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Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Mummy Juanita' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Mummy Juanita' |
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New content model (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '[[File:Juanita dama de las nieves.jpg|thumb| Mummy Juanita's body before unwrapping of her bundle.]]
'''Momia Juanita''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "Mummy Juanita"), also known as the '''"Inca" Ice Maiden''' and '''Lady of Ampato''', is the [[mummy|well-preserved frozen body]] of an [[Inca Empire|Inca]] girl who was killed as an offering to the Inca gods sometime between 1450 and 1480 when she was approximately 12–15 years old. She was discovered on [[Mount Ampato]] (part of the [[Andes]] [[cordillera]]) in southern [[Peru]] in 1995 by [[anthropologist]] [[Johan Reinhard]] and his Peruvian climbing partner, Miguel Zárate. "Juanita" has been on display in Catholic University of Santa María's Museum of Andean Sanctuaries (Museo Santuarios Andinos) in [[Arequipa, Peru]], almost continuously since 1996, and was displayed on a tour of [[Japan]] in 1999.
The body caused a sensation in the scientific world due to its well-preserved condition. In 1995, [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] chose it as one of the world's top ten discoveries. Between May and June 1996, it was exhibited in the headquarters of the [[National Geographic Society]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], in a specially acclimatized conservation display unit. In its June 1996 issue, ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' included an article dedicated to the discovery of Juanita.<ref>Reinhard, Johan: Peru’s Ice Maidens. ''National Geographic'' 189(6) (June): 62-81, 1996</ref>
==Discovery==
In September 1995, during an ascent of Mt. Ampato (20,700 ft, 6309 m), Reinhard and Zárate found a bundle inside the crater that had fallen from an Inca site on the summit. To their astonishment, the bundle turned out to contain the frozen body of a young girl. They also found many items that had been left as offerings to the Inca gods strewn about the mountain slope down which the body had fallen. These included statues and food items. A couple of days later, the body and the items were transported to Arequipa, where the body was initially kept in a special refrigerator at Catholic University.
Two more ice mummies, a young girl and a boy, were discovered in an archaeological expedition led by Dr. Reinhard and Prof. Jose Antonio Chavez in October 1995, and they recovered another female mummy on Ampato in December 1997. Owing to melting caused by volcanic ash from the nearby erupting volcano of [[Sabancaya]], most of the Inca burial site had collapsed down into a gully that led into the crater. Reinhard published a detailed account of the discovery in his 2006 book entitled, ''The Ice Maiden: Inca Mummies, Mountain Gods, and Sacred Sites in the Andes''.
==Scientific analyses==
===Body===
As Reinhard and Zárate struggled to lift the heavy bundle containing Juanita's body on Ampato's summit, they realized that her body mass had probably been increased by freezing of the flesh. When initially weighed in [[Arequipa]], the bundle containing "Juanita" weighed over 90 pounds (40.82 kilos). Their realization turned out to be correct; Juanita is almost entirely frozen, making her a substantial scientific find. Like only a few other high-altitude Inca mummies, Juanita was found frozen and thus her remains and garments were not desiccated like that of mummies found in other parts of the world. She was naturally mummified, instead of being artificially mummified, such as is the case with Egyptian mummies. Her skin, organs, tissues, blood, hair, stomach contents and garments are extremely well-preserved, offering scientists a rare glimpse into Inca culture during the reign of the [[Sapa Inca]] [[Pachacuti]].
Analysis of her stomach contents revealed that she ate a meal of vegetables six to eight hours before her death.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ice Maiden Virtual Autopsy|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/andes/|work=Andes Expedition - Searching For Inca Secrets|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=19 May 2011|year=1997}}</ref>
===Health===
===Clothing and adornments===
Juanita was wrapped in a brightly coloured burial tapestry (or "aksu"). Her head was adorned with a cap made from the feathers of a red [[macaw]], and she wore a lively woollen [[alpaca]] shawl fastened with a silver clasp. She was fully clothed in garments resembling the finest textiles from the Inca capital city of Cuzco. This, in addition to evidence of excellent health, suggests that she may have come from a noble Cuzco family. These were almost perfectly preserved, providing valuable insight into sacred Inca textiles and how the Inca nobility dressed.
===Tools and equipment===
Found with her in the burial tapestry was a collection of grave goods: bowls, pins, and figurines made of gold, silver, and shell.
