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'{{Infobox beer style | name = India Pale Ale | image = Fuller's IPA.JPG | caption = India Pale Ale from [[Fuller's Brewery]]. | origin = [[England]] | yeast = | alcohol = 5.0% - 9.0% | color = 6 - 14 | bitterness = 40 - 60 | originalgravity = 1.050 - 1.075 | finalgravity = 1.010 - 1.018 | maltpercentage = }} [[File:Canadian grocer July-December 1907 (1907) (14775748584).jpg|thumb|339x339px|1907 publication of "Canadian Grocer" showing [[Molson Brewery|Molson's]] India Pale Ale and Porter display]] [[File:Mcewans Pale India Ale.jpg|thumb|332x332px|Beer label for [[McEwan's]] Pale India Ale from 1907 or earlier]] '''India pale ale''' ('''IPA''') is a [[hops|hoppy]] [[beer styles|beer style]] within the broader category of [[pale ale]]. It has also been referred to as ''pale ale as prepared for India'', ''India ale'', ''pale India ale'', or ''pale export India ale''. <ref>{{cite web|last1=North|first1=Andrew|title=The return of the Indian Pale Ale|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-19340289|publisher=BBC|accessdate=13 April 2017}}</ref> The term ''pale ale'' originally denoted an ale that had been brewed from pale [[malt]].<ref>{{harvnb|Anonymous|1744|pp=39–43}}</ref> Among the first brewers known to export beer to India was George Hodgson's<ref>http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-india-pale-ale-got-its-name-180954891</ref> [[Bow Brewery]], on the [[Middlesex]]-[[Essex]] border. Bow Brewery beers became popular among [[East India Company]] traders in the late 18th century because of the brewery's location near the [[East India Docks]]. Demand for the export style of pale ale, which had become known as ''India pale ale'', developed in England around 1840 and it later became a popular product there.<ref>{{harvnb|Daniels|1996|p=155}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cornell|2008|p=104}}</ref> IPAs have a long history in Canada and the United States, and many breweries there produce a version of the style.<ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|1978|p=210}}</ref> ==History== The term ''pale ale'' originally denoted an ale that had been brewed from pale [[malt]].<ref>{{harvnb|Anonymous|1744|pp=39–43}}</ref> The pale ales of the early 18th century were lightly [[hops|hopped]] and quite different from today's pale ales.<ref>{{harvnb|Anonymous|1744|pp=72-73}}</ref> By the mid-18th century, pale ale was mostly brewed with [[coke (fuel)|coke]]-fired malt, which produced less smoking and roasting of [[barley]] in the malting process, and hence produced a paler beer.<ref>{{harvnb|Foster|1999|p=13}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Daniels|1996|p=154}}</ref> One such variety of beer was [[Old ale|October beer]], a pale well-hopped brew popular among the [[Landed_gentry|landed classes]], who brewed it domestically; once brewed it was intended to [[Wine cellar|cellar]] two years.<ref>{{harvnb|Cornell|2008|pp=97–98}}</ref> [[File:Old Phipps IPA Claret sharpened.jpg|thumb|262x262px|19th century poster for [[Phipps NBC|Phipps]], an IPA brewer in [[Northampton]].]] Among the first brewers known to export beer to India was George Hodgson's<ref>http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-india-pale-ale-got-its-name-180954891</ref> [[Bow Brewery]], on the [[Middlesex]]-[[Essex]] border. Bow Brewery beers became popular among [[East India Company]] traders in the late 18th century because of the brewery's location near the [[East India Docks]]{{efn|The Bow Brewery was on the banks of the [[River Lea]] near [[Bow, London#Bridges at Bowe|Bow bridge]]. The East India Docks lay two miles down river.<ref name=Pryor2009 />}} and Hodgson's liberal [[Line of credit|credit line]] of 18 months. Ships transported Hodgson's beers to India, among them his October beer, which benefited exceptionally from conditions of the voyage and was apparently highly regarded among its consumers in India.<ref>{{harvnb|Cornell|2008|p=98}}</ref> Bow Brewery came into the control of Hodgson's son in the early 19th century,{{efn|Mark Hodgson died in 1810, leaving the Bow Brewery in the care of a trust. His only surviving son, Frederick Hodgson, took control of the brewery in 1819.