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'{{Distinguish|Windows Runtime}} {{good article}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Infobox OS version | name = Windows RT | version of = [[Microsoft Windows]] | logo = Windows RT logo and wordmark.svg | developer = [[Microsoft]] | website = | supported_platforms = [[32-bit]] [[ARMv7|ARM]] (ARMv7) | kernel_type = [[Hybrid kernel|Hybrid]] ([[Windows NT]]) | first_release_date = {{start date and age|2012|10|26}} | first_release_url = http://windowsteamblog.com/windows/b/bloggingwindows/archive/2012/08/01/windows-8-has-reached-the-rtm-milestone.aspx | preceded_by = [[Windows CE]]{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} <!-- May be misleading here: | succeeded_by = Windows 10 Mobile<ref name=RT_upgrade/> --> | release_version = 6.3.9600 Update 3(Windows RT 8.1 Update 3) | release_date = {{start date and age|2015|9|15}} | release_url = http://blogs.windows.com/windows/b/bloggingwindows/archive/2013/08/14/mark-your-calendars-for-windows-8-1.aspx | sales = | support_status = {{Plainlist| * Start date: October 30, 2012 * Mainstream support ended January 12, 2016, but [[Microsoft Surface|Surface]] supported until April 11, 2017<ref name="zdnet-rtlifecycle">{{cite web | url=http://www.zdnet.com/microsoft-commits-to-surface-with-windows-rt-for-at-least-four-years-7000007844/ | title=Microsoft commits to Surface with Windows RT for at least four years | publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] | work=[[ZDNet]] | date=24 November 2012 | accessdate=20 May 2013 | first=Ed | last=Bott}}</ref> * Mainstream support for Windows RT 8.1 until January 9, 2018 }} | other_articles = * [[Features new to Windows 8]] * [[List of features removed in Windows 8]] * [[Windows 8 editions]] * [[Windows Store]] |date=October 2012}} '''Windows RT''' is an [[operating system]] for [[mobile device]]s developed by [[Microsoft]]. It is essentially an edition of [[Windows 8.x]] built for the [[ARMv7|32-bit ARM architecture]] (ARMv7).<ref name="The Windows RT Review">{{cite web | first=Vivek |last=Gowri |first2=Anand |last2=Lal Shimpi | url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/6392/the-windows-rt-review/3 | title=The Windows RT Review | work=anandtech.com | date=October 25, 2012 | accessdate=29 October 2013}}</ref> First unveiled as a prototype in January 2011 at [[Consumer Electronics Show]], the Windows 8 RT operating system was officially launched alongside Windows 8 on October 26, 2012, with the release of three Windows RT-based devices, including Microsoft's [[Surface (first generation)|Surface tablet]]. Unlike Windows 8, Windows RT is only available as pre-loaded software on devices specifically designed for the operating system by [[Original equipment manufacturer|OEMs]]. Microsoft intended for devices with Windows RT to take advantage of the architecture's power efficiency to allow for longer battery life, to use [[system-on-chip]] (SoC) designs to allow for thinner devices, and to provide a "reliable" experience over time. In comparison to other [[mobile operating system]]s, Windows RT also supports a relatively large number of existing [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] peripherals and accessories, and includes a version of [[Microsoft Office 2013]] optimized for ARM devices as pre-loaded software. However, while Windows RT inherits the appearance and functionality of Windows 8, it has a number of limitations; it can only execute software that is [[Digital signature|digitally signed]] by Microsoft (which includes pre-loaded software and [[Windows Store app]]s), and it lacks certain developer-oriented features. Windows RT was released to mixed reviews from various outlets and critics. Some felt that Windows RT devices had advantages over other mobile platforms (such as [[iOS]] or [[Android (operating system)|Android]]) because of its bundled software and the ability to use a wider variety of USB peripherals and accessories, but the platform was criticized for its poor software ecosystem, citing the early state of [[Windows Store]] and its incompatibility with existing Windows software, and other limitations over Windows 8. Critics and analysts deemed Windows RT to be commercially unsuccessful, citing these limitations, its unclear, uncompetitive position of sitting as an underpowered system between [[Windows Phone]] and Windows 8, and the introduction of Windows 8 devices with battery life and functionality that met or exceeded that of Windows RT devices. Improvements to [[Intel]]'s mobile processors, along with a decision by Microsoft to remove OEM license fees for Windows on devices with screens smaller than 9 inches, spurred a market for low-end [[Wintel]] tablets running the full Windows 8 platform that cannibalized Windows RT. Vendors quickly began phasing out their Windows RT devices due to poor sales, and less than a year after its release, Microsoft suffered a US$900 million loss that was largely blamed on poor sales of the ARM-based Surface tablet and unsold stock. Only two more Windows RT devices, the [[Microsoft Surface 2]] and [[Nokia Lumia 2520]] in late-2013, were released outside of the five original launch devices, and no Windows RT counterpart of the [[Surface Pro 3]] was released due to a re-positioning of the Surface line into a high-end market, and a switch to Intel architecture for the [[Surface 3]]. These developments left Microsoft's future support of the platform in doubt. As of February 2015, with the end of production for both Surface 2 and Lumia 2520, Microsoft and its subsidiaries no longer manufacture any Windows RT devices.<ref name=pcw-surface2over/><ref name=pcw-2520done/> There is no equivalent to Windows RT for [[Windows 10]], and Microsoft does not consider Windows RT devices to be compatible with Windows 10.<ref name=pcmag-nowinrt10>{{cite web|title=Windows RT Is Dead, But Microsoft Hasn't Learned|url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2478431,00.asp|website=PC Magazine|accessdate=2 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=RT_upgrade>{{cite web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/windows-10-specifications#upgrade |title=Windows 10 specifications |quote=Some editions are excluded: [..] Windows RT/RT 8.1. |accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref> [[Windows 10 Mobile]], based on [[Windows Phone]], was unveiled for use on tablets and smartphones with ARM architecture. == History == At the 2011 [[Consumer Electronics Show]], it was officially announced that the next version of Windows would provide support for [[system-on-chip]] (SoC) implementations based on the [[ARM architecture]]. [[Steven Sinofsky]], then Windows division president, demonstrated an early version of a Windows port for the architecture, codenamed Windows on ARM (WoA), running on prototypes with [[Qualcomm]] [[Snapdragon (system on chip)|Snapdragon]], [[Texas Instruments]] [[OMAP]], and [[Nvidia]] [[Tegra 2]] chips. The prototypes featured working versions of [[Internet Explorer 9]] (with [[DirectX]] support via the Tegra 2's [[GPU]]), [[Microsoft PowerPoint|PowerPoint]] and [[Microsoft Word|Word]], along with the use of [[class driver]]s to allow printing to an [[Epson]] printer. Sinofsky felt that the shift towards SoC designs were "a natural evolution of hardware that's applicable to a wide range of form factors, not just to slates", while Microsoft CEO [[Steve Ballmer]] emphasized the importance of supporting SoCs on Windows by proclaiming that the operating system would "be everywhere on every kind of device without compromise."<ref name="zdnet-cesunveil">{{cite web | url=http://www.zdnet.com/ces-windows-to-run-on-arm-chips-says-microsoft-3040091325/ | title=CES: Windows to run on ARM chips, says Microsoft | publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] | work=[[ZDNet]] | accessdate=November 21, 2012 | author=Bisson, Simon}}</ref> Initial development on WoA took place by porting code from [[Windows 7]]; [[Windows Mobile]] [[smartphone]]s were used to test early builds of WoA because of lack of readily available ARM-based tablets. Later testing was performed using a custom-designed array of [[rack-mount]]ed ARM-based systems.