===Genetic analysis===
According to the [[Institute for Genomic Research]] (TIGR), the closest kin they could find in the database in 1996 were the [[Ngöbe–Buglé people|Ngobe people]] of [[Panama]], but the later research has shown her to share genetic patterns found in people from the [[Andes]]. Scientists at TIGR examined two mitochondrial DNA D loop sequences and found that [[Hypervariable region]] 1 (HV1) was consistent with [[Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|Haplogroup A]], one of the four Native American gene groups. Hypervariable region 2 (HV2) included a unique sequence not found in any of the current mitochondrial DNA databases.<ref>{{cite web|title=DNA: The Key to the Mystery|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/andes/autopsy/lower3.html|work=Andes Expedition - Searching For Inca Secrets|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=19 May 2011|year=1997}}</ref> Her [[haplotype]] is 16111T, 16223T, 16290T, 16319A.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ancient DNA|url=http://www.isogg.org/ancientdna.htm|website=www.isogg.org|publisher=International Society of Genetic Genealogy|accessdate=5 April 2015|date=14 May 2005}}</ref> In accordance with the [[genetic map|genetic world map]] and genetic patterns, her HV2 DNA sequence was also related with the ancient races original from [[Taiwan]] and [[Korea]], which supports the theory that [[Paleo-Indians]] had [[Pacific]] links.<ref>[https://www.sal.org.uk/salon/archive/issue?no=169&f=1&fs=section1&cs=td Tests on 'Ice Maiden' reveal Pacific links], Society of Antiquaries of London, 2007</ref><ref>[https://ncffa.org/Web%20Files/Curriculum%20Guide/F%20%20Genes%20and%20Disease.pdf The Ice Maiden], Genes and Disease</ref><ref>Saydí María Negrón Romero, [http://www.libreroonline.com/peru/libros/44930/negron-romero-saydi-maria/presenting-peru-machupicchu.html Presenting Peru & Machupicchu], [http://richardchang.tw/2016/09/12/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%A2%A8%E6%A0%BC%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%90%E7%A7%98%E9%AD%AF%E7%B4%80%E8%A1%8C%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E7%95%99%E8%91%97%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%98%E9%AD%AF/ p.114]</ref>
==Cause of death==
Radiologist Elliot Fishman concluded that she was killed by [[blunt trauma]] to the head. He observed that her cracked right eye socket and the two-inch fracture in her skull are injuries "typical of someone who has been hit by a baseball bat." The blow caused a massive [[hemorrhage]], filling her skull with blood and pushing her brain to one side.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fatal Head Injury: Cracked Eye Socket and Skull Fracture|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/andes/autopsy/lower6.html|work=Andes Expedition - Searching For Inca Secrets|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=19 May 2011|year=1997}}</ref>
==In popular culture==
*Mummy Juanita was mentioned in the episode "Mummy in the Maze" of the television series ''[[Bones (TV series)|Bones]].''<ref>Williams, Scott. "Mummy in the Maze." ''Bones''. Dir. Marita Grabiak. Fox. 30 Oct. 2007. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.</ref>
*Her story was told on the historical documentary series [[Mummies Alive]]
==See also==
* [[Plomo Mummy]]
* [[Chinchorro mummies]]
* [[Children of Llullaillaco]]
* [[Ötzi the Iceman]]
* [[Pazyryk burials#Ice Maiden|Pazyryk Ice Maiden]]
* "[[Inca Mummy Girl]]"
==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite journal |last= Reinhard |first= Johan |title= Sharp Eyes of Science Probe the Mummies of Peru |journal= National Geographic |volume= 191 |issue= 1 |date= January 1997 |pages= 36-43 }}
* {{cite book |last= Reinhard |first= Johan |title= Discovering the Inca Ice Maiden |publisher= National Geographic Society |location= Washington, D.C. |date= 1998 |isbn= 9780792271420 }}
* {{cite journal |last= Reinhard Johan |title= New Inca Mummies |journal= National Geographic |volume= 194 |issue= 1 |date= July 1998 |pages= 128-135 }}
* {{cite book |last= Reinhard |first= Johan |title= Inca Mummies, Mountain Gods, and Sacred Sites in the Andes |date= 2005 |location= Washington, D.C. |publisher= National Geographic Society |isbn= 9780792268383 }}
==External links==
* {{cite web |url= http://www.ucsm.edu.pe/portal/index.php/en/2015-08-10-15-27-07/ddd/santuario |title= El Museo Santuarios Andinos |trans-title= Andean Sanctuaries Museum |language= es |publisher= [[Catholic University of Santa María]] }}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/andes/ |publisher= National Geographic |title= Andes Expedition |work= Searching For Inca Secrets |date= 1997 }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mummy Juanita}}
[[Category:Mummies]]
[[Category:Human remains (archaeological)]]
[[Category:Archaeological artifacts]]
[[Category:Archaeology of Peru]]
[[Category:Human sacrifice]]
[[Category:Deaths by beating]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '[[File:Juanita dama de las nieves.jpg|thumb| Mummy Juanita's body before unwrapping of her bundle.]]
