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[ 0 => '{{about|the Roman political alliance between ''Caesar [[Augustus]]'', ''[[Mark Antony]]'', and ''[[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)|Marcus Lepidus]]''|the second of the 19th century AD Argentinian alliances|Second Triumvirate (Argentina)}}', 1 => '{{multiple image', 2 => ' | align = right', 3 => ' | direction = vertical', 4 => ' | width = 250', 5 => ' | image1 = Antony with Octavian aureus.jpg', 6 => ' | caption1 =', 7 => ' | image2 = RSC 0002a.jpg', 8 => ' | caption2 = '''Top''': Mark Antony (left) and Octavian (right) portrayed on 41 BC Roman [[aureus]] issued to honor the Second Triumvirate.<br>'''Bottom''': Lepidus (left) and Octavian (right) portrayed on [[denarii]]. Both coins are inscribed "III VIR R P C", abbreviating "tresviri rei publicae constituendae" (One of Three Men for the Regulation of the Republic).<ref>{{cite web | last = Sear | first = David R. | title = Common Legend Abbreviations on Roman Coins | publisher=David R. Sear|location=Porter Ranch, CA|url = http://www.davidrsear.com/academy/roman_legends.html | accessdate = 18 April 2015 }}{{better source|date=April 2015}}</ref>{{better source|date=April 2015}}', 9 => '}}{{refimprove|date=April 2015}}', 10 => false, 11 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}The '''Second Triumvirate''' is the name historians have given to the official political alliance of ''Gaius Octavius'' (Octavian, Caesar [[Augustus]]), ''Marcus Antonius'' ([[Mark Antony]]), and ''[[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]]'', formed on 27 November 43 BC with the enactment of the ''[[Lex Titia]]'', the adoption of which is viewed as marking the end of the [[Roman Republic]]. The Triumvirate existed for two five-year terms, covering the period 43 BC to 33 BC. Unlike the earlier [[First Triumvirate]],<ref>The First Triumvirate was a political alliance between ''[[Gaius Julius Caesar]]'', ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus'' ([[Pompey the Great]]), and ''[[Marcus Licinius Crassus]]''; see Adrian Goldsworthy (2008). ''Caesar: Life of a Colossus,'' New Haven, CT:Yale University Press (ISBN 9780300126891, p. 164, and Suetonius [Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus]| (2003). ''The Twelve Caesars'', with an introduction by Michael Grant [Robert Graves, Transl.], Rev. Ed. London, UK:Penguin Books, p. 21{{verify source|date=April 2015}} (ISBN 0140449213), [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0140449213], accessed 18 April 2015.</ref><ref>The First lasted from approximately 59 BC to Crassus' defeat by the Parthians in 53 BC. See Arnold Joseph Toynbee (2014). "Julius Caesar (Roman ruler): The first triumvirate and the conquest of Gaul," and "Julius Caesar (Roman ruler): Antecedents and outcome of the civil war of 49–45 BC," at ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' (online), [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/88114/Julius-Caesar/9735/The-first-triumvirate-and-the-conquest-of-Gaul] and [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/88114/Julius-Caesar/9736/Antecedents-and-outcome-of-the-civil-war-of-49-45-BC], accessed 18 April 2015.</ref> the Second Triumvirate was an official, legally established institution, whose overwhelming power in the Roman state was given full legal sanction and whose ''[[imperium|imperium maius]]'' outranked that of all other magistrates, including the [[Roman consul|consul]]s.', 12 => false, 13 => '==Origin and nature==', 14 => 'Octavian, despite his youth, extorted from the Senate the post of suffect consul (''consul suffectus'') for 43 BC.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} He had been warring with Antony and Lepidus in upper [[Italy|Italia]], but in October 43 BC the three agreed to unite and seize power and so met near Bononia (now [[Bologna]]).<ref name=Eck_15f>Eck, p. 15f.</ref><ref>The site of meeting was in what is now the ''[[frazione]]'' Sacerno of the ''[[comune]]'' of [[Calderara di Reno]].