<ref name=Pryor2009 />}} but his business practices alienated their customers.{{cn|date=January 2015}} During the same period, several [[Burton upon Trent|Burton]] breweries lost their European export market in Russia when the [[Tsar]] banned the trade, and were seeking a new export market for their beer.<ref name="Pryor2009">{{cite journal |title=Indian Pale Ale: an Icon of Empire |journal=Commodities of Empire Working Paper |year=2009 |last=Pryor |first=Alan |issue=13 |issn=1756-0098 |url=http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/ferguson-centre/commodities-of-empire/working-papers/WP13.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=17 February 2015 }}</ref> At the behest of the East India Company, [[Samuel Allsopp & Sons|Allsopp]] brewery developed a strongly-hopped pale ale in the style of Hodgson's for export to India.<ref>{{harvnb|Foster|1999|p=26}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cornell|2008|p=102}}</ref> Other Burton brewers, including [[Bass Brewery|Bass]] and [[Salt's Brewery|Salt]], were eager to replace their lost Russian export market and quickly followed Allsopp's lead. Perhaps as a result of the advantages of Burton water in brewing,{{efn|The water of Burton on Trent contains a very high concentration of sulphate which accentuates the bitterness of beer. See Daniels, Foster, and Cornell.}} Burton India pale ale was preferred by merchants and their customers in India, but Hodgson's October beer clearly influenced the Burton brewers' India pale ales. Brewer [[Charrington Brewery|Charrington]]'s trial shipments of [[hogshead]]s of "India Ale" to [[Chennai|Madras]] and [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in 1827 proved successful and a regular trade emerged with the key British agents and retailers: Griffiths & Co in Madras; Adam, Skinner and Co. in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and Bruce, Allen & Co. in Calcutta.{{sfn|Mathias|1959|page=190}} Early IPA, such as Burton brewers' and Hodgson's, was only slightly higher in alcohol than most beer brewed in his day and would not have been considered a strong ale; however, a greater proportion of the [[wort]] was well-fermented, leaving behind few residual sugars, and the beer was strongly hopped.<ref>{{harvnb|Foster|1999|pp=17-21}} discusses the hopping rate; {{harvnb|Daniels|1996|p=154}} discusses the high level of fermentation.</ref> The common story that early IPAs were much stronger than other beers of the time, however, is a myth.<ref>{{harvnb|Foster|1999|p=21}}</ref> While IPAs were formulated to survive long voyages by sea better than other styles of the time, [[porter (beer)|porter]] was also shipped to India and California successfully.<ref name=AnchorIPA>{{cite web|title=IN THE ROOM THE STORY OF ANCHOR IPA™|url=http://www.anchorbrewing.com/blog/in-the-roomthe-story-of-anchor-ipa/|work=Anchor Brewing Blog|publisher=Anchor Brewing Company|accessdate=28 April 2014}}.</ref> It is clear that by the 1860s, India pale ales were widely brewed in England, and that they were much more [[Attenuation (brewing)|attenuated]] and highly hopped than porters and many other ales.<ref>{{harvnb|Daniels|1996|p=156}}</ref> Demand for the export style of pale ale, which had become known as ''India pale ale'', developed in England around 1840 and India pale ale became a popular product in England.<ref>{{harvnb|Daniels|1996|p=155}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cornell|2008|p=104}}</ref> Some brewers dropped the term "India" in the late 19th century, but records indicated that these "pale ales" retained the features of earlier IPAs.<ref>{{harvnb|Foster|1999|p=65}}</ref> American, Australian, and Canadian brewers manufactured beer with the label IPA before 1900, and records suggest that these beers were similar to English IPA of the era.