<ref name=bw8-buildingarm/> Changes to the Windows codebase were made to optimize the OS for the internal hardware of ARM devices, but a number of technical standards traditionally used by x86 systems are also used. WoA devices would use [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface|UEFI]] firmware, and have a software-based [[Trusted Platform Module]] to support device encryption and [[UEFI Secure Boot]].<ref name="cw-rtsecureboot">{{cite web | url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9223446/Windows_8_on_ARM_You_can_look_but_you_can_t_touch | title=Windows 8 on ARM: You can look but you can't touch | publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG]] | work=[[Computerworld]] | date=January 13, 2012 | accessdate=January 27, 2012 | author=Niccolai, James}}</ref> [[Advanced Configuration and Power Interface|ACPI]] is also used to detect and control [[plug and play]] devices and provide power management outside the SoC. To enable wider hardware support, peripherals such as [[human interface device]]s, storage and other components that use [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] and [[I²C]] connections use class drivers and standardized protocols. [[Windows Update]] serves as the mechanism for updating all system drivers, software, and [[firmware]].<ref name="bw8-buildingarm">{{cite web | url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/b8/archive/2012/02/09/building-windows-for-the-arm-processor-architecture.aspx | title=Building Windows for the ARM processor architecture | publisher=Microsoft | work=Building Windows 8 | date=10 February 2012 | accessdate=November 21, 2012 | author=Sinofsky, Steven}}</ref> Microsoft showcased other aspects of the new operating system, to be known as [[Windows 8]], during subsequent presentations. Among these changes (which also included an overhauled interface optimized for use on touch-based devices built around [[Metro (design language)|Metro design language]]) was the introduction of [[Windows Runtime]] (WinRT). Software developed using this new architecture could be processor-independent (allowing compatibility with both x86 and ARM-based systems),<ref name="cnet-mozilla"/> would emphasize the use of touch input, would run within a [[Sandbox (computer security)|sandboxed environment]] to provide additional security, and be distributed through [[Windows Store]]—a [[application store|store]] similar to services such as the [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]] and [[Google Play]]. WinRT was also optimized to provide a more "reliable" experience on ARM-based devices; as such, [[backwards compatibility]] for [[Windows API|Win32]] software otherwise compatible with older versions of Windows was intentionally excluded from Windows on ARM. Windows developers indicated that existing Windows applications were not specifically optimized for reliability and energy efficiency on the ARM architecture, and that WinRT was sufficient for providing "full expressive power" for applications, "while avoiding the traps and pitfalls that can potentially reduce the overall experience for consumers." Consequentially, this lack of backwards compatibility would also prevent existing [[malware]] from running on the operating system.<ref name=bw8-buildingarm/><ref name="verge-talkswin8">{{cite web | url=http://www.theverge.com/2012/5/17/3026590/microsoft-windows-8-developers-windows-store-sandboxing | title=Microsoft talks Windows Store features, Metro app sandboxing for Windows 8 developers | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | work=[[The Verge]] | accessdate=September 8, 2012}}</ref> On April 16, 2012, Microsoft announced that Windows on ARM would be officially branded as Windows RT.<ref name="bw-win8editions">{{cite web | url=http://blogs.windows.com/bloggingwindows/2012/04/16/announcing-the-windows-8-editions/ | title=Announcing the Windows 8 Editions | publisher=Microsoft | work=Blogging Windows | date=April 16, 2012 | accessdate=April 17, 2012 | first=Brandon | last=LeBlanc}}</ref> Microsoft did not explicitly indicate what the "RT" in the operating system's name referred to, but it was believed to refer to the WinRT architecture.<ref name=wsj-rtname>{{cite web|last=Gara|first=Tom|title=What Does the ‘RT’ In Windows RT Stand For?|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/corporate-intelligence/2012/10/26/what-does-the-rt-in-windows-rt-stand-for-nothing-andor-something/|work=Wall Street Journal|date=26 October 2012|accessdate=10 July 2013}}</ref> Steven Sinofsky stated that Microsoft would ensure the differences between Windows RT and 8 were adequately addressed in advertising. However, reports found that promotional web pages for the [[Microsoft Surface]] tablet had contained confusing wording alluding to the compatibility differences, and that [[Microsoft Store]] representatives were providing inconsistent and sometimes incorrect information about Windows RT. In response, Microsoft stated that Microsoft Store staff members would be given an average of 15 hours of training prior to the launch of Windows 8 and Windows RT to ensure consumers are able to make the correct choice for their needs.<ref name="theverge-rtconfusion">{{cite web | url=http://www.theverge.com/2012/10/17/3514556/windows-8-vs-windows-rt-surface-confused-microsoft-store-employees | title=With Surface looming, Microsoft fails to explain Windows 8 vs. Windows RT to consumers | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | work=[[The Verge]] | accessdate=November 19, 2012}}</ref> The first Windows RT devices were officially released alongside Windows 8 on October 26, 2012.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-10805_3-57514205-75/microsoft-come-celebrate-windows-8-on-oct-25/ | title=Microsoft: Come 'celebrate' Windows 8 on Oct. 25 | publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] | work=[[CNET]] | accessdate=September 17, 2012 | last=Reisinger | first=Don}}</ref> [[Windows 8.1]], an upgrade for Windows 8 and RT, was released in [[Windows Store]] on October 17, 2013, containing a number of improvements to the operating system's interface and functionality. For Windows RT devices, the update also adds [[Microsoft Outlook|Outlook]] to the included Office RT suite.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://blogs.windows.com/windows/b/bloggingwindows/archive/2013/08/14/mark-your-calendars-for-windows-8-1.aspx | title=Mark your calendars for Windows 8.1! | publisher=Microsoft | work=Blogging Windows | accessdate=August 14, 2013 | last=LeBlanc | first=Brandon}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://money.cnn.com/2013/08/14/technology/enterprise/windows-8-1-update/index.html | title=Windows 8.1 update coming October 18 | publisher=[[Time Warner]] | work=CNN Money | date=14 August 2013 | author=Covert, Adrian}}</ref><ref name="ms-blueannounce">{{cite web | url=http://blogs.windows.com/windows/b/bloggingwindows/archive/2013/05/14/windows-keeps-getting-better.aspx | title=Windows Keeps Getting Better | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=20 May 2013 | author=LeBlanc, Brandon}}</ref><ref name="extech-rt81beta">{{cite web | url=http://www.extremetech.com/computing/159838-windows-rt-8-1-still-slow-still-plagued-by-the-desktop-still-useless | title=Windows RT 8.1: Still slow, still plagued by the Desktop, still useless | publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] | work=[[ExtremeTech]] | accessdate=9 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="cnet-outlookrt">{{cite web | url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-10805_3-57587700-75/outlook-finally-coming-to-windows-rt-tablets/ | title=Outlook finally coming to Windows RT tablets | publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] | work=[[CNET]] | accessdate=5 June 2013}}</ref> The update was temporarily [[product recall|recalled]] by Microsoft shortly after its release, following reports that some Surface users had encountered a rare bug which corrupted their device's [[Boot Configuration Data]] during installation, resulting in an error on startup.<ref name="verge-81pulled">{{cite web | url=http://www.theverge.com/2013/10/19/4855660/windows-rt-8-1-update-taken-offline-due-to-installation-issues | title=Windows RT 8.1 update taken offline due to installation issues | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | work=[[The Verge]] | accessdate=19 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=pcw-rtpulled>{{cite web|title=Microsoft temporarily pulls Windows RT 8.1 update due to 'a situation'|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2056283/microsoft-temporarily-pulls-windows-rt-8-1-update-due-to-a-situation.html|work=PC World|accessdate=20 October 2013}}</ref> On October 21, 2013, Microsoft released recovery media and instructions which could be used to repair the device, and restored access to Windows 8.1 the next day.