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Old page wikitext, before the edit (`old_wikitext`)	'{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] A '''meander''', in general, is a bend in a [[sinuosity\|sinuous]] watercourse or river. A meander forms when moving water in a stream erodes the outer banks and widens its valley, and the inner part of the river has less energy and deposits silt. A [[stream]] of any volume may assume a ''meandering'' course, alternately [[erosion\|eroding]] [[sediment]]s from the outside of a bend and depositing them on the inside. The result is a ''snaking'' pattern as the stream meanders back and forth across its down-valley axis. When a meander gets cut off from the main stream, an [[oxbow lake]] forms. Over time meanders migrate downstream, sometimes in such a short time as to create civil engineering problems for local municipalities attempting to maintain stable roads and bridges. There is not yet full consistency or standardization of scientific terminology used to describe watercourses. A variety of symbols and schemes exist. Parameters based on mathematical formulae or numerical data vary as well, depending on the database used by the theorist. Unless otherwise defined in a specific scheme "meandering" and "sinuosity" here are synonymous and mean any repetitious pattern of bends, or waveforms. In some schemes, "meandering" applies only to rivers with exaggerated circular loops or secondary meanders; that is, meanders on meanders. Sinuosity is one of the [[channel types]] that a stream may assume over all or part of its course. All streams are sinuous at some time in their geologic history over some part of their length. ==Origin of term== The term derives from the [[Büyük Menderes River\|Meander River]] located in present-day Turkey and known to the [[Ancient Greeks]] as Μαίανδρος ''Maiandros'' ([[Latin]]: ''Maeander''),<ref>{{cite web\| url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meander\|title=Meander\|publisher=Merriam-Webster\|accessdate=July 12, 2012}}</ref> characterised by a very convoluted path along the lower reach. As such, even in [[Classical Greece]] (and in later Greek thought) the name of the river had become a common noun meaning anything convoluted and winding, such as decorative patterns or speech and ideas, as well as the [[Geomorphology\|geomorphological]] feature.<ref>{{cite web\| url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=meander&allowed_in_frame=0\|title= Meander\|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary\|accessdate=July 12, 2012}}</ref> [[Strabo]] said: "... its course is so exceedingly winding that everything winding is called meandering."<ref>[[Strabo]], ''Geography'', Book 12 Chapter 8 Section 15.</ref> The Meander River is located south of Izmir, east of the ancient Greek town of [[Miletus]], now, Milet, Turkey. It flows through a [[graben]] in the Menderes Massif, but has a flood plain much wider than the meander zone in its lower reach. Its modern Turkish name is the [[Büyük Menderes River]]. ==Meander geometry== [[File:Meandri uvca.jpg\|thumb\|[[Uvac]] canyon meander, [[Serbia]]]] The technical description of a meandering watercourse is termed meander [[geometry]] or meander [[Plans (drawings)\|planform]] geometry.<ref>The technical definitions of this section rely heavily on {{cite book\|first=Pierre Y.\|last=Julien\|title=River Mechanics\|year=2002\|publisher=Cambridge University press\|isbn=0-521-52970-0\|pages=179–184}} In addition concepts are utilized from {{cite book\|first=Walter\|last=Graf\|title=Hydraulics of Sediment Transport\|publisher=Water Resources Publications\|year=1984\|isbn=0-918334-56-X\|pages=261–265}}</ref> It is characterized as an irregular [[waveform]]. Ideal waveforms, such as a [[sine wave]], are one line thick, but in the case of a stream the width must be taken into consideration. The bankfull width is the distance across the bed at an average [[Cross section (geometry)\|cross-section]] at the full-stream level, typically estimated by the line of lowest vegetation. As a waveform the meandering stream follows the down-valley axis, a straight line [[Curve fitting\|fitted]] to the curve such that the sum of all the amplitudes measured from it is zero. This axis represents the overall direction of the stream. At any cross-section the flow is following the sinuous axis, the centerline of the bed. Two consecutive crossing points of sinuous and down-valley axes define a meander loop. The meander is two consecutive loops pointing in opposite transverse directions. The distance of one meander along the down-valley axis is the meander length or [[wavelength]]. The maximum distance from the down-valley axis to the sinuous axis of a loop is the meander width or [[amplitude]]. The course at that point is the apex. In contrast to sine waves, the loops of a meandering stream are more nearly circular. The [[curvature]] varies from a maximum at the apex to zero at a crossing point (straight line), also called an inflection, because the curvature changes direction in that vicinity. The [[radius]] of the loop is the straight line [[perpendicular]] to the down-valley axis intersecting the sinuous axis at the apex. As the loop is not ideal, additional information is needed to characterize it. The orientation angle is the angle between sinuous axis and down-valley axis at any point on the sinuous axis. [[File:Great Ouse Relief Channel.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Concave bank and convex bank, [[River Great Ouse\|Great Ouse Relief Channel]], England.]] A loop at the apex has an outer or [[wikt:convex\|convex]] bank and an inner or [[wiktionary:Concave\|concave]] bank. The meander belt is defined by an average meander width measured from outer bank to outer bank instead of from centerline to centerline. If there is a [[flood plain]], it extends beyond the meander belt. The meander is then said to be free—it can be found anywhere in the flood plain. If there is no flood plain, the meanders are fixed. Various mathematical formulae relate the variables of the meander geometry. As it turns out some numerical parameters can be established, which appear in the formulae. The waveform depends ultimately on the characteristics of the flow but the parameters are independent of it and apparently are caused by geologic factors. In general the meander length is 10-14 times, with an average 11 times, the fullbank channel width and 3 to 5 times, with an average of 4.7 times, the [[radius of curvature (applications)\|radius of curvature]] at the apex. This radius is 2-3 times the channel width. [[File:Meander-Cuckmere River-MT.JPG\|thumb\|Meander of the River [[Cuckmere]] in Southern [[England]]]] A meander has a depth pattern as well. The cross-overs are marked by [[riffle]]s, or shallow beds, while at the apices are pools. In a pool direction of flow is downward, scouring the bed material. The major volume, however, flows more slowly on the inside of the bend where, due to decreased velocity, it deposits sediment. The line of maximum depth, or channel, is the [[thalweg]] or thalweg line. It is typically designated the borderline when rivers are used as political borders. The thalweg hugs the outer banks and returns to center over the riffles. The meander [[Arc (geometry)\|arc]] length is the distance along the thalweg over one meander. The river length is the length along the centerline. ==Formation== [[File:Meandro.png\|thumb\|upright\|Life history of a meander]][[File:Rio Negro meanders.JPG\|thumb\|Spectacular [[meander scar]]s, [[oxbow lake]]s and abandoned meanders in the broad [[flood plain]] of the [[Río Negro (Argentina)\|Rio Negro]], [[Argentina]]. 2010 astronaut photo from [[ISS]].]] Meander formation is a result of natural factors and processes. The waveform configuration of a stream is constantly changing. Fluid flows around a bend in a [[vortex]].<ref>{{cite book \| first=Jacques \| last=Lewalle \| title=Lecture Notes in Incompressible Fluid Dynamics: Phenomenology, Concepts and Analytical Tools \| chapter=Flow Separation and Secondary Flow: Section 9.1 \| url=http://www.ecs.syr.edu/faculty/lewalle/FluidDynamics/fluidsCh9.pdf \| year=2006 \| location=Syracuse, NY \| publisher=Syracuse University}}.</ref> Once a channel begins to follow a sinusoidal path, the amplitude and concavity of the loops increase dramatically due to the effect of [[helical flow]] sweeping dense eroded material towards the inside of the bend, and leaving the outside of the bend unprotected and therefore vulnerable to accelerated erosion, forming a [[positive feedback loop]]. In the words of Elizabeth A. Wood:<ref>{{cite book\|first=Elizabeth A.\|last=Wood\|title=Science from Your Airplane Window: 2nd Revised Edition\|publisher=Courier Dover Publications\|year=1975\|location=New York\|isbn=0-486-23205-0\|page=45}}</ref><blockquote>"... this process of making meanders seems to be a self-intensifying process ... in which greater curvature results in more erosion of the bank, which results in greater curvature ...."</blockquote> The cross-current along the floor of the channel is part of the [[Secondary flow#River bends\|secondary flow]] and sweeps dense eroded material towards the inside of the bend.<ref>{{harvnb\|Hickin\|2003\|p=432}}. One of the important consequences of helical flow in meanders is that sediment eroded from the outside of a meander bend tends to move to the inner bank or point bar of the next downstream bend.</ref> The cross-current then rises to the surface near the inside and flows towards the outside, forming the [[helical flow]]. The greater the curvature of the bend, and the faster the flow, the stronger is the cross-current and the sweeping.<ref>{{harvnb\|Hickin\|2003\|p=434}}.</ref> Due to the conservation of [[angular momentum]] the speed on the inside of the bend is faster than on the outside.<ref>{{harvnb\|Hickin\|2003\|p=432}}. "In the absence of secondary flow, bend flow seeks to conserve angular momentum so that it tends to conform to that of a free vortex with high velocity at the smaller radius of the inner bank and lower velocity at the outer bank where radial acceleration is lower."</ref> Since the flow velocity is diminished, so is the centrifugal pressure. However, the pressure of the super-elevated column prevails, developing an unbalanced gradient that moves water back across the bottom from the outside to the inside. The flow is supplied by a counter-flow across the surface from the inside to the outside.<ref>{{harvnb\|Hickin\|2003\|p=432}}. "Near the bed, where velocity and thus the centrifugal effects are lowest, the balance of forces is dominated by the inward hydraulic gradient of the super-elevated water surface and secondary flow moves toward the inner bank."</ref> This entire situation is very similar to the [[Tea leaf paradox]]. This secondary flow carries sediment from the outside of the bend to the inside making the river more meandering.