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'{{Distinguish|Salaf}} {{split|Modernist Salafism|Purist/Puritanical Salafism|date=July 2016|discuss=Talk:Salafi movement#Splitting proposal}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Sunni Islam|Movements}} [[File:Salafi Mosque, Vellur (4601238430).jpg|thumbnail|Salafi Masjidh in [[Payyanur]], India.]] The '''Salafi movement''' or '''Salafist movement''' or '''Salafism''' is an ultra-conservative<ref>{{cite book|last1=Naylor|first1=Phillip|title=North Africa Revised|date=15 January 2015|publisher=University of Texas Press|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=SSUKBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT302&dq=salafi+movement+ultra-conservative&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=salafi%20movement%20ultra-conservative&f=false|accessdate=5 December 2015}}</ref> reform<ref>{{cite book|last1=Esposito|first1=John|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=275|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC&pg=PA275&dq=salafi+movement+reform&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=salafi%20movement%20reform&f=false|accessdate=5 December 2015}}</ref> movement within [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Bernard Haykel|title=Salafī Groups|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1244|subscription=yes|ref=harv}}</ref> that developed in Arabia in the first half of the 18th century, against a background of European colonialism. It advocated a return to the traditions of the "devout ancestors" (the [[salaf]]). Some scholars define this movement as Modernist Salafism. Some 21st-century scholars have suggested there was a medieval form of Salafism, but there is no consensus on this. Generally scholars believe the Modernist form has been superseded since the mid-20th century by what is called Purist Salafism. The Salafist doctrine can be summed up as taking "a [[fundamentalist]] approach to [[Islam]], emulating the Prophet [[Muhammad]] and his earliest followers – al-salaf al-salih, the 'pious forefathers'."<ref name=Economist27Jun15/> "They reject religious innovation, or [[Bid‘ah|bid'ah]], and support the implementation of [[sharia]] (Islamic law)."<ref name=Economist27Jun15/> The movement <!--Does this mean in the 21st century? -->is often divided into three categories: the largest group are the purists (or [[Political quietism in Islam#Salafists|quietists]]), who avoid politics; the second largest group are the [[Islamism|activists]], who get involved in politics; and the smallest group are [[Salafi jihadism|jihadists]], who form a small minority.<ref name=Economist27Jun15>{{cite news|title=Salafism: Politics and the puritanical|url=http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656189-islams-most-conservative-adherents-are-finding-politics-hard-it-beats|accessdate=29 June 2015|work=[[The Economist]]|date=27 June 2015}}</ref> The Salafi movement is often described as being synonymous with [[Wahhabism]], but Salafists consider the term "Wahhabi" to be derogatory.<ref>For example, the ''Ahl-i Hadith'' which "have been active since the nineteenth century on the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan ... though designated as Wahhabis by their adversaries ... prefer to call themselves 'Salafis.'" (from ''The Failure of Political Islam'', by Olivier Roy, translated by Carol Volk, Harvard University Press, 1994, pp. 118–19)</ref> At other times, Salafism has been described as a hybrid of Wahhabism and other post-1960s movements.<ref name=Lacroix>Stephane Lacroix, [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/17210/ISIM_21_Al-Albani-s_Revolutionary_Approach_to_Hadith.pdf?sequence=1 "Al-Albani's Revolutionary Approach to Hadith"]. ''[[Leiden University]]'s ISIM Review,'' Spring 2008, #21</ref> Salafism has become associated with [[wikt:literalist|literalist]], [[wikt:legalism|strict]] and [[wikt:puritanical|puritanical]] approaches to Islam. Particularly in the [[Western world|West]] it is associated with [[Salafist jihadism|Salafi jihadists]], who espouse [[jihad]] as a legitimate expression of Islam against those they deem to be enemies of Islam.<ref>Abdul-Haqq Baker, ''Extremists in Our Midst: Confronting Terror,'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2011,</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2014}} Traditional Salafism concentrated in Saudi Arabia is opposed to the newer groups calling themselves people of Salafism, such as the Freemason Muslim Brotherhood concentrated in Egypt, whose leaders such as Sayyed Qutub call for revolutions and secularism in deep contrast with Saudi Arabia historically.Traditional Salafism concentrated in Saudi Arabia is opposed to the newer groups calling themselves people of Salafism, such as the Freemason Muslim Brotherhood concentrated in Egypt, whose leaders such as Sayyed Qutub call for revolutions and less religious reform in favor of secularism in deep contrast with Saudi Arabia historically who says such movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood are unstable and is even band now in Saudi Arabia. In legal matters, Salafis are divided between those who, in the name of independent legal judgement (''[[ijtihad]]''), reject strict adherence (''[[taqlid]]'') to the four Sunni schools of law (''[[madhahib]]''), and others who remain faithful to these.<ref name="al-Yaqoubi">{{Cite book | last = [[Muhammad al-Yaqoubi|Al-Yaqoubi]] | first = [[Muhammad al-Yaqoubi|Muhammad]] | year = 2015 | title = Refuting ISIS: A Rebuttal Of Its Religious And Ideological Foundations | page = xiii| publisher = Sacred Knowledge |isbn=978-1908224125}}</ref> == Etymology == Salafism takes its name from the [[Arabic]] term ''[[salaf]]'' ("predecessors", "ancestors") used to identify the earliest Muslims, who, its adherents believe, provide the [[wikt:epitome|epitome]] of Islamic practice.<ref>''Ghazali And The Poetics Of Imagination,'' by Ebrahim Moosa ISBN 0-8078-5612-6, p. 21</ref> They consider a [[hadith]] that quotes Muhammad saying, "The people of my own generation are the best, then those who come after them, and then those of the next generation," as a call to Muslims to follow the example of those first three generations, known collectively as the ''salaf.''<ref name=salafi-lacey>{{cite book|last=Lacey|first=Robert|title=Inside the Kingdom, Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia|year=2009|publisher=Viking|location=New York|page=9}}</ref> or "pious Predecessors" ({{lang|ar|السلف الصالح}} ''as-Salaf as-Ṣāliḥ''). The salaf are believed to include Muhammad himself,<ref>[http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980/ "What ISIS really wants"], ''The Atlantic,'' February 2015</ref> the "Companions" (''[[Sahabah]]''), the "Followers" (''[[Tabi‘un]]''), and the "Followers of the Followers" (''[[Tabi‘ al-Tabi‘in]]''). Records of early hadith are narrated in the ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' of [[`Abd Allah ibn `Umar]] (a companion of Muhammad).<ref>{{hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|8|76|437}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://al-ibaanah.com/articles.php?ArtID=97 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304023423/http://al-ibaanah.com/articles.php?ArtID=97 |archivedate=2008-03-04 |title=Why the Word Salafee? |publisher=Web.archive.org |accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref> Since the fifth Muslim generation or earlier, [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] theologians have used the examples of the Salaf to understand the texts and tenets of Islam. At times they have referred to the hadith to differentiate the [[creed]] ([[Aqidah]]) of the first Muslims from subsequent variations in creed and methodology (''see [[Madhab]]''),<ref>{{cite web|title=أعزاءنا زوار وأعضاء الساحة العربية، ("Salafiyyah is not a sect amongst sects") |url=http://www.alsaha.com/sahat/6/topics/77466 |publisher=alasha.com |author=Shaikh Saleh al-Fawzan |date=2004-05-24 |accessdate=2013-05-19 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> to oppose religious innovation (''[[bid‘ah]]'') and, conversely, to defend particular views and practices.<ref>"The way of the Sufis is the way of the Salaf, the Scholars among the Sahaba, Tabi’in and Tabi’ at-Tabi’in. Its origin is to worship Allah and to leave the ornaments of this world and its pleasures." (Ibn Khaldun (733–808 H/1332–1406 CE) ''Muqaddimat ibn Khaldan'', p. 328, quoted in [http://islamicdoctrines.com/documents/SufismOrigindevelopmentandemergenceofsufiorders.pdf PAHARY SHEIK MOHAMMAD YASSER, ''SUFISM: ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT AND EMERGENCE OF SUFI ORDERS''], retrieved March 2012</ref><ref>[http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:0UJFwjMtMZcJ:scholar.google.com/+salaf+definition&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5Salih Aydin ''Der Unterschied zwischen salafīya und as salaf as s ā lih''], Wien 2009, retrieved March 2012</ref> ==Tenets== {{Salafi|all}} According to at least one scholar, "temporal proximity to the Prophet Muhammad is associated with the truest form of Islam" among many Sunni Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haykel |first=Bernard |editor-first=Roel |editor-last=Meijer |title=Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2009 |page=34 |chapter=Chapter 1: On the Nature of Salafi Thought and Action |isbn=978-0-231-15420-8}}</ref> Salafis view the ''Salaf'' as an eternal model for all succeeding Muslim generations in their beliefs, exegesis, method of worship, mannerisms, [[Islamic ethics|morality]], [[Taqwa|piety]] and conduct: the Islam they practiced is seen as pure, unadulterated and, therefore, the ultimate authority for the interpretation of the [[Sunnah]].<ref>Sharh Usool, "I'tiqaad Ahl as-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah, al-Laalika'ee, tahqeeq of Nash'at Kamaal Misree," 1/7-9</ref> Salafis believe that the [[Qur'an]], the [[Hadith]] and the consensus (''[[ijma]]'') of approved scholarship (''[[ulama]]''), along with the understanding of the [[Salaf|Salaf us-salih]], are sufficient guidance for the individual Muslim. The Salafi ''[[da'wa]]'' is a methodology, but it is not a ''[[madh'hab]]'' in ''[[fiqh]]'' (jurisprudence) as is commonly misunderstood. Salafis may be influenced by the [[Maliki]], [[Shafi'i]], [[Hanbali]] or the [[Hanafi]] schools of Sunni fiqh.<ref name=global>GlobalSecurity.org [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-salafi.htm "Salafi Islam"], Global Security website</ref> Salafis condemn certain common practices among Muslims such as [[polytheism]] (''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]'') and ''[[tawassul]]'' of religious figures. In North African cultures for instance, historically there were practices to venerate the graves of [[Islamic prophets]] and [[Saint#Islam|saints]], and to use amulets to seek protection.{{fact|date=July 2016}} Salafis place great emphasis on practicing actions in accordance with the known ''sunnah,'' not only in prayer but in every activity in daily life. For instance, many are careful always to use three fingers when eating,<ref name="abdurrahman-3">{{cite web|last1=Shaykh al-Albaani|title=Islamic Knowledge – Islam, Sunnah, Salafiyyah. Eating with Three Fingers|url=https://abdurrahman.org/2014/10/10/eating-with-three-fingers-shaykh-al-albaani/|website=abdurrahman.org|accessdate=13 October 2016|date=October 10, 2014}}</ref> to drink water in three pauses, and to hold it with the right hand while sitting.