<ref name=pcw-surfacertfix>{{cite web|title=Microsoft releases fix for Surface RT slates borked by Windows RT 8.1 update|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2056295/microsoft-releases-fix-for-surface-rt-slates-borked-by-windows-rt-8-1-update.html|work=PC World|accessdate=22 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=pcw-81returned>{{cite web|title=Microsoft fixes Windows RT 8.1 issues, returns update to Windows Store|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2056548/microsoft-fixes-windows-rt-8-1-issues-returns-update-to-windows-store.html|work=PC World|accessdate=22 October 2013}}</ref> == Differences from Windows 8 == {{further|Windows 8#Features|Features new to Windows 8}} While Windows RT functions similarly to Windows 8, there are still some notable differences, primarily involving software and hardware compatibility.<ref name=anand-winrt/> [[Julie Larson-Green]], then executive vice president of the Devices and Studios group at Microsoft, explained that Windows RT was ultimately designed to provide a "[[Closed platform|closed]], [[turnkey]]" user experience, "where it doesn't have all the flexibility of Windows, but it has the power of [[Microsoft Office|Office]] and then all the new style applications. So you could give it to your kid and he's not going to load it up with a bunch of [[Browser Helper Object|toolbars]] accidentally out of [[Internet Explorer]] and then come to you later and say, 'why am I getting all these [[Pop-up ad|pop-ups]]?' It just isn't capable of doing that by design."<ref name=guardian-killingrt/><ref name=verge-threewindows/> === Included software === {{main|Office 2013#Office RT}} Windows RT does not include [[Windows Media Player]], in favor of other multimedia apps found on Windows Store; devices are pre-loaded with the in-house [[Xbox Music]] and [[Xbox Video]] apps.<ref name=anand-winrt/> All Windows RT devices include [[Office 2013|Office 2013 Home & Student RT]]—a version of [[Microsoft Office]] that is optimized for ARM systems.<ref name="PC Pro">{{cite web|url=http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/376276/windows-rt-wont-get-full-office-2013 |title=Windows RT won't get full Office 2013 |publisher=PC Pro |date= August 8, 2012 |accessdate=October 5, 2012}}</ref> As the version of Office RT included on Windows RT devices is based on the Home & Student version, it cannot be used for "commercial, nonprofit, or revenue-generating activities" unless the organization has a volume license for Office 2013, or the user has an [[Office 365]] subscription with commercial use rights.<ref name=cnet-outlookrt/><ref name=zdnet-officert-commercial>{{cite web|title=Microsoft Office for Windows RT: How to move to a commercial-use license|url=http://www.zdnet.com/microsoft-office-for-windows-rt-how-to-move-to-a-commercial-use-license-7000005893/|publisher=ZDNet|accessdate=October 27, 2012}}</ref> For compatibility and security reasons, certain advanced features, such as [[Visual Basic for Applications | Visual Basic macros]], are not available in Office RT.<ref name="PC Pro"/> Windows RT also includes a [[BitLocker Drive Encryption|BitLocker]]-based [[Full disk encryption|device encryption]] system, which passively encrypts a user's data once they sign in with a [[Microsoft account]].<ref name=ars-deviceencryption>{{cite web|title=Windows 8.1 includes seamless, automatic disk encryption—if your PC supports it|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/10/windows-8-1-includes-seamless-automatic-disk-encryption-if-your-pc-supports-it/|work=Ars Technica|accessdate=18 October 2013}}</ref> === Software compatibility === Due to the different [[microarchitecture|architecture]] of ARM-based devices compared to x86 devices, Windows RT has software compatibility limitations. Although the operating system still provides the traditional Windows desktop environment alongside Windows 8's touch-oriented [[Shell (computing)|user interface]], the only desktop applications officially supported by Windows RT are those that come with the operating system itself; such as [[File Explorer]], [[Internet Explorer]], and Office RT. Only [[Windows Store app]]s can be installed by users on Windows RT devices; they must be obtained from [[Windows Store]] or sideloaded in enterprise environments. Developers cannot [[Porting|port]] desktop applications to run on Windows RT, since Microsoft developers felt that they would not be properly optimized for the platform.<ref name="cnet-mozilla">{{cite web|last=Shankland |first=Stephen |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-57431236-92/microsoft-bans-firefox-on-arm-based-windows-mozilla-says/ |title=Microsoft bans Firefox on ARM-based Windows, Mozilla says|publisher=CNET |date=May 9, 2012 |accessdate=October 22, 2012}}</ref> As a consequence, Windows RT also does not support "new-experience enabled" [[web browser]]s: a special class of app used on Windows 8 that allows web browsers to bundle variants that can run in the Windows RT "modern-style user interface" and integrate with other apps, but still use [[Windows API|Win32]] code like desktop programs.<ref name="ms-developbrowser">{{cite web|title=Developing a new experience enabled desktop browser|url=http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?linkid=243079|publisher=Microsoft|accessdate=November 15, 2012|date=October 22, 2012}}</ref><ref name=winrt-browsers>{{cite web|title=Windows 8 browsers: the only Metro apps to get desktop power|url=http://www.techradar.com/news/software/operating-systems/windows-8-browsers-the-only-metro-apps-to-get-desktop-power-1073930|publisher=TechRadar|accessdate=November 13, 2012}}</ref> === Hardware compatibility === In a presentation at Windows 8's launch event in New York City, Steven Sinofsky claimed that Windows RT would support 420 million existing hardware devices and peripherals. However, in comparison to Windows 8, full functionality will not be available for all devices, and some devices will not be supported at all.<ref name=zdnet-whichwork>{{cite web|title=Which peripherals work with Windows RT, Surface RT?|url=http://www.zdnet.com/which-peripherals-work-with-windows-rt-surface-rt-7000006938/|publisher=ZDNet|accessdate=4 May 2013}}</ref> Microsoft provides a "Compatibility Center" portal where users can search for compatibility information on devices with Windows RT; on launch, the site listed just over 30,000 devices that were compatible with the operating system.<ref name=tr-hcl>{{cite web|title=Windows RT hardware compatibility list released by Microsoft|url=http://www.techradar.com/news/mobile-computing/tablets/windows-rt-hardware-compatibility-list-released-by-microsoft-1109143|publisher=TechRadar|accessdate=4 May 2013}}</ref> === Networking and device management === While Windows RT devices can join a [[Features new to Windows 7#HomeGroup|HomeGroup]] and access files stored within shared folders and libraries on other devices within the group, files cannot be shared from the Windows RT device itself.<ref name=zdnet-whydoesit>{{cite web|title=If you're asking, 'why does Windows RT do it like that?' The answer's battery life|url=http://www.zdnet.com/if-youre-asking-why-does-windows-rt-do-it-like-that-the-answers-battery-life-7000008245/|work=ZDNet|accessdate=31 December 2013}}</ref> Windows RT does not support connecting to a [[Windows domain|domain]] for network logins, nor does it support using [[Group Policy]] for device management. However, [[Exchange ActiveSync]], the [[Windows Intune]] service, or [[System Center Configuration Manager]] 2012 SP1 can be used to provide some control over Windows RT devices in enterprise environments, such as the ability to apply security policies and provide a portal which can be used to sideload apps from outside Windows Store.<ref name=winrt-npgp>{{cite web|title=Windows RT vs Windows 8: On the Surface, there's still a lot of confusion|url=http://www.infoworld.com/d/microsoft-windows/microsoft-surface-and-group-policy-dont-mix-now-what-205435|publisher=ZDNet|accessdate=November 19, 2012}}</ref> === User interface === After installation of the KB3033055 update for Windows RT 8.1, a desktop [[Start menu]] becomes available as an alternative to Start screen. It is divided into two columns, with one devoted to recent and pinned applications, and one devoted to live tiles.