{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}</ref>', 15 => false, 16 => 'This [[triumvirate]] of new leaders was established in 43 BC as the ''Triumviri [[Rei Publicae]] Constituendae Consulari Potestate'' (Triumvirs for Confirming the [[Roman Republic|Republic]] with Consular Power, abbreviated as <small>III VIR RPC</small>). Where the first triumvirate was essentially a private agreement, the second was embedded in the constitution formally joining Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus in shared rule over Rome.<ref>{{cite web|title=Second Triumvirate|url=http://www.unrv.com/fall-republic/second-triumvirate.php|website=UNRV Roman History|publisher=UNRV.com|accessdate=11 September 2015}}</ref> The only other office which had ever been qualified "for confirming the Republic" was the [[Roman dictator|dictatorship]] of [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]]; the only limit on the powers of the Triumvirate was the five-year term set by law.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}', 17 => false, 18 => 'A historical oddity of the Triumvirate is that it was, in effect, a three-man directorate with dictatorial powers; it included Antony, who as consul in 44 BC had obtained a ''[[lex Antonia]]'' that abolished the dictatorship and expunged it from the Republic's constitutions.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} As had been the case with both Sulla and [[Julius Caesar]] during their dictatorships, the members of the Triumvirate saw no contradiction between holding a supraconsular office and the consulate itself simultaneously.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}<ref>Lepidus was consul in 42 BC, Antony in 34 BC, and Octavian in 33 BC.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}</ref>{{multiple image', 19 => ' | title=Division of Roman Territories at Different Timepoints.{{OR|date=April 2015}}', 20 => ' ', 21 => ' | direction = horizontal', 22 => ' | width = 300', 23 => ' | footer: ', 24 => ' | image1 = Roman-Empire-43BC.png', 25 => ' | caption1 = At the foundation of the Triumvirate (42 BC).{{inconsistent}}{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}', 26 => '{{col-begin}}{{col-2}} {{legend|#81EE5B|Antony}}{{legend|#C19666|Lepidus}}{{legend|#DE8DE0|Octavian}}{{legend|#FF925E|Triumvirs collectively}}{{col-end}}', 27 => ' | image2 = Roman-Empire-39BC-sm.png', 28 => ' | caption2 = After the [[Treaty of Brundisium]] (40 BC).{{inconsistent}}{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}', 29 => '{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}{{legend|#7D87FF|Sextus Pompey}}{{legend|#ED1C24|Brutus & Cassius}}{{legend|#FED250|Rome's client kingdoms}}{{legend|#FF8C8C|Ptolemaic Egypt}}{{col-end}}', 30 => '}}', 31 => false, 32 => 'At the beginning,{{when|date=April 2015}} Lepidus' possession of the provinces of [[Hispania]] and [[Narbonese Gaul]] was confirmed, and he agreed to hand over 7 legions to Octavian and Antony to continue the struggle against Brutus and Cassius for eastern Roman territory; in the event of defeat, Lepidus' territories would provide a fall-back position.{{according to whom|date=April 2015}}{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} Antony retained Cisalpine Gaul and hegemony over Gaul itself, and Octavian held Africa and was given nominal authority over Sicily and Sardinia.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}<ref>This was purely theoretical,{{according to whom|date=April 2015}} as they were controlled by [[Sextus Pompey]], leader of the surviving Pompeian faction.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}</ref> According to historian Richard Weigel, Octavian's share at this stage was "practically humiliating"; all the most important provinces went to Antony and Lepidus, though transfer of Lepidus' legions to Octavian meant that Lepidus was "effectively eliminating himself as an equal partner" in future.:<ref>Weigel, p. 69.</ref>-)', 33 => false, 34 => '==Proscriptions==', 35 => 'In order to refill the treasury, the Triumvirs decided to resort to [[proscription]].<ref name=Eck_15f/> As all three had been partisans of Caesar, their main targets were opponents of the Caesarian faction. The most notable victims were [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]], who had opposed Caesar and excoriated Antony in his ''[[Philippics]],'' and [[Marcus Favonius]], a follower of [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] and an opponent of both triumvirates.