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'{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2014}} {{Infobox company |name = Baxter International Inc. |logo = [[Image:Baxter.svg|250px|center]] |type = Public |traded_as = {{NYSE|BAX}}<br>[[S&P 500|S&P 500 Component]] |location = [[Deerfield, Illinois]], U.S. |key_people = [[José E. Almeida]], ([[Chairman]] & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])<br /> [[Jay Saccaro]], ([[Chief financial officer|CFO]]) ||num_employees = 61,500 |foundation = 1931 |industry = [[Medical equipment]] |products = Medical supplies to treat [[hemophilia]], [[kidney disease]] and provide [[intravenous therapy]] |homepage = https://www.baxter.com | revenue = US$16.3B (''FY 2014'')<ref name = "2013 Form 10-K">{{cite web|title=2013 Form 10-K|url=http://www.baxter.com/downloads/investors/reports_and_financials/annual_report/2013/2013_baxter_form10-K.pdf#page=51}}</ref> | net_income = US$2.012B (''FY 2014'')<ref name = "2013 Form 10-K" /> | assets = US$25.9B (''FY 2014'')<ref name = "2013 Form 10-K" /> | equity = US$8.5B (''FY 2014'')<ref name = "2013 Form 10-K" /> }} '''Baxter International Inc.''' is a global healthcare company with headquarters in [[Deerfield, Illinois]].<ref>"[http://www.baxter.com/about_baxter/contact_us/index.html Contact Us]." Baxter International. Retrieved on February 2, 2011. "Corporate address: One Baxter Parkway Deerfield, IL 60015-4625."</ref> The company primarily focuses on products to treat [[kidney disease]], and other chronic and acute medical conditions. The company had 2015 sales of $10 billion across two businesses: hospital products and renal. Baxter’s Hospital Products business manufactures products used in the delivery of fluids and drugs to patients across the continuum of care, including IV solutions and administration sets, premixed drugs and drug-reconstitution systems, IV nutrition products, infusion pumps and inhalation anesthetics. Its renal portfolio addresses the needs of patients with kidney failure and kidney disease, incorporating innovative technologies and therapies for peritoneal dialysis, in-center and home hemodialysis, continuous renal replacement therapy, multi-organ extracorporeal support therapy and additional dialysis services.<ref name="2013 Form 10-K" /> ==History== For more than 80 years, Baxter has introduced significant medical innovations, including the first commercially produced intravenous (IV) solutions and the first home-based dialysis system as an alternative to hemodialysis in a hospital or clinic. Baxter has been highly innovative in providing healthcare solutions to unmet needs through scientific advancement as well as strategic acquisitions and partnerships. Baxter International was founded in 1931 by Donald Baxter, a medical doctor, as a manufacturer and distributor of intravenous therapy solutions. Baxter's interest was bought out in 1935 by Ralph Falk, who established a research and development function. In 1939, the company developed a vacuum-type collection container, extending the shelf life of blood from hours to weeks. In 1954, the company expanded operations outside of the United States by opening an office in Belgium. In 1956, Baxter International introduced the first functioning artificial kidney, and in 1971 became a member of the Fortune 500. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the company expanded to deliver a wider variety of products and services (including vaccines, a greater variety of blood products) through acquisitions of various companies. Sales and production facilities also expanded throughout the world.[7] In July 2014, Baxter announced that it was exiting the vaccines business—divesting its commercial vaccine portfolio to Pfizer (with sale expected to close by the end of the year) and exploring options for its vaccines R&D program, including influenza.