<ref name="roy-266">{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Olivier|title=Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=266|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9eFGcsWnwEC&pg=PA266&dq=use+three+fingers+when+eating+roy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkifC_uNjPAhXIkh4KHacxBdcQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=use%20three%20fingers%20when%20eating%20roy&f=false|accessdate=13 October 2016}}</ref> ===Views on ''Taqlid'' (scholarly authority)=== In legal matters, Salafis are divided between those who, in the name of independent legal judgement (''ijtihad''), reject strict adherence (''[[taqlid]]'') to the four schools of law (''madhahib'') and others who remain faithful to these.<ref name="al-Yaqoubi"/><ref>''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought,'' p. 484</ref> Salafi scholars from Saudi Arabia are generally bound by [[Hanbali]] ''fiqh'' and advocate following an [[Imam]] rather than having individuals try to interpret and understand scripture alone.<ref name="al-Yaqoubi"/><ref name="LacroixHoloch2011">{{cite book|author1=Stephane Lacroix|author2=George Holoch|title=Awakening Islam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bhnNqkbaGs8C&pg=PA84|year=2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-04964-2|page=84}}</ref> But, other Salafi scholars believe that ''taqlid'' is unlawful. From their perspective, Muslims who follow a ''[[madhab]]'' without searching personally for direct evidence may be led astray.<ref>Miriam Cooke, Bruce B. Lawrence, ''Muslim Networks from Hajj to Hip Hop,'' p. 213</ref> The latter group of scholars include Rashid Rida,<ref>"Thus he [Rida] opposed Taqlid and called for and practiced absolute ijtihad." Clinton Bennett, ''The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies,'' p. 174. See also, Richard Gauvain, ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God,'' Introduction, p. 9</ref> al-Khajnadee, Muhammad Abduh,<ref>"Abduh's statement of purpose was: To liberate thought from the shackles of Taqlid and understand religion as it was understood by the Salaf." Bennett, ''The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies'', p. 168.</ref> Saleem al-Hilali and Nasir al-Din al-Albani.<ref>"From there he [Albani] learned to oppose taqlid in a madhab." Bennett, ''The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies'', p. 174. "Al-Albani had denounced Wahhabi attachment to the Hanbali school." Stephane Lacroix, George Holoch, ''Awakening Islam,'' p. 85</ref> At the far end of the spectrum of belief, some Salafis hold that adhering to ''taqlid'' is an act of polytheism.<ref>"For many Salafis, both modernist and conservative, "worship" of created beings includes practicing taqlid within a madhab of fiqh." Bennett, ''The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies'', p. 165</ref> ===Opposition to the use of ''kalam''=== Modern-day proponents of the [[Athari]] school of theology largely come from the [[Salafi]] (or ''[[Wahhabi]]'') movement; they uphold the ''athari'' works of [[Ibn Taymiyyah]].<ref name="TCSI2010: 39-48 + ">[[#TCSI2010|Halverson, ''Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam,'' 2010]]: 38–48</ref> For followers of the Salafi movement, the "clear" (i.e. [[zahir (Islam)|''zahir'']], apparent, [[exoteric]] or literal) meaning of the [[Qur'an]], and especially the prophetic traditions, has sole authority in matters of belief. They believe that to engage in rational disputation (''[[kalam]]''), even if one arrives at the truth, is absolutely forbidden.<ref name="TCSI2010: 36">[[#TCSI2010|Halverson, ''Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam,'' 2010]]: 36</ref> Atharis engage in an amodal reading of the Qur'an, as opposed to one engaged in ''[[Ta'wil]]'' (metaphorical interpretation). They do not attempt to conceptualize the meanings of the Qur'an rationally, and believe that the "real" modality should be consigned to God alone (''tafwid'').<ref name="TCSI2010: 36-7">[[#TCSI2010|Halverson, ''Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam,'' 2010]]: 36–7</ref> In essence, they accept the meaning without asking "how" or ''[[Bi-la kaifa]].'' Salafi scholars strongly oppose the practice of ''[[kalam]]'', dialectics, or speculative philosophy in theology. They believed that these practices are heretical innovations in Islam which oppose the fundamental aspiration to follow the original methodology of the [[Salaf|Salaf us-Saliheen]] with regards to [[Aqidah]]. Statements of early Imams of the early Muslims support this view. For instance, [[Abū Ḥanīfa]] prohibited his students from engaging in ''kalam,'' stating that those who practice it are of the "regressing ones".<ref>al-Makkee, Manaaqib Abee Haneefah, pp. 183–84</ref> [[Malik ibn Anas]] referred to ''kalam'' in the Islamic religion as being "detested",<ref>Dhammul-Kalaam (B/194)</ref> and said whoever "seeks the religion through ''kalam'' will deviate".<ref>Dhammul-Kalaam (Q/173/A)</ref> In addition, [[Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi'i|Shafi'i]] said that no knowledge of Islam can be gained from books of ''kalam,'' as ''kalam'' "is not from knowledge."<ref>Dhammul-Kalaam (Q/213)</ref><ref>[[Dhahabi]], as-Siyar (10/30)</ref> In addition, he said that "It is better for a man to spend his whole life doing whatever [[Allah]] has prohibited{{spaced ndash}}besides ''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]'' with Allah{{spaced ndash}}rather than spending his whole life involved in ''kalam.''"<ref>Ibn Abi Hatim, Manaaqibush-Shaafi'ee, p. 182</ref> [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] also spoke strongly against ''kalam,'' saying that no-one looks into ''kalam'' unless there is "corruption in his heart."<ref>Jaami' Bayaanul-'Ilm wa Fadlihi (2/95)</ref> He prohibited followers to sit with people practicing ''kalam,'' even if the latter were defending the [[Sunnah]].<ref>''Manaqib al-Imam Ahmad'' (or ''Manaaqibul-Imaam Ahmad''), by [[Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi]], p. 205.</ref> He instructed his students to warn against any person they saw practicing ''kalam.''<ref>Ibn Battah, al-Ibaanah (2/540)</ref> ==History== Historians and academics date the emergence of Salafism to late 19th-century Egypt.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-6amxvMB8K0C&pg=PA61&dq=salafi+origins+Abduh&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitt8TX8qvLAhWCYZoKHQJ7BgY4FBDoAQg0MAM#v=onepage&q=salafi%2520origins%2520Abduh&f=false|title=Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject|last=Mahmood|first=Saba|date=2011-10-23|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0691149801|page=61|language=en|quote=The Salafi movement emerged at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc7iAAAAQBAJ|publisher = OUP USA|date = 2013-11-01|isbn = 9780195395891|language = en|first = John L.|last = Esposito|first2 = Emad El-Din|last2 = Shahin|page = 38}}</ref><ref name="Curtis 499">{{Cite book|title = Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=owZCMZpYamMC|publisher = Infobase Publishing|date = 2010-01-01|isbn = 9781438130408|language = en|first = Edward E.|last = Curtis|page = 499}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Encyclopedia of Islam|url = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA601&dq=salafism+19th+century&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjK_I6dlq_KAhWEaQ8KHbqrCjMQ6AEIKzAC#v=onepage&q=salafism%252019th%2520century&f=false|publisher = Infobase Publishing|date = 2009-01-01|isbn = 9781438126968|language = en|first = Juan Eduardo|last = Campo|page = 601}}</ref> Salafis believe that the label "Salafiyya" existed from the first few generations of Islam and that it is not a modern movement.<ref name="Curtis 499"/> Salafis claim that historic figures such as [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]], [[Ibn Taymiyyah]] and [[Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya|Ibn al-Qayyim]] belonged to their movement.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} ===Early examples of usage of the term=== {{or section|date=December 2015}} * The term ''salafi'' has been used by 21st-century scholars to refer to the theological positions of particular scholars. Abo al-Hasan Ali ibn Umar al-Daraqutuni (d. 995 C.E., 385 A.H.) was described by [[al-Dhahabi]] as: "Never having entered into [[Kalam|rhetoric or polemics]], instead he was ''salafi.''"<ref name="Siyar pg. 457">''Siyar 'Alam al-Nubula'', by al-Dhahbi, vol. 16, p. 457, no. 332, Mua'ssash al-Risalah, Beirut, 11th edition, 2001.</ref> * Also, al-Dhahabi described [[Ibn al-Salah]], a prominent 12th-century hadith specialist, as: "Firm in his religiosity, ''salafi'' in his generality and correct in his denomination. [He] refrained from falling into common pitfalls, believed in [[Allah]] and in what Allah has informed us of from His names and description."<ref>''Siyar 'Alam al-Nubala'', vol. 23, pp. 142–43, by al-Dhahabi, Muassah al-Risalah, Beirut, 11th Edition, 2001.</ref> * In ''Tadhkirat al-huffaz'', al-Dhahabi said of Ibn al-Salah: "I say: He was ''salafi'', of sound creed, abstaining from the interpretations of the scholars of [[Kalam|rhetoric]], believing in what has been textually established, without recourse to unjustified interpretation or elaboration.<ref>''Tadhkirah al-huffaz'', vol. 4, p. 1431, Da'irah al-Ma'arif al-'Uthmaniyyah, India.</ref> * In ''Tabsir al-Muntabih'', [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]] noted the ascription ''al-Salafi'' and named Abd al-Rahman ibn Abdillah ibn Ahmad Al-Sarkhasi al-Salafi as an example of its usage. Ibn Hajar also said: "And, likewise, the one ascribing to the ''salaf.''"<ref>''Tabsir al-Muntabih Bitahrir al-Mushtabih'', vol. 2, p. 738, published by: ''Al-Mu'assasah al-Misriyyah al-'Ammah Lil-Talif wa Al-Anba' wa al-Nashr'', edited by: Ali al-Bajawi, no additional information.</ref> * Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani also used the term, ''salafi'' in describing imam Muhammad ibn al-Qaasim ibn Sufyan al-Misri al-Maliki (d. 966 C.E., 355 A.H.) He said that al-Malaiki was: "''Salafi al-madh'hab'' – ''salafi'' in his school of thought."<ref>''Lisan al-Mizan'', by Ibn Hajar, vol. 5, p. 348, no. 1143, Dar al-Kitab al-Islami, no additional information; it is apparently a reprint of the original Indian edition. The quoted segment of Ibn Hajar's biography for al-Misri originated from Ibn Hajar, as this was not included in al-Dhahabi's biography of the same individual (who is named 'ibn Sha'ban' instead of ibn Sufyan).</ref> * In the book ''Al-Ansaab'' by Abu Sa'd Abd al-Kareem as-Sama'ni, who died in the year 1166 (562 of the [[Islamic calendar]]), under the entry for the ascription ''al-Salafi,'' he mentions examples of people woh were so described in his time.<ref>''Al-Ansab'', by Abu Sa'd Abd al-Kareem Al-Sama'ni, vol. 7, p. 168, photocopied from the ''Da'iah Al-Ma'arif Al-Uthmaniyah'' edition by the ''Al-Faruq'' publishing company of Egypt, no date provided. The verifier said there were no names given in any of the manuscript copies of the book; he obtained them by means of cross referencing.</ref> In commenting upon as-Sama'ni, [[Ali ibn al-Athir|Ibn al-Athir]] wrote: "And a group were known by this epithet." ===Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab=== {{main|Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab}} Modern Salafists consider the 18th-century scholar Muhammed bin 'Abd al-Wahhab and many of his students to have been Salafis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.salafipublications.com/sps/sp.cfm?subsecID=SLF02&articleID=SLF020001&articlePages=1 |title=The Principles of Salafiyyah |publisher=Salafipublications.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref> He started a [[Mujaddid|revivalist movement]] in the remote, sparsely populated region of [[Najd]].<ref name=thinnly>{{cite book|last=Commins|first=David|title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia|date=2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/?id=SKf3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=wahhabi+nejd+thinly+populated#v=onepage&q=wahhabi%20nejd%20thinly%20populated&f=false|quote=The Wahhabi religious reform movement arose in Najd, the vast, thinly populated heart of Central Arabia.