<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Callander \| first1 = R.A. \| year = 1978 \| title = River Meandering \| url = \| journal = Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics \| volume = 10 \| issue = \| pages = 129–58 \| doi=10.1146/annurev.fl.10.010178.001021}}</ref> As to why streams of any size become sinuous in the first place, there are a number of theories, not necessarily mutually exclusive. ===Stochastic theory=== The [[stochastic]] theory can take many forms but one of the most general statements is that of Scheidegger:<ref name=schei113>{{cite book\|first=Adrien E.\|last=Scheidegger\|title=Morphotectonics\|publisher=Springer\|year=2004\|location=Berlin, New York\|isbn=3-540-20017-7\|page=113}}</ref><blockquote>"The meander train is assumed to be the result of the stochastic fluctuations of the direction of flow due to the random presence of direction-changing obstacles in the river path."</blockquote> Given a flat, smooth, tilted artificial surface, rainfall runs off it in sheets, but even in that case [[adhesion]] of water to the surface and [[Cohesion (chemistry)\|cohesion]] of drops produce rivulets at random. Natural surfaces are rough and erodible to different degrees. The result of all the physical factors acting at random is channels that are not straight, which then progressively become sinuous. Even channels that appear straight have a sinuous [[thalweg]] that leads eventually to a sinuous channel. ===Equilibrium theory=== In the equilibrium theory, meanders decrease the stream [[Grade (slope)\|gradient]] until an equilibrium between the [[erodibility]] of the terrain and the transport capacity of the stream is reached.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Ann L.\|last=Riley\|title=Restoring Streams in Cities: A Guide for Planners, Policymakers and Citizens\|publisher=Island Press\|isbn=1-55963-042-6\|year=1998\|location=Washington DC\|page=137}}</ref> A mass of water descending must give up [[potential energy#Gravitational potential energy\|potential energy]], which, given the same velocity at the end of the drop as at the beginning, is removed by interaction with the material of the stream bed. The shortest distance; that is, a straight channel, results in the highest energy per unit of length, disrupting the banks more, creating more sediment and aggrading the stream. The presence of meanders allows the stream to adjust the length to an equilibrium energy per unit length in which the stream carries away all the sediment that it produces. ===Geomorphic and morphotectonic theory=== Geomorphic refers to the surface structure of the terrain. Morphotectonic means having to do with the deeper, or tectonic (plate) structure of the rock. The features included under these categories are not random and guide streams into non-random paths. They are predictable obstacles that instigate meander formation by deflecting the stream. For example, the stream might be guided into a fault line (morphotectonic). ==Associated landforms== [[File:meander in Ashes Hollow.jpg\|thumb\|left\|The depositional slip-off slope is on the left whilst there is a small river cliff to the right. [[River Ashes Hollow]], UK.]] === Slip-off slope === {{main\|Slip-off slope}} On the inside of a meander is a gentle slope of sedementation referred to as the slip-off slope. It is often marked by a [[point bar]] in the river. === River-cut cliff === {{main\|Cut bank}} On the outside of a meander the river cuts into the bank, often resulting in a river[-cut] cliff, also known as a [[cut bank]], or a bluff. === Erosion mechanics === Most meanders occur in the region of a river channel with shallow [[gradient]]s, a well-developed [[floodplain]], and cohesive floodplain material. [[Deposition (sediment)\|Deposition]] of [[sediment]] occurs on the inner edge, because the [[Secondary flow#River bends\|secondary flow]] of the river<ref>{{cite journal \| url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2002/2001JC001082.shtml \| journal=Journal of Geophysical Research \| volume=107 \| year=2002 \| first=Robert J. \| last=Chant \| title=Secondary circulation in a region of flow curvature: Relationship with tidal forcing and river discharge \| doi = 10.1029/2001jc001082 \| bibcode=2002JGRC..107.3131C}}</ref> sweeps and rolls sand, rocks and other submerged objects across the bed of the river towards the inside radius of the river bend, creating a [[point bar]] below the slip-off slope. Erosion is greater on the outside of the bend where the soil is not protected by deposits of sand and rocks. The current on the outside bend is more effective in eroding the unprotected soil, and the inside bend receives steadily increasing deposits of sand and rocks, and the meander tends to grow in the direction of the outside bend, forming a small cliff called a [[cut bank]]. This can be seen in areas where [[willow tree\|willows]] grow on the banks of rivers; on the inside of meanders, willows are often far from the bank, whilst on the outside of the bend, the roots of the willows are often exposed and undercut, eventually leading the trees to fall into the river. This demonstrates the river's movement. Slumping usually occurs on the concave sides of the banks resulting in mass movements such as slides. === Deposits === ====Point bar==== [[Point bar]]s are simply an accumulation of deposited alluvium that collects on the inside bank of a meander curve. This accumulation occurs due to the stream's lower velocity in the interior portion of the curve. In accordance with the [[Hjulström curve]], sediment will settle more readily at lower velocities. Point bars typically are composed of sediment ranging in size from pebbles to granular sands. Only in still water do silt particles settle. ==== Incised meanders ==== {{Main\|Entrenched river}} [[File:Glen Canyon Dam MC.jpg\|thumb\|[[Glen Canyon]], USA]] If the slope of an established meandering stream is suddenly increased, it will resume downward erosion – this happens when the base level of the stream is reduced, for example due to [[tectonic uplift]] of the region, a global fall in sea-level, collapse of a [[moraine-dammed lake]] downstream, or by [[stream capture\|capture]] of the stream by a steeper one. As the stream erodes downwards, its established meandering pattern will remain as a deep valley known as an ''incised meander'' or ''entrenched meander''. Rivers in the [[Colorado Plateau]], the Kentucky River Palisades in central Kentucky, and streams in the [[Ozark Plateau]] are noted for these incised meanders. [[File:Goosenecks of the San Juan, Utah.jpg\|thumb\|Goosenecks of the [[San Juan River (Colorado River)\|San Juan River]], SE [[Utah]]. Note cut-off meander at right center.]] ==== Oxbow lakes ==== {{main\|Oxbow lake}} [[Oxbow lake]]s are created when growing meanders intersect each other and cut off a meander loop, leaving it without an active cutting stream. This process is usually linked to flooding where the river will tend to the path of least resistance.<ref>Brower, Lincoln P "The Flooding river a study in riverine ecology," 1972.</ref> The oxbow, being of much lower energy than the more direct path, collects more and more deposited sediment each season of flooding until it becomes independent from the river. The largest oxbow lakes will be in areas with wider flood plains where the rivers have more room to meander. Over a period of time, these oxbow lakes tend to dry out or fill in with sediments. ====Abandoned meander (rincon)==== Sometimes an incised meander is cut off, similar to an oxbow lake. The resulting landform is known as an '''abandoned meander'''. In the [[southwest United States]] it is also known as a '''rincon'''. One dramatic example, on [[Lake Powell]], is called "The Rincon." ==== Scroll-bars ==== [[File:SonghuaRiver ASTER 20020401.jpg\|thumb\|Meanders, scroll-bars and [[oxbow lake]]s in the [[Songhua River]]]] Scroll-bars are a result of continuous lateral migration of a meander loop that creates an asymmetrical ridge and swale topography<ref>{{cite journal \| doi = 10.1080/00288306.1996.9514708 \| author = Woolfe and Purdon \| journal = New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics \| last2 = Purdon \| first2 = Richard \| title = Deposits of a rapidly eroding meandering river: terrace cut and fill in the Taupo Volcanic Zone \| year = 1996 \| volume = 39 \| pages = 243–249 \| issue = 2}}</ref> on the inside of the bends. The topography is generally parallel to the meander, and is related to migrating bar forms and back bar chutes,<ref>{{cite journal \| author = K. Whipple \| journal = Surface Processes and Landscape Evolution \| title = Alluvial channels and their landforms \| date = September 2004}}</ref> which carve sediment from the outside of the curve and deposit sediment in the slower flowing water on the inside of the loop, in a process called lateral accretion. Scroll-bar sediments are characterized by cross-bedding and a pattern of fining upward.<ref>{{cite book \| author = Sam Boggs, Jr. \| title = Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy \| publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall \| year = 2003 \|edition = 4 \| location = NJ \| isbn = 0-13-099696-3}}</ref> These characteristics are a result of the dynamic river system, where larger grains are transported during high energy flood events and then gradually die down, depositing smaller material with time (Batty 2006). Deposits for meandering rivers are generally homogeneous and laterally extensive unlike the more heterogeneous braided river deposits.<ref>{{cite news \| author = G. Wasser \| publisher = Canadian Natural Resource Limited \| title = A Comparison Of Meandering River Deposits From The Middle Belly River And Horsefly With Recent Milk River Valley Deposits; Central And Southern Alberta \| location = Calgary, Alberta \| year = 2005}}</ref> There are two distinct patterns of scroll-bar depositions; the eddy accretion scroll bar pattern and the point-bar scroll pattern. When looking down the river valley they can be distinguished because the point-bar scroll patterns are convex and the eddy accretion scroll bar patterns are concave.<ref>{{cite book \| author = Norman D. Smith and John Rogers \| title = Fluvial Sedimentology \| edition = 6 \| publisher = blackwell publishing \| year = 1999 \| isbn = 0-632-05354-2}}</ref> Scroll bars often look lighter at the tops of the ridges and darker in the swales. This is because the tops can be shaped by wind, either adding fine grains or by keeping the area unvegetated, while the darkness in the swales can be attributed to silts and clays washing in during high water periods. This added sediment in addition to water that catches in the swales is in turn is a favorable environment for vegetation that will also accumulate in the swales. ==Derived quantities== The meander ratio<ref>{{cite book\|first=Lewis C.\|last=Shaw\|title= Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams Part II \| oclc = 17150333 \|publisher = Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Resources \|series = Bulletin No. 16 \|year = 1984 \| page = 8}}</ref> or [[sinuosity\|sinuosity index]]<ref>{{cite book\|first=Nancy D.