<ref>http://www.baxter.com/press_room/press_releases/2014/07_30_14_vaccines.html</ref> In March 2014, Baxter announced plans to separate into independent global healthcare companies—one focused on developing and marketing biopharmaceuticals and the other on medical products. The medical products company retained the name Baxter International Inc. and the biopharmaceuticals company is named [[Baxalta]] and spun off as a new public company as of July 1, 2015 CE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sandp500changes.whw1.com/#D20150701-BXLT-QEP |title=Baxalta Added and QEP Resources Deleted|publisher=sandp500changes.whw1.com|date=2015-07-01|accessdate=2015-07-01}}</ref> In October 2015, José E. Almeida was named Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Russell|first1=John|title=Baxter names new CEO|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-baxter-names-new-ceo-1029-biz-20151028-story.html|website=The Chicago Tribune|publisher=The Chicago Tribune}}</ref> ==Corporate Responsibility== Baxter International is recognized as a leading company in environmental performance and reporting, having an explicit focus on environmental issues since 1976; actions included an environmental policy and manual, a series of audits, regular environmental conferences, efforts to prevent and clean up site contamination and staff dedicated to environmental improvements. In 1997, a report produced by the company indicated the establishment of the company's first formal environmental program, policy and energy conservation initiatives. In 1992, the company released its first environmental report. In 1993, Baxter created the Corporate Responsibility Office to oversee the company's ethics and compliance practices. In 2000, the company published its first sustainability report. In 2001, Baxter developed its Global Business Practice Standards for Suppliers. In 2007, Baxter established the Corporate Responsibility Council. The company was recognized in 2013 as one of the most civic-minded companies in the United States for the first time by Points of Light as part of the Civic 50. In 2015, the company conducted its first comprehensive, non-financial, corporate responsibility materiality assessment. <ref name="autogenerated1"> = Baxter. (2016). Committed to creating healthier communities. Retrieved November 28, 2016, from http://www.baxter.com/corporate-responsibility.page? </ref> ==Structure== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |+Baxter International by businessline<ref name=corpoverview>{{cite web | url = http://www.baxter.com/about_baxter/company_profile/corporate_overview.html | title = Corporate Overview | accessdate = November 5, 2010 | publisher=Baxter International| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101120024936/http://baxter.com/about_baxter/company_profile/corporate_overview.html| archivedate= November 20, 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name = Davis2003>{{cite book | chapter = Purifying an image: Baxter International and the Dialyzer Crisis | year = 2003 | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=eeXbNc5BjwQC&pg=PA349 349–364] | isbn = 0-07-021733-5 | title = The power of management capital: utilizing the new drivers of innovation, profitability, and growth in a demanding global economy | publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] Professional | editor = Feigenbaum AV | last = Davis | first = JA }}</ref> |- ! Name !! Focus !! 2015 sales (In billions) !! Percentage total sales |- | Hospital Products || IV solutions, premixed drugs, infusion pumps and administrative sets; parenteral nutrition products; pharmacy automation and software; surgical care; contract manufacturing || $6.179 || 62% |- | Renal || Therapies for peritoneal dialysis; in-center and home hemodialysis; continuous renal replacement therapy; extracorporeal support therapy; additional dialysis services || $3.789 || 38% |- |} ===Corporate governance=== In 1953 William Graham became the company's [[Chief executive officer|CEO]]. Vernon Loucks became [[President#Non-governmental presidents|president]] and CEO in 1980. Loucks was forced to resign by [[shareholder]]s.<ref name = Mintzberg>{{cite book |author=Mintzberg, Henry |title=Managers Not MBAs: A Hard Look at the Soft Practice of Managing and Management Development |publisher=Berrett-Koehler Publishers |location=San Francisco, Calif |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsYAeVgwHDQC&pg=PA115 |isbn=1-57675-275-5 }}</ref> When shareholders forced Loucks to resign,<ref name="wsj_1999">{{cite web | url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB925337647950346340 | title=To a Pile of CEO Perks, Add the 'Special' Bonus | publisher=The Wall Street Journal | date=29 April 1999 | accessdate=18 October 2015 | author=Schellhardt, Timothy D.