|isbn=9780857731357}}</ref> He advocated purging practices such as the popular "cult of saints", and shrine and tomb visitation, which were widespread among [[Muslim]]s. 'Abd al-Wahhab considered this practice to be [[idolatry]], representative of impurities and inappropriate innovations in [[Islam]].<ref name=global/><ref name="Esposito333">{{harvnb|Esposito|2003|p=333}}</ref> He evangelized in areas in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] during the 18th century, calling for a return to the practices of the early Muslims. His works, especially ''Kitab at-Tawhid,'' are still widely read by Salafis around the world today. The majority of Salafi scholars still cite them frequently.<ref>''Shaikh Muhammad Ibn Abdul-Wahhab: His Salafi Creed, Reformist Movement and Scholars' Praise of Him,'' 4th ed. by Judge Ahmad Ibn 'Hajar Ibn Muhammad al-Butami al-Bin Ali, Ad-Dar as-Salafiyyah, Kuwait, 1983, pp. 108–64</ref> ==Trends within Salafism== {{Islamism sidebar|Movements}} Some who have observed trends in the Salafist movement have divided Salafis into three groups – purists, activists, and jihadis.<ref name=QW>[http://archives.cerium.ca/IMG/pdf/WIKTOROWICZ_2006_Anatomy_of_the_Salafi_Movement.pdf Anatomy of the Salafi Movement] by QUINTAN WIKTOROWICZ, Washington, D.C.</ref><ref>Natana J. DeLong-Bas, in ''Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad'',</ref> Purists focus on education and missionary work to solidify the tawhid; activists focus on political reform and re-establishing a caliphate through the means of evolution, but not violence (sometimes called Salafist activism); and jihadists share similar political goals as the politicians, but engage in violent Jihad (sometimes called Salafi jihadism and/or Qutbism).<ref name=QW/> ===Purists=== "Purists" are Salafists who focus on non-violent ''da'wah'' (preaching of Islam), education, and "purification of religious beliefs and practices". They dismiss politics as "a diversion or even innovation that leads people away from Islam".<ref name="Whatever Happened to the Islamists">[https://books.google.com/books?id=fDZwf-3NnxoC&pg=PA161&dq=%22yet+another+field+in+which+the+Salafi+creed+has+to+be+applied%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2lOdUbH5N4qVyQGx4ID4Dw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22yet%20another%20field%20in%20which%20the%20Salafi%20creed%20has%20to%20be%20applied%22&f=false Whatever Happened to the Islamists?] edited by Olivier Roy and Amel Boubekeur, Columbia University Press, 2012</ref> They never oppose rulers. [[Madkhalism]], as an example, is a strain of Salafists viewed as supportive of [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian regimes]] in the Middle East.<ref name=rich41>Richard Gauvain, ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'', p. 41. [[New York City|New York]]: Routledge, 2013.</ref><ref name="Roel Meijer pg. 49">Roel Meijer, ''Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement'', p. 49. [[New York City|New York]]: [[Columbia University Press]], 2009.</ref><ref name=jof>George Joffé, ''Islamist Radicalisation in Europe and the Middle East: Reassessing the Causes of Terrorism'', p. 317. [[London]]: [[I.B. Tauris]], 2013.</ref> Taking its name from the controversial Saudi Arabian cleric [[Rabee al-Madkhali]], the movement lost its support in Saudi Arabia proper when several members of the [[Permanent Committee]] (the country's clerical body) denounced Madkhali personally.<ref name=harald>''The Transmission and Dynamics of the Textual Sources of Islam: Essays in Honour of Harald Motzki'', eds. Nicolet Boekhoff-van der Voort, [[Kees Versteegh]] and Joas Wagemakers, p. 382. [[Leiden]]: [[Brill Publishers]], 2011.</ref> Influence of both the movement and its figureheads have waned so much within the Muslim world that analysts have declared it to be a largely European phenomenon.<ref name=harald/> ===Activists=== Activists are another strain of the global Salafi movement, but different from the Salafi jihadists in that they eschew violence and different from Salafi purists in that they engage in modern political processes.<ref name=meij48>Meijer, p. 48.</ref> Due to numerical superiority, the movement has been referred to as the mainstream of the Salafist movement at times.<ref name=jof/> This trend, who some call "politicos", see politics as "yet another field in which the Salafi creed has to be applied" in order to safeguard justice and "guarantee that the political rule is based upon the Shari'a".<ref name="Whatever Happened to the Islamists"/> [[Al–Sahwa Al-Islamiyya]] (Islamic Awakening), as example, has been involved in peaceful political reform. [[Safar Al-Hawali]] and [[Salman al-Ouda]] are representatives of this trend. Because of being active on social media they have earned some support among more educated youth.<ref>[http://cdn.muslimmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/On-Salafi-Islam_Dr.-Yasir-Qadhi.pdf On Salafism] By Yasir Qadhi | page-7</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/03/20/saudi-arabias-muslim-brotherhood-predicament Saudi Arabia’s Muslim Brotherhood predicament] washingtonpost.com</ref> {{quote|text=It’s very simple. We want [[sharia]]. Sharia in economy, in politics, in judiciary, in our borders and our foreign relations.|sign=Mohammed Abdel-Rahman, the son of [[Omar Abdel-Rahman]]|source=''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine. October 8, 2012<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ghosh | first = Bobby | last2 = | first2 = | date = October 8, 2012 | title = The Rise Of The Salafis | url = http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2125502,00.html | journal = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | publisher = | volume = 180 | issue = 15 | pages = | doi = | ref = Ghosh | accessdate = 2014-05-06 }}</ref> }} ===Salafi jihadists=== {{Main|Salafi jihadism}} "Salafi Jihadism" was a term coined by [[Gilles Kepel]]<ref name="BLivesey">[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/special/sala.html The Salafist movement by Bruce Livesey]</ref><ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Terms.htm&date=2009-10-26+02:20:35 Coming to Terms: Fundamentalists or Islamists?], Martin Kramer, ''Middle East Quarterly'', Spring 2003, pp.&nbsp;65–77.</ref> to describe those self-claiming Salafi groups who began developing an interest in (armed) [[jihad]] during the mid-1990s. Practitioners are often referred to as "Salafi jihadis" or "Salafi jihadists". Journalist [[Bruce Livesey]] estimates Salafi jihadists constitute less than 0.5 percent of the world's 1.9 billion Muslims (i.e., less than 10 million).<ref name="BLivesey"/> Another definition of Salafi jihadism, offered by [[Mohammed M. Hafez]], is an "extreme form of [[Sunni]] [[Islamism]] that rejects [[democracy]] and [[Shia]] rule." Hafez distinguished them from apolitical and conservative Salafi scholars (such as [[Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani]], [[Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen]], [[Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Baaz]] and [[Abdul-Azeez ibn Abdullaah Aal ash-Shaikh]]), but also from the ''[[sahwa movement]] associated with [[Salman al-Ouda]] or [[Safar Al-Hawali]].<ref name="MHafez">[https://books.google.com/books?id=0I8m2CnuVooC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=jihadi+salafi&source=web&ots=-uRRlodXq6&sig=h0t6mf-YhrR9nbpCshqaZXHgY3o&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result Suicide Bombers in Iraq By Mohammed M. Hafez]</ref> An analysis of the [[Caucasus Emirate]], a Salafi jihadist group, was made in 2014 by [[Darion Rhodes]].<ref name=DarionRhodes>Darion Rhodes, [http://www.ict.org.il/Article/132/Salafist-Takfiri%20Jihadism%20the%20Ideology%20of%20the%20Caucasus%20Emirate Salafist-Takfiri Jihadism: the Ideology of the Caucasus Emirate], International Institute for Counter-terrorism, March 2014</ref> It analyzes the group's strict observance of [[tawhid]] and its rejection of [[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]], [[taqlid]], [[ijtihad]] and [[bid‘ah]], while believing that jihad is the only way to advance the cause of Allah on the earth.<ref name=DarionRhodes/> Despite some similarities, the different contemporary self-proclaimed Salafist groups often strongly disapprove of one another and deny the other's Islamic character.<ref>Abou El Fadl, Khaled, ''The Great Theft'' Harper San Francisco, 2005, pp. 62–8</ref> ==Views on extremism== In recent years, Salafi methodology has come to be associated with the jihad of extremist groups that advocate the killing of innocent civilians. The Saudi scholar, [[Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen]] considered suicide bombing to be unlawful<ref>Gabriel G. Tabarani, ''Jihad's New Heartlands: Why the West Has Failed to Contain Islamic Fundamentalism'', p. 26.</ref><ref>Richard Gauvain, ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'', p. 331</ref> and the scholar Abdul Muhsin al-Abbad wrote a treatise entitled: ''According to which intellect and Religion is Suicide bombings and destruction considered Jihad?''.<ref>Gabriel G. Tabarani, ''Jihad's New Heartlands: Why the West Has Failed to Contain Islamic Fundamentalism'', p. 26.</ref> [[Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani]] stated that "History repeats itself. Everybody claims that the Prophet is their role model. Our Prophet spent the first half of his message making [[dawah]], and he did not start it with jihad".<ref>Quintan Wiktorowicz, Anatomy of the Salafi Movement, p. 217.</ref> Some Salafi scholars appear to support extremism and acts of violence. The Egyptian Salafi cleric Mahmoud Shaaban "appeared on a religious television channel calling for the deaths of main opposition figures [[Mohammed ElBaradei]] – a [[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate – and former presidential candidate [[Hamdeen Sabahi]]."<ref name=Observer10Feb13>[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/09/violent-salafists-threaten-arab-spring-democracies The Observer], ''Violent tide of Salafism threatens the Arab spring'', by Peter Beaumont and Patrick Kingsley, 10 February 2013.</ref><ref name=Reuters11Feb2013>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/11/us-egypt-elbaradei-cleric-idUSBRE91A0UZ20130211 Reuters], ''Egypt orders cleric held over ElBaradei death call'', by Marwa Awad, edited by Paul Taylor and Jon Hemming, 11 February 2013.</ref> The popular salafi preacher [[Zakir Naik]] speaking of [[Osama bin Laden]], said that he would not criticise bin Laden because he had not met him and did not know him personally. He added that, "If bin Laden is fighting enemies of Islam, I am for him," and that "If he is terrorizing America – the terrorist, biggest terrorist – I am with him. Every Muslim should be a terrorist. The thing is that if he is terrorizing the terrorist, he is following Islam. Whether he is or not, I don’t know, but you as Muslims know that, without checking up, laying allegations is also wrong."<ref>Von Drehle, David; Ghosh, Bobby: "An Enemy Within: The Making of Najibullah Zazi". ''Time''. p. 2. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2011.</ref> Salafism is sponsored globally by [[Saudi Arabia]] and this ideology is used to justify the violent acts of Jihadi Salafi groups that include [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], [[Boko Haram]], and the [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title = ISIS Atrocities Started With Saudi Support for Salafi Hate|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/23/opinion/isis-atrocities-started-with-saudi-support-for-salafi-hate.