<ref>Cassius Dio, Roman HIstory, XLVII</ref> The proscription of Caesar's [[legatus|legate]] [[Quintus Tullius Cicero]] (Marcus Tullius Cicero's younger brother) seems to have been motivated by the perceived need to destroy Cicero's family. For ancient writers, the most shocking proscriptions were those of Caesar's legate [[Lucius Julius Caesar (consul 64 BC)|Lucius Julius Caesar]], and Lepidus' brother [[Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus]]. They were added to the list because they had been the first to condemn Antony and Lepidus after the two allied. In fact they both survived.<ref>Weigel, p. 72.</ref>', 36 => false, 37 => 'Octavian's colleague in the consulate that year, his cousin (and nephew of Caesar), Quintus Pedius, died before the proscriptions got underway.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} Octavian himself resigned shortly after, allowing the appointment of a second pair of suffect consuls; the original consuls for the year, Caesar's legate [[Aulus Hirtius]] and [[Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus]], had died fighting on the Senate's side of the first civil war to follow Caesar's death, that between the Senate and Mark Antony himself.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}} This became a broad pattern of the Triumvirate's two terms; during the ten years of the Triumvirate (43 BC TO 33 BC), there were 42 consuls in office, rather than the expected 20.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}', 38 => false, 39 => '==Philippi==', 40 => 'The Caesarean background of the Triumvirs made it no surprise that immediately after the conclusion of the first civil war of the post-Caesar period, they immediately set about prosecuting a second: Caesar's murderers [[Marcus Junius Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]] had usurped control of most of the Eastern provinces, including [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]], [[Asia Minor]], and [[Syria (Roman province)|Syria]]. In 42 BC, Octavian and Antony set out to war, defeating Brutus and Cassius in two battles fought at [[Battle of Philippi|Philippi]].', 41 => false, 42 => 'After the victory, Antony and Octavian agreed to divide the provinces of the Republic into spheres of influence. Octavian — who had begun calling himself "''Divi filius''" ("son of the divinity") after Caesar's deification as Divus Julius ("the Divine Julius") and now styled himself simply "[[Imperator]] Caesar" — took control of the West, Antony of the East. As a result, the province of Cisalpine Gaul was absorbed into Italy. Narbonese Gaul was absorbed into Gallia Comata, creating a unified Gaul, and was thus taken over by Antony. Octavian took over Spain from Lepidus. Lepidus himself was left with nothing, but was offered the prospect of control over Africa. The excuse given for this was a report that Lepidus had been traitorously negotiating with Sextus Pompey. If he were proved innocent he would have Africa.<ref>Weigel, p. 79.</ref> Octavian returned to Rome to administer the distribution of land to his veterans. Antony remained in the east to bring Brutus and Cassius' former territories under triumvirate control.', 43 => false, 44 => 'The reduced role of Lepidus is evident in the fact that far fewer coins depict him from this point on, and a number of triumviral edicts are issued in the names of Antony and Octavian only.<ref>Weigel, p. 144</ref>', 45 => false, 46 => '==Perusine war and Sextus Pompey==', 47 => '[[Image:Lucius Antonius.jpg|left|thumb|115 px|Lucius Antonius]]', 48 => 'Octavian's land redistribution caused widespread tensions, as farmers were dispossessed in favour of soldiers. Antony's brother [[Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)|Lucius Antonius]], who was serving as Consul, stood up for the dispossessed farmers. The conflict led to the [[Perusine War]], in which Lucius gathered an army of supporters to challenge Octavian. He was encouraged by Mark Antony's wife [[Fulvia]].