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'{{distinguish|Science communication}} '''Scholarly communication''' is the process by which [[academia|academics]], scholars and researchers share and [[Academic publishing|publish their research findings]] so that they are available to the wider academic community and beyond. == Definition == Scholarly communication can be defined as “the system through which research and other scholarly writings are created, evaluated for quality, disseminated to the scholarly community, and preserved for future use. The system includes both formal means of communication, such as publication in peer-reviewed journals, and informal channels, such as electronic listservs.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/acrl/publications/whitepapers/principlesstrategies|title=Principles and Strategies for the Reform of Scholarly Communication 1|last=admin|date=2006-09-01|language=en|access-date=2016-08-30}}</ref> Among the many scholarly communications issues include [[author rights]], the [[peer review process]], the economics of scholarly resources, new models of publishing (including [[open access]] and [[institutional repository|institutional repositories]]), rights and access to federally funded research and preservation of intellectual assets.<ref>[http://becker.wustl.edu/services/scholarly/whatis.html Bernard Becker Medical Library]</ref> ==Methods== Common methods of scholarly communication include writings in a scholarly [[Academic journal|journal]]<nowiki/>s, books, E-only journals, reviews, preprints and [[working paper]]s, [[encyclopedia]]s, dictionaries, and annotated content, data, [[blog]]s, [[Internet forum|discussion forums]], professional and scholarly hubs and conference papers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maron|first=Nancy L.|last2=Smith|first2=K. Kirby|date=2009-02-15|title=Current Models of Digital Scholarly Communication: Results of an Investigation Conducted by Ithaka Strategic Services for the Association of Research Libraries|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jep/3336451.0012.105?view=text;rgn=main|journal=The Journal of Electronic Publishing|volume=12|issue=1|doi=10.3998/3336451.0012.105|issn=1080-2711}}</ref> Other forms, particularly in the [[arts]] and [[humanities]] include multimedia formats such as sound and video recordings. At the outset, the goal of most e-journal editors was the education of those who subscribed to their publication. Through this medium, users had an incentive to access the Internet and to become familiar with navigating the Web. The editors’ goals were similar to those of the library. Both wanted to provide access to journals, in order to help readers and patrons gain the knowledge to conduct further online research independently. Over time the role of the e-journal has transformed from an innovative education tool, to the primary means for delivery of scholarly content. == Scholarly communication crisis == {{main article|Serials crisis}}The term "scholarly communications" has been in common usage at least since the mid-1970s, in recent years there has been widespread belief that the traditional system for disseminating scholarship has reached a state of crisis<ref>[http://www.lib.uconn.edu/about/publications/scholarlycommunication.html#Whatis University of Connecticut Libraries]</ref><ref>[http://www.lib.iastate.edu/libinfo/reptempl/scholcomm.html "The Crisis in Scholarly Communication", Iowa State University Communication]</ref> (often referred to as the "publishing crisis" or "[[serials crisis]]") The proliferation of new journals and the "twigging" of established journals into smaller sub-specialities, combined with rising prices, especially in the sciences, have dramatically reduced the capacity of research libraries to purchase resources required by their scholarly communities. All disciplines and formats are affected, the humanities and social sciences as well as the sciences, books as well as journals. The proliferation of electronic journals and the various pricing models for this information has further complicated the acquisitions issue, both for libraries and for publishers. Many groups, including library consortia, research funders,<ref>[http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD002766.html The Wellcome Trusts' Position Statement in Support of Open and Unrestricted Access to Published Research]</ref> academics and universities have been calling for changes to the ways scholarly communication takes place, particularly in light of the Internet creating new and low cost methods to disseminate research, while still maintaining a 'peer review' process to ensure the quality of research is maintained. Developments such as [[open access]] and [[institutional repository|institutional repositories]] at universities are seen as vehicles for changing or improving the scholarly communication process. Chief among the factors contributing to the perceived crisis is the academic reward system, which emphasizes quantity of publication. There is a consequent demand by scholars for peer-reviewed publication outlets. Another important cause is the commercialization and internationalization of scholarly publishing. The growing dominance of publishing conglomerates in scientific, technical, and medical fields, and to some degree in the social sciences, is of special concern to information professionals. Scholars, often indifferent to rights issues, transfer copyright to for-profit publishers, frequently for reports of research funded wholly or partially at public expense. Commercial publishers have established a highly profitable niche for themselves in the scholarly communication chain.