'''Momia Juanita''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "Mummy Juanita"), also known as the '''"Inca" Ice Maiden''' and '''Lady of Ampato''', is the [[mummy|well-preserved frozen body]] of an [[Inca Empire|Inca]] girl who was killed as an offering to the Inca gods sometime between 1450 and 1480 when she was approximately 12–15 years old. She was discovered on [[Mount Ampato]] (part of the [[Andes]] [[cordillera]]) in southern [[Peru]] in 1995 by [[anthropologist]] [[Johan Reinhard]] and his Peruvian climbing partner, Miguel Zárate. "Juanita" has been on display in Catholic University of Santa María's Museum of Andean Sanctuaries (Museo Santuarios Andinos) in [[Arequipa, Peru]], almost continuously since 1996, and was displayed on a tour of [[Japan]] in 1999.
The body caused a sensation in the scientific world due to its well-preserved condition. In 1995, [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] chose it as one of the world's top ten discoveries. Between May and June 1996, it was exhibited in the headquarters of the [[National Geographic Society]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], in a specially acclimatized conservation display unit. In its June 1996 issue, ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' included an article dedicated to the discovery of Juanita.<ref>Reinhard, Johan: Peru’s Ice Maidens. ''National Geographic'' 189(6) (June): 62-81, 1996</ref>
==Discovery==
In September 1995, during an ascent of Mt. Ampato (20,700 ft, 6309 m), Reinhard and Zárate found a bundle inside the crater that had fallen from an Inca site on the summit. To their astonishment, the bundle turned out to contain the frozen body of a young girl. They also found many items that had been left as offerings to the Inca gods strewn about the mountain slope down which the body had fallen. These included statues ahihhihiih sexual dick kdgdfgbhfovnfuvf.
Two more ice mummies, a young girl and a boy, were discovered in an archaeological expedition led by Dr. Reinhard and Prof. Jose Antonio Chavez in October 1995, and they recovered another female mummy on Ampato in December 1997. Owing to melting caused by volcanic ash from the nearby erupting volcano of [[Sabancaya]], most of the Inca burial site had collapsed down into a gully that led into the crater. Reinhard published a detailed account of the discovery in his 2006 book entitled, ''The Ice Maiden: Inca Mummies, Mountain Gods, and Sacred Sites in the Andes''.
==Scientific analyses==
===Body===
As Reinhard and Zárate struggled to lift the heavy bundle containing Juanita's body on Ampato's summit, they realized that her body mass had probably been increased by freezing of the flesh. When initially weighed in [[Arequipa]], the bundle containing "Juanita" weighed over 90 pounds (40.82 kilos). Their realization turned out to be correct; Juanita is almost entirely frozen, making her a substantial scientific find. Like only a few other high-altitude Inca mummies, Juanita was found frozen and thus her remains and garments were not desiccated like that of mummies found in other parts of the world. She was naturally mummified, instead of being artificially mummified, such as is the case with Egyptian mummies. Her skin, organs, tissues, blood, hair, stomach contents and garments are extremely well-preserved, offering scientists a rare glimpse into Inca culture during the reign of the [[Sapa Inca]] [[Pachacuti]].
Analysis of her stomach contents revealed that she ate a meal of vegetables six to eight hours before her death.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ice Maiden Virtual Autopsy|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/andes/|work=Andes Expedition - Searching For Inca Secrets|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=19 May 2011|year=1997}}</ref>
===Health===
===Clothing and adornments===
Juanita was wrapped in a brightly coloured burial tapestry (or "aksu"). Her head was adorned with a cap made from the feathers of a red [[macaw]], and she wore a lively woollen [[alpaca]] shawl fastened with a silver clasp. She was fully clothed in garments resembling the finest textiles from the Inca capital city of Cuzco. This, in addition to evidence of excellent health, suggests that she may have come from a noble Cuzco family. These were almost perfectly preserved, providing valuable insight into sacred Inca textiles and how the Inca nobility dressed.
===Tools and equipment===
Found with her in the burial tapestry was a collection of grave goods: bowls, pins, and figurines made of gold, silver, and shell.