<ref>Allison J. Weir, 2007, ''A Study of Fulvia,'' Masters Thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, see [https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/1974/966/1/Weir_Allison_J_200712_MA.pdf], accessed 18 April 2015.{{page needed|date=April 2015}}; Appian, ''The Civil Wars'' 5.14; Adrian Goldsworthy, ''Augustus: First Emperor of Rome'' (New Haven, CT: Yale, 2014), 145.</ref> Lepidus held Rome with two legions while Octavian left to gather his army, but Lucius defeated Lepidus, who was forced to flee to Octavian. As Octavian advanced on Rome, Lucius withdrew to Perusia (Perugia), where he was besieged by Octavian in the winter of 41-40 BC. He finally surrendered in exchange for clemency. The outcome was that Lepidus was confirmed as governor of Africa, acquiring six of Antony's legions, leaving Octavian as the sole power in Italy, with his own loyal legions in control. When Antony's supporter Calenus, governor of Gaul, died, Octavian took over his legions, further strengthening his control over the west.<ref>Southern, p. 78</ref> This new distribution of power among the triumvirs was confirmed by the Treaty of Brundisium in September 40 BC. At around the same time, Antony's wife Fulvia died. Octavian arranged for Antony to marry his sister, [[Octavia the Younger|Octavia]], as a symbol of the renewed alliance.', 49 => false, 50 => '[[Image:Denarius Sextus Pompeius-Scilla.jpg|thumb|240 px|A Sextus Pompey [[denarius]], minted for his victory over [[Augustus|Octavian]]'s fleet. On the obverse is the Pharus of [[Messina]], on the reverse the monster [[Scylla]].]]', 51 => 'The economic problems caused by the eviction of established farmers were exacerbated by the control of Sextus Pompey over Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia. Pompey's navy regularly intercepted Roman shipping, leading to problems with the grain supply. In 39 BC Antony and Octavian decided to negotiate an agreement to stop the piracy. According to Appian, Sextus hoped to replace Lepidus as the third triumvir, but instead he was confirmed in possession of the islands by the [[Pact of Misenum]], in return agreeing to stop his piracy. According to one source Sextus' second-in-command [[Menas (admiral)|Menas]] advised him to kidnap and kill Antony and Octavian while they were celebrating the deal at a dinner on Sextus's flagship, but Sextus refused.<ref>Wright, p. 49.</ref>', 52 => false, 53 => 'Despite the agreement, conflicts continued. Octavian accused Sextus of continuing to raid Italian towns. In the following year Octavian attempted to take Sicily by force. He was defeated twice in naval battles off Messina. He then arranged a meeting with Antony, who was planning to attack [[Parthia]] and needed troops. Antony agreed to deliver ships for the attack on Sextus in exchange for troops to fight the Parthians.<ref>Southern, p. 82</ref> Octavian also secured the support of Lepidus, planning a simultaneous joint attack on Sicily.', 54 => false, 55 => '==Fall of Lepidus==', 56 => 'Though Octavian nominally oversaw the campaign against Sextus, the campaign was actually commanded by Octavian's lieutenant, [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]], which culminated in victory in 36 BC. Agrippa had been consul in 37 BC and had secured the Triumvirate's renewal for a second five-year term.', 57 => false, 58 => 'Like the First Triumvirate, the Second Triumvirate was ultimately unstable and could not withstand internal jealousies and ambitions. Antony detested Octavian and spent most of his time in the East, while Lepidus favoured Antony but felt himself obscured by both his colleagues, despite having succeeded Caesar as [[Pontifex Maximus]] in 43 BC. During the campaign against Sextus Pompey, Lepidus had raised a large army of 14 legions and a considerable navy. Lepidus had been the first to land troops in [[Sicily]] and had captured several of the main towns. However, he felt that Octavian was treating him as a subordinate rather than an equal.