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2014-08-22|access-date = 2015-09-21|issn = 0362-4331|first = Ed|last = Husain}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title = Our Radical Islamic BFF, Saudi Arabia|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/opinion/thomas-friedman-our-radical-islamic-bff-saudi-arabia.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2015-09-02|access-date = 2015-09-21|issn = 0362-4331|first = Thomas L.|last = Friedman}}</ref> In addition, Saudi Arabia prints textbooks for schools and universities to teach Salafism as well as recruit international students from Egypt, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Africa and the [[Balkans]] to help spreading Salafisim in their local communities.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Some other Islamic groups, particularly some [[Sufi–Salafi relations|Sufis]], have also complained about extremism among some Salafi. It has been noted that the Western association of Salafi ideology with violence stems from writings "through the prism of security studies" that were published in the late 20th century and that continue to persist.<ref>{{cite book|last=Meijer|first=Roel|editor-first=Roel|editor-last=Meijer|title=Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement|publisher=Columbia University Presss|year=2009|page=34|chapter=Introduction|isbn=978-0-231-15420-8}}</ref> ==Regional groups and movements== ===Saudi Arabia (Wahhabism)=== {{main | Wahhabism}} [[Wahhabism]] is a more strict, Saudi form of Salafism,<ref name=Murphy>{{cite news|last=Murphy|first=Caryle|title=For Conservative Muslims, Goal of Isolation a Challenge|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/04/AR2006090401107_pf.html|newspaper=Washington Post|date=September 5, 2006|quote=The kind of Islam practiced at Dar-us-Salaam, known as Salafism, once had a significant foothold among area Muslims, in large part because of an aggressive missionary effort by the government of Saudi Arabia. Salafism and its strict Saudi version, known as Wahhabism, struck a chord with many Muslim immigrants who took a dim view of the United States' sexually saturated pop culture and who were ambivalent about participating in a secular political system.}}</ref><ref name=lewis-salaf>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Bernard|title=Islam and the West: A Conversation with Bernard Lewis (transcript)|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2006/04/27/islam-and-the-west-a-conversation-with-bernard-lewis/|website=pewforum.org|publisher=Pew|accessdate=5 August 2014|date=April 27, 2006|quote=There are others, the so-called Salafia. It's run along parallel lines to the Wahhabis, but they are less violent and less extreme – still violent and extreme but less so than the Wahhabis.}}</ref> according to Mark Durie, who states that Saudi leaders "are active and diligent" using their considerable financial resources "in funding and promoting Salafism all around the world."<ref>{{cite web|author= Mark Durie|title=Salafis and the Muslim Brotherhood: What is the difference?|publisher=Middle East Forum|date=June 6, 2013|url=http://www.meforum.org/3541/salafis-muslim-brotherhood|quote=What is called Wahhabism – the official religious ideology of the Saudi state – is a form of Salafism. Strictly speaking, 'Wahhabism' is not a movement, but a label used mainly by non-Muslims to refer to Saudi Salafism, referencing the name of an influential 18th-century Salafi teacher, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. ... The continuing impact of Salafi dogma in Saudi Arabia means that Saudi leaders are active and diligent in funding and promoting Salafism all around the world. If there is a mosque receiving Saudi funding in your city today, in every likelihood it is a Salafi mosque. Saudi money has also leveraged Salafi teachings through TV stations, websites and publications.}}</ref> Ahmad Moussalli tends to agree with the view that Wahhabism is a subset of Salafism, saying "As a rule, all Wahhabis are salafists, but not all salafists are Wahhabis".<ref name=Moussalli>{{cite book|last=Moussalli|first=Ahmad|title=Wahhabism, Salafism and Islamism: Who Is The Enemy?|date=January 30, 2009|publisher=A Conflicts Forum Monograph|page=3|url=http://conflictsforum.org/briefings/Wahhabism-Salafism-and-Islamism.pdf}}</ref> However, many scholars and critics distinguish between the old form of Saudi Salafism (termed as Wahhabism) and the new Salafism in [[Saudi Arabia]]. Stéphane Lacroix, a fellow and lecturer at [[Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris|Sciences Po]] in [[Paris]], also affirmed a distinction between the two: "As opposed to Wahhabism, Salafism refers […] to all the hybridations that have taken place since the 1960s between the teachings of Muhammad bin ‘Abd al-Wahhab and other Islamic schools of thought". Hamid Algar and [[Khaled Abou El Fadl]] believe, during the 1960s and 70s, Wahhabism rebranded itself as Salafism knowing it could not "spread in the modern Muslim world" as Wahhabism.<ref name=Dillon>{{cite web|last=Dillon|first=Michael R.|title=WAHHABISM: IS IT A FACTOR IN THE SPREAD OF GLOBAL TERRORISM?|url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a509109.pdf|work=September 2009|publisher=Naval Post-Graduate School|accessdate=2 April 2014|pages=3–4|quote=Hamid Algar […] emphasizes the strong influence of the Saudi petrodollar in the propagation of Wahhabism, but also attributes the political situation of the Arab world at the time as a contributing factor that led to the co-opting of Salafism. […] Khaled Abou El Fadl, […] expresses the opinion that Wahhabism would not have been able to spread in the modern Muslim world […] it would have to be spread under the banner of Salafism.8 This attachment of Wahhabism to Salafism was needed as Salafism was a much more 'credible paradigm in Islam'; making it an ideal medium for Wahhabism. […] The co-opting of Salafism by Wahhabism was not completed until the 1970s when the Wahhabis stripped away some of their extreme intolerance and co-opted the symbolism and language of Salafism; making them practically indistinguishable.}}</ref><ref name=fadl-75>{{cite book|last=Abou El Fadl|first=Khaled|title=The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists|date=2005|page=75}}</ref> Its largesse funded an estimated "90% of the expenses of the entire faith", throughout the Muslim World, according to journalist Dawood al-Shirian.<ref name="ReferenceA">Dawood al-Shirian, 'What Is Saudi Arabia Going to Do?' ''Al-Hayat'', May 19, 2003</ref> It extended to young and old, from children's [[madrasah|madrasas]] to high-level scholarship.<ref>Abou al Fadl, Khaled, ''The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists'', Harper SanFrancisco, 2005, pp. 48–64</ref> "Books, scholarships, fellowships, mosques" (for example, "more than 1,500 mosques were built from Saudi public funds over the last 50 years") were paid for.<ref>Kepel, p. 72</ref> It rewarded journalists and academics, who followed it and built satellite campuses around [[Egypt]] for [[Al-Azhar University|Al Azhar]], the oldest and most influential Islamic university.<ref name="Murphy, Caryle p. 32">Murphy, Caryle, ''Passion for Islam – Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience'', Simon & Schuster, 2002 p. 32</ref> Yahya Birt counts spending on "1,500 mosques, 210 Islamic centres and dozens of Muslim academies and schools" <ref name=Coolsaet>{{cite book|last=Coolsaet|first=Rik|title=Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge: European and American|publisher=Ashgate Publishing Ltd|url=https://books.google.com/?id=GOKhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT126&dq=wahabi+difference+salafi#v=onepage&q=wahabi%20difference%20salafi&f=false|editor=Rik Coolsaet|chapter=Cycles of Revolutionary Terrorism, Chapter 7|quote=The proliferation of brochures, free qurans and new Islamic centres in Malaga, Madrid, Milat, Mantes-la-Jolie, Edinburgh, Brussels, Lisbon, Zagreb, Washington, Chicago, and Toronto; the financing of Islamic Studies chairs in American universities; the growth of Internet sites: all of these elements have facilitated access to Wahhabi teachings and the promotion of Wahhabism as the sole legitimate guardian of Islamic thought.}}</ref> at a cost of around $2–3bn annually since 1975.<ref name=independent_1jul2007>{{cite news|title=Wahhabism: A deadly scripture|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/wahhabism-a-deadly-scripture-5924632.html|accessdate=4 October 2015|publisher=[[The Independent]]|date=1 November 2007}}</ref> To put the number into perspective, the propaganda budget of the [[Soviet Union]] was about $1bn per annum.<ref name=independent_1jul2007/> This spending has done much to overwhelm less strict local interpretations of Islam, according to observers like Dawood al-Shirian and [[Lee Kuan Yew]],<ref name="ReferenceA"/> and has caused the Saudi interpretation (sometimes called "petro-Islam"<ref>{{harvnb|Kepel|2002|pp=69–75}}</ref>) to be perceived as the correct interpretation – or the "gold standard" of Islam – in many Muslims' minds.<ref name="Radical Islam in Central Asia">{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmirherald.com/featuredarticle/radicalislam.html|title=Radical Islam in Central Asia|publisher=|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=geiCymK1IWIC&pg=PA71&dq=lee+kuan+yew+%22gold+standard%22+islam#v=onepage&q=lee%20kuan%20yew%20%22gold%20standard%22%20islam&f=false |title=Lee Kuan Yew: The Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States, and ..|author= Kuan Yew Lee|author2=Ali Wyne |publisher= MIT Press|quote=But over the last 30-odd years, since the oil crisis and the petrodollars became a major factor in the Muslim world, the extremists have been proleytizing, building mosques, religious schools where they teach Wahhabism […] sending out preachers, and having conferences. Globalizing, networking. And slowly they have convinced the Southeast Asian Muslims, and indeed Muslims throughout the world, that the gold standard is Saudi Arabia, that that is the real good Muslim.}}</ref> Salafis are often called [[Wahhabism|Wahhabis]], which they consider to be a derogatory term.<ref name="thewahhabimyth.com">[http://www.thewahhabimyth.com/salafism.htm What is a Salafi and What is Salafism?] {{wayback|url=http://www.thewahhabimyth.com/salafism.htm |date=20070528060558 |df=y }}</ref><ref>''The Wahhabi Myth: Dispelling Prevalent Fallacies and the Fictitious Link with Bin Laden'', by Haneef James Oliver, pub T.R.O.I.D. Publications, 2004, ISBN 978-0968905852.{{Page needed|date=March 2016}}</ref><ref>Laurent Bonnefoy, ''Salafism in Yemen. Transnationalism and Religious Identity,'' Columbia University Press/Hurst, 2011, ISBN 978-1-84904-131-7, p. 245.</ref> ===Indian subcontinent (Ahl-i Hadith movement)=== {{main | Ahl-i Hadith}} Ahl-i Hadith is a religious movement that emerged in Northern India in the mid-nineteenth century.<ref name=ODI2>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ahl-i Hadith|editor=John L. Esposito|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-77|subscription=yes}}</ref> Adherents of Ahl-i-Hadith regard the Quran, [[sunnah]], and hadith as the sole sources of religious authority and oppose everything introduced in Islam after the earliest times.<ref name=roy-islamism>{{cite book|editor1-last=Olivier|editor1-first=Roy|editor2-last=Sfeir|editor2-first=Antoine|title=The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism|date=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNrMilgHKKEC&pg=PA27|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=27}}</ref> In particular, they reject ''[[taqlid]]'' (following legal precedent) and favor ''[[ijtihad]]'' (independent legal reasoning) based on the scriptures.<ref name=ODI2/> The movement's followers call themselves [[Salafi]], while others refer to them as [[Wahhabi movement|Wahhabi]],<ref>Rabasa, Angel M. ''The Muslim World After 9/11'' By Angel M. Rabasa, p. 275</ref> or consider them a variation on the Wahhabi movement.