\|last=Gordon\|author2=Thomas A. McMahon \|author3=Christopher J. Gippel \|author4= Rory J. Nathan \|title=Stream Hydrology: an Introduction for Ecologists: Second Edition\|publisher=John Wiley and Sons\|year=2005\|isbn=0-470-84357-8\|pages=183–184}}</ref> is a means of quantifying how much a [[river]] or [[stream]] meanders (how much its course deviates from the shortest possible path). It is calculated as the [[length]] of the stream divided by the length of the [[valley]]. A perfectly straight river would have a meander ratio of 1 (it would be the same length as its valley), while the higher this [[ratio]] is above 1, the more the river meanders. Sinuosity indices are calculated from the map or from an aerial photograph measured over a distance called the reach, which should be at least 20 times the average fullbank channel width. The length of the stream is measured by channel, or thalweg, length over the reach, while the bottom value of the ratio is the downvalley length or air distance of the stream between two points on it defining the reach. The sinuosity index plays a part in mathematical descriptions of streams. The index may require elaboration, because the valley may meander as well—i.e., the downvalley length is not identical to the reach. In that case the valley index is the meander ratio of the valley while the channel index is the meander ratio of the channel. The channel sinuosity index is the channel length divided by the valley length and the standard sinuosity index is the channel index divided by the valley index. Distinctions may become even more subtle.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Singh\|first=R.Y.\|contribution=Interface drainage analysis of a water divide\|year=2005\|title=Sustainable Management of Headwater Resources: Research from Africa and India\|editor-last=Jansky\|editor-first=Libor\|editor2-last=Haigh\|editor2-first=Martin J.\|editor3-last=Prasad\|editor3-first=Hushila\|pages=87–106\|place=Tokyo, New York\|publisher=United Nations University Press\|isbn=92-808-1108-8}}</ref> Sinuosity Index has a non-mathematical utility as well. Streams can be placed in categories arranged by it; for example, when the index is between 1 to 1.5 the river is sinuous, but if between 1.5 and 4, then meandering. The index is a measure also of stream velocity and sediment load, those quantities being maximized at an index of 1 (straight). ==See also== [[Riffle-pool sequence]] [[Helicoidal flow]] [[Baer's law]] [[Avulsion (river)#Meander cutoffs\|''Meander cutoffs'' in Avulsion (river)]] [[Meander scar]] [[Crevasse splay]] [[Jet stream]] exhibits meander also ==References and notes== {{Reflist\|2}} ==Bibliography== {{Cite encyclopedia \| ref=harv \| last = Hickin \| first = Edward J. \| title = Meandering Channels \| year = 2003 \| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks \| editor-last = Middleton \| editor-first = Gerard V. \| location = Dordrecht; Boston \| publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers \| series=Kluwer Academic Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences \| isbn = 1-4020-0872-4 \| pages=430–434}} * {{cite journal \| first=Luna B. \| last= Leopold \| first2=W.B. \| last2=Langbein \| title=River Meanders \| journal=Scientific American \| date=June 1966 \| page=60}} [http://eps.berkeley.edu/people/lunaleopold/ Virtual Luna Leopold] * Thonemann, P., ''The Maeander Valley: A historical geography from Antiquity to Byzantium'' (Cambridge, 2011) (Greek Culture in the Roman World Series). ==External links== {{wiktionary\|rincón}} {{Commons category\|Meanders}} *{{cite journal\|last=Movshovitz-Hadar\|first=Nitsa\|author2=Alla Shmuklar\|title=River Meandering and a Mathematical Model of this Phenomenon\|journal=Physicalplus\|issue=7\|publisher=Israel Physical Society (IPS)\|date= 2006-01-01\|url= http://www.academia.edu/2619483/The_Mathematics_of_River_Meanders}} {{river morphology}} [[Category:Limnology]] [[Category:Fluvial landforms]] [[Category:Geomorphology]] [[Category:Rivers]] [[Category:Water streams]] [[Category:Erosion]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (`new_wikitext`)	'{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ {{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} [[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (`edit_diff`)	'@@ -3,138 +3,174 @@ [[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -A '''meander''', in general, is a bend in a [[sinuosity\|sinuous]] watercourse or river. A meander forms when moving water in a stream erodes the outer banks and widens its valley, and the inner part of the river has less energy and deposits silt. A [[stream]] of any volume may assume a ''meandering'' course, alternately [[erosion\|eroding]] [[sediment]]s from the outside of a bend and depositing them on the inside. The result is a ''snaking'' pattern as the stream meanders back and forth across its down-valley axis. When a meander gets cut off from the main stream, an [[oxbow lake]] forms. Over time meanders migrate downstream, sometimes in such a short time as to create civil engineering problems for local municipalities attempting to maintain stable roads and bridges. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -There is not yet full consistency or standardization of scientific terminology used to describe watercourses. A variety of symbols and schemes exist. Parameters based on mathematical formulae or numerical data vary as well, depending on the database used by the theorist. Unless otherwise defined in a specific scheme "meandering" and "sinuosity" here are synonymous and mean any repetitious pattern of bends, or waveforms. In some schemes, "meandering" applies only to rivers with exaggerated circular loops or secondary meanders; that is, meanders on meanders. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -Sinuosity is one of the [[channel types]] that a stream may assume over all or part of its course. All streams are sinuous at some time in their geologic history over some part of their length. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -==Origin of term== -The term derives from the [[Büyük Menderes River\|Meander River]] located in present-day Turkey and known to the [[Ancient Greeks]] as Μαίανδρος ''Maiandros'' ([[Latin]]: ''Maeander''),<ref>{{cite web\| url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meander\|title=Meander\|publisher=Merriam-Webster\|accessdate=July 12, 2012}}</ref> characterised by a very convoluted path along the lower reach. As such, even in [[Classical Greece]] (and in later Greek thought) the name of the river had become a common noun meaning anything convoluted and winding, such as decorative patterns or speech and ideas, as well as the [[Geomorphology\|geomorphological]] feature.<ref>{{cite web\| url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=meander&allowed_in_frame=0\|title= Meander\|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary\|accessdate=July 12, 2012}}</ref> [[Strabo]] said: "... its course is so exceedingly winding that everything winding is called meandering."<ref>[[Strabo]], ''Geography'', Book 12 Chapter 8 Section 15.</ref> +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -The Meander River is located south of Izmir, east of the ancient Greek town of [[Miletus]], now, Milet, Turkey. It flows through a [[graben]] in the Menderes Massif, but has a flood plain much wider than the meander zone in its lower reach. Its modern Turkish name is the [[Büyük Menderes River]]. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -==Meander geometry== -[[File:Meandri uvca.jpg\|thumb\|[[Uvac]] canyon meander, [[Serbia]]]] -The technical description of a meandering watercourse is termed meander [[geometry]] or meander [[Plans (drawings)\|planform]] geometry.<ref>The technical definitions of this section rely heavily on {{cite book\|first=Pierre Y.\|last=Julien\|title=River Mechanics\|year=2002\|publisher=Cambridge University press\|isbn=0-521-52970-0\|pages=179–184}} In addition concepts are utilized from {{cite book\|first=Walter\|last=Graf\|title=Hydraulics of Sediment Transport\|publisher=Water Resources Publications\|year=1984\|isbn=0-918334-56-X\|pages=261–265}}</ref> It is characterized as an irregular [[waveform]]. Ideal waveforms, such as a [[sine wave]], are one line thick, but in the case of a stream the width must be taken into consideration. The bankfull width is the distance across the bed at an average [[Cross section (geometry)\|cross-section]] at the full-stream level, typically estimated by the line of lowest vegetation. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -As a waveform the meandering stream follows the down-valley axis, a straight line [[Curve fitting\|fitted]] to the curve such that the sum of all the amplitudes measured from it is zero. This axis represents the overall direction of the stream. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -At any cross-section the flow is following the sinuous axis, the centerline of the bed. Two consecutive crossing points of sinuous and down-valley axes -define a meander loop. The meander is two consecutive loops pointing in opposite transverse directions. The distance of one meander along the down-valley axis -is the meander length or [[wavelength]]. The maximum distance from the down-valley axis to the sinuous axis of a loop is the meander width or [[amplitude]]. The course at that point is the apex. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -In contrast to sine waves, the loops of a meandering stream are more nearly circular. The [[curvature]] varies from a maximum at the apex to zero at a crossing point (straight line), also called an inflection, because the curvature changes direction in that vicinity. The [[radius]] of the loop is the straight line [[perpendicular]] to the down-valley axis intersecting the sinuous axis at the apex. As the loop is not ideal, additional information is needed to characterize it. The orientation angle is the angle between sinuous axis and down-valley axis at any point on the sinuous axis. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -[[File:Great Ouse Relief Channel.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Concave bank and convex bank, [[River Great Ouse\|Great Ouse Relief Channel]], England.]] -A loop at the apex has an outer or [[wikt:convex\|convex]] bank and an inner or [[wiktionary:Concave\|concave]] bank. The meander belt is defined by an average meander width measured from outer bank to outer bank instead of from centerline to centerline. If there is a [[flood plain]], it extends beyond the meander belt. The meander is then said to be free—it can be found anywhere in the flood plain. If there is no flood plain, the meanders are fixed. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -Various mathematical formulae relate the variables of the meander geometry. As it turns out some numerical parameters can be established, which appear in the formulae. The waveform depends ultimately on the characteristics of the flow but the parameters are independent of it and apparently are caused by geologic factors. In general the meander length is 10-14 times, with an average 11 times, the fullbank channel width and 3 to 5 times, with an average of 4.7 times, the [[radius of curvature (applications)\|radius of curvature]] at the apex. This radius is 2-3 times the channel width. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -[[File:Meander-Cuckmere River-MT.JPG\|thumb\|Meander of the River [[Cuckmere]] in Southern [[England]]]] +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -A meander has a depth pattern as well. The cross-overs are marked by [[riffle]]s, or shallow beds, while at the apices are pools. In a pool direction of flow is downward, scouring the bed material. The major volume, however, flows more slowly on the inside of the bend where, due to decreased velocity, it deposits sediment. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -The line of maximum depth, or channel, is the [[thalweg]] or thalweg line. It is typically designated the borderline when rivers are used as political borders. The thalweg hugs the outer banks and returns to center over the riffles. The meander [[Arc (geometry)\|arc]] length is the distance along the thalweg over one meander. The river length is the length along the centerline. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -==Formation== -[[File:Meandro.png\|thumb\|upright\|Life history of a meander]][[File:Rio Negro meanders.JPG\|thumb\|Spectacular [[meander scar]]s, [[oxbow lake]]s and abandoned meanders in the broad [[flood plain]] of the [[Río Negro (Argentina)\|Rio Negro]], [[Argentina]]. 2010 astronaut photo from [[ISS]].]] -Meander formation is a result of natural factors and processes. The waveform configuration of a stream is constantly changing. Fluid flows around a bend in a [[vortex]].<ref>{{cite book \| first=Jacques \| last=Lewalle \| title=Lecture Notes in Incompressible Fluid Dynamics: Phenomenology, Concepts and Analytical Tools \| chapter=Flow Separation and Secondary Flow: Section 9.1 \| url=http://www.ecs.syr.edu/faculty/lewalle/FluidDynamics/fluidsCh9.pdf \| year=2006 \| location=Syracuse, NY \| publisher=Syracuse University}}.</ref> Once a channel begins to follow a sinusoidal path, the amplitude and concavity of the loops increase dramatically due to the effect of [[helical flow]] sweeping dense eroded material towards the inside of the bend, and leaving the outside of the bend unprotected and therefore vulnerable to accelerated erosion, forming a [[positive feedback loop]]. In the words of Elizabeth A. Wood:<ref>{{cite book\|first=Elizabeth A.\|last=Wood\|title=Science from Your Airplane Window: 2nd Revised Edition\|publisher=Courier Dover Publications\|year=1975\|location=New York\|isbn=0-486-23205-0\|page=45}}</ref><blockquote>"... this process of making meanders seems to be a self-intensifying process ... in which greater curvature results in more erosion of the bank, which results in greater curvature ...."</blockquote> +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -The cross-current along the floor of the channel is part of the [[Secondary flow#River bends\|secondary flow]] and sweeps dense eroded material towards the inside of the bend.<ref>{{harvnb\|Hickin\|2003\|p=432}}. One of the important consequences of helical flow in meanders is that sediment eroded from the outside of a meander bend tends to move to the inner bank or point bar of the next downstream bend.</ref> The cross-current then rises to the surface near the inside and flows towards the outside, forming the [[helical flow]]. The greater the curvature of the bend, and the faster the flow, the stronger is the cross-current and the sweeping.<ref>{{harvnb\|Hickin\|2003\|p=434}}.</ref> +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -Due to the conservation of [[angular momentum]] the speed on the inside of the bend is faster than on the outside.<ref>{{harvnb\|Hickin\|2003\|p=432}}. "In the absence of secondary flow, bend flow seeks to conserve angular momentum so that it tends to conform to that of a free vortex with high velocity at the smaller radius of the inner bank and lower velocity at the outer bank where radial acceleration is lower."</ref> +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -Since the flow velocity is diminished, so is the centrifugal pressure. However, the pressure of the super-elevated column prevails, developing an unbalanced gradient that moves water back across the bottom from the outside to the inside. The flow is supplied by a counter-flow across the surface from the inside to the outside.<ref>{{harvnb\|Hickin\|2003\|p=432}}. "Near the bed, where velocity and thus the centrifugal effects are lowest, the balance of forces is dominated by the inward hydraulic gradient of the super-elevated water surface and secondary flow moves toward the inner bank."</ref> This entire situation is very similar to the [[Tea leaf paradox]]. This secondary flow carries sediment from the outside of the bend to the inside making the river more meandering.<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Callander \| first1 = R.A. \| year = 1978 \| title = River Meandering \| url = \| journal = Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics \| volume = 10 \| issue = \| pages = 129–58 \| doi=10.1146/annurev.fl.10.010178.001021}}</ref> +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -As to why streams of any size become sinuous in the first place, there are a number of theories, not necessarily mutually exclusive. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -===Stochastic theory=== -The [[stochastic]] theory can take many forms but one of the most general statements is that of Scheidegger:<ref name=schei113>{{cite book\|first=Adrien E.\|last=Scheidegger\|title=Morphotectonics\|publisher=Springer\|year=2004\|location=Berlin, New York\|isbn=3-540-20017-7\|page=113}}</ref><blockquote>"The meander train is assumed to be the result of the stochastic fluctuations of the direction of flow due to the random presence of direction-changing obstacles in the river path."</blockquote> -Given a flat, smooth, tilted artificial surface, rainfall runs off it in sheets, but even in that case [[adhesion]] of water to the surface and [[Cohesion (chemistry)\|cohesion]] of drops produce rivulets at random. Natural surfaces are rough and erodible to different degrees. The result of all the physical factors acting at random is channels that are not straight, which then progressively become sinuous. Even channels that appear straight have a sinuous [[thalweg]] that leads eventually to a sinuous channel. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -===Equilibrium theory=== -In the equilibrium theory, meanders decrease the stream [[Grade (slope)\|gradient]] until an equilibrium between the [[erodibility]] of the terrain and the transport capacity of the stream is reached.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Ann L.\|last=Riley\|title=Restoring Streams in Cities: A Guide for Planners, Policymakers and Citizens\|publisher=Island Press\|isbn=1-55963-042-6\|year=1998\|location=Washington DC\|page=137}}</ref> A mass of water descending must give up [[potential energy#Gravitational potential energy\|potential energy]], which, given the same velocity at the end of the drop as at the beginning, is removed by interaction with the material of the stream bed. The shortest distance; that is, a straight channel, results in the highest energy per unit of length, disrupting the banks more, creating more sediment and aggrading the stream. The presence of meanders allows the stream to adjust the length to an equilibrium energy per unit length in which the stream carries away all the sediment that it produces. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -===Geomorphic and morphotectonic theory=== -Geomorphic refers to the surface structure of the terrain. Morphotectonic means having to do with the deeper, or tectonic (plate) structure of the rock. The features included under these categories are not random and guide streams into non-random paths. They are predictable obstacles that instigate meander formation by deflecting the stream. For example, the stream might be guided into a fault line (morphotectonic). +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -==Associated landforms== -[[File:meander in Ashes Hollow.jpg\|thumb\|left\|The depositional slip-off slope is on the left whilst there is a small river cliff to the right. [[River Ashes Hollow]], UK.]] +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -=== Slip-off slope === -{{main\|Slip-off slope}} -On the inside of a meander is a gentle slope of sedementation referred to as the slip-off slope. It is often marked by a [[point bar]] in the river. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -=== River-cut cliff === -{{main\|Cut bank}} -On the outside of a meander the river cuts into the bank, often resulting in a river[-cut] cliff, also known as a [[cut bank]], or a bluff. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -=== Erosion mechanics === -Most meanders occur in the region of a river channel with shallow [[gradient]]s, a well-developed [[floodplain]], and cohesive floodplain material. [[Deposition (sediment)\|Deposition]] of [[sediment]] occurs on the inner edge, because the [[Secondary flow#River bends\|secondary flow]] of the river<ref>{{cite journal \| url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2002/2001JC001082.shtml \| journal=Journal of Geophysical Research \| volume=107 \| year=2002 \| first=Robert J. \| last=Chant \| title=Secondary circulation in a region of flow curvature: Relationship with tidal forcing and river discharge \| doi = 10.1029/2001jc001082 \| bibcode=2002JGRC..107.3131C}}</ref> sweeps and rolls sand, rocks and other submerged objects across the bed of the river towards the inside radius of the river bend, creating a [[point bar]] below the slip-off slope. Erosion is greater on the outside of the bend where the soil is not protected by deposits of sand and rocks. The current on the outside bend is more effective in eroding the unprotected soil, and the inside bend receives steadily increasing deposits of sand and rocks, and the meander tends to grow in the direction of the outside bend, forming a small cliff called a [[cut bank]]. This can be seen in areas where [[willow tree\|willows]] grow on the banks of rivers; on the inside of meanders, willows are often far from the bank, whilst on the outside of the bend, the roots of the willows are often exposed and undercut, eventually leading the trees to fall into the river. This demonstrates the river's movement. Slumping usually occurs on the concave sides of the banks resulting in mass movements such as slides. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -=== Deposits === +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -====Point bar==== -[[Point bar]]s are simply an accumulation of deposited alluvium that collects on the inside bank of a meander curve. This accumulation occurs due to the stream's lower velocity in the interior portion of the curve. In accordance with the [[Hjulström curve]], sediment will settle more readily at lower velocities. Point bars typically are composed of sediment ranging in size from pebbles to granular sands. Only in still water do silt particles settle. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -==== Incised meanders ==== -{{Main\|Entrenched river}} -[[File:Glen Canyon Dam MC.jpg\|thumb\|[[Glen Canyon]], USA]] -If the slope of an established meandering stream is suddenly increased, it will resume downward erosion – this happens when the base level of the stream is reduced, for example due to [[tectonic uplift]] of the region, a global fall in sea-level, collapse of a [[moraine-dammed lake]] downstream, or by [[stream capture\|capture]] of the stream by a steeper one. As the stream erodes downwards, its established meandering pattern will remain as a deep valley known as an ''incised meander'' or ''entrenched meander''. Rivers in the [[Colorado Plateau]], the Kentucky River Palisades in central Kentucky, and streams in the [[Ozark Plateau]] are noted for these incised meanders. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -[[File:Goosenecks of the San Juan, Utah.jpg\|thumb\|Goosenecks of the [[San Juan River (Colorado River)\|San Juan River]], SE [[Utah]]. Note cut-off meander at right center.]] +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -==== Oxbow lakes ==== -{{main\|Oxbow lake}} -[[Oxbow lake]]s are created when growing meanders intersect each other and cut off a meander loop, leaving it without an active cutting stream. This process is usually linked to flooding where the river will tend to the path of least resistance.<ref>Brower, Lincoln P "The Flooding river a study in riverine ecology," 1972.</ref> The oxbow, being of much lower energy than the more direct path, collects more and more deposited sediment each season of flooding until it becomes independent from the river. The largest oxbow lakes will be in areas with wider flood plains where the rivers have more room to meander. Over a period of time, these oxbow lakes tend to dry out or fill in with sediments. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -====Abandoned meander (rincon)==== -Sometimes an incised meander is cut off, similar to an oxbow lake. The resulting landform is known as an '''abandoned meander'''. In the [[southwest United States]] it is also known as a '''rincon'''. One dramatic example, on [[Lake Powell]], is called "The Rincon." +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -==== Scroll-bars ==== -[[File:SonghuaRiver ASTER 20020401.jpg\|thumb\|Meanders, scroll-bars and [[oxbow lake]]s in the [[Songhua River]]]] -Scroll-bars are a result of continuous lateral migration of a meander loop that creates an asymmetrical ridge and swale topography<ref>{{cite journal \| doi = 10.1080/00288306.1996.9514708 \| author = Woolfe and Purdon \| journal = New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics \| last2 = Purdon \| first2 = Richard \| title = Deposits of a rapidly eroding meandering river: terrace cut and fill in the Taupo Volcanic Zone \| year = 1996 \| volume = 39 \| pages = 243–249 \| issue = 2}}</ref> on the inside of the bends. The topography is generally parallel to the meander, and is related to migrating bar forms and back bar chutes,<ref>{{cite journal \| author = K. Whipple \| journal = Surface Processes and Landscape Evolution \| title = Alluvial channels and their landforms \| date = September 2004}}</ref> which carve sediment from the outside of the curve and deposit sediment in the slower flowing water on the inside of the loop, in a process called lateral accretion. Scroll-bar sediments are characterized by cross-bedding and a pattern of fining upward.<ref>{{cite book \| author = Sam Boggs, Jr. \| title = Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy \| publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall \| year = 2003 \|edition = 4 \| location = NJ \| isbn = 0-13-099696-3}}</ref> These characteristics are a result of the dynamic river system, where larger grains are transported during high energy flood events and then gradually die down, depositing smaller material with time (Batty 2006). Deposits for meandering rivers are generally homogeneous and laterally extensive unlike the more heterogeneous braided river deposits.<ref>{{cite news \| author = G. Wasser \| publisher = Canadian Natural Resource Limited \| title = A Comparison Of Meandering River Deposits From The Middle Belly River And Horsefly With Recent Milk River Valley Deposits; Central And Southern Alberta \| location = Calgary, Alberta \| year = 2005}}</ref> -There are two distinct patterns of scroll-bar depositions; the eddy accretion scroll bar pattern and the point-bar scroll pattern. When looking down the river valley they can be distinguished because the point-bar scroll patterns are convex and the eddy accretion scroll bar patterns are concave.<ref>{{cite book \| author = Norman D. Smith and John Rogers \| title = Fluvial Sedimentology \| edition = 6 \| publisher = blackwell publishing \| year = 1999 \| isbn = 0-632-05354-2}}</ref> -Scroll bars often look lighter at the tops of the ridges and darker in the swales. This is because the tops can be shaped by wind, either adding fine grains or by keeping the area unvegetated, while the darkness in the swales can be attributed to silts and clays washing in during high water periods. This added sediment in addition to water that catches in the swales is in turn is a favorable environment for vegetation that will also accumulate in the swales. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -==Derived quantities== -The meander ratio<ref>{{cite book\|first=Lewis C.\|last=Shaw\|title= Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams Part II \| oclc = 17150333 \|publisher = Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Resources \|series = Bulletin No. 16 \|year = 1984 \| page = 8}}</ref> or [[sinuosity\|sinuosity index]]<ref>{{cite book\|first=Nancy D.\|last=Gordon\|author2=Thomas A. McMahon \|author3=Christopher J. Gippel \|author4= Rory J. Nathan \|title=Stream Hydrology: an Introduction for Ecologists: Second Edition\|publisher=John Wiley and Sons\|year=2005\|isbn=0-470-84357-8\|pages=183–184}}</ref> is a means of quantifying how much a [[river]] or [[stream]] meanders (how much its course deviates from the shortest possible path). It is calculated as the [[length]] of the stream divided by the length of the [[valley]]. A perfectly straight river would have a meander ratio of 1 (it would be the same length as its valley), while the higher this [[ratio]] is above 1, the more the river meanders. +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ +{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}} +[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]] +[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]] -Sinuosity indices are calculated from the map or from an aerial photograph measured over a distance called the reach, which should be at least 20 times the average fullbank channel width. The length of the stream is measured by channel, or thalweg, length over the reach, while the bottom value of the ratio is the downvalley length or air distance of the stream between two points on it defining the reach. - -The sinuosity index plays a part in mathematical descriptions of streams. The index may require elaboration, because the valley may meander as well—i.e., the downvalley length is not identical to the reach. In that case the valley index is the meander ratio of the valley while the channel index is the meander ratio of the channel. The channel sinuosity index is the channel length divided by the valley length and the standard sinuosity index is the channel index divided by the valley index. Distinctions may become even more subtle.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Singh\|first=R.Y.\|contribution=Interface drainage analysis of a water divide\|year=2005\|title=Sustainable Management of Headwater Resources: Research from Africa and India\|editor-last=Jansky\|editor-first=Libor\|editor2-last=Haigh\|editor2-first=Martin J.\|editor3-last=Prasad\|editor3-first=Hushila\|pages=87–106\|place=Tokyo, New York\|publisher=United Nations University Press\|isbn=92-808-1108-8}}</ref> - -Sinuosity Index has a non-mathematical utility as well. Streams can be placed in categories arranged by it; for example, when the index is between 1 to 1.5 the river is sinuous, but if between 1.5 and 4, then meandering. The index is a measure also of stream velocity and sediment load, those quantities being maximized at an index of 1 (straight). - -==See also== - -[[Riffle-pool sequence]] -[[Helicoidal flow]] -[[Baer's law]] -[[Avulsion (river)#Meander cutoffs\|''Meander cutoffs'' in Avulsion (river)]] -[[Meander scar]] -[[Crevasse splay]] -[[Jet stream]] exhibits meander also - -==References and notes== -{{Reflist\|2}} - -==Bibliography== - {{Cite encyclopedia \| ref=harv \| last = Hickin \| first = Edward J. \| title = Meandering Channels \| year = 2003 \| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks \| editor-last = Middleton \| editor-first = Gerard V. \| location = Dordrecht; Boston \| publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers \| series=Kluwer Academic Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences \| isbn = 1-4020-0872-4 \| pages=430–434}} -* {{cite journal \| first=Luna B. \| last= Leopold \| first2=W.B. \| last2=Langbein \| title=River Meanders \| journal=Scientific American \| date=June 1966 \| page=60}} [http://eps.berkeley.edu/people/lunaleopold/ Virtual Luna Leopold] -* Thonemann, P., ''The Maeander Valley: A historical geography from Antiquity to Byzantium'' (Cambridge, 2011) (Greek Culture in the Roman World Series). - -==External links== -{{wiktionary\|rincón}} -{{Commons category\|Meanders}} -*{{cite journal\|last=Movshovitz-Hadar\|first=Nitsa\|author2=Alla Shmuklar\|title=River Meandering and a Mathematical Model of this Phenomenon\|journal=Physicalplus\|issue=7\|publisher=Israel Physical Society (IPS)\|date= 2006-01-01\|url= http://www.academia.edu/2619483/The_Mathematics_of_River_Meanders}} - -{{river morphology}} - -[[Category:Limnology]] -[[Category:Fluvial landforms]] -[[Category:Geomorphology]] -[[Category:Rivers]] -[[Category:Water streams]] -[[Category:Erosion]] +WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ '
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Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 3 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 4 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 5 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 6 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 7 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 8 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 9 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 10 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 11 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 12 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 13 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 14 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 15 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 16 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 17 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 18 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 19 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 20 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 21 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 22 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 23 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 24 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 25 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 26 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 27 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 28 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 29 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 30 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 31 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 32 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 33 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 34 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 35 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 36 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 37 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 38 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 39 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 40 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 41 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 42 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 43 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 44 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 45 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 46 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 47 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 48 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 49 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 50 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 51 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 52 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 53 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 54 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 55 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 56 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 57 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 58 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 59 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 60 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 61 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 62 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 63 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 64 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 65 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 66 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 67 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 68 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 69 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 70 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 71 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 72 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 73 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 74 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 75 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 76 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 77 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 78 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 79 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 80 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 81 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 82 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 83 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 84 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 85 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 86 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 87 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 88 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 89 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 90 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 91 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 92 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 93 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 94 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 95 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 96 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 97 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 98 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 99 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 100 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 101 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 102 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 103 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 104 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 105 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 106 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 107 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 108 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 109 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 110 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 111 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 112 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 113 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 114 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 115 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 116 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 117 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 118 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 119 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 120 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 121 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 122 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 123 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 124 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 125 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 126 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 127 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 128 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 129 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 130 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 131 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 132 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ', 133 => '{{Other uses\|Meander (disambiguation)}}', 134 => '[[File:Meander-en.svg\|300px\|thumb\|A hypothetical stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.]]', 135 => '[[File:rio-cauto-cuba.JPG\|thumb\|Meanders of the ''[[Cauto River\|Rio Cauto]]'' at Guamo Embarcadero, [[Cuba]].]]', 136 => 'WølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқyWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 ᏕқㄚWølfᎽ 🐺 Ꮥқㄚ' ]
Lines removed in edit (`removed_lines`)	[ 0 => 'A '''meander''', in general, is a bend in a [[sinuosity\|sinuous]] watercourse or river. A meander forms when moving water in a stream erodes the outer banks and widens its valley, and the inner part of the river has less energy and deposits silt. A [[stream]] of any volume may assume a ''meandering'' course, alternately [[erosion\|eroding]] [[sediment]]s from the outside of a bend and depositing them on the inside. The result is a ''snaking'' pattern as the stream meanders back and forth across its down-valley axis. When a meander gets cut off from the main stream, an [[oxbow lake]] forms. Over time meanders migrate downstream, sometimes in such a short time as to create civil engineering problems for local municipalities attempting to maintain stable roads and bridges.', 1 => 'There is not yet full consistency or standardization of scientific terminology used to describe watercourses. A variety of symbols and schemes exist. Parameters based on mathematical formulae or numerical data vary as well, depending on the database used by the theorist. Unless otherwise defined in a specific scheme "meandering" and "sinuosity" here are synonymous and mean any repetitious pattern of bends, or waveforms. In some schemes, "meandering" applies only to rivers with exaggerated circular loops or secondary meanders; that is, meanders on meanders.', 2 => 'Sinuosity is one of the [[channel types]] that a stream may assume over all or part of its course. All streams are sinuous at some time in their geologic history over some part of their length.', 3 => '==Origin of term==', 4 => 'The term derives from the [[Büyük Menderes River\|Meander River]] located in present-day Turkey and known to the [[Ancient Greeks]] as Μαίανδρος ''Maiandros'' ([[Latin]]: ''Maeander''),<ref>{{cite web\| url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meander\|title=Meander\|publisher=Merriam-Webster\|accessdate=July 12, 2012}}</ref> characterised by a very convoluted path along the lower reach. As such, even in [[Classical Greece]] (and in later Greek thought) the name of the river had become a common noun meaning anything convoluted and winding, such as decorative patterns or speech and ideas, as well as the [[Geomorphology\|geomorphological]] feature.<ref>{{cite web\| url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=meander&allowed_in_frame=0\|title= Meander\|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary\|accessdate=July 12, 2012}}</ref> [[Strabo]] said: "... its course is so exceedingly winding that everything winding is called meandering."<ref>[[Strabo]], ''Geography'', Book 12 Chapter 8 Section 15.</ref>', 5 => 'The Meander River is located south of Izmir, east of the ancient Greek town of [[Miletus]], now, Milet, Turkey. It flows through a [[graben]] in the Menderes Massif, but has a flood plain much wider than the meander zone in its lower reach. Its modern Turkish name is the [[Büyük Menderes River]].', 6 => '==Meander geometry==', 7 => '[[File:Meandri uvca.jpg\|thumb\|[[Uvac]] canyon meander, [[Serbia]]]]', 8 => 'The technical description of a meandering watercourse is termed meander [[geometry]] or meander [[Plans (drawings)\|planform]] geometry.<ref>The technical definitions of this section rely heavily on {{cite book\|first=Pierre Y.\|last=Julien\|title=River Mechanics\|year=2002\|publisher=Cambridge University press\|isbn=0-521-52970-0\|pages=179–184}} In addition concepts are utilized from {{cite book\|first=Walter\|last=Graf\|title=Hydraulics of Sediment Transport\|publisher=Water Resources Publications\|year=1984\|isbn=0-918334-56-X\|pages=261–265}}</ref> It is characterized as an irregular [[waveform]]. Ideal waveforms, such as a [[sine wave]], are one line thick, but in the case of a stream the width must be taken into consideration. The bankfull width is the distance across the bed at an average [[Cross section (geometry)\|cross-section]] at the full-stream level, typically estimated by the line of lowest vegetation.', 9 => 'As a waveform the meandering stream follows the down-valley axis, a straight line [[Curve fitting\|fitted]] to the curve such that the sum of all the amplitudes measured from it is zero. This axis represents the overall direction of the stream.', 10 => 'At any cross-section the flow is following the sinuous axis, the centerline of the bed. Two consecutive crossing points of sinuous and down-valley axes ', 11 => 'define a meander loop. The meander is two consecutive loops pointing in opposite transverse directions. The distance of one meander along the down-valley axis ', 12 => 'is the meander length or [[wavelength]]. The maximum distance from the down-valley axis to the sinuous axis of a loop is the meander width or [[amplitude]]. The course at that point is the apex.', 13 => 'In contrast to sine waves, the loops of a meandering stream are more nearly circular. The [[curvature]] varies from a maximum at the apex to zero at a crossing point (straight line), also called an inflection, because the curvature changes direction in that vicinity. The [[radius]] of the loop is the straight line [[perpendicular]] to the down-valley axis intersecting the sinuous axis at the apex. As the loop is not ideal, additional information is needed to characterize it. The orientation angle is the angle between sinuous axis and down-valley axis at any point on the sinuous axis.', 14 => '[[File:Great Ouse Relief Channel.