<ref name = Weigel02_88f/> This led to an ill-judged political move that gave Octavian the excuse he needed to remove Lepidus from power. After the defeat of Sextus Pompey, Lepidus stationed his legions in Sicily and argued that it should be absorbed into his territories. Alternatively, he should be restored to his former provinces, which had been legally guaranteed by the [[Lex Titia]]. Octavian accused Lepidus of attempting to usurp power and fomenting rebellion. Humiliatingly, Lepidus' legions in Sicily defected to Octavian and Lepidus himself was forced to submit to him. Lepidus was stripped of all his offices except that of Pontifex Maximus. Octavian sent him into exile in [[San Felice Circeo|Circeii]].<ref name = Weigel02_88f>Weigel, pp. 88f.</ref>', 59 => false, 60 => '==War between Octavian and Antony==', 61 => '{{main|Final War of the Roman Republic}}', 62 => '[[Image:Lawrence Alma-Tadema- Anthony and Cleopatra.JPG|thumb|400px|''Anthony and Cleopatra'', by [[Lawrence Alma-Tadema]].]]', 63 => 'In order to provide treasures and rewards for his troops and cement his reputation as a military commander, Octavian pursued a war in [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]] to bring it under Roman control.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} Meanwhile, Antony was preparing his war against Parthia, taking advantage of divisions caused by the new Parthian king [[Phraates IV]]. {{citation needed|date=April 2015}} However Antony over-extended himself and was forced to retreat with considerable loss of troops.<ref>Southern, p. 88.</ref>', 64 => false, 65 => 'Despite having married [[Octavia Minor|Octavia]], Octavian's sister, in 40 BC (Octavian had married Antony's stepdaughter [[Clodia Pulchra]] three years earlier), Antony openly lived in [[Alexandria]] with [[Cleopatra VII of Egypt]], even siring children with her.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} When the Triumvirate's second term expired in 33 BC, Antony continued to use the title [[Triumvir]]; Octavian, opting to distance himself from Antony, refrained from using it.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}', 66 => false, 67 => 'After Antony's defeat in Parthia, Cleopatra had come to his aid with supplies; Antony then turned his attention to Armenia, seizing its king [[Artavasdes II of Armenia|Artavasdes]] and occupying the country.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} He minted coins to commemorate the victory, created a mimic of a Roman triumph,{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} and read out a declaration, known as the [[Donations of Alexandria]] in which he granted territories to Cleopatra's children.<ref>Southern, p. 91.</ref>', 68 => false, 69 => 'Octavian illegally obtained Antony's will in July 32 BC and exposed it to the Roman public: it promised substantial legacies to Antony's children by Cleopatra, and left instructions for shipping his body to [[Alexandria]] for burial.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} Octavian's forces decisively defeated those of Antony and Cleopatra at the [[Battle of Actium]] in Greece in September 31 BC, chasing them to [[Egypt]] in 30 BC; both Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide in Alexandria, and Octavian personally took control of Egypt and Alexandria (Egyptian chronologies treat Octavian as Cleopatra's successor as [[Pharaoh]]).{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}', 70 => false, 71 => 'Octavian's ally [[Gaius Maecenas]] forestalled a conspiracy allegedly organised by [[Lepidus the Younger|Lepidus's son]] (31 BC). With the complete defeat of Antony and the marginalisation of Lepidus, Octavian, having been restyled "Augustus" in 27 BC, remained as the sole master of the Roman world, and proceeded to establish the [[Roman Empire|Principate]] as the first Roman "emperor".