<ref name=ms-3033055/><ref name=ars-rtupdate3 /> It is similar to, but not identical to, [[Windows 10]]'s version.<ref name=ars-rtupdate3 /> === Support lifecycle=== Unlike Windows 8 (which, per standard policies for Windows releases, receives around 5 years of mainstream support), Microsoft did not announce any specific date for the end of mainstream support for Windows RT. The original Surface tablet falls under Microsoft's support policies for consumer hardware, and will receive mainstream support until April 11, 2017.<ref name=zdnet-rtlifecycle/> == Devices == [[File:Surface RT.jpg|thumb|right|[[Surface (first generation)]] was created as a first-party device for Windows RT]] Microsoft imposed tight control on the development and production of Windows RT devices: they were designed in cooperation with the company, and built to strict design and hardware specifications, including requirements to only use "approved" models of certain components. To ensure hardware quality and control the number of devices released upon launch, the three participating ARM chip makers were only allowed to partner with up to two PC manufacturers to develop the first "wave" of Windows RT devices in Microsoft's development program. [[Qualcomm]] partnered with [[Samsung]] and [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]], [[Nvidia]] with [[Asus]] and [[Lenovo]], and [[Texas Instruments]] with [[Toshiba]]. Additionally, Microsoft partnered with Nvidia to produce [[Surface (first generation)|Surface]] – the first Windows-based computing device to be manufactured and marketed directly by Microsoft.<ref name=cnet-mscontrol>{{cite web|last=Tibken|first=Shara|title=How Microsoft became a control freak with tablet makers|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-10805_3-57561849-75/how-microsoft-became-a-control-freak-with-tablet-makers/|publisher=CNET|accessdate=January 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Epstein |first=Zach |url=http://www.bgr.com/2012/06/20/microsoft-surface-tablet-ploy-acer-stan-shih/ |title=Microsoft’s tablet efforts are fleeting, says Acer founder. |publisher=[[Boy Genius Report]] |date=June 20, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.engadget.com/2012/06/18/microsoft-tablet-announced/|title=Microsoft reveals its own Windows 8 tablet: meet the new Surface for Windows RT|publisher=Engadget|date= |accessdate=June 20, 2012}}</ref> Windows RT was designed to support chips meeting the ARMv7 architecture, a [[32-bit]] processor platform.<ref name="The Windows RT Review"/> Shortly after the original release of Windows RT, [[ARM Holdings]] disclosed that it was working with Microsoft and other software partners on supporting the new [[ARMv8-A]] architecture, which include a new [[64-bit]] variant, in preparation for future devices.<ref name=pcw-64bitrt>{{cite web|title=ARM, Microsoft collaborating on 64-bit Windows version|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2013405/arm-microsoft-collaborating-on-64bit-windows-version.html|work=PC World|accessdate=28 October 2013}}</ref> Multiple hardware partners pulled out of the program during the development of Windows RT, the first being Toshiba and Texas Instruments. TI later announced that it was pulling out of the consumer market for ARM system-on-chips to focus on [[embedded system]]s. HP also pulled out of the program, believing that Intel-based tablets were more appropriate for business use than ARM. HP was replaced by [[Dell]] as an alternate Qualcomm partner. [[Acer Inc.|Acer]] also intended to release a Windows RT device alongside its Windows 8-based products, but initially decided to delay it until the second quarter of 2013 in response to the mixed reaction to Surface. The unveiling of the Microsoft-developed tablet caught Acer by surprise, leading to concerns that Surface could leave "a huge negative impact for the [Windows] ecosystem and other brands."<ref name=cnet-mscontrol/><ref name=acer-nortq2>{{cite web|title=Acer delays Windows RT tablets over Surface concerns|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20156061|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=January 11, 2013}}</ref> The first wave of Windows RT devices included: * [[Asus VivoTab#Asus VivoTab RT|Asus VivoTab RT]] (released October 26, 2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eee.asus.com/en/vivo-tab/features/ |title=Asus Vivo Tab Official Site |accessdate=August 29, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wollman |first=Dana |url=http://www.engadget.com/2012/10/23/asus-vivotab-rt-pricing-availability/ |title=ASUS VivoTab RT tablet arrives October 26th, starting at $599 for the 32GB model; keyboard dock included (update: eyes-on!) |work=Engadget |date=October 23, 2012 |accessdate=January 8, 2013}}</ref> * [[Dell XPS 10]] (released December 2012, discontinued on September 25, 2013)<ref name=cnet-mscontrol/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engadget.com/2012/08/30/dell-xps-10-xps-12-duo/ |title=Dell announces XPS 10 Windows 8 hybrid, XPS Duo 12 convertible (update: hands-on) |accessdate=September 2, 2012}}</ref><ref name=engadget-xps10discontinued>{{cite web|title=Dell no longer selling its XPS 10 Windows RT tablet, wants you to buy the Latitude 10 instead (updated)|url=http://www.engadget.com/2013/09/25/dell-no-longer-selling-its-xps-10-windows-rt-tablet/|work=Engadget|accessdate=27 September 2013}}</ref> * [[Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga 11]] (released December 2012)<ref name=verge-ideapad11>{{cite web|title=Lenovo's backflipping 13-inch IdeaPad Yoga will cost $1,099, 11-inch Windows RT version arrives December for $799 (hands-on)|url=http://www.theverge.com/2012/10/9/3476938/lenovo-ideapad-yoga-11-yoga-13-price-release-date|publisher=The Verge|accessdate=January 27, 2013}}</ref> * [[Surface (first generation)|Microsoft Surface]] (released October 26, 2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-07-30-microsofts-new-ipad-rival-surface-for-windows-rt-release-date |title=Microsoft's new iPad rival Surface for Windows RT release date |publisher=Eurogamer|date= July 30, 2012 |accessdate=July 30, 2012}}</ref> * [[Samsung Ativ Tab]] (Released in United Kingdom on December 14, 2012, American and German releases cancelled)<ref name=cnet-mscontrol/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slashgear.com/samsung-ativ-tab-10-1-windows-rt-tablet-announced-29244569/ |title=Samsung ATIV Tab 10.1 Windows RT tablet announced|accessdate=August 29, 2012}}</ref><ref name=cnet-winrtsamsung/><ref name=hexus-ativrelease>{{cite web|title=Samsung ATIV S and ATIV Tab available in the UK tomorrow|url=http://hexus.net/mobile/news/windows-phone/49293-samsung-ativ-s-ativ-tab-available-uk-tomorrow/|publisher=Hexus|accessdate=January 17, 2013}}</ref><ref name=engadget-ativgermany>{{cite web|title=Samsung will stop sale of Windows RT tablets in Germany due to weak demand, according to reports|url=http://www.engadget.com/2013/03/06/samsung-windows-rt-ativ-tab-germany/|publisher=Engadget|accessdate=13 March 2013}}</ref> After having planned to produce a Windows RT device close to its launch, Acer's president Jim Wong later indicated that there was "no value" in the current version of the operating system, and would reconsider its plans for future Windows RT products when the Windows 8.1 update was released.<ref name=iw-acerwait>{{cite web|title=Acer waits for Windows RT 8.1 to make tablet decision|url=http://www.infoworld.com/d/mobile-technology/acer-waits-windows-rt-81-make-tablet-decision-217914|publisher=InfoWorld|accessdate=4 May 2013}}</ref> On August 9, 2013, Asus announced that it would no longer produce any Windows RT products; chairman Johnny Shih expressed displeasure at the market performance of Windows RT, considering it to be "not very promising".<ref name=atd-asusrt>{{cite web|title=Asus Pulling Back on Windows RT, Chairman Says|url=http://allthingsd.com/20130730/asus-pulling-back-on-windows-rt-chairman-says/|work=AllThingsD|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref><ref name=wsj-asusnort>{{cite web|title=Asustek Pulls Plug on Windows RT Tablet|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130809-703280.html|work=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=9 August 2013}}</ref> During the introduction of its Android and Windows 8-based ''Venue'' tablets in October 2013, Dell's vice president Neil Hand stated that the company had no plans to produce an updated version of the XPS 10.