<ref>Alex Strick Van Linschoten and Felix Kuehn, ''An Enemy We Created: The Myth of the Taliban-Al Qaeda Merger in Afghanistan'', p. 427. [[New York City|New York]]: [[Oxford University Press]], 2012. ISBN 9780199927319</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lieven |first=Anatol |authorlink=Anatol Lieven |date=2011 |title=Pakistan: A Hard Country |location=New York |publisher=PublicAffairs |page=128 |isbn=978-1-61039-023-1 |quote=Ahl-e-Hadith ... a branch of the international Salafi ... tradition, heavily influenced by Wahabism.}}</ref> In recent decades the movement has expanded its presence in Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan.<ref name=ODI2/><ref name=roy-islamism/> [[Syed Nazeer Husain]] from [[Delhi]] and [[Siddiq Hasan Khan]] of [[Bhopal]] are regarded as the founder of the movement. [[Folk Islam]] and [[Sufism]], commonly popular with the poor and working class in the region, are anathema to Ahl-i Hadith beliefs and practices. This attitude toward Sufism has brought the movement into conflict with the rival [[Barelvi]] movement even more so than the Barelvis' rivals, the [[Deobandi]]s.<ref name="art">Arthur F Buehler, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MDsFTw76GZMC&pg=PA179&dq=ahl+e+hadith+followers&hl=en&sa=X&ei=r_yhUYiICIbK9QTfy4G4Aw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=ahl%20e%20hadith%20followers&f=false Sufi Heirs of the Prophet: the Indian Naqshbandiyya and the Rise of the Mediating Sufi Shaykh], p. 179. Part of the ''Studies in Comparative Religion'' series. [[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia]]: [[University of South Carolina Press]], 1998. ISBN 9781570032011</ref> Ahl-i Hadith followers identify with the [[Zahiri]] madhhab.<ref>Daniel W. Brown, ''Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought'': Vol. 5 of Cambridge Middle East Studies, p. 32. [[Cambridge]]: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1996. ISBN 9780521653947. Quote: "Ahl-i-Hadith [...] consciously identified themselves with Zahiri doctrine."</ref> The movement draws both inspiration and financial support from [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>Rubin, p. 348</ref><ref>Sushant Sareen, ''The Jihad Factory: Pakistan's Islamic Revolution in the Making'', p. 282. [[New Delhi]]: Har Anand Publications, 2005.</ref> ===Egypt=== There are 5 to 6 million Salafis in [[Egypt]].<ref name=lr/> Salafis in Egypt are not united under a single banner or unified leadership. The main Salafi trends in Egypt are Al-Sunna Al-Muhammadeyya Society, The Salafist Calling, al-Madkhaliyya Salafism, Activist Salafism, and al-Gam’eyya Al-Shar’eyya.<ref name=SE>[http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/egypt/salafists/salafi-groups-egypt Salafi Groups in Egypt]</ref> Since 2015 the Egyptian government has banned books associated with the Salafi movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doamuslims.org/?p=3861|website=DOA|accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref> Al-Sunna Al-Muhammadeyya Society, also known as Ansar Al-Sunna, was founded in 1926 by Sheikh Mohamed Hamed El-Fiqi (d.), a 1916 graduate of Al-Azhar and a student of the famed Muslim reformer [[Muhammed Abduh]]. It is considered the main Salafi group in Egypt. El-Fiqi’s ideas were resentful of [[Sufism]]. But unlike Muhammed Abduh, Ansar Al-Sunna follows the tawhid as preached by [[Ibn Taymiyyah]].<ref name=SE/> [[Salafist Call]] is another influential Salafist organisation. It is the outcome of student activism during the 1970s. While many of the activists joined the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], a faction led by Mohammad Ismail al-Muqaddim, influenced by Salafists of [[Saudi Arabia]] established the Salafist Calling between 1972 and 1977.<ref>[http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3171/al-nour-party Al-Nour Party] Jadaliyya. Retrieved 19 December 2013.</ref> [[Salafist Call]] created the [[Al-Nour Party]] after the [[2011 Egyptian Revolution]]. It has an ultra-conservative [[Islamism|Islamist]] ideology, which believes in implementing strict [[Sharia]] law.<ref>{{cite web|author=Omar Ashour|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Opinion/Commentary/2012/Jan-06/159027-the-unexpected-rise-of-salafists-has-complicated-egyptian-politics.ashx#ixzz1iz2mHPKa|title=The unexpected rise of Salafists has complicated Egyptian politics|publisher=The Daily Star|date=6 January 2012|accessdate=19 December 2013}}</ref> In the [[Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–2012|2011–12 Egypt parliamentary elections]], the [[Islamist Bloc]] led by Al‑Nour party received 7,534,266 votes out of a total 27,065,135 correct votes (28%). The [[Islamist Bloc]] gained 127 of the 498 parliamentary seats contested,<ref name=Brown>[http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/12/20/salafis-and-sufis-in-egypt/8fj4 Salafis and Sufis in Egypt], Jonathan Brown, Carnegie Paper, December 2011.</ref> second-place after the Muslim Brotherhood's [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]. Al‑Nour Party itself won 111 of the 127 seats. From January 2013 the party gradually distanced itself from [[Mohammad Morsi]]'s Brotherhood government, and came to join the opposition in the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|July 2013 coup]] which ousted Morsi.<ref>{{cite news|author=Patrick Kingsley |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jul/07/egypt-salafist-al-nour-party|title=Egypt's Salafist al-Nour party wields new influence on post-Morsi coalition &#124; World news |publisher=theguardian.com |date=7 July 2013|accessdate=19 December 2013 |location=London}}</ref> A lawsuit against the party was dismissed on 22 September 2014 because the court indicated it had no jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/111394/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-court-says-it-has-no-power-to-dissolve-Nour-.aspx|title=Egypt court says it has no power to dissolve Nour Party|date=22 September 2014|accessdate=22 September 2014|work=Ahram Online}}</ref> A case on the dissolution of the party was adjourned until 17 January 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/115574.aspx|title=Cairo court adjourns case on dissolution of Islamist Nour Party|date=15 November 2014|accessdate=15 November 2014|work=Ahram Online}}</ref> Another court case that was brought forth to dissolve the party<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/egyptsource/political-islam-s-fate-in-egypt-lies-in-the-hands-of-the-courts|title=Political Islam’s Fate in Egypt Lies in the Hands of the Courts|first=Yussef|last=Auf|date=25 November 2014|work=Atlantic Council|accessdate=1 December 2014}}</ref> was dismissed after the Alexandria Urgent Matters Court ruled on 26 November 2014 that it lacked jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/11/26/court-claims-jurisdiction-religiously-affiliated-parties/|title=Court claims no jurisdiction over religiously affiliated parties|date=26 November 2014|work=Daily News Egypt|accessdate=1 December 2014}}</ref> According to Ammar Ali Hassan of [[al-Ahram]], while Salafis and the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] agree on many issues such as the need to "Islamize" society and restricting private property rights by legally requiring all Muslims to give alms, the former has nevertheless rejected the flexibility of the latter on the issue of whether women and Christians should be entitled to serve in high office, as well as its relatively tolerant attitude towards Shia Iran.<ref name=ahram>{{cite web|last=Hassan|first=Ammar Ali|title=Muslim Brothers and Salafis|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/502/32/Muslim%20Brothers%20and%20Salafis.aspx|work=06-12-2012|publisher=Al Ahram|accessdate=19 May 2013}}</ref> ===France=== In France, in 2015 [[Law enforcement in France|police]] say that salafism is represented in 90 out of 2500 investigated religious communities, which is double the number compared to five years earlier.<ref name=mode_1apr2015>{{cite news|title=Le salafisme gagne du terrain chez les musulmans|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2015/04/01/le-salafisme-gagne-du-terrain-chez-les-musulmans_4607438_3224.html|accessdate=25 September 2015|publisher=[[Le Monde]]|date=1 April 2015}}</ref> ===Germany=== Salafism is a growing movement in [[Germany]] and estimates by German [[Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution|security police]] show that it grew from 3800 members in 2011 to 7500 members in 2015.<ref name=bfv>{{cite web|title=(de) Salafistische Bestrebungen - Inhalte und Ziele salafistischer Ideologie|url=http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/arbeitsfelder/af-islamismus-und-islamistischer-terrorismus/was-ist-islamismus/salafistische-bestrebungen|website=[[Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz]]|publisher=[[Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution]]|accessdate=18 September 2015}}</ref> In Germany, most of the recruitment to the movement is done on the Internet and also on the streets,<ref name=bfv/> a propaganda drive which mostly attracts youth.<ref name=bfv/> There are two ideological camps, one advocates political salafism and directs its recruitment efforts towards non-Muslims and non-salafist Muslims to gain influence in society.<ref name=bfv/> The other and minority movement, the jihadist salafism, advocates gaining influence by the use of violence and nearly all identified terrorist cells in Germany came from salafist circles.<ref name=bfv/> <br> In 2015, [[Sigmar Gabriel]], [[Vice-Chancellor of Germany]], spoke out, saying "We need Saudi Arabia to solve the regional conflicts, but we must at the same time make clear that the time to look away is past. Wahhabi mosques are financed all over the world by Saudi Arabia. In Germany, many dangerous Islamists come from these communities."<ref name=Reuters-Sigmar-Gabriel>[http://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-germany-idUSKBN0TP0H720151206 Reuters], 6 December 2015, ''German Vice Chancellor warns Saudi Arabia over Islamist funding''.<br>[http://www.dw.com/en/german-vice-chancellor-warns-saudi-arabia-over-islamist-funding-in-germany/a-18898295 Deutsche Welle], 6 December 2015, ''German vice chancellor warns Saudi Arabia over Islamist funding in Germany''</ref> ===China=== {{main | Sailaifengye}} Salafism is opposed by a number of [[Hui people|Hui]] [[Islam in China|Muslims Sects in China]] such as by the [[Gedimu]], Sufi [[Ma Laichi|Khafiya]] and [[Jahriyya]], to the extent that even the fundamentalist [[Yihewani]] (Ikhwan) Chinese sect, founded by [[Ma Wanfu]] after Salafi inspiration, condemned Ma Debao and Ma Zhengqing as heretics when they attempted to introduce Salafism as the main form of Islam. Ma Debao established a Salafi school, called the [[Sailaifengye]] (Salafi), in [[Lanzhou]] and [[Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture|Linxia]]. It is completely separate from other [[Muslim groups in China|Muslim sects in China]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA72&dq=ma+anliang&q=wahhabism%20ma%20debao|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=208|isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Muslim Hui avoid Salafis, even if they are family members.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b21aKLh6_KkC&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Between Mecca and Beijing: modernization and consumption among urban Chinese Muslims|author=Maris Boyd Gillette|year=2000|publisher=Stanford University Press|page=81|isbn=0-8047-3694-4|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> The number of Salafis in China are not included on percentage lists of Muslim sects in China.