|Académie des sciences (France)}} * {{Official website|http://www.academie-sciences.fr/}} {{fr icon}} – [http://www.academie-sciences.fr/index_gb.htm English-language version] * [http://www.academie-sciences.fr/academie/membre.htm Complete listing of current members] * [http://www.scholarly-societies.org/history/1666as.html Notes on the Académie des Sciences from the Scholarly Societies project] (includes information on the society journals) * [http://gallica.bnf.fr Search the Proceedings of the Académie des sciences in the French National Library (search item: Comptes Rendus)] * [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34394200t/date ''Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Série 1, Mathématique''] in [[Gallica]], the digital library of the [[BnF]]. {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}} {{International Council for Science}} [[Category:French Academy of Sciences| ]] [[Category:National academies of sciences|France]] [[Category:Institut de France|Sciences]] [[Category:1666 establishments in France]] [[Category:Lists of members of learned societies]] [[Category:Educational institutions established in the 1660s]] [[Category:Scientific organizations established in 1666]]'