<ref name="pcw-dellrt">{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2051700/with-new-venue-tablets-dell-signals-its-pc-division-is-alive-and-kicking.html |title=With new Venue tablets, Dell signals its PC division is alive and kicking |last1=Shah |first1=Agam |date=2 October 2013 |website=PC World |publisher=IDG |accessdate=2 October 2013}}</ref> In September 2013, Nvidia CEO [[Jen-Hsun Huang]] stated that the company was "working really hard" with Microsoft on developing a second revision of Surface.<ref name=cnet-nvidiasurface2>{{cite web|title=Nvidia CEO: We're working hard on Surface 2|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-57597706-94/nvidia-ceo-were-working-hard-on-surface-2/|work=CNET|accessdate=5 September 2013}}</ref> The [[Microsoft Surface 2]] tablet, which is powered by Nvidia's quad-core [[Tegra 4]] platform, was officially unveiled on September 23, 2013, and released on October 22, 2013.<ref name=engadget-surface2>{{cite web|title=Microsoft announces the Surface 2, the follow-up to the original Surface RT; coming October 22nd for $449|url=http://www.engadget.com/2013/09/23/microsoft-surface-2-announced/|work=Engadget|accessdate=23 September 2013}}</ref> On the same day as the Surface 2's release, [[Nokia]] (whose [[Microsoft Mobile|mobile business]] is now owned by Microsoft) unveiled the [[Nokia Lumia 2520|Lumia 2520]], a Windows RT tablet with a Qualcomm Snapdragon 800 processor, [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]], and a design similar to its [[Lumia series|line]] of [[Windows Phone]] products.<ref name=verge-lumiart>{{cite web|title=Nokia answers the Surface 2 with the Lumia 2520, a beautiful, ultra-mobile Windows RT tablet|url=http://www.theverge.com/2013/10/22/4865306/nokia-lumia-2520-windows-tablet-announced|work=The Verge|accessdate=22 October 2013}}</ref> In January 2015, after its stock sold out on [[Microsoft Store]] online, Microsoft confirmed that it had discontinued further production of Surface 2 to focus on Surface Pro products.<ref name=pcw-surface2over>{{cite web|title=Microsoft has stopped making the Surface 2 tablet, spelling trouble for Windows RT|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2875808/microsoft-has-stopped-making-the-surface-2-tablet-spelling-trouble-for-windows-rt.html|website=PC World|publisher=IDG|accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref> Microsoft ended production of the Lumia 2520 the following month, meaning that there are no longer any Windows RT devices in active production.<ref name=pcw-2520done>{{cite web|title=Is Windows RT dead? Microsoft stops making Nokia Lumia 2520|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2878832/is-windows-rt-dead-windows-stops-making-nokia-lumia-2520.html|website=PC World|accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref> == Reception == {{see also|Windows 8#Reception}} Windows RT's launch devices received mixed reviews upon their release. In a review of the Asus VivoTab RT by ''[[PC Advisor]]'', Windows RT was praised for being a mobile operating system that still offered some PC amenities such as a full-featured [[file manager]], but noted its lack of compatibility with existing Windows software, and that it had no proper media player aside from a "shameless, in-your-face conduit to [[Xbox Music]]."<ref name=pcadvisor-vivotabreview>{{cite web|title=Asus Vivo Tab RT review|url=http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/reviews/tablets/3407062/asus-vivo-tab-rt-review/|publisher=PC Advisor|accessdate=November 2, 2012}}</ref> [[AnandTech]] believed Windows RT was the first "legitimately useful" mobile operating system, owing in part to its multitasking system, bundled Office programs, smooth interface performance, and "decent" support for a wider variety of [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] devices in comparison to other operating systems on the ARM architecture. However, the OS was panned for its slow application launch times in comparison to a [[iPad (3rd generation)|recent iPad]], and spotty driver support for printers. The small number of "quality" apps available on launch was also noted—but considered to be a non-issue, assuming that the app ecosystem would "expand significantly unless somehow everyone stops buying Windows-based systems on October 26th."<ref name=anand-winrt>{{cite web|author=Gowri, Vivek; Shimpi, Anand Lal|title=The Windows RT Review|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/6392/the-windows-rt-review|publisher=AnandTech|date=25 October 2012|accessdate=November 2, 2012}}</ref><ref name=iw-rtdisaster/> Reception of the preview release of RT 8.1 was mixed; both ''[[ExtremeTech]]'' and ''[[TechRadar]]'' praised the improvements to the operating system's tablet-oriented interface, along with the addition of Outlook; ''TechRadar'''s Dan Grabham believed that the inclusion of Outlook was important because "nobody in their right mind would try and handle work email inside the standard Mail app—it's just not up to the task." However, both experienced performance issues running the beta on the [[Tegra 3]]-based Surface; ''ExtremeTech'' concluded that "as it stands, we’re still not sure why you would ever opt to buy a Windows RT tablet when there are similarly priced [[Atom (system on chip)|Atom]]-powered x86 devices that run the full version of Windows 8."<ref name="extech-rt81beta"/><ref name=tr-81preview>{{cite web|title=Hands on: Windows 8.1 RT review|url=http://www.techradar.com/reviews/pc-mac/software/operating-systems/windows-8-1-rt-1162188/review|work=TechRadar|accessdate=11 September 2013}}</ref> === Market relevance and response === The need to market an ARM-compatible version of Windows was questioned by analysts because of recent developments in the PC industry; both Intel and AMD introduced x86-based system-on-chip designs for Windows 8, [[Atom (system on chip)|Atom "Clover Trail"]] and [[AMD Accelerated Processing Unit#Jaguar architecture (Kabini and Temash)|"Temash"]] respectively, in response to the growing competition from ARM licensees. In particular, Intel claimed that Clover Trail-based tablets could provide battery life rivaling that of ARM devices; in a test by ''[[PC World]]'', Samsung's Clover Trail-based Ativ Smart PC was shown to have battery life exceeding that of the ARM-based Surface. Peter Bright of ''[[Ars Technica]]'' argued that Windows RT had no clear purpose, since the power advantage of ARM-based devices was "nowhere near as clear-cut as it was two years ago", and that users would be better off purchasing Office 2013 themselves because of the removed features and licensing restrictions of Office RT.<ref name=iw-rtdisaster>{{cite web|last=Chacos|first=Brad|title=Why Windows RT is hurtling toward disaster|url=http://www.infoworld.com/d/microsoft-windows/why-windows-rt-hurtling-toward-disaster-210995?page=0,1|publisher=InfoWorld|accessdate=January 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name=iw-rtdisaster/><ref name=forbes-intelchallenge>{{cite web|title=Can Intel Challenge ARM's Mobile Dominance?|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2012/11/09/can-intel-challenge-arms-mobile-dominance/|work=Great Speculations|publisher=[[Forbes.com]]|accessdate=November 22, 2012}}</ref><ref name=ars-rtplace>{{cite web|last=Bright|first=Peter|title=Now that it's here, is there a place for Windows RT?|url=http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/now-that-its-here-is-there-a-place-for-windows-rt/|publisher=Ars Technica|accessdate=November 22, 2012}}</ref> Windows RT was also met with lukewarm reaction from manufacturers; in June 2012, [[Hewlett-Packard]] cancelled its plans to release a Windows RT tablet, stating that its customers felt Intel-based tablets were more appropriate for use in business environments. In January 2013, Samsung cancelled the American release of its Windows RT tablet, the [[Samsung Ativ Tab|Ativ Tab]], citing the unclear positioning of the operating system, "modest" demand for Windows RT devices, plus the effort and investment required to educate consumers on the differences between Windows 8 and RT as reasons for the move. Mike Abary, senior vice president of Samsung's U.S. PC and tablet businesses, also stated that the company was unable to build the Ativ Tab to meet its target price point—considering that lower cost was intended to be a selling point for Windows RT devices.