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=imw_KFD5bsQC&pg=PA458&dq=gedimu+ikhwan#v=onepage&q=kubrawiyya%20percent%20gedimu%20hui%20ma%20tong&f=false|title=The Oxford History of Islam|author=John L. Esposito|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press US|page=749|isbn=0-19-510799-3|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> The [[Kuomintang]] Sufi Muslim General [[Ma Bufang]], who backed the Yihewani (Ikhwan) Muslims, persecuted the Salafis and forced them into hiding. They were not allowed to move or worship openly. The Yihewani had become secular and Chinese nationalists; they considered the Salafiyya to be "heterodox" (''xie jiao'') and people who followed foreigners' teachings (''waidao''). After the [[Communist Party of China|Communists]] took power, Salafis were allowed to worship openly again.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79&dq=ma+bufang+secret+war#v=onepage&q=ma%20bufang%20secret%20war&f=false|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|author=BARRY RUBIN|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|page=800|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> ===Vietnam=== An attempt at Salafist expansion among the Muslim [[Chams]] in Vietnam has been halted by Vietnamese government controls, however, the loss of the Salafis among Chams has been to be benefit of [[Tablighi Jamaat]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Féo |first= Agnès De |last2= |first2= |date= |title=Les musulmans de Châu Đốc (Vietnam) à l’épreuve du salafisme |url=http://moussons.revues.org/976 |journal=Recherches en sciences sociales sur l'Asie du Sud-Est |publisher=moussons |volume= |issue= |pages=359-372 |doi= |access-date= }}</ref> === Sweden === Representatives from the mosque in [[Gävle]] are [[Dawah|promoting]] this variant of Islam, which in Sweden is considered extreme. According to researcher Aje Carlbom at [[Malmö University]]. The organisation behind the missionary work is Swedish United Dawah Center, abbreviated SUDC.<ref name=gd_7sep2015/> SUDC is characterised as a salafist group by a researcher of religious history at [[Stockholm University]] and it has many links to British Muslim [[Abdur Raheem Green]].<ref name=gd_7sep2015/> According to professor Mohammed Fazlhashemi, salafists are opposed to [[rational theology]] and hate shia Muslims above all.<ref name=gd_7sep2015/> Further Fazlhashemi states that salafism requires women to be relegated to second class citizens as they would [[Misogyny|be forbidden]] from leaving the home without a male companion as well as [[Discrimination|being excluded]] from education and the workplace.<ref name=gd_7sep2015>{{cite news|title=(sv) Gävles moské vill sprida extrem tolkning av islam|url=http://www.gd.se/gastrikland/gavle/gavles-moske-vill-sprida-extrem-tolkning-av-islam|accessdate=8 September 2015|publisher=[[Gefle Dagblad]]|date=7 September 2015}}</ref> Three Muslim community organisations in Malmö invited reportedly antisemitic and homophobic salafist lecturers such as [[Salman al-Ouda]]. One of the organisations, Alhambra which is a student society [[Malmö University]], was reported to have been taken over by salafists in 2016.<ref name="ssd_29april2016">{{cite news|title=Tre olika Malmöföreningar ville lyssna på bin Ladins förra mentor|url=http://www.sydsvenskan.se/sverige/tre-malmoforeningar-ville-lyssna-pa-antisemitiske-predikanten/|accessdate=3 May 2016|publisher=[[Sydsvenskan]]|date=29 April 2016}}</ref>{{undue weight inline|Is mention of a Swedish muslim student society too trivial to be included?|date=May 2016}}. ==Statistics== Worldwide there are roughly 50 million Salafists,<ref>''Global Strategic Assessment 2009: America's Security Role in a Changing World'', p. 138, Patrick M. Cronin</ref> including roughly 20 to 30 million Salafis in India,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://world.time.com/2012/10/01/why-indias-muslim-rage-is-different-from-the-middle-east/ | work=Time | title=Why India's 'Muslim Rage' Is Different from the Middle East's | date=1 October 2012}}</ref> 5 to 6 million Salafis in Egypt,<ref name=lr>[http://www.lebanonwire.com/1104MLN/11042022FP.asp What is Salafism and should we be worried?]</ref> 27.5 million Salafis in Bangladesh{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} and 1.6 million Salafis in Sudan.<ref>http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2012/07/20127395530326675.htm</ref> Salafi communities are smaller elsewhere, including roughly 10,000 in Tunisia, 17,000 in Morocco, 7,000 in Jordan, 17,000 in France and 5,000 in Germany.<ref>http://pomeps.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/POMEPS_Studies2_Salafi.pdf</ref> It is often reported from various sources, including the German domestic intelligence service ([[Bundesnachrichtendienst]]), that Salafism is the fastest-growing Islamic movement in the world.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Barby Grant|title=Center wins NEH grant to study Salafism|url=http://csrc.asu.edu/news/center-wins-neh-grant-study-salafism|publisher=Arizona State University|accessdate=9 June 2014|quote=It also reveals that Salafism was cited in 2010 as the fastest growing Islamic movement on the planet.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Simon Shuster|title=Comment: Underground Islam in Russia|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/08/03/comment-underground-islam-russia|accessdate=9 June 2014|work=Slate|date=3 Aug 2013|quote=It is the fastest-growing movement within the fastest-growing religion in the world.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=CHRISTIAN CARYL|title=The Salafi Moment|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/12/the_salafi_moment|accessdate=9 June 2014|work=FP|date=September 12, 2012|quote=Though solid numbers are hard to come by, they're routinely described as the fastest-growing movement in modern-day Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Uproar in Germany Over Salafi Drive to Hand Out Millions of Qurans|url=http://www.aina.org/news/20120416150547.htm|accessdate=9 June 2014|work=AFP|date=2012-04-16|quote=The service [German domestic intelligence service] said in its most recent annual report dating from 2010 that Salafism was the fastest growing Islamic movement in the world…}}</ref> ==Other usage== ===Modernist Salafism=== {{aqidah|Five Pillars}} {{main | Islamic modernism}} As opposed to the traditionalist Salafism discussed throughout this article, academics and historians have used the term "Salafism" to denote [[Islamic modernism|modernists]], "a school of thought which surfaced in the second half of the 19th century as a reaction to the spread of European ideas" and "sought to expose the roots of modernity within Muslim civilization."<ref name="Kepel2006">{{cite book |last=Kepel |first=Gilles |title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC |accessdate=28 January 2014 |year=2006 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9781845112578}}</ref><ref>For example: "Salafism originated in the mid to late 19th-century as an intellectual movement at al-Azhar University, led by Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905), Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1839–1897) and Rashid Rida (1865–1935)." from [http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews&#91;tt_news&#93;=528&no_cache=1 Understanding the Origins of Wahhabism and Salafism], by Trevor Stanley. ''Terrorism Monitor'' Volume 3, Issue 14. July 15, 2005</ref> They are also known as ''Modernist Salafis''.<ref>[http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/SE-Asian-Muslims-caught-between-iPad-and-Salafism-30178033.html SE Asian Muslims caught between iPad and Salafism]</ref><ref>[http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0070.xml Salafism] Modernist Salafism from the 20th Century to the Present</ref><ref>[http://i-cias.com/e.o/salafism.htm Salafism]</ref><ref>[http://tonyblairfaithfoundation.org/religion-geopolitics/glossary/salafism Salafism] Tony Blair Faith Foundation</ref> However contemporary Salafis follow "literal, traditional […] injunctions of the sacred texts", looking to [[Ibn Taymiyyah]] rather than the "somewhat freewheeling interpretation" of 19th-century figures [[Muhammad Abduh]], [[Jamal al-Din al-Afghani]], and [[Rashid Rida]].<ref name="KepelJihad">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&dq=islamism&printsec=frontcover |title=''Jihad'' By Gilles Kepel, Anthony F. Roberts |publisher=Books.google.com |date=2006-02-24 |accessdate=2010-04-18 |isbn=978-1-84511-257-8}}</ref><ref name=haykel>{{cite web |last=Haykel |first=Bernard |authorlink=Bernard Haykel |title=Sufism and Salafism in Syria |url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/sufism-and-salafism-in-syria-by-itzchak-weismann/ |work=11 May 2007 |publisher=Syria Comment |accessdate=22 May 2013 |quote=The Salafis of the Muhammad Abduh variety no longer exist, as far as I can tell, and certainly are not thought of by others as Salafis since this term has been appropriated/co-opted fully by Salafis of the Ahl al-Hadith/Wahhabi variety.}}</ref> The origins of contemporary Salafism in the modernist "Salafi Movement" of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh is noted by some,<ref>[http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=528& Understanding the Origins of Wahhabism and Salafism]| Terrorism Monitor| Volume 3 Issue: 14| July 15, 2005| by: Trevor Stanley</ref><ref>[http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a509109.pdf Dillon, Michael R] (page-33)</ref> while others say Islamic Modernism only influenced contemporary [[Salafism]].<ref name=qadhi>[http://muslimmatters.org/2014/04/22/on-salafi-islam-dr-yasir-qadhi/5/ On Salafi Islam | IV Conclusion]| Yasir Qadhi April 22, 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.ukessays.com/essays/theology/the-salafi-movement-in-global-context-theology-religion-essay.php The Salafi Movement In Global Context Theology Religion Essay] (no autor given)</ref> However, the former notion has been rejected by majority.<ref name=WIK>[http://archives.cerium.ca/IMG/pdf/WIKTOROWICZ_2006_Anatomy_of_the_Salafi_Movement.pdf Anatomy of the Salafi Movement] By QUINTAN WIKTOROWICZ, Washington, D.C. p. 212</ref><ref name=UK>[http://www.ukessays.com/essays/theology/the-salafi-movement-in-global-context-theology-religion-essay.php The Salafi Movement In Global Context Theology Religion Essay] (no author given)]</ref><ref name="conflictsforum.org">[http://conflictsforum.org/briefings/Wahhabism-Salafism-and-Islamism.pdf Wahhabism, Salafismm and Islamism Who Is The Enemy?] By Pfr. Ahmad Mousali | American University of Beirut | p. 11</ref><ref>[http://www.salafipublications.com/sps/downloads/pdf/MNJ180008.pdf Historical Development of the Methodologies of al-Ikhwaan al-Muslimeen And Their Effect and Influence Upon Contemporary Salafee Dawah] salafipublications.com</ref>{{#tag:ref|"‘Abduh clearly did not claim to be a Salafi nor identified his followers as Salafis. He simply referred al-Salafiyyin in the context of theological debates as Sunni Muslims who differed from Ash’arites based on their strict adherence to ‘aqidat al-salaf (the creed of the forefather) (Lauziere, 2010)"}} According to Quintan Wiktorowicz: {{quote|There has been some confusion in recent years because both the Islamic modernists and the contemporary Salafis refer (referred) to themselves as al-salafiyya, leading some observers to erroneously conclude a common ideological lineage. The earlier salafiyya (modernists), however, were predominantly rationalist Asharis.<ref name=QW/>}} Inspired by [[Islamic modernist]]s, groups like [[Muslim Brotherhood]], [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] etc. are called Salafis in this context.