}}</ref> {{quote|"In January, as Baxter International Inc.'s Vernon Loucks relinquished his CEO duties after 18 years, directors handed him a special stock-option grant of 950,000 shares "for the specific purposes of motivating" him "to implement a smooth transition of his responsibilities." If Mr. Loucks sells all the 400,000 shares he can exercise at year end and Baxter's stock price remains at its current level, he will make more than $4 million."|The Wall Street April 29th, 1999}} Loucks was succeeded by Harry Kraemer, who was succeeded by Robert Parkinson, who took the CEO position in 2004.<ref name = history>{{cite web | url=http://www.baxter.com/about_baxter/company_profile/sub/history.html | title=History | publisher=Baxter International | accessdate=July 8, 2009 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602055413/http://www.baxter.com/about_baxter/company_profile/sub/history.html | archivedate=June 2, 2009 }}</ref> ==H1N1 vaccine== In June 2009, Baxter International announced it expected to have the first commercial [[vaccine]] for the [[Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1 ("swine flu") influenza]] as early as July of the same year. The company has been one of several working with the [[World Health Organization]] and United States [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] on the vaccine, and uses a [[cell (biology)|cell]]-based rather than [[egg (food)|egg]]-based technology that allows a shorter production time.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2009/06/13/Baxter-to-release-flu-vaccine-in-July/UPI-41571244908860/ | title = Baxter to release flu vaccine in July | publisher=[[United Press International]] | date = June 13, 2009 | accessdate = July 2, 2009 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090616050354/http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2009/06/13/Baxter-to-release-flu-vaccine-in-July/UPI-41571244908860/| archivedate= June 16, 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> ==Philanthropy== In 2008, Baxter launched Science@Work: Expanding Minds with Real-World Science, which supports teacher training and student development in healthcare and biotechnology in Chicago Public Schools.<ref name="Baxter_2014_ed">{{citation |series=Baxter sustainability report |title=Education and Critical Community Needs |url=http://www.baxter.com/assets/downloads/baxter-sustainability-report-2014.pdf |format=PDF |date=2015 |work=Baxter |accessdate=18 October 2015}}</ref>{{rp|17}} In 2013, the company was included in The Civic 50, a list of the most community-minded companies in America from The National Conference on Citizenship and Points of Light, published by Bloomberg.<ref>The Civic 50 website, 2013 results: http://www.civic50.org/2013_results.php</ref> In 2014, roughly 6,300 Baxter employees volunteered in their communities through The Baxter International Foundation’s Dollars for Doers program, addressing local concerns such as healthcare, the environment and education.<ref name="Baxter_2014_em">{{citation |series=Baxter sustainability report |title=Employee Involvement |url=http://www.baxter.com/assets/downloads/baxter-sustainability-report-2014.pdf |format=PDF |date=2015 |work=Baxter |accessdate=18 October 2015}}</ref>{{rp|104}} In 2014, Baxter and The Baxter International Foundation gave over $50 million.<ref name="Baxter_2014_cm">{{citation |series=Baxter sustainability report |title=Community Support |url=http://www.baxter.com/assets/downloads/baxter-sustainability-report-2014.pdf |format=PDF |date=2015 |work=Baxter |accessdate=18 October 2015}}</ref> Baxter was included for the 13th year in Corporate Responsibility magazine’s 100 Best Corporate Citizens list in 2014 for its social responsibility performance.<ref>Baxter press release, “Baxter’s Fifteenth Sustainability Report Highlights Commitment to Innovative Programs and Sustainable Design”: http://www.baxter.com/press_room/press_releases/2014/06_25_14_sustainability.html</ref> ==Controversies== ===1975 Hemofil - Hepatitis B outbreak=== In August 1975, Baxter / Travenol withdrew a clotting factor product "Hemofil" after the product was associated with an outbreak of Hepatitis B.<ref>http://health.