===Genetic analysis===
According to the [[Institute for Genomic Research]] (TIGR), the closest kin they could find in the database in 1996 were the [[Ngöbe–Buglé people|Ngobe people]] of [[Panama]], but the later research has shown her to share genetic patterns found in people from the [[Andes]]. Scientists at TIGR examined two mitochondrial DNA D loop sequences and found that [[Hypervariable region]] 1 (HV1) was consistent with [[Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|Haplogroup A]], one of the four Native American gene groups. Hypervariable region 2 (HV2) included a unique sequence not found in any of the current mitochondrial DNA databases.<ref>{{cite web|title=DNA: The Key to the Mystery|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/andes/autopsy/lower3.html|work=Andes Expedition - Searching For Inca Secrets|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=19 May 2011|year=1997}}</ref> Her [[haplotype]] is 16111T, 16223T, 16290T, 16319A.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ancient DNA|url=http://www.isogg.org/ancientdna.htm|website=www.isogg.org|publisher=International Society of Genetic Genealogy|accessdate=5 April 2015|date=14 May 2005}}</ref> In accordance with the [[genetic map|genetic world map]] and genetic patterns, her HV2 DNA sequence was also related with the ancient races original from [[Taiwan]] and [[Korea]], which supports the theory that [[Paleo-Indians]] had [[Pacific]] links.<ref>[https://www.sal.org.uk/salon/archive/issue?no=169&f=1&fs=section1&cs=td Tests on 'Ice Maiden' reveal Pacific links], Society of Antiquaries of London, 2007</ref><ref>[https://ncffa.org/Web%20Files/Curriculum%20Guide/F%20%20Genes%20and%20Disease.pdf The Ice Maiden], Genes and Disease</ref><ref>Saydí María Negrón Romero, [http://www.libreroonline.com/peru/libros/44930/negron-romero-saydi-maria/presenting-peru-machupicchu.html Presenting Peru & Machupicchu], [http://richardchang.tw/2016/09/12/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%A2%A8%E6%A0%BC%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%90%E7%A7%98%E9%AD%AF%E7%B4%80%E8%A1%8C%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E7%95%99%E8%91%97%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%98%E9%AD%AF/ p.114]</ref>
==Cause of death==
Radiologist Elliot Fishman concluded that she was killed by [[blunt trauma]] to the head. He observed that her cracked right eye socket and the two-inch fracture in her skull are injuries "typical of someone who has been hit by a baseball bat." The blow caused a massive [[hemorrhage]], filling her skull with blood and pushing her brain to one side.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fatal Head Injury: Cracked Eye Socket and Skull Fracture|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/andes/autopsy/lower6.html|work=Andes Expedition - Searching For Inca Secrets|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=19 May 2011|year=1997}}</ref>
==In popular culture==
*Mummy Juanita was mentioned in the episode "Mummy in the Maze" of the television series ''[[Bones (TV series)|Bones]].''<ref>Williams, Scott. "Mummy in the Maze." ''Bones''. Dir. Marita Grabiak. Fox. 30 Oct. 2007. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.</ref>
*Her story was told on the historical documentary series [[Mummies Alive]]
==See also==
* [[Plomo Mummy]]
* [[Chinchorro mummies]]
* [[Children of Llullaillaco]]
* [[Ötzi the Iceman]]
* [[Pazyryk burials#Ice Maiden|Pazyryk Ice Maiden]]
* "[[Inca Mummy Girl]]"
==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite journal |last= Reinhard |first= Johan |title= Sharp Eyes of Science Probe the Mummies of Peru |journal= National Geographic |volume= 191 |issue= 1 |date= January 1997 |pages= 36-43 }}
* {{cite book |last= Reinhard |first= Johan |title= Discovering the Inca Ice Maiden |publisher= National Geographic Society |location= Washington, D.C. |date= 1998 |isbn= 9780792271420 }}
* {{cite journal |last= Reinhard Johan |title= New Inca Mummies |journal= National Geographic |volume= 194 |issue= 1 |date= July 1998 |pages= 128-135 }}
* {{cite book |last= Reinhard |first= Johan |title= Inca Mummies, Mountain Gods, and Sacred Sites in the Andes |date= 2005 |location= Washington, D.C. |publisher= National Geographic Society |isbn= 9780792268383 }}
==External links==
* {{cite web |url= http://www.ucsm.edu.pe/portal/index.php/en/2015-08-10-15-27-07/ddd/santuario |title= El Museo Santuarios Andinos |trans-title= Andean Sanctuaries Museum |language= es |publisher= [[Catholic University of Santa María]] }}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/andes/ |publisher= National Geographic |title= Andes Expedition |work= Searching For Inca Secrets |date= 1997 }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mummy Juanita}}
[[Category:Mummies]]
[[Category:Human remains (archaeological)]]
[[Category:Archaeological artifacts]]
[[Category:Archaeology of Peru]]
[[Category:Human sacrifice]]
[[Category:Deaths by beating]]' |