<ref>[http://thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/the-split-between-qatar-and-the-gcc-wont-be-permanent The split between Qatar and the GCC won’t be permanent] "However, the intra-Sunni divides have not been so clear to foreign observers. Those divides include the following: purist Salafism (which many call "Wahhabism"), modernist Salafism (which is the main intellectual ancestor of the Muslim Brotherhood) and classical Sunnism (which is the mainstream of Islamic religious institutions in the region historically"</ref> [[Muslim Brotherhood]] include the term salafi in the "About Us" section of its website.<ref>[http://ikhwanonline.net/Article.asp?ArtID=120&SecID=0 ikhwanonline.net] {{wayback|url=http://ikhwanonline.net/Article.asp?ArtID=120&SecID=0 |date=20141129080121 |df=y }}</ref> In this context "in terms of their respective formation, Wahhabism and Salafism were quite distinct. Wahhabism was a pared-down Islam that rejected modern influences, while Salafism sought to reconcile Islam with modernism. What they had in common is that both rejected traditional teachings on Islam in favor of direct, ‘fundamentalist’ reinterpretation. Although Salafism and [[Wahhabism]] began as two distinct movements, Faisal's embrace of Salafi (Muslim Brotherhood) pan-Islamism resulted in cross-pollination between ibn Abd al-Wahhab’s teachings on tawhid, shirk and bid‘ah and [[Salafi interpretation|Salafi interpretations of ahadith]] (the sayings of Muhammad). Some Salafis nominated ibn Abd al-Wahhab as one of the Salaf (retrospectively bringing Wahhabism into the fold of Salafism), and the [[Muwahideen]] began calling themselves Salafis."<ref>[http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=528& Understandin/ref> al-Khajnadee, Muhammad Abduh,g the Origins of Wahhabism and Salafism] www.jamestown.org</ref> ===In the broadest sense=== In a broad sense, Salafi (follower of [[Salaf]]) means any reform movement that calls for resurrection of [[Islam]] by going back to its origin. In line with [[Wahhabism]], [[Muslim Brotherhood]],<ref>[http://www.ide.go.jp/Japanese/Publish/Download/Seisaku/pdf/201307_mide_08.pdf Wahhābis and the Development of Salafism] by Sadashi Fukuda| p. 4</ref> reformism of [[Muhammad Abduh]], [[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref name="conflictsforum.org"/> and even the [[Islamism]] of [[Taliban]] is totally irrelevant when Salafism is considered. {{clarify|date=May 2015}} ==Criticism== Scholars from [[Al-Azhar University]] of Cairo produced a work of religious opinions entitled ''al-Radd'' (The Response) to refute the views of the Salafi movement.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title = Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LCL5fElYbnYC|publisher = Routledge|date = 2012-12-12|isbn = 9781136446931|first = Richard|last = Gauvain|page = 268}}</ref> ''Al-Radd'' singles out numerous Salafi aberrations – in terms of ritual prayer alone it targets for criticism the following Salafi claims:<ref>{{Cite book|title = Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LCL5fElYbnYC|publisher = Routledge|date = 2012-12-12|isbn = 9781136446931|first = Richard|last = Gauvain|page = 318}}</ref> * The claim that it is prohibited to recite God's name during the minor ablution [Fatwa 50] * The claim that it is obligatory for men and women to perform the major ablution on Friday [Fatwa 63] * The claim that it is prohibited to own a dog for reasons other than hunting [Fatwa 134] * The claim that it is prohibited to use alcohol for perfumes [Fatwa 85]. One of the authors of ''al-Radd'', the Professor of Law Anas Abu Shady states that, "they [the Salafis] want to be everything to everyone. They're interested not only in the evident (al-zahir), although most of their law goes back to the ''Muhalla'' [of the [[Ẓāhirī]] scholar [[Ibn Hazm]]], but they also are convinced that they alone understand the hidden (al-batin)!"<ref>{{Cite book|title = Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LCL5fElYbnYC|publisher = Routledge|date = 2012-12-12|isbn = 9781136446931|first = Richard|last = Gauvain|page = 4}}</ref> The Syrian scholar [[Mohamed Said Ramadan Al-Bouti]] wrote a number of works refuting Salafism including ''Al-La Madhhabiyya (Abandoning the Madhhabs) is the most dangerous Bid‘ah Threatening the Islamic Shari'a (Damascus: Dar al-Farabi 2010)'' and ''Al-Salafiyya'' ''was a blessed epoch, not a school of thought (Damascus: Dar al-Fikr, 1990).''<ref name=":2" /> The latter is perhaps the most famous refutation of Salafism in the twentieth century.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NHjICgAAQBAJ|publisher = Columbia University Press|date = 2015-12-08|isbn = 9780231540179|language = en|first = Henri|last = Lauzire}}</ref> Numerous academic rebuttals of Salafism have been produced in the English language by [[Khaled Abou El Fadl]] of the [[UCLA School of Law]], [[Timothy Winter]] of [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] and G.F. Haddad.<ref name=":2" /> El Fadl argues that fanatical groups such as al-Qaeda "derive their theological premises from the intolerant Puritanism of the Wahhabi and Salafi creeds".<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title = Are Muslims Distinctive?: A Look at the Evidence|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eBA0fZpetBgC|publisher = Oxford University Press, US|date = 2011-02-09|isbn = 9780199769209|language = en|first = M. Steven|last = Fish|page = 132}}</ref> He also suggests that the extreme intolerance and even endorsement of terrorism manifest in Wahhabism and Salafism represents a deviation from Muslim historical traditions.<ref name=":3" /> El-Fadl also argues that the Salafi methodology "drifted into stifling apologetics" by the mid-20th century, a reaction against "anxiety" to "render Islam compatible with modernity," by its leaders earlier in the century.<ref>Abou El Fadl, Khaled, ''The Great Theft'', Harper San Francisco, 2005, p. 77</ref> According to the [[As-Sunnah Foundation of America]], the Salafi and Wahhabi movements are strongly opposed by a long list of [[Sunni]] scholars.{{clarify|post-text=(like whom?)|date=May 2015}} <ref>[http://www.sunnah.org/articles/Wahhabiarticleedit.htm As-Sunnah Foundation of America], ''Wahhabism: Understanding the Roots and Role Models of Islamic Extremism'' by Zubair Qamar, condensed and edited by ASFA staff. This article lists 65 Sunni scholars from different time periods, whom the article claims were opposed to either the Salafi or the Wahhabi movements. The article claims that the Wahhabi movement is the same thing as the Salafi movement.</ref> The Saudi government has been criticised for [[Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia|damaging Islamic heritage of thousands of years in Saudi Arabia]]. For example, there has been some controversy that the expansion projects of the mosque and Mecca itself are causing harm to early Islamic heritage. Many ancient buildings, some more than a thousand years old, have been demolished to make room not only for the expansion of the [[Masjid al-Haram]], but for new malls and hotels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.torontosun.com/travel/international/2010/11/12/16107661-reuters.html|title=Mecca goes Upmarket|accessdate=1 December 2010|last=Laessing|first=Ulf|date=18 November 2010|publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html|work=The Independent|first=Jerome|last=Taylor|date=24 September 2011|title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site turning into Vegas|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.islamicpluralism.org/467/dr-sami-angawi-on-wahhabi-desecration-of-makkah |title=Dr.Sami Angawi on Wahhabi Desecration of Makkah|accessdate=28 November 2010|last=Abou-Ragheb|first=Laith|date=12 July 2005|publisher=Center for Islamic Pluralism}}</ref><ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-photos-saudi-arabia-doesnt-want-seen--and-proof-islams-most-holy-relics-are-being-demolished-in-mecca-8536968.html The Independent], ''The photos Saudi Arabia doesn't want seen – and proof Islam's most holy relics are being demolished in Mecca '', by Jerome Taylor, 15 March 2013. The article says that the Saudis are dismantling some old parts the Grand Mosque at Mecca, as part of work to make the mosque larger, and that the sites of other very old buildings in Mecca and Medina have been redevloped over the past twenty years. The article claims that many senior Wahhabis believe that preserving historic relics for their own sake is undesirable because it encourages idolatry (''shirq'').</ref><ref>{{YouTube|vpy5x7Nchck|''Saudi's Destruction Of The Islamic Heritage'', by AhleSunnaTV}}</ref> Though some Salafis who attended a lecture by the [[The City Circle]] in the UK, were equally as opposed to it as other Muslims.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/why-dont-more-muslims-speak-out-against-the-wanton-destruction-of-meccas-holy-sites-8229682.html The Independent], ''Why don't more Muslims speak out against the wanton destruction of Mecca's holy sites?'', by Jerome Taylor, 28 October 2012.</ref> The Salafi movement has been linked by [[Marc Sageman]] to some terrorist groups around the world, like [[Al-Qaeda]].<ref>[http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/hearings/hearing3/witness_sageman.htm Third public hearing of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States], ''Statement of Marc Sageman to the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States'', 9 July 2003</ref> ===German government's statement on Salafism=== German government officials<ref name="verfassungsschuetz">[http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/en/en_fields_of_work/islamism/ Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz) 7/18/2012: latest 2011 report on Islamic Salafist extremism in Germany (English)]</ref> have stated that Salafism has a strong link to terrorism but have clarified that not all Salafists are terrorists. The statements by German government officials criticizing Salafism were televised by ''[[Deutsche Welle]]'' during April 2012.<ref>[http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,15935366,00.html ''Deutsche Welle'', May 8, 2012, regarding Salafism and its adherents' activities in Germany (English)]</ref><ref>{{de icon}} [http://www.pipeline.de/www/index.php?&kat=10&artikel=110085213&red=1&ausgabe= Online "Pipeline" German news agency article from July 17, 2012, on the German government's view of Salafist extremism]</ref> ==Prominent Salafis== * [[Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz]], Saudi Arabian Grand Mufti<ref>{{cite web|author=Caryle Murphy |date=15 July 2010|title=A Kingdom Divided|publisher=GlobalPost|url=http://islamdag.info/story/415|quote=As Grand Mufti, the late Bin Baz was the most prominent proponent of Saudi Arabia’s ultraconservative strain of Salafi Islam, sometimes known as Wahhabism|accessdate=6 May 2014}}</ref> * [[Abdullah el-Faisal]], Jamaican Muslim leader<ref>{{Cite book|title = Young, British and Muslim|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BmFnAAAAMAAJ|publisher = Bloomsbury Academic|date = 2008-02-12|isbn = 9780826497291|first = Philip|last = Lewis|page = 192|quote = Two other Wahhabi/ Salafi individuals are worth mentioning. The first is Sheikh Abdullah el-Faisal, who merited a full front-page article in The Times in February 2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Islam, Youth and Modernity in the Gambia: The Tablighi Jama'at|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cUAIAQAAQBAJ|publisher = Cambridge University Press|date = 2013-10-28|isbn = 9781107040571|first = Marloes|last = Janson|page = 244}}</ref> * [[Abdur Raheem Green]]<ref>Bowen, Innes [https://books.google.com/books?id=XhcoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT73&lpg=PT73&dq=%22Abdur+Raheem+Green%22+salafi&source=bl&ots=liwNx_SLPC&sig=O_jwnpoqmG6b_JRy-XxjzDLnfeo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz9P6PseLJAhVMSyYKHaTDAG04ChDoAQgtMAM#v=onepage&q=%22Abdur%20Raheem%20Green%22%20salafi&f=false ''Medina in Birmingham, Najaf in Brent: Inside British Islam''], Quote: "He remained a Salafi but became a popular speaker at events organised by a wide range of Islamic organizations"</ref> * [[Abu Eesa Niamatullah]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/03/04/dzhokhar-tsarnaev-countering-violent-extremism/|quote = Among ultra-conservative Salafi Muslims, religious figures have often expressed fear about broaching topics of conflict and radical politics even when feeling pressure to engage on these issues by their followers. In 2011, Abu Eesa Niamatullah and Yasir Qadhi, two influential Salafis, shelved a potential course discussing the fiqh (jurisprudence) of warfare in Islam in response to repeated questions posed to them by students of their religious institute. Explaining the decision at the time, Niamatullah said, “Picture two bearded guys talking about the fiqh of jihad. We would be dead. We would be absolutely finished.”