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Concave bank and convex bank, [[River Great Ouse\|Great Ouse Relief Channel]], England.]]', 15 => 'A loop at the apex has an outer or [[wikt:convex\|convex]] bank and an inner or [[wiktionary:Concave\|concave]] bank. The meander belt is defined by an average meander width measured from outer bank to outer bank instead of from centerline to centerline. If there is a [[flood plain]], it extends beyond the meander belt. The meander is then said to be free—it can be found anywhere in the flood plain. If there is no flood plain, the meanders are fixed.', 16 => 'Various mathematical formulae relate the variables of the meander geometry. As it turns out some numerical parameters can be established, which appear in the formulae. The waveform depends ultimately on the characteristics of the flow but the parameters are independent of it and apparently are caused by geologic factors. In general the meander length is 10-14 times, with an average 11 times, the fullbank channel width and 3 to 5 times, with an average of 4.7 times, the [[radius of curvature (applications)\|radius of curvature]] at the apex. This radius is 2-3 times the channel width.', 17 => '[[File:Meander-Cuckmere River-MT.JPG\|thumb\|Meander of the River [[Cuckmere]] in Southern [[England]]]]', 18 => 'A meander has a depth pattern as well. The cross-overs are marked by [[riffle]]s, or shallow beds, while at the apices are pools. In a pool direction of flow is downward, scouring the bed material. The major volume, however, flows more slowly on the inside of the bend where, due to decreased velocity, it deposits sediment.', 19 => 'The line of maximum depth, or channel, is the [[thalweg]] or thalweg line. It is typically designated the borderline when rivers are used as political borders. The thalweg hugs the outer banks and returns to center over the riffles. The meander [[Arc (geometry)\|arc]] length is the distance along the thalweg over one meander. The river length is the length along the centerline.', 20 => '==Formation==', 21 => '[[File:Meandro.png\|thumb\|upright\|Life history of a meander]][[File:Rio Negro meanders.JPG\|thumb\|Spectacular [[meander scar]]s, [[oxbow lake]]s and abandoned meanders in the broad [[flood plain]] of the [[Río Negro (Argentina)\|Rio Negro]], [[Argentina]]. 2010 astronaut photo from [[ISS]].]]', 22 => 'Meander formation is a result of natural factors and processes. The waveform configuration of a stream is constantly changing. Fluid flows around a bend in a [[vortex]].<ref>{{cite book \| first=Jacques \| last=Lewalle \| title=Lecture Notes in Incompressible Fluid Dynamics: Phenomenology, Concepts and Analytical Tools \| chapter=Flow Separation and Secondary Flow: Section 9.1 \| url=http://www.ecs.syr.edu/faculty/lewalle/FluidDynamics/fluidsCh9.pdf \| year=2006 \| location=Syracuse, NY \| publisher=Syracuse University}}.</ref> Once a channel begins to follow a sinusoidal path, the amplitude and concavity of the loops increase dramatically due to the effect of [[helical flow]] sweeping dense eroded material towards the inside of the bend, and leaving the outside of the bend unprotected and therefore vulnerable to accelerated erosion, forming a [[positive feedback loop]]. In the words of Elizabeth A. Wood:<ref>{{cite book\|first=Elizabeth A.\|last=Wood\|title=Science from Your Airplane Window: 2nd Revised Edition\|publisher=Courier Dover Publications\|year=1975\|location=New York\|isbn=0-486-23205-0\|page=45}}</ref><blockquote>"... this process of making meanders seems to be a self-intensifying process ... in which greater curvature results in more erosion of the bank, which results in greater curvature ...."</blockquote>', 23 => 'The cross-current along the floor of the channel is part of the [[Secondary flow#River bends\|secondary flow]] and sweeps dense eroded material towards the inside of the bend.<ref>{{harvnb\|Hickin\|2003\|p=432}}. One of the important consequences of helical flow in meanders is that sediment eroded from the outside of a meander bend tends to move to the inner bank or point bar of the next downstream bend.</ref> The cross-current then rises to the surface near the inside and flows towards the outside, forming the [[helical flow]]. The greater the curvature of the bend, and the faster the flow, the stronger is the cross-current and the sweeping.<ref>{{harvnb\|Hickin\|2003\|p=434}}.</ref>', 24 => 'Due to the conservation of [[angular momentum]] the speed on the inside of the bend is faster than on the outside.<ref>{{harvnb\|Hickin\|2003\|p=432}}. "In the absence of secondary flow, bend flow seeks to conserve angular momentum so that it tends to conform to that of a free vortex with high velocity at the smaller radius of the inner bank and lower velocity at the outer bank where radial acceleration is lower."</ref>', 25 => 'Since the flow velocity is diminished, so is the centrifugal pressure. However, the pressure of the super-elevated column prevails, developing an unbalanced gradient that moves water back across the bottom from the outside to the inside. The flow is supplied by a counter-flow across the surface from the inside to the outside.<ref>{{harvnb\|Hickin\|2003\|p=432}}. "Near the bed, where velocity and thus the centrifugal effects are lowest, the balance of forces is dominated by the inward hydraulic gradient of the super-elevated water surface and secondary flow moves toward the inner bank."</ref> This entire situation is very similar to the [[Tea leaf paradox]]. This secondary flow carries sediment from the outside of the bend to the inside making the river more meandering.<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Callander \| first1 = R.A. \| year = 1978 \| title = River Meandering \| url = \| journal = Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics \| volume = 10 \| issue = \| pages = 129–58 \| doi=10.1146/annurev.fl.10.010178.001021}}</ref>', 26 => 'As to why streams of any size become sinuous in the first place, there are a number of theories, not necessarily mutually exclusive.', 27 => '===Stochastic theory===', 28 => 'The [[stochastic]] theory can take many forms but one of the most general statements is that of Scheidegger:<ref name=schei113>{{cite book\|first=Adrien E.\|last=Scheidegger\|title=Morphotectonics\|publisher=Springer\|year=2004\|location=Berlin, New York\|isbn=3-540-20017-7\|page=113}}</ref><blockquote>"The meander train is assumed to be the result of the stochastic fluctuations of the direction of flow due to the random presence of direction-changing obstacles in the river path."</blockquote>', 29 => 'Given a flat, smooth, tilted artificial surface, rainfall runs off it in sheets, but even in that case [[adhesion]] of water to the surface and [[Cohesion (chemistry)\|cohesion]] of drops produce rivulets at random. Natural surfaces are rough and erodible to different degrees. The result of all the physical factors acting at random is channels that are not straight, which then progressively become sinuous. Even channels that appear straight have a sinuous [[thalweg]] that leads eventually to a sinuous channel.', 30 => '===Equilibrium theory===', 31 => 'In the equilibrium theory, meanders decrease the stream [[Grade (slope)\|gradient]] until an equilibrium between the [[erodibility]] of the terrain and the transport capacity of the stream is reached.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Ann L.\|last=Riley\|title=Restoring Streams in Cities: A Guide for Planners, Policymakers and Citizens\|publisher=Island Press\|isbn=1-55963-042-6\|year=1998\|location=Washington DC\|page=137}}</ref> A mass of water descending must give up [[potential energy#Gravitational potential energy\|potential energy]], which, given the same velocity at the end of the drop as at the beginning, is removed by interaction with the material of the stream bed. The shortest distance; that is, a straight channel, results in the highest energy per unit of length, disrupting the banks more, creating more sediment and aggrading the stream. The presence of meanders allows the stream to adjust the length to an equilibrium energy per unit length in which the stream carries away all the sediment that it produces.', 32 => '===Geomorphic and morphotectonic theory===', 33 => 'Geomorphic refers to the surface structure of the terrain. Morphotectonic means having to do with the deeper, or tectonic (plate) structure of the rock. The features included under these categories are not random and guide streams into non-random paths. They are predictable obstacles that instigate meander formation by deflecting the stream. For example, the stream might be guided into a fault line (morphotectonic).', 34 => '==Associated landforms==', 35 => '[[File:meander in Ashes Hollow.jpg\|thumb\|left\|The depositional slip-off slope is on the left whilst there is a small river cliff to the right. [[River Ashes Hollow]], UK.]]', 36 => '=== Slip-off slope ===', 37 => '{{main\|Slip-off slope}}', 38 => 'On the inside of a meander is a gentle slope of sedementation referred to as the slip-off slope. It is often marked by a [[point bar]] in the river.', 39 => '=== River-cut cliff ===', 40 => '{{main\|Cut bank}}', 41 => 'On the outside of a meander the river cuts into the bank, often resulting in a river[-cut] cliff, also known as a [[cut bank]], or a bluff.', 42 => '=== Erosion mechanics ===', 43 => 'Most meanders occur in the region of a river channel with shallow [[gradient]]s, a well-developed [[floodplain]], and cohesive floodplain material. [[Deposition (sediment)\|Deposition]] of [[sediment]] occurs on the inner edge, because the [[Secondary flow#River bends\|secondary flow]] of the river<ref>{{cite journal \| url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2002/2001JC001082.shtml \| journal=Journal of Geophysical Research \| volume=107 \| year=2002 \| first=Robert J. \| last=Chant \| title=Secondary circulation in a region of flow curvature: Relationship with tidal forcing and river discharge \| doi = 10.1029/2001jc001082 \| bibcode=2002JGRC..107.3131C}}</ref> sweeps and rolls sand, rocks and other submerged objects across the bed of the river towards the inside radius of the river bend, creating a [[point bar]] below the slip-off slope. Erosion is greater on the outside of the bend where the soil is not protected by deposits of sand and rocks. The current on the outside bend is more effective in eroding the unprotected soil, and the inside bend receives steadily increasing deposits