<ref name=cnet-winrtsamsung>{{cite web|last=Tibken|first=Shara|title=Uh-oh, Windows RT, Samsung's got second thoughts|url=http://ces.cnet.com/8301-34439_1-57563340/uh-oh-windows-rt-samsungs-got-second-thoughts/|publisher=CNET|accessdate=January 11, 2013}}</ref> Nvidia CEO [[Jen-Hsun Huang]] expressed disappointment over the market performance of Windows RT, but called on Microsoft to continue increasing its concentration on the ARM platform. Huang also commented on the exclusion of Outlook from the Office 2013 suite included on the device, and suggested that Microsoft port the software for RT as well (in response to public demand, Microsoft announced the inclusion of Outlook with future versions of Windows RT in June 2013).<ref name=cnet-outlookrt/><ref name=pcw-nvidiadisapointment>{{cite web|title=Nvidia CEO disappointed with Windows RT, prays to Outlook god|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2031336/nvidia-ceo-disappointed-with-windows-rt-prays-to-outlook-god.html|publisher=PC World|accessdate=15 April 2013}}</ref> In May 2013, reports surfaced that [[HTC]] had scrapped plans to produce a 12-inch Windows RT tablet as it would cost too much to produce, and that there would be greater demand for smaller devices.<ref name=bloomberg-htc12inch>{{cite web|title=HTC Said to Cancel Large Windows RT Tablet on Weak Demand|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-30/htc-said-to-cancel-large-windows-rt-tablet-on-weak-demand.html|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=3 June 2013}}</ref> The poor demand resulted in price cuts for various Windows RT products; in April 2013 the price of Dell's XPS 10 fell from [[United States dollar|US$]]450 US to $300, and Microsoft began offering free covers for its Surface tablet in some territories as a limited-time promotion—itself a US$130 value for the Type Cover alone.<ref name=pcw-rtpricedrop>{{cite web|title=Prices of Windows RT tablets drop, point to failure of OS|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2032871/prices-of-windows-rt-tablets-drop-point-to-failure-of-os.html|publisher=PC World|accessdate=15 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=iw-racetothebottom>{{cite web|title=Windows RT's race to the bottom|url=http://www.infoworld.com/t/microsoft-windows/windows-rts-race-the-bottom-218623|publisher=InfoWorld|accessdate=22 May 2013}}</ref> Microsoft also reportedly reduced the cost of Windows RT licenses for devices with smaller screens, hoping that this could spur interest in the platform.<ref name=bloomberg-pricedrop>{{cite web|title=Microsoft Said to Cut Windows for Tablet Prices|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-03/microsoft-said-to-cut-windows-for-tablet-prices.html|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=3 June 2013}}</ref> In July 2013, Microsoft cut the price of the first-generation Surface worldwide by 30%, with its U.S. price falling to $350. Concurrently, Microsoft reported a loss of US$900 million due to the lackluster sales of the device.<ref>{{cite news | first1=Nathan | last1=Ingraham | url=http://www.theverge.com/2013/7/18/4535976/microsoft-lost-900-million-on-surface-rt | title=Microsoft took a $900 million hit on Surface RT this quarter | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | work=[[The Verge]] | date=18 July 2013 | accessdate=8 February 2015 | ref=$900M}}</ref><ref name=atd-writeoff>{{cite web|title=Microsoft Misses, Takes a $900 Million Charge on Surface RT Stock|url=http://allthingsd.com/20130718/microsoft-misses-shares-sink/|work=All Things Digital|accessdate=25 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=verge-surfacecut>{{cite web|title=Microsoft cuts Surface RT prices by 30 percent worldwide, hopes to boost slow sales|url=http://www.theverge.com/2013/7/15/4524454/microsoft-surface-rt-price-cuts-worldwide|work=The Verge|accessdate=25 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=bloomberg-surface>{{cite web|title=Microsoft’s Surface Tablet Is Said to Fall Short of Predictions|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-14/microsoft-s-surface-tablet-is-said-to-fall-short-of-predictions.html|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=May 21, 2013}}</ref><ref name="900M loss">{{cite news|last=Lowe|first=Scott|title=Microsoft Lost $900 Million on Surface RT in Q1|url=http://au.ign.com/articles/2013/07/18/microsoft-lost-900-million-on-surface-rt-in-q1|accessdate=July 20, 2013|newspaper=IGN.com|date=July 18, 2013}}</ref> In August 2013, Dell silently pulled the option to purchase the XPS 10 from its online store without a keyboard dock (raising its price back up to US$479), and pulled the device entirely in September 2013.<ref name=engadget-xps10discontinued/><ref name=cw-dellxpskeyboard>{{cite web|title=Dell drops $299 Windows RT tablet; cheapest deal is now $479|url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9241708/Dell_drops_299_Windows_RT_tablet_cheapest_deal_is_now_479|work=Computerworld|accessdate=17 August 2013}}</ref> Microsoft's discount on the Surface tablet did result in a slight increase of market share for the device; in late-August 2013, usage data from the advertising network [[AdDuplex]] (which provides advertising services within Windows Store apps) revealed that Surface usage had increased from 6.2 to 9.8%.<ref name=pcworld-surfacertskyrocket>{{cite web|title=Surface RT usage skyrockets after steep price cuts|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2047440/surface-rt-usage-skyrockets-after-steep-price-cuts.html|work=PC World|accessdate=28 December 2013}}</ref> === Restrictions and compatibility limitations === In contrast to Windows 8 (where the feature had to be enabled by default on OEM devices, but remain user-configurable), Microsoft requires all Windows RT devices to have [[UEFI Secure Boot]] permanently enabled, preventing the ability to run alternative operating systems on them. Tom Warren of ''[[The Verge]]'' stated that he would have preferred Microsoft to "keep a consistent approach across ARM and x86, though, not least because of the number of users who'd love to run [[Android (operating system)|Android]] alongside Windows 8 on their future tablets", but noted that the decision to impose such restrictions was in line with similar measures imposed by other mobile operating systems, including recent Android devices and Microsoft's own [[Windows Phone]] mobile platform.<ref name="cw-rtsecureboot"/><ref>{{cite web |first=Jon |last=Brodkin |url=http://arstechnica.com/business/news/2012/01/microsoft-mandating-secure-boot-on-arm-making-linux-installs-difficult.ars |title=Microsoft mandating Secure Boot on ARM, making Linux installs difficult |work=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=Condé Nast |date=January 16, 2012 |accessdate=August 3, 2012}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web |url=http://www.theverge.com/microsoft/2012/1/16/2710502/microsoft-secure-boot-windows-8-arm |title=Windows 8 ARM devices won't have the option to switch off Secure Boot |first=Tom |last=Warren |work=The Verge |date=January 16, 2012 |accessdate=August 3, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.computerworlduk.com/open-enterprise/2012/01/is-microsoft-blocking-linux-booting-on-arm-based-hardware/index.htm|title=Is Microsoft Blocking Linux Booting on ARM Hardware?|author=Glyn Moody|date=January 12, 2012|work=Computerworld UK}}</ref> The requirement to obtain most software on Windows RT through Windows Store was considered to be similar in nature to the application stores on other "[[closed platform|closed]]" mobile platforms; where only software certified under guidelines issued by the vendor (i.e. Microsoft) can be distributed in the store.<ref name=pcw-remotelydeleteapps>{{cite web|title=Microsoft: We Can Remotely Delete Windows 8 Apps|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/245797/microsoft_we_can_remotely_delete_windows_8_apps.html|work=PC World|accessdate=10 July 2013}}</ref> Microsoft was also criticized by the developers of the [[Firefox]] web browser for effectively preventing the development of third-party web browsers for Windows RT (and thus forcing use of its own Internet Explorer browser) by restricting the development of desktop applications and by not providing the same APIs and exceptions available on Windows 8 to code web browsers that can run as apps.