|title = The Tsarnaev Trial and the Blind Spots in "Countering Violent Extremism"|work = The Intercept|date = 5 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = 'I'm a Muslim woman, here's why I don't wear a veil'|url = http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/news-opinion/i-watch-growing-puritanical-attitudes-10551408|website = walesonline|accessdate = 2015-12-25}}</ref> * [[Abu Qatada]], Jordanian cleric<ref>{{Cite web|title = Jordanian cleric Abu Qatada acquitted of terror charges|url = http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/9/24/abu-qatada-acquitted.html|website = america.aljazeera.com|accessdate = 2016-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Why the West Fears Islam: An Exploration of Muslims in Liberal Democracies|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QV6YAAAAQBAJ|publisher = Palgrave Macmillan|date = 2013-07-25|isbn = 9781137258205|first = Jocelyne|last = Cesari}}</ref> * [[Ali al-Tamimi]], contemporary American Islamic leader<ref>{{Cite book|title = Medina in Birmingham, Najaf in Brent: Inside British Islam|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XhcoBgAAQBAJ|publisher = Hurst|date = 2014-08-15|isbn = 9781849045308|first = Innes|last = Bowen}}</ref> * [[Anjem Choudary]], 21st-century British Salafi figure<ref>[http://www.wsj.com/articles/british-prosecutors-charging-islamic-preacher-anjem-choudary-with-supporting-terrorism-1438784612 MARGARET COKER and JENNY GROSS, "Islamic Preacher Anjem Choudary Charged in U.K. With Inviting Support of Terror"], ''Wall Street Journal,'' 5 August 2015 |Quote="Mr. Choudary supports the fundamentalist strain of Islamic teaching known as Salafism and believes that Muslims can only attain a state of purity by living in a nation that is based on religious law, known as [[Shariah]]."</ref><ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/07/anjem-choudary-islamic-state-isis The Guardian: "Anjem Choudary: the British extremist who backs the caliphate" by Andrew Anthony] 6 September 2014 |"Although that was an event that radicalised a generation of Muslim activists, the former friend suggests it might have been Choudary's failure to land a job with a big legal firm upon graduating that set him off on his path to Salafi righteousness."</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Eurojihad: Patterns of Islamist Radicalization and Terrorism in Europe|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=65EZBQAAQBAJ|publisher = Cambridge University Press|date = 2014-10-27|isbn = 9781316062685|first = Angel|last = Rabasa|first2 = Cheryl|last2 = Benard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Islamic preacher charged with promoting ISIS in UK|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2015/0805/Islamic-preacher-charged-with-promoting-ISIS-in-UK|newspaper = Christian Science Monitor|access-date = 2015-12-18|issn = 0882-7729|first = Sara|last = Aridi}}</ref> * [[Anwar al-Awlaki]], leader of American/Yemeni terror group [[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula|Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2015/1002/To-turn-tables-on-ISIS-at-home-start-asking-unsettling-questions-expert-says|title=To turn tables on ISIS at home, start asking unsettling questions, expert says|last=Richey|first=Warren|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|issn=0882-7729|access-date=2016-03-02}}</ref> * [[Bilal Philips]], Canadian Salafi imam<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/controversial-imam-bilal-philips-says-banning-him-wont-stop-his-message/article20611079/ The Globe and Mail: "Controversial imam Bilal Philips says banning him won’t stop his message"] September 15, 2014 |"If Salafi means that you’re a traditionalist that follows the scripture according to the early traditions, then yeah. I’m not a modernist. I’m not a person who makes his own individual interpretations according to the times."</ref> * [[Feiz Mohammad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/boston-marathon-bombings.html?pagewanted=all|title = |date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> * [[Haitham al-Haddad]], British Salafi cleric<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XhcoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT75&dq=Haitham+al-Haddad+salafi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib5Zm9o-bJAhVGshQKHcDdCXQQ6AEILDAD#v=onepage&q=Haitham%20al-Haddad%20salafi&f=false|title=Medina in Birmingham, Najaf in Brent: Inside British Islam|last=Bowen|first=Innes|date=2014-08-15|publisher=Hurst|isbn=9781849045308|language=en}}</ref> * [[Muhammad Al-Munajjid]], Salafi scholar<ref>[http://studies.aljazeera.net/ResourceGallery/media/Documents/2014/12/10/2014121095530494580Arab-World-Journalism.pdf Al Jazeera Studies: "Arab World Journalism in a Post-Beheading Era" by Thembisa Fakude] 2013 |"Al-Munajjid is considered one of the respected scholars of the Salafist movement, an Islamic school of thought whose teachings are said to inspire radical movements in the Arab world, including al-Qaeda and a group called al-Dawla al-Islamiya fil Iraq wal Sham (also known as the Islamic State, IS or Daesh)."</ref> * [[Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen]], late Saudi Arabian Salafi scholar (died 1999) <ref>{{cite web|author=Caryle Murphy |date=15 July 2010|title=A Kingdom Divided|publisher=GlobalPost|url=http://islamdag.info/story/415|quote=First, there is the void created by the 1999 death of the elder Bin Baz and that of another senior scholar, Muhammad Salih al Uthaymin, two years later. Both were regarded as giants in conservative Salafi Islam and are still revered by its adherents. Since their passing, no one "has emerged with that degree of authority in the Saudi religious establishment," said David Dean Commins, history professor at [[Dickinson College]] and author of ''The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia.''|accessdate=6 May 2014}}</ref> * [[Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani]] (died 1999), Albanian-Syrian scholar who published more than 100 books, lectured widely, and taught briefly in Saudi Arabia<ref name="Lacroix" /> * [[Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)]], Nigerian Muslim<ref>{{Cite book|title = Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher = Oxford University Press|date = 2015-07-01|isbn = 9780190225216|first = Robert A.|last = Dowd|page = 102}}</ref> * [[Abu Bakar Bashir]], leader of Indonesian terror group ([[Jema'ah Islamiyah]]) *[[Nasir al-Fahd]], Saudi Arabian Salafist scholar who supports jihad, opposes the Saudi state, and in 2012 proclaimed allegiance to [[ISIS]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqRoAgAAQBAJ|title=Osama Bin Laden|last=Scheuer|first=Michael|date=2011-01-20|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199753277|page=247|language=en}}</ref> * [[Omar Bakri Muhammad]], 21st-century Salafi Jihadist preacher<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RMeqBfA9-RUC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=Omar+Bakri+Muhammad+salafi&source=bl&ots=hhPz8XEejs&sig=u97r4cJX-am_eVWQytsVK5weleg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNpNq8nOLJAhVLqB4KHVVSD9YQ6AEITDAK#v=onepage&q=Omar%20Bakri%20Muhammad%20salafi&f=false|first=Assaf|last=Moghadam|title=The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks|page=45|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|date=May 1, 2011|ISBN=9781421401447|quote=Salafi Jihadist preachers such as Abu Hamza al-Masri and Omar Bakri Muhammad help inspire thousands of Muslim youth to develop a cultlike relationship to martyrdom in mosques}}</ref> * [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]], leader of terrorist group ([[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State, known as ISIS, ISIL, IS, Daesh]]) * [[Osama bin Laden]], Saudi Arabian cleric who developed and led the terror group ([[Al-Qaeda]])<ref>{{Cite book|title = Pakistan's Enduring Challenges|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XxtrBgAAQBAJ|publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press|date = 2015-02-18|isbn = 9780812246902|first = C. Christine|last = Fair|first2 = Sarah J.|last2 = Watson|page = 246|quote = Osama bin Laden was a hard-core Salafi who openly espoused violence against the United States in order to achieve Salafi goals.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Roads to Reconciliation: Conflict and Dialogue in the Twenty-first Century|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MDzfBQAAQBAJ|publisher = Routledge|date = 2014-12-18|isbn = 9781317460763|first = Amy Benson|last = Brown|first2 = Karen M.|last2 = Poremski|page = 81}}</ref> * [[Rabee al-Madkhali]] <ref name="Roel Meijer pg. 49" /><ref name="aal">{{Cite web|publisher=The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre (MABDA المركز الملكي للبحوث و الدراسات الإسلامية ), see [[Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought]] |title=Profile: Sheikh Rabi’ Ibn Haadi ‘Umayr Al Madkhali |work=The Muslim 500: The World's Most Influential Muslims |url=http://themuslim500.com/profile/sheikh-rabi-ibn-haadi-umayr-al-madkhali |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322021833/http://themuslim500.com/profile/sheikh-rabi-ibn-haadi-umayr-al-madkhali |archivedate=22 March 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>Omayma Abdel-Latif, "Trends in Salafism." Taken from ''Islamist Radicalisation: The Challenge for Euro-Mediterranean Relations,'' p. 74. Eds. Michael Emerson, Kristina Kausch and Richard Youngs. [[Brussels]]: [[Centre for European Policy Studies]], 2009. ISBN 9789290798651</ref> * [[Yasir Qadhi]], American Muslim cleric, professor at [[Rhodes College]], and author; also Dean of Academic Studies at international [[al-Maghrib Institute]]<ref name="nytimes.com">Elliot, Andrea (April 17, 2011). [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/20/magazine/mag-20Salafis-t.html/ "Why Yasir Qadhi Wants to Talk About Jihad"], ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref> * [[Zakir Naik]], Salafi ideologue in India<ref>{{cite book | first=Praveen | last=Swami | editor-first=Kulbhushan | editor-last=Warikoo| year=2011 | title=Religion and Security in South and Central Asia | chapter=Islamist terrorism in India | publisher=Taylor & Francis | location = London, England | page=61 | isbn= 9780415575904 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spGlo1WbpAoC&pg=PA61 | quote=To examine this infrastructure, it is useful to consider the case of Zakir Naik, perhaps the most influential Salafi ideologue in India.}}</ref> ==See also== {{portal|Islam}} {{Sister project links}} * [[Athari]] * [[Ahl al-Hadith]] * [[Ibn Taymiyyah]] * [[Sufi–Salafi relations]] * [[Shirk (Islam)]] * [[Bid‘ah]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Bibliography== * ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN 1610691776 {{Islam topics |collapsed}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Salafi movement| ]]'