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Tribunal-of-Inquiry-into-the-Infection-with-HIV-and-Hep-C-of-persons-with-Haemophilia-and-Related-Matters.pdf</ref> ===1983 Prison Plasma Collection=== Baxter, unbeknownst to the FDA, continued to use prison plasma in factor concentrate production until October 1983, despite having entered into an agreement with the FDA (11 months earlier), that they would no longer use US prison plasma, which posed a high-risk of virus transmission.<ref>Class Action Complaint (2004) Case No. C032572 PJH. Page 24.</ref> ===2001 Althane disaster=== {{Main|Baxter Althane disaster}} The Baxter Althane disaster in autumn 2001 was a series of 56 sudden deaths of [[renal failure]] patients in Spain, Croatia, Italy, Germany, Taiwan, Colombia and the USA (mainly Nebraska and Texas). All had received hospital treatment with Althane [[hemodialysis]] equipment, a product range manufactured by Baxter International, USA.<ref>{{cite web|title=Baxter Dialyzer Recall|url=http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2007_Groups/group05/pages/baxter.html|work=Major Recalls of Organ Replacement Devices|accessdate=12 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Baxter Faces Suit On Dialysis Deaths|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/14/business/baxter-faces-suit-on-dialysis-deaths.html|accessdate=12 October 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=November 14, 2001}}</ref> ===2008 Chinese heparin adulteration=== {{Main|2008 Chinese heparin adulteration}} In 2008, the quality of blood thinning products produced by Baxter was brought into question when they were linked to 19 deaths in the United States.<ref name=time1>{{cite news |title=Heparin's Deadly Side Effects |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1858870,00.html|work=Time magazine |accessdate=November 16, 2008 | date=November 13, 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081121194220/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1858870,00.html| archivedate= November 21, 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Upon inspection, one of the raw ingredients used by Baxter was found to be contaminated – between 5 and 20 percent – with a substance that was similar, but not identical, to the ingredient itself. The company initiated a voluntary recall, temporarily suspended the manufacture of [[heparin]], and launched an investigation. Investigation into the contamination has focused on raw heparin produced by Changzhou Scientific Protein Laboratories, a China-based branch of [[Scientific Protein Laboratories]], based in [[Waunakee, Wisconsin]]. Due to procedural errors, Changzhou SPL's facilities were never subjected to inspection by US FDA officials, as required by FDA regulations. In addition, Changzhou SPL's products were also never certified as safe for use in pharmaceutical products by Chinese FDA officials, due to Changzhou SPL's registration as a chemical company rather than a pharmaceutical manufacturer.<ref name=wp1>"Contaminant Found in Blood Thinner", Washington Post (Online edition), March 5, 2008</ref><ref name=reuters1>"Baxter probe focuses on US-owned China plant – WSJ", Reuters, February 15, 2008</ref><ref name=wsj1>"China Washes Hands on Heparin Purity", Wall Street Journal (Online edition) February 27, 2008</ref> Though Baxter was first to recall heparin because of increased adverse reactions, after the contaminant was identified and testing protocols were shared with other manufacturers globally, over a dozen other companies in nearly a dozen countries issued recalls, which linked back to certain supply points in China. ===2009 Avian flu contamination=== In early 2009, samples of viral material supplied by Baxter International to a series of European laboratories were found to be contaminated with live Avian flu virus ([[Influenza A virus subtype H5N1]]).<ref>{{cite news | work=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] | url = http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aTo3LbhcA75I | title = Baxter Sent Bird Flu Virus to European Labs by Error | date = February 24, 2009 | accessdate = August 8, 2009 }}</ref> Samples of the less harmful seasonal flu virus (subtype H3N2) were found to be mixed with the deadly H5N1 strain after a vaccine made from the material killed test animals in a lab in the [[Czech Republic]]. Though the serious consequences were avoided by the lab in the Czech Republic,<ref name="CTV_2009">{{cite news | agency=[[The Canadian Press]] | url = http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20090227/Bird_Flu_090227/20090227?hub=Health | title = Baxter admits flu product contained live bird flu virus | work = CTV | date = 27 February 2009 | accessdate = 4 July 2009 }}{{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Baxter then claimed the failed controls over the distribution of the virus were 'stringent' and there was 'little chance' of the lethal virus harming humans.