{{see also|Scientific journal#Cost}} == Scholarly communication and academic reward and reputation == {{Main article|Publish or perish}} Scholarly communication is seen as a crucial part of research, and researchers - many of whom are lecturers and academics at universities - are often judged by their academic output and list of publications. Promotions will normally take into account the number of publications and how prestigious the journals they were published in (e.g. ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' and ''[[The Lancet]]'' are seen as very prestigious journals within the sciences). A researcher's publication list will help create them a reputation within their discipline. The proliferation of open access journals has facilitated this process by providing a means for scholars to publish their research regardless of perceived importance, as is the case with traditional journals. Publications such as [[PLOS ONE]] and [[Scientific Reports]] follow an author pay model, where the peer review and publishing service are provided for a one time cost to the writer. The material is then made available at no cost to others, who can then build on this research without limitation. This approach results in the acceptance and publishing of a greater percentage of submissions across a broader subject area. == Scholarly communication and libraries == Libraries and librarians play a critical role in the aggregation, evaluation and dissemination of scholarly communication. The [http://acrl.ala.org/scholcomm/ Scholarly Communication Toolkit] was designed by the Research and Scholarly Environment Committee of the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) to support advocacy efforts designed to transform the scholarly communication landscape.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://acrl.ala.org/scholcomm/|title=ACRL Scholarly Communication Toolkit|website=acrl.ala.org|access-date=2016-08-30}}</ref> The future of research libraries will be shaped by broader developments at research universities in the areas of creating, sharing, disseminating, and curating knowledge. Universities face fundamental policy choices in all of these areas that have been recast by developments in information technology.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lynch|first=Clifford|last2=Carleton|first2=Don E.|date=2009-04-09|title=Lecture: Impact of Digital Scholarship on Research Libraries|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01930820902785041|journal=Journal of Library Administration|volume=49|issue=3|pages=227–244|doi=10.1080/01930820902785041|issn=0193-0826}}</ref> Current trends in digital scholarship practices across the humanities, science, and social science have significant implications for research libraries in academic institutions as a means of framing policy choices. Many research libraries have formalized the role of Scholarly Communications Librarian and defined specific responsibilities, including the implementation of outreach programs to increase awareness relative to [[Copyright law of the United States|copyright]] (particularly [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/108 section 108] of the US Copyright Act), open access, and other scholarly communication issues. Other resources: [[Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition|The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition]], [http://www.librarypublishing.org/ Library Publishing Coalition] == Terminology == === Manuscript === * a scholarly document which has not yet been submitted for publication. * a technical report or working paper. === Preprint === * a scholarly document accepted for publication in a journal or book. * materials which have been accepted to be used in a presentation at a conference. === Article === * a scholarly document which has been published. === Paper === * a scholarly document or material which have been presented at a conference. === e-Script === * an electronic manuscript == Scholarly communication and data publishing == The modern research author requires a reliable and standardized method to make research data available to other members of their community. This need has resulted in the development of a new form of scholarly communication known as data publishing. This process involves making data accessible, reusable and citable for long term use and is more elaborate than simply providing access to a data file.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Borgman|first=Christine L.