<ref>{{harvnb|Daniels|1996|pp=157-58}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cornell|2008|p=112}}</ref> IPA style beers started being exported to other colonial countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, around this time with many breweries dropping the 'I' in 'IPA' and simply calling them Pale Ales or Export Pales. Many breweries, such as [[Kirkstall Brewery]], sent large quantities of export beer across the world by steam ship to auction off to wholesalers upon arrival. ==United Kingdom== [[File:Best India Pale Ale label (8734611254).jpg|thumb|352x352px|Best India Pale Ale, bottled expressly for export by A. W. Palmer & Co.]] India Pale Ale, or IPA, has been used in the United Kingdom to describe a well-hopped, [[Gravity (alcoholic beverage)|high-gravity]] beer since 1835. It gained popularity in the domestic market after 1841. <ref>http://zythophile.co.uk/2010/03/31/ipa-the-executive-summary/</ref> The term IPA is still commonly used in the [[United Kingdom]]. It is currently a popular beer style on the UK market, with many brewers offering it as a regular product. Some of the most widely seen examples include Brewdog Punk IPA, Thornbridge Jaipur IPA, Oakham Green Devil IPA, and Fuller's Bengal Lancer IPA. To conform to the style, Modern British IPAs should be in the range 40-60 IBU with alcohol in the range 5% to 8%. The modern incarnation is described as "A hoppy, moderately-strong, very well-attenuated pale British ale with a dry finish and a hoppy aroma and flavour" <ref>https://www.bjcp.org/docs/2015_Guidelines_Beer.pdf</ref> Some beers, for example [[Greene King]] IPA and [[Charles Wells Ltd|Charles Wells]] Eagle IPA are marketed with the initials IPA despite actually being examples of ordinary bitters. The Campaign for Real Ale comments on such beers: "So-called IPAs with strengths of around 3.5% are not true to style" <ref> http://www.camra.org.uk/pale-ale-or-ipa </ref> ==United States and Canada== IPAs have a long history in the United States and Canada, and many breweries there produce a version of the style.<ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|1978|p=210}}</ref> Contemporary American IPAs are typically brewed with distinctively American hops, such as [[Cascade hop|Cascade]], Centennial, Citra, Columbus, [[Chinook hops|Chinook]], Simcoe, [[Amarillo hops|Amarillo]], Tomahawk, Warrior, Neomexicanus, and Nugget. East Coast IPAs are distinguished from West Coast IPAs by a stronger malt presence, which balances the intensity of the hops, whereas hops are more prominent in the western brews, possibly because of the proximity of West Coast breweries to hop fields in the Pacific Northwest. East Coast breweries rely more on spicier European hops and specialty malts than those on the West Coast.<ref>{{cite news|last=Henry|first=Jason|title=Beer of the Week: New Belgium/Alpine Super India Pale Ale|url=http://blogs.sfweekly.com/foodie/2012/09/beer_of_week_new_belgium_alpine_ipa.php|accessdate=26 September 2012|newspaper=[[SF Weekly]] (blog)|date=13 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kitsock|first=Greg|title=A Bitter Divide |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/19/AR2007061900354.html|accessdate=26 September 2012 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=20 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Juskewitch |first=Ezra |title=The Hop Report: Summer brews great alternative to fall ales |url=http://mainecampus.com/2012/09/10/the-hop-report-summer-brews-great-alternative-to-fall-ales/?ref=opinion |accessdate=26 September 2012 |newspaper=[[The Maine Campus]] |date=10 September 2012}}</ref> Double IPAs (also referred to as Imperial IPAs) are a stronger, very hoppy variant of IPAs that typically have alcohol content above 7.5% by volume.<ref>[http://beeradvocate.com/articles/599 "American Double IPA"] ''[[Beer Advocate]]''. Retrieved 30 May 2013.</ref> The style is claimed to have originated with Vinnie Cilurzo, currently the owner of [[Russian River Brewing Company]] in [[Santa Rosa, California]], in 1994 at the now-defunct Blind Pig Brewery in [[Temecula, California]].{{efn|The double IPA, though, is not quite a native, even though Vinnie Cilurzo is credited with creating the style in 1994, when he was running Blind Pig Brewery in Temecula. Blind Pig IPA set the bar high and bitter – the recipe called for four varieties of malts, but the intensely aromatic and bitter hops were the super star.{{cn|date=January 2016}}}} The style has been embraced by the [[Beer in San Diego County, California|craft brewers]] of [[San Diego County, California]], to such an extent that double IPAs have been referred to as "San Diego pale ale".