{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}', 72 => false, 73 => '==Further reading==', 74 => '* Adrian Goldsworthy (2008). ''Caesar: Life of a Colossus,'' New Haven, CT:Yale University Press (ISBN 9780300126891), see [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0300139195], accessed 18 April 2015. ', 75 => '* Suetonius [Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus]| (2003). ''The Twelve Caesars'', with an introduction by Michael Grant [Robert Graves, Transl.], Rev. Ed., London, UK:Penguin Books (ISBN 0140449213), [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0140449213], accessed 18 April 2015.', 76 => '* Arnold Joseph Toynbee (2014). "Julius Caesar (Roman ruler): The first triumvirate and the conquest of Gaul," and "Julius Caesar (Roman ruler): Antecedents and outcome of the civil war of 49–45 BC," at ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' (online), [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/88114/Julius-Caesar/9735/The-first-triumvirate-and-the-conquest-of-Gaul] and [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/88114/Julius-Caesar/9736/Antecedents-and-outcome-of-the-civil-war-of-49-45 BC ], accessed 18 April 2015.', 77 => false, 78 => '==See also==', 79 => '* [[Constitution of the Roman Republic]]', 80 => false, 81 => '==Notes and citations==', 82 => '{{reflist|30em}}', 83 => false, 84 => '==Literature cited==', 85 => '{{refbegin}}', 86 => '* {{cite book |last=Dio |first=Cassius| title = Roman History, Books 46-50 (Loeb Classical Library, Vol. V)| section=XLVII | year = 1917| others= [Earnest Cary, Trans.] | publisher = Harvard University Press| location=Cambridge, MA|isbn = 9780674990913 | url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/47*.html | accessdate = 18 April 2015 }}', 87 => '* {{cite book |last=Eck|first=Werner| title = The Age of Augustus| year = 2002| others= [D.L. Schneider, Trans.] | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell| location=New Your, NY|isbn = 9780631229575 }}', 88 => '* {{cite book |last=Eck|first=Werner| title = The Age of Augustus |edition=2nd |origyear=2002 | year = 2007| others= [D.L. Schneider and R. Daniel, Trans.]| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell| location=Oxford, UK|isbn = 1405151498 }}', 89 => '* {{cite book |last=Eder|first=Walter|title=Augustus and the Power of Tradition|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, MA |isbn= 0521807964}}', 90 => '* {{cite book |last=Green |first=Peter |title=Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age |series=Hellenistic Culture and Society |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, CA |isbn=0520056116}}', 91 => '* {{cite book |last=Rowell |first=Henry T.| title = Rome in the Augustan age | year = 1962| publisher = University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman, OK| isbn = 9780806109565 }}', 92 => '* {{cite book |last=Scullard |first=H. H. |title=From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 |edition=5th |origyear=1959 |year=1982 |publisher=Routledge |location=London; New York |isbn=0415025273}}', 93 => '* {{cite book |last=Southern|first=Pat| title = Augustus| year = 1998| publisher = Routledge| location=London, UK|isbn = 0415166314 }}', 94 => '* {{cite book |last=Syme |first=Ronald |authorlink=Ronald Syme |title=The Roman Revolution |year=1939 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=0192803204 }} This is considered{{by whom|date=April 2015}} to be the classic revisionist study of Augustus.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}', 95 => '* {{cite book |last=Weigel|first=Richard D.| title = Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir| year = 1992| publisher = Routledge| location=London, UK|isbn = 0415076803 }}', 96 => '* {{cite book |last=Wright|first=F.A.| title = Marcus Agrippa: Organizer of Victory| year = 1937| publisher = Routledge| location=London, UK}}', 97 => '{{refend}}', 98 => false, 99 => '[[Category:Government of the Roman Republic]]', 100 => '[[Category:Julio-Claudian dynasty]]', 101 => '[[Category:Augustus]]', 102 => '[[Category:40s BC establishments]]', 103 => '[[Category:43 BC]]', 104 => '[[Category:1st-century BC establishments in the Roman Republic]]', 105 => '[[Category:1st century BC in Italy]]', 106 => '[[Category:1st-millennium BC establishments in Italy]]', 107 => '[[Category:33 BC in Italy]]', 108 => '[[Category:1st-century BC disestablishments in the Roman Empire]]', 109 => '[[Category:1st-century BC disestablishments in Europe]]', 110 => '[[Category:1st-millennium BC disestablishments in Italy]]', 111 => false, 112 => '[[de:Triumvirat#Das Zweite Triumvirat]]', 113 => '[[ja:三頭政治#第二回三頭政治]]' ]