of sand and rocks, and the meander tends to grow in the direction of the outside bend, forming a small cliff called a [[cut bank]]. This can be seen in areas where [[willow tree\|willows]] grow on the banks of rivers; on the inside of meanders, willows are often far from the bank, whilst on the outside of the bend, the roots of the willows are often exposed and undercut, eventually leading the trees to fall into the river. This demonstrates the river's movement. Slumping usually occurs on the concave sides of the banks resulting in mass movements such as slides.', 44 => '=== Deposits ===', 45 => '====Point bar====', 46 => '[[Point bar]]s are simply an accumulation of deposited alluvium that collects on the inside bank of a meander curve. This accumulation occurs due to the stream's lower velocity in the interior portion of the curve. In accordance with the [[Hjulström curve]], sediment will settle more readily at lower velocities. Point bars typically are composed of sediment ranging in size from pebbles to granular sands. Only in still water do silt particles settle.', 47 => '==== Incised meanders ====', 48 => '{{Main\|Entrenched river}}', 49 => '[[File:Glen Canyon Dam MC.jpg\|thumb\|[[Glen Canyon]], USA]]', 50 => 'If the slope of an established meandering stream is suddenly increased, it will resume downward erosion – this happens when the base level of the stream is reduced, for example due to [[tectonic uplift]] of the region, a global fall in sea-level, collapse of a [[moraine-dammed lake]] downstream, or by [[stream capture\|capture]] of the stream by a steeper one. As the stream erodes downwards, its established meandering pattern will remain as a deep valley known as an ''incised meander'' or ''entrenched meander''. Rivers in the [[Colorado Plateau]], the Kentucky River Palisades in central Kentucky, and streams in the [[Ozark Plateau]] are noted for these incised meanders.', 51 => '[[File:Goosenecks of the San Juan, Utah.jpg\|thumb\|Goosenecks of the [[San Juan River (Colorado River)\|San Juan River]], SE [[Utah]]. Note cut-off meander at right center.]]', 52 => '==== Oxbow lakes ====', 53 => '{{main\|Oxbow lake}}', 54 => '[[Oxbow lake]]s are created when growing meanders intersect each other and cut off a meander loop, leaving it without an active cutting stream. This process is usually linked to flooding where the river will tend to the path of least resistance.<ref>Brower, Lincoln P "The Flooding river a study in riverine ecology," 1972.</ref> The oxbow, being of much lower energy than the more direct path, collects more and more deposited sediment each season of flooding until it becomes independent from the river. The largest oxbow lakes will be in areas with wider flood plains where the rivers have more room to meander. Over a period of time, these oxbow lakes tend to dry out or fill in with sediments.', 55 => '====Abandoned meander (rincon)====', 56 => 'Sometimes an incised meander is cut off, similar to an oxbow lake. The resulting landform is known as an '''abandoned meander'''. In the [[southwest United States]] it is also known as a '''rincon'''. One dramatic example, on [[Lake Powell]], is called "The Rincon."', 57 => '==== Scroll-bars ====', 58 => '[[File:SonghuaRiver ASTER 20020401.jpg\|thumb\|Meanders, scroll-bars and [[oxbow lake]]s in the [[Songhua River]]]]', 59 => 'Scroll-bars are a result of continuous lateral migration of a meander loop that creates an asymmetrical ridge and swale topography<ref>{{cite journal \| doi = 10.1080/00288306.1996.9514708 \| author = Woolfe and Purdon \| journal = New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics \| last2 = Purdon \| first2 = Richard \| title = Deposits of a rapidly eroding meandering river: terrace cut and fill in the Taupo Volcanic Zone \| year = 1996 \| volume = 39 \| pages = 243–249 \| issue = 2}}</ref> on the inside of the bends. The topography is generally parallel to the meander, and is related to migrating bar forms and back bar chutes,<ref>{{cite journal \| author = K. Whipple \| journal = Surface Processes and Landscape Evolution \| title = Alluvial channels and their landforms \| date = September 2004}}</ref> which carve sediment from the outside of the curve and deposit sediment in the slower flowing water on the inside of the loop, in a process called lateral accretion. Scroll-bar sediments are characterized by cross-bedding and a pattern of fining upward.<ref>{{cite book \| author = Sam Boggs, Jr. \| title = Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy \| publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall \| year = 2003 \|edition = 4 \| location = NJ \| isbn = 0-13-099696-3}}</ref> These characteristics are a result of the dynamic river system, where larger grains are transported during high energy flood events and then gradually die down, depositing smaller material with time (Batty 2006). Deposits for meandering rivers are generally homogeneous and laterally extensive unlike the more heterogeneous braided river deposits.<ref>{{cite news \| author = G. Wasser \| publisher = Canadian Natural Resource Limited \| title = A Comparison Of Meandering River Deposits From The Middle Belly River And Horsefly With Recent Milk River Valley Deposits; Central And Southern Alberta \| location = Calgary, Alberta \| year = 2005}}</ref>', 60 => 'There are two distinct patterns of scroll-bar depositions; the eddy accretion scroll bar pattern and the point-bar scroll pattern. When looking down the river valley they can be distinguished because the point-bar scroll patterns are convex and the eddy accretion scroll bar patterns are concave.<ref>{{cite book \| author = Norman D. Smith and John Rogers \| title = Fluvial Sedimentology \| edition = 6 \| publisher = blackwell publishing \| year = 1999 \| isbn = 0-632-05354-2}}</ref> ', 61 => 'Scroll bars often look lighter at the tops of the ridges and darker in the swales. This is because the tops can be shaped by wind, either adding fine grains or by keeping the area unvegetated, while the darkness in the swales can be attributed to silts and clays washing in during high water periods. This added sediment in addition to water that catches in the swales is in turn is a favorable environment for vegetation that will also accumulate in the swales.', 62 => '==Derived quantities==', 63 => 'The meander ratio<ref>{{cite book\|first=Lewis C.\|last=Shaw\|title= Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams Part II \| oclc = 17150333 \|publisher = Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Resources \|series = Bulletin No. 16 \|year = 1984 \| page = 8}}</ref> or [[sinuosity\|sinuosity index]]<ref>{{cite book\|first=Nancy D.\|last=Gordon\|author2=Thomas A. McMahon \|author3=Christopher J. Gippel \|author4= Rory J. Nathan \|title=Stream Hydrology: an Introduction for Ecologists: Second Edition\|publisher=John Wiley and Sons\|year=2005\|isbn=0-470-84357-8\|pages=183–184}}</ref> is a means of quantifying how much a [[river]] or [[stream]] meanders (how much its course deviates from the shortest possible path). It is calculated as the [[length]] of the stream divided by the length of the [[valley]]. A perfectly straight river would have a meander ratio of 1 (it would be the same length as its valley), while the higher this [[ratio]] is above 1, the more the river meanders.', 64 => 'Sinuosity indices are calculated from the map or from an aerial photograph measured over a distance called the reach, which should be at least 20 times the average fullbank channel width. The length of the stream is measured by channel, or thalweg, length over the reach, while the bottom value of the ratio is the downvalley length or air distance of the stream between two points on it defining the reach.', 65 => false, 66 => 'The sinuosity index plays a part in mathematical descriptions of streams. The index may require elaboration, because the valley may meander as well—i.e., the downvalley length is not identical to the reach. In that case the valley index is the meander ratio of the valley while the channel index is the meander ratio of the channel. The channel sinuosity index is the channel length divided by the valley length and the standard sinuosity index is the channel index divided by the valley index. Distinctions may become even more subtle.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Singh\|first=R.Y.\|contribution=Interface drainage analysis of a water divide\|year=2005\|title=Sustainable Management of Headwater Resources: Research from Africa and India\|editor-last=Jansky\|editor-first=Libor\|editor2-last=Haigh\|editor2-first=Martin J.\|editor3-last=Prasad\|editor3-first=Hushila\|pages=87–106\|place=Tokyo, New York\|publisher=United Nations University Press\|isbn=92-808-1108-8}}</ref>', 67 => false, 68 => 'Sinuosity Index has a non-mathematical utility as well. Streams can be placed in categories arranged by it; for example, when the index is between 1 to 1.5 the river is sinuous, but if between 1.5 and 4, then meandering. The index is a measure also of stream velocity and sediment load, those quantities being maximized at an index of 1 (straight).', 69 => false, 70 => '==See also==', 71 => false, 72 => '[[Riffle-pool sequence]]', 73 => '[[Helicoidal flow]]', 74 => '[[Baer's law]]', 75 => '[[Avulsion (river)#Meander cutoffs\|''Meander cutoffs'' in Avulsion (river)]]', 76 => '[[Meander scar]]', 77 => '[[Crevasse splay]]', 78 => '[[Jet stream]] exhibits meander also', 79 => false, 80 => '==References and notes==', 81 => '{{Reflist\|2}}', 82 => false, 83 => '==Bibliography==', 84 => ' {{Cite encyclopedia \| ref=harv \| last = Hickin \| first = Edward J. \| title = Meandering Channels \| year = 2003 \| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks \| editor-last = Middleton \| editor-first = Gerard V. \| location = Dordrecht; Boston \| publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers \| series=Kluwer Academic Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences \| isbn = 1-4020-0872-4 \| pages=430–434}}', 85 => '* {{cite journal \| first=Luna B. \| last= Leopold \| first2=W.B. \| last2=Langbein \| title=River Meanders \| journal=Scientific American \| date=June 1966 \| page=60}} [http://eps.berkeley.edu/people/lunaleopold/ Virtual Luna Leopold]', 86 => '* Thonemann, P., ''The Maeander Valley: A historical geography from Antiquity to Byzantium'' (Cambridge, 2011) (Greek Culture in the Roman World Series).', 87 => false, 88 => '==External links==', 89 => '{{wiktionary\|rincón}}', 90 => '{{Commons category\|Meanders}}', 91 => '*{{cite journal\|last=Movshovitz-Hadar\|first=Nitsa\|author2=Alla Shmuklar\|title=River Meandering and a Mathematical Model of this Phenomenon\|journal=Physicalplus\|issue=7\|publisher=Israel Physical Society (IPS)\|date= 2006-01-01\|url= http://www.academia.edu/2619483/The_Mathematics_of_River_Meanders}}', 92 => false, 93 => '{{river morphology}}', 94 => false, 95 => '[[Category:Limnology]]', 96 => '[[Category:Fluvial landforms]]', 97 => '[[Category:Geomorphology]]', 98 => '[[Category:Rivers]]', 99 => '[[Category:Water streams]]', 100 => '[[Category:Erosion]]' ]
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (`tor_exit_node`)	0
Unix timestamp of change (`timestamp`)	1460722845