<ref name="renamed">{{cite news|url=http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/metro/rowe/20060308-9999-lz1f08rowe.html|title=Some believe bitter brew should be renamed to reflect San Diego roots|last=Rowe|first=Peter|date=March 8, 2006|accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="rocked">{{cite news|url=http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/features/20070117-9999-lz1c17events.html|title=10 events that rocked our beer mugs, 1996-2006|date=January 17, 2007|work=San Diego Union Tribune|accessdate=18 June 2013}}</ref> New England IPAs are style marked by hazy color, fruity, floral, and/or citrus flavors, and a characteristic juice-like consistency and appearance.<ref>{{cite news|last=Alstrom|first=Jason|title=It's Official: New England India Pale Ale is a Style|url=https://www.beeradvocate.com/articles/15649/its-official-new-england-india-pale-ale-is-a-style/|newspaper=[[Beer Advocate]] (blog)|date=13 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kitsock|first=Greg|title=A Bitter Divide |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/19/AR2007061900354.html|accessdate=26 September 2012 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=20 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Juskewitch |first=Ezra |title=The Hop Report: Summer brews great alternative to fall ales |url=http://mainecampus.com/2012/09/10/the-hop-report-summer-brews-great-alternative-to-fall-ales/?ref=opinion |accessdate=26 September 2012 |newspaper=[[The Maine Campus]] |date=May 2017}}</ref> New England IPAs need not be brewed in New England although the style has become popular among breweries in [[New England]] as of 2017. In the United States, IPAs have become extremely popular, helping drive the craft beer renaissance.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Is IPA responsible for the growth of the craft beer industry? - Beer News|url = http://www.washingtonbeerblog.com/ipa-responsible-for-growth-of-craft-beer-industry/|website = Beer News|access-date = 2016-01-31|language = en-US}}</ref> ==Footnotes== {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist|32em}} == Bibliography == * {{cite book |ref=harv |author=Anonymous <!-- Some places list William Ellis as author --> |title=The London and Country Brewer |year=1744 |publisher=Thomas Astley |location=London |oclc=22476249 |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24190346M/The_London_and_country_brewer}} * {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Cornell |first=Martyn |title=Amber, Gold & Black: The Story of Britain's Great Beers |year=2008 |publisher=Zythography Press |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=sJPGPgAACAAJ |isbn = <!-- No ISBN for this edition? -->}} * {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Daniels |first=Ray |title=Designing Great Beers: The Ultimate Guide to Brewing Classic Beer Styles |year=1996 |publisher=Brewers Publications |isbn=978-0-937381-50-2}} * {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Foster |first=Terry |title=Pale Ale: History, Brewing Techniques, Recipes |edition=Second |year=1999 |publisher=Brewers Publications |isbn=978-0-937381-69-4}} * {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Jackson |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Jackson (writer) |title=The World Guide to Beer |date=1978 |publisher=[[Ballantine Books]] |isbn=978-0-345-27408-3}} *{{cite book|last=Mathias|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Mathias|title=The Brewing Industry in England 1700-1830|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyU9AAAAIAAJ|year=1959|publisher=CUP Archive|id=GGKEY:DYD5N29F6JD|ref=harv}} == Further reading == * Brown, Pete (2009), ''Hops & Glory: One Man's Search for the Beer That Built the British Empire'', [[Pan Macmillan]] * {{cite book |last=Steele |first=Mitch |title=IPA: Brewing Techniques, Recipes, and the Evolution of India Pale Ale |year=2012 |publisher=Brewers Publications |isbn=978-1-938469-00-8}} == External links == * {{commons category-inline|India Pale Ales}} {{Beer Styles}} [[Category:Beer styles]]'