<ref>{{cite news |work=Financial Times | url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d7a3e3d6-1237-11de-b816-0000779fd2ac.html?nclick_check=1 | title = WHO mulls stricter transport of bio products | last = Jack | first = A | date = March 16, 2009 | accessdate = June 16, 2009 }}</ref> ===2009 drug cost inflation=== On July 2, 2009, [[Kentucky]] Attorney General [[Jack Conway (politician)|Jack Conway]] announced a settlement between the state and Baxter Healthcare Corporation, a subsidiary of Baxter International, worth $2 million. The company had been inflating the cost of the [[intravenous therapy|intravenous drugs]] sold to Kentucky Medicaid, at times as much as 1300%.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.kypost.com/content/news/commonwealth/story/Conway-Announces-Multi-Million-Dollar-Settlement/srxPJ5GaiU2gqFfhozY9-g.cspx | title = Conway Announces Multi-Million Dollar Settlement With Drug Company | last = Tracy | first = B | work=[[The Cincinnati Post|Kentucky Post]] | publisher=[[E. W. Scripps Company]] | date = July 3, 2009 | accessdate = July 3, 2009 }}</ref> ===2010 Hepatitis C infections=== In 2010, a jury in [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] ordered Baxter to pay $144 million to patients who had been infected with [[Hepatitis C]] after doctors wrongly reused dirty medical supplies to administer [[propofol]] to patients. The jury granted the award, despite the fact that the label for propofol clearly states that it is for single-patient use only and that aseptic procedures should be used at all times.<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-05-08/teva-baxter-will-fight-500-million-in-damages-over-propofol.html Teva, Baxter Will Fight $500 Million in Damages Over Propofol], Business Week, May 8, 2010</ref> ===2010 infusion pump recall=== In 2010, Baxter was ordered by the FDA to recall all of their Colleague infusion pumps from the market due to 87 recalls and deaths associated with the pump.<ref>{{cite news|title=FDA Issues Statement on Baxter’s Recall of Colleague Infusion Pumps|url=http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm210664.htm|accessdate=May 3, 2010|agency=FDA|publisher=FDA}}</ref> ===2008–2010 tax dodging=== In December 2011, the non-partisan organization [[Public Campaign#Reports|Public Campaign]] criticized Baxter for spending $10.45 million on [[lobbying]] and not paying any taxes during 2008–2010, instead getting $66 million in tax rebates, despite making a profit of $926 million.<ref>{{cite web|last=Portero |first=Ashley |title=30 Major U.S. Corporations Paid More to Lobby Congress Than Income Taxes, 2008–2010 |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/264481/20111209/30-major-u-s-corporations-paid-lobby.htm |publisher=[[International Business Times]] |accessdate=December 26, 2011 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64D9GyQG0?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Farticles%2F264481%2F20111209%2F30-major-u-s-corporations-paid-lobby.htm |archivedate=December 26, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal bar|Chicago|Illinois|Companies|Health and fitness}} ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==External links== {{commons category|Baxter International}} * [http://www.Baxter.com/ Official website] * [http://jobs.baxter.com/ Pharmaceutical Sales Jobs] at Baxter {{Finance links | name = Baxter International | symbol = BAX | sec_cik = BAX | yahoo = BAX | google = BAX }} {{Illinois Corporations}} {{Pharmaceutical companies of the United States}} [[Category:Companies based in Deerfield, Illinois]] [[Category:Companies established in 1931]] [[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]] [[Category:Health care companies of the United States]] [[Category:Life sciences industry]] [[Category:Multinational companies]] [[Category:Orphan drug companies]]'