<ref name="cnet-mozilla"/><ref name=winrt-browsers/> However, the [[European Union]], in response to a complaint about the restrictions in relation to an [[European Union Microsoft competition case|antitrust case]] involving Microsoft, ruled that "so far, there are no grounds to pursue further investigation on this particular issue." As mandated by the EU, the [[BrowserChoice.eu]] service is still included in Windows 8.<ref name=pcworld-eurtantitrust>{{cite web|title=EU antitrust regulators let Microsoft limit browsers on Windows RT|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2013097/eu-antitrust-regulators-let-microsoft-limit-browsers-on-windows-rt.html|work=PC World|accessdate=31 December 2013}}</ref> ===="Jailbreak" exploit==== In January 2013, a [[privilege escalation]] exploit was discovered in the Windows kernel that can allow unsigned code to run under Windows RT; the exploit involved the use of a [[Debugger|remote debugging]] tool (provided by Microsoft to debug [[Windows Runtime|WinRT]] apps on Windows RT devices) to execute code which changes the [[code signing|signing level]] stored in [[Random-access memory|RAM]] to allow unsigned code to execute (by default, it is set to a level that only allows code signed by Microsoft to execute).<ref name=extremetech-exploit>{{cite web|title=Windows RT jailbroken to run third-party Desktop apps|url=http://www.extremetech.com/computing/144888-windows-rt-jailbroken-to-run-third-party-desktop-apps|publisher=ExtremeTech|accessdate=14 March 2013}}</ref> Alongside his explanation of the exploit, the developer also included a personal appeal to Microsoft urging them to remove the restrictions on Windows RT devices, contending that their decision was not for technical reasons, and that the devices would be more valuable if this functionality were available.<ref name=pcw-rtunsigned>{{cite web|last=Paul|first=Ian|title=Windows RT can be tweaked to run desktop apps, hacker says|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2023856/windows-rt-can-be-tweaked-to-run-desktop-apps-hacker-says.html|publisher=[[PC World]]|accessdate=January 8, 2013}}</ref> In a statement, a Microsoft spokesperson applauded the effort, indicating that the exploit does not pose a security threat because it requires administrative access to the device, advanced techniques, and would still require programs to be re-compiled for ARM. However, Microsoft has still indicated that the exploit would be patched in a future update.<ref>{{cite web|last=Whitney|first=Lance|title=Windows RT hack? Don't sweat it, Microsoft says|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-10805_3-57562697-75/windows-rt-hack-dont-sweat-it-microsoft-says/|publisher=CNET|accessdate=January 10, 2013}}</ref> A [[batch file]]-based tool soon surfaced on [[XDA Developers]] to assist users in the process of performing the exploit, and a variety of ported desktop applications began to emerge, such as the [[emulator]] [[Bochs]], [[PuTTY]] and [[TightVNC]].<ref name=extremetech-exploit/><ref name=pcw-jailbreaktool>{{cite web|last=Paul|first=Ian|title=Jailbreak tool gives Windows RT tablets desktop-like functions|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2024918/jailbreak-tool-gives-windows-rt-tablets-desktop-like-functions.html|publisher=PC World|accessdate=January 12, 2013}}</ref><ref name=itw-jailbreak>{{cite web|title=You can jailbreak Windows RT to run desktop apps...or even Mac OS|url=http://www.itworld.com/consumerization-it/335499/you-can-jailbreak-windows-rt-run-desktop-appsor-even-mac-os|publisher=IT World|accessdate=January 12, 2013}}</ref><ref name=tnw-bochs>{{cite web|title=Microsoft declares Windows RT Jailbreak tool is safe, says it ‘appreciates the work of researchers’|url=http://thenextweb.com/microsoft/2013/01/11/microsoft-is-investigating-windows-rt-jailbreak-tool-says-will-take-appropriate-action/|publisher=The Next Web|accessdate=January 28, 2013}}</ref> Afterwards, an emulator known as "Win86emu" surfaced, allowing users to run x86 software on a jailbroken Windows RT device. However, it does not support all Windows APIs, and runs programs slower than they would on a native system.<ref name=ext-win32emu>{{cite web|title=How to run normal x86 Windows apps on your Windows RT tablet|url=http://www.extremetech.com/computing/148841-how-to-run-normal-x86-windows-apps-on-your-windows-rt-tablet|work=ExtremeTech|accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref> == Discontinuation == In November 2013, speaking about Windows RT at the UBS Global Technology Conference, [[Julie Larson-Green]] made comments discussing the future of Microsoft's mobile strategy surrounding the Windows platform. Larson-Green stated that in the future (accounting for Windows, Windows RT, and [[Windows Phone]]), Microsoft was "[not] going to have three [mobile operating systems]." The fate of Windows RT was left unclear by her remarks; industry analysts interpreted them as signs that Microsoft was preparing to discontinue Windows RT due to its poor adoption, while others suggested that Microsoft was planning to unify Windows with Windows Phone.<ref name=guardian-killingrt>{{cite web|title=Microsoft ready to kill Windows RT|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/26/microsoft-kill-windows-rt-larson-green|work=The Guardian|accessdate=29 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=verge-threewindows>{{cite web|title=Microsoft's device chief sees a future without three versions of Windows|url=http://www.theverge.com/2013/11/25/5142850/julie-larson-green-future-windows-versions|work=The Verge|accessdate=29 November 2013}}</ref> Microsoft ultimately announced its "Universal Windows Apps" platform at Build 2014, which would allow developers to create WinRT apps for Windows, Windows Phone, and [[Xbox One]] that share common codebases.<ref name=pcworld-universalapps>{{cite web|title=Microsoft's universal Windows apps run on tablets, phones, Xbox, and PCs|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2138625/microsoft-introduces-universal-apps-that-scale-across-phones-tablets-and-pcs.html|work=PC World|publisher=IDG|accessdate=5 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=pcw-startback>{{cite web|title=Rejoice! The Start menu is coming back to Windows|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2138443/rejoice-the-start-menu-is-coming-back-to-windows.html|work=PC World|publisher=IDG|accessdate=2 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=ars-startreturn>{{cite web|title=Future Windows 8.1 update will finally bring back the Start menu|url=http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/04/future-windows-8-1-update-will-finally-bring-back-the-start-menu/|work=Ars Technica|accessdate=5 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=infoworld-universalapps>{{cite web|title=One Windows, all devices: The new Microsoft app strategy unveiled|url=http://www.infoworld.com/t/microsoft-net/one-windows-all-devices-the-new-microsoft-app-strategy-unveiled-239698|work=InfoWorld|accessdate=5 April 2014}}</ref> These initiatives were compounded by a goal for [[Windows 10]] to unify the core Windows operating system across all devices.<ref name=informationweek-7observations/> When Microsoft unveiled the [[Surface Pro 3]] in May 2014, neither a low-end counterpart running RT, nor a rumored "Mini" version were unveiled alongside it, in spite of rumors. Critics interpreted this move as a further sign that Microsoft, under new CEO [[Satya Nadella]], and new device head [[Stephen Elop]] (who joined Microsoft upon the purchase of [[Nokia]]'s [[Microsoft Mobile|mobile phone business]]), was planning to further downplay Windows RT, given that the company had shifted its attention towards a higher-end, productivity-oriented market with the Pro 3—one which would be inappropriate for Windows RT given its positioning and limitations. Analysts believed that Microsoft was planning to leverage its acquisition of Nokia's device business for future Windows RT devices, possibly under the Lumia brand.