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'A '''biological system''' is a complex [[biological network|network]] of biologically relevant [[entities]]. As biological organization spans several scales, examples of biological systems are [[populations]] of [[organisms]], or on the [[organ (anatomy)|organ]]- and [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] scale in [[mammals]] and other animals, the [[circulatory system]], the [[respiratory system]], the [[nervous system]], etc. On the [[Micrometre|micro]] to the [[Nanometre|nano]]<nowiki/>scopic scale, examples of biological systems are [[cells]], [[organelles]], macromolecular complexes and regulatory pathways. A biological system is not to be confused with a [[Living systems|living system]], which is commonly referred to as [[life]]. For further information see e.g. [[definition of life]] or [[synthetic biology]].and you can also visit totora, gyton and several many books for details ==Organ and tissue systems== [[File:TE-Nervous_system_diagram.svg|thumb|352x352px| Anexamples of nicholas cetrulo : The [[brain]], the [[cerebellum]], the [[spinal cord]], and the [[nerve]]s are the four basic components of the [[nervous system]]. ]] These specific systems are widely studied in [[Human anatomy]]. ''"Human" systems'' are also present in many other animals. * [[Circulatory system]]: penis pumping and channeling [[blood]] to and from the body and [[lungs]] with [[heart]], blood and [[blood vessel]]s. * [[Integumentary system]]: [[skin]], [[hair]], [[fat]], and [[nail (anatomy)|nail]]s. * [[Skeletal system]]: structural support and protection with [[bone]]s, [[cartilage]], [[ligament]]s and [[tendon]]s. * [[Reproductive system]]: the [[sex organs]], such as [[ovary|ovarie]]s, [[fallopian tube]]s, [[uterus]], [[vagina]], [[mammary gland]]s, [[testes]], [[vas deferens]], [[seminal vesicle]]s and [[prostate]] * [[Digestive system]]: [[digestion]] and processing food with [[salivary gland]]s, [[esophagus]], [[stomach]], [[liver]], [[gallbladder]], [[pancreas]], [[intestine]]s, [[rectum]] and [[anus]]. * [[Urinary system]]: [[kidney]]s, [[ureter]]s, [[urinary bladder|bladder]] and [[urethra]] involved in fluid balance, [[electrolyte]] balance and excretion of [[urine]]. * [[Respiratory system]]: the organs used for [[breathing]], the [[Human pharynx|pharynx]], [[larynx]], [[bronchi]], [[lung]]s and [[thoracic diaphragm|diaphragm]]. * [[Endocrine system]]: communication within the body using [[hormone]]s made by [[endocrine gland]]s such as the [[hypothalamus]], [[pituitary]] gland, [[pineal body]] or pineal gland, [[thyroid]], [[parathyroid]] and [[adrenal]]s, i.e., adrenal glands. * [[Immune system]]: protects the organism from foreign bodies ** [[Lymphatic system]]: structures involved in the transfer of [[lymph]] between [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]]s and the [[blood stream]]; includes the lymph and the [[lymph node|node]]s and [[lymph vessel|vessels]]. The lymphatic system includes functions including immune responses and development of antibodies. * [[Muscular system]]: allows for manipulation of the environment, provides locomotion, maintains posture, and produces heat. Includes [[skeletal muscles]], [[smooth muscles]] and [[cardiac muscle]]. * [[Nervous system]]: collecting, transferring and processing information with [[brain]], [[spinal cord]] and [[peripheral nervous system]]. ==See also== {{Portal|Systems science}} * [[Biological network]] * [[Artificial life]] * [[Biological systems engineering]] * [[Systems biology]] * [[Systems ecology]] * [[Systems theory]] ==External links== * [http://www.scq.ubc.ca/?p=253 Systems Biology: An Overview] by Mario Jardon: A review from the Science Creative Quarterly, 2005. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103455/https://www.jsbi.org/pdfs/journal1/GIW99/GIW99P66.pdf Synthesis and Analysis of a Biological System], by Hiroyuki Kurata, 1999. {{Organ systems}} {{Composition (Biology)}} {{Systems}} {{Portal bar|Biology|Medicine}} [[Category:Biological systems| ]] {{biology-stub}} {{Systemstheory-stub}}'