|date=2008-01-01|title=Data, disciplines, and scholarly publishing|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1087/095315108X254476/abstract|journal=Learned Publishing|language=en|volume=21|issue=1|pages=29–38|doi=10.1087/095315108X254476|issn=1741-4857}}</ref> Data is becoming an important element of scholarship as a sharable source to be reused and shared. The same data can be accessed by multiple researchers to ask new questions or to replicate research for verification and augmentation. Categories of data differ among disciplines, as does its accessibility. Many publications have begun to offer incentives to scholarly researchers to publish their data and have developed the necessary infrastructure in support of e-research. Technical, policy, and institutional factors are becoming more established. The next phase will see the integration of the process into a standardized data publishing methodology. There are several types of data that researchers must to protect when collecting, handling, storing and sharing data to safeguard the confidentiality of contributors. There are three primary types of information. Personally identifiable information includes any data that allows the identity of an individual to whom the information applies to be realistically deduced by either direct or indirect means. Protected health information includes individually identifiable health information transmitted or maintained in any form or medium by a covered entity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hipaa.com/|title=HIPAA.com - Compliance Made Easy|website=HIPAA.com|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-11}}</ref> Other sensitive information that should be protected include data that if it were disclosed would have a significant likelihood to cause psychological, social, emotional, physical, or reputation harm. A common approach for data sharing that includes confidential material is through de-identification or anonymization. There are numerous techniques for the de-identification of data including simply removing specific variables or by using statistical techniques such as top-coding, collapsing or combining, sampling, swapping, or disturbing the data. For qualitative data, redaction can be used to hide data elements that cannot be made public. However, it is important that future research requirements be taken into consideration when developing a de-identification or anonymization plan. == Peer review and quality control == A key element of the scholarly communication process is ensuring that research meets a level of quality and is of scholarly merit. This is normally done through a process of [[peer review]], where other researchers in the same discipline review the research write up and decide if it is of sufficient quality. For example, in the case of a journal article, the author(s) of a piece of research will submit their article to a [[journal]], it will then be sent to a number of other academics who specialize in the same area to be peer reviewed. The journal will often receive many more articles than there is space to publish them, and it is in their interest to publish only those of the highest quality (which will over time increase the reputation of the journal). If the reviewers feel the article is of a high enough quality for the journal, they will often request some changes to be made and once these are done, accept the article for publication. == See also == * [[Academic publishing]] * [[Scholarly method]] == References == <references/> ==Further reading== * Belhajjame K, Corcho O, Garijo D, et al. Workflow-Centric Research Objects: A First Class Citizen in the Scholarly Discourse. In proceedings of the ESWC2012 Workshop on the Future of Scholarly Communication in the Semantic Web (SePublica2012), Heraklion, Greece, May 2012. * Davis-Kahl, Stephanie and Hensley, Merinda Kaye, "Common Ground of the Nexus of Information Literacy and Scholarly Communication" (2013). Published by the Association of College & Research Libraries, Chicago, IL.(<nowiki>http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/bookshelf/36</nowiki>) * Genoni, P., Merrick, H., & Willson, M. A. (2006). Scholarly communities, e-research literacy and the academic librarian. ''The Electronic Library'', ''24''(6), 734-746. * Klain-Gabbay, L., & Shoham, S. (2016). Scholarly communication and academic librarians. ''Library & Information Science Research'', ''38''(2), 170-179. * Perrault, Anna H., "Scholarly Communication: From Codex to Virtual Book?" (1999). School of Information Faculty Publications. Paper 31.[http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/si_facpub/31] * Thomas, W. J. (2013). The structure of scholarly communications within academic libraries. ''Serials Review'', ''39''(3), 167-171. ==External links== * [http://www.scholcomm.acrl.ala.org/node/6 Scholarly Communication at the Association of College and Research Libraries, a Division of the American Library Association] * [http://www.arl.org/sc/ Scholarly Communication at the Association of Research Libraries] * [http://openuct.uct.ac.za/activities/scholarly-communication-africa-programme Scholarly Communication in Africa Programme (SCAP)], and the [http://openuct.uct.ac.za/ OpenUCT Initiative] at The [[University of Cape Town]] (UCT) {{DEFAULTSORT:Scholarly communication}} [[Category:Library science]] [[Category:Academia]] [[Category:Scholarly communication| ]]'