<ref name=cw-rtsurface3>{{cite news|title=Why the Surface Pro 3 just killed Windows RT|url=http://blogs.computerworld.com/tablets/23942/why-surface-pro-3-just-killed-windows-rt|accessdate=24 July 2014|work=ComputerWorld|date=22 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=zdnet-nomini>{{cite news|title=What Microsoft didn't announce today: An ARM-based Surface Mini|url=http://www.zdnet.com/what-microsoft-didnt-announce-today-an-arm-based-surface-mini-7000029664/|accessdate=24 July 2014|work=ZDNet|date=20 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=cw-notdeadyet>{{cite news|title=Windows RT isn't dead -- yet|url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9248465/Windows_RT_isn_t_dead_yet|accessdate=24 July 2014|work=ComputerWorld|date=20 May 2014}}</ref> Newer Intel processors for mobile devices were more competitive in comparison to ARM equivalents in regards to performance and battery life; this factor and other changes made by Microsoft, such as the removal of Windows OEM license fees on devices with screens less than 9 inches in size,<ref name=verge-free9inch>{{cite web|title=Microsoft making Windows free on devices with screens under 9 inches|url=http://www.theverge.com/2014/4/2/5574146/microsoft-making-windows-free-on-devices-with-screens-under-nine/in/5338899|work=The Verge|accessdate=April 2, 2014}}</ref> spurred the creation of a market for lower-end tablets running the full Windows 8 operating system on Intel-compatible platforms, leaving further uncertainty over Microsoft's support of ARM outside of smartphones—where they remain ubiquitous.<ref name=infoworld-cheap81>{{cite web|title=Cheap Windows 8.1 tablets flood the market|url=http://www.infoworld.com/article/2825878/mobile-technology/cheap-windows-8-1-tablets-rush-to-the-bottom-windows-rt-loses-big-time.html|website=InfoWorld|accessdate=24 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=informationweek-7observations>{{cite web|title=Windows 10 On ARM: 7 Observations|url=http://www.informationweek.com/mobile/mobile-devices/windows-10-on-arm-7-observations/a/d-id/1316523|website=InformationWeek|accessdate=24 November 2014}}</ref> In March 2015, Microsoft unveiled a new low-end Surface model—the [[Atom (system on chip)|Intel Atom]]-based [[Surface 3]]; unlike previous low-end Surface models, Surface 3 was the first not to use ARM and Windows RT.<ref name=verge-surface3>{{cite web|title=Microsoft's Surface 3 is a $499 tablet that could be a full Windows laptop|url=http://www.theverge.com/2015/3/31/8317597/microsoft-surface-3-tablet-features|website=The Verge|accessdate=31 March 2015}}</ref> On January 21, 2015, Microsoft unveiled [[Windows 10 Mobile]], an edition of Windows 10 for smartphones and sub-8-inch tablets running on ARM architecture; unlike RT, which was based upon the user experience of the PC version, Windows 10 on these devices is a continuation of the Windows Phone user experience that emphasizes the ability for developers to create "universal" Windows apps that can [[Write once, run anywhere|run across PC, tablet, and phone]], and only supports the modern-style interface and Windows apps (although on compatible devices, a limited desktop experience will be available when connected to an external display).<ref name=witpro-continumwm10>{{cite web|title=A PC in Your Pocket: Continuum for Windows Phones|url=http://windowsitpro.com/windows-10/pc-your-pocket-continuum-windows-phones|website=Windows IT Pro|publisher=Penton|accessdate=16 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=w10-phonedesktop-verge>{{cite web|title=Your Windows 10 phone can turn into a full PC|url=http://www.theverge.com/2015/4/29/8513519/microsoft-windows-10-continuum-for-phones|website=The Verge|accessdate=29 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=cnet-tailored10>{{cite web|title=Microsoft has 'tailored' version of Windows 10 for phones, tablets|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/microsoft-has-tailored-version-of-windows-10-for-phones-tablets/|website=CNET|publisher=CBS Interactive|accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=verge-10phonedebut>{{cite web|last1=Savov|first1=Vlad|title=Windows 10 makes its phone debut|url=http://www.theverge.com/2015/1/21/7865923/microsoft-windows-10-mobile-os|website=The Verge|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref> Following the event, a Microsoft spokesperson stated that the company was working on a Windows RT update that would provide "some of the functionality of Windows 10", but declined to offer any further details. As such, Microsoft does not officially consider Windows RT to be a supported upgrade path to Windows 10.<ref name=cnet-notdeadyet>{{cite web|title=Microsoft's Windows RT isn't dead ... yet|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/microsofts-windows-rt-isnt-dead-yet/|website=CNET|publisher=CBS Interactive|accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=pcw-noenterprise>{{cite web|title=Windows 10 will be a free upgrade for Windows 7 and Windows 8 users|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2873214/windows-10-will-be-a-free-upgrade-for-windows-7-and-8-users.html|website=PCWorld|publisher=IDG|accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref> Shortly afterward, Microsoft ended production of both the Surface 2 and Lumia 2520.<ref name=pcw-2520done/> The update, KB3033055 "Update for Windows RT 8.1 feature improvement",<ref name=ms-3033055>{{cite web|title=Update for Windows RT 8.1 feature improvement|url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/3033055|publisher=Microsoft|accessdate=20 September 2015}}</ref> was released on September 16, 2015.<ref name=techradar-rt10update>{{cite web|title=Microsoft confirms Windows RT will get an update within weeks|url=http://www.techradar.com/news/software/operating-systems/microsoft-confirms-windows-rt-will-get-an-update-within-weeks-1297963|website=TechRadar|publisher=Future|accessdate=29 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=ars-rtupdate3>{{cite web|title=Windows RT gets a Start menu of its own in Windows RT 8.1 Update 3|url=http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/09/windows-rt-gets-a-start-menu-of-its-own-in-windows-rt-8-1-update-3/|website=Ars Technica|publisher=Conde Nast|accessdate=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=neowin-wrtupdate3>{{cite web|last1=Sams|first1=Brad|title=Windows RT update 3 is coming in September|url=http://www.neowin.net/news/windows-rt-update-3-is-coming-in-september|website=Neowin|publisher=Neowin LLC|accessdate=15 July 2015}}</ref> The update adds the ability to use a version of Windows 10's Start menu (based upon a version seen in earlier beta builds of the operating system due to technical limitations),<ref name=ars-rtupdate3/> and does not contain any other significant changes to the operating system or its functionality, nor any support for Windows 10's application ecosystem.<ref name=ars-rtupdate3/> ''[[The Verge]]'' characterized this update as being similar to [[Windows Phone 7.8]]—which similarly [[backporting|backported]] user interface changes from its [[Windows Phone 8|successor]], without making any other significant upgrades to the platform.<ref name=pcw-rtupdate3>{{cite web|title=Windows RT users shouldn't expect much from Update 3, report claims|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2949983/windows/windows-rt-users-shouldnt-expect-much-from-update-3-report-claims.html|website=PC World|publisher=IDG|accessdate=20 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=verge-update3details>{{cite web|title=Upcoming Windows RT update will include new Start menu and lock screen|url=http://www.theverge.com/2015/8/9/9123277/windows-rt-8-1-update-3-start-menu-lock-screen-features|website=The Verge|accessdate=20 August 2015}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == External links == {{portal|Microsoft}} * {{Official website|http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/rt-welcome}} * [http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/windows-rt-faq Windows RT 8.1: FAQ] * [http://www.techradar.com/news/software/operating-systems/windows-8-vs-windows-rt-what-s-the-difference-1086980 Windows 8 vs Windows RT 8: what's the difference?]. {{Microsoft Windows family}} {{Windows tablets}} {{Mobile operating systems}} [[Category:2012 software]] [[Category:ARM operating systems]] [[Category:Mobile operating systems]] [[Category:Tablet operating systems]] [[Category:Windows 8]] [[no:Windows 8#RT]]'