Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{infobox ethnic group
|group = Sylhetis
|native_name = ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ<br>সিলেটি
|population = {{Circa|~11.8 million|lk=yes}}<ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/syl Sylheti] Ethnologue.</ref>
|region1 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
|popplace = '''[[Sylhet Division]]''' ([[Bangladesh]])<br/>'''[[Barak Valley]]''' ([[India]])<br /> '''[[Shillong]]''' ([[India]])<br />'''[[Tripura]]''' ([[India]])<br /> '''[[London]]''' ([[United Kingdom]])
|langs = [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]
|religions = Bangladesh: [[Islam]] (81%), [[Hinduism]] (18%)<ref>[http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sylhet_Division Sylhet Division]
Banglapedia</ref><br/>India: Hinduism (Majority), Islam (Minority)
'''Minorities:''' {{hlist | [[Christianity]] | [[Buddhism]]}}
|related_groups = [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
}}
The '''Sylhetis''' ({{lang-syl|ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ}}, {{lang-bn|সিলেটি}}) are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[Ethnolinguistic group|ethno-linguistic]] group of people who speak the [[Sylheti language]] and are native to the [[Sylhet Division]] of [[Bangladesh]] and the [[Barak Valley]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Assam]], with a sizeable population in [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]] and [[Tripura]] of [[India]] and in [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]. They are described as being both synonymous with [[Bengalis]] as well as a separate ethnic group due to historical isolation and lack of [[mutual intelligibility]] between their languages.<ref>Tanweer Fazal (2012)''Minority Nationalisms in South Asia: 'We are with culture but without geography': locating Sylheti identity in contemporary India, Nabanipa Bhattacharjee.' pp.59–67.</ref><ref>Sebastian M. Rasinger (2007). ''Bengali-English in East London: A Study in Urban Multilingualism''. pp. 26-27. Retrieved on 2017-05-02.</ref><ref>Glanville Price (2000). ''Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe''. pp. 91-92.</ref>
==Sylheti Jati==
'''Sylheti Ethnicity''' is also known as '''Sylheti Zaati''' in popular form; it includes peoples from Barak Valley in [[Assam|Southern Assam]], India and Surma Valley or Sylhet Division, Bangladesh. Sylheti Zaati includes peoples from different religious denominations including Muslims, Hindus, Christians, Pagans and Atheists. A perception runs wild in Bangladesh that people of Sylhet are planning in connivance with India to carve out an independent state of Sylhet consisting of South Assam, [[Meghalaya]], Tripura, greater [[Mymensingh]], greater [[Dhaka]], greater [[Comilla]], greater [[Noakhali]], greater [[Chittagong]] and Chittagong Hill Tracts with the epicentre at the city of Sylhet. This myth was concocted in an anonymous group or individual(s) in London and it led to consequential suppression of Sylheti Zaati in Bangladesh. Sylheti Zapatista is gaining wider recognition and momentum outside of Bangladesh due to growing human conscious and prevalence of human rights in European countries, particularly in the UK, and the USA. Sylheti as a Zaati is promoted by Sylhetologists and human rights activists.<ref>Jagaran Patrika, P.16, London (1984)</ref>
Until partition in 1947, Sylhetis were part of Assam in north-eastern British India, as it then was.<ref>Zia Haider Rahman, A Community Without Aspirations, The Guardian, 2 May 2007, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/may/02/yesterdaysawthepublication,</ref>
==Early history==
Sylheti diaspora emerged due to a need for an economic sustenance, young men searching for better employment elsewhere led to the foundation of Sylheti Diaspora. In the heyday of the British Raj, when young men from the land of Sylhet worked as lascars in the British merchants marine, some jumping the ship in London in search of better life and others found alternative routes to enter the motherland, causing chain migration and eventual settlement in working-class neighbourhoods of London’s East End. Many of the Sylheti men moved on and found better working conditions in industrial cities and towns such as Luton, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Bradford, Oldham and so on.<ref>Claire Alexander, Joya Chaterji and Annu Jalais, The Bengal Diaspora: Rethinking Muslim Migration, p.2, Routledge (2015) London.</ref> Sylhet is a seafaring nation; going to the sea is in the blood of all Sylheti and it was a daredevil adventure for Sylheti young men until the land reform forced upon them by the British Raj in 1793 CE as part of the [[Permanent Settlement]] Act of 1793, which altered the entire social, political and economic landscape of the country and going to the sea became a necessity. Young men from Sylhet boarded ships mainly at Kolkata, Mumbai and Singapore. Some of these early Sylheti seamen visited Britain and America and sought employment; although by virtue of [[Magna Carta]] Libertatum, there were no legal restriction on them to enter and leave Britain freely, some authors have played the ship jumping rather disproportionately without realising that the Sylheti seamen knew they could visit the motherland without making any declaration of intent, which was required to enter the USA. The early recorded history indicates a strong connection between Sylheti Diaspora and the Sylheti seamen.<ref>Across Seven Seas and Thirteen Rivers: Life Stories of Pioneer Sylheti Settlers in Britain, Caroline Adams, Tassaduq Ahmed and Dan Jones, THAP (1987), London, {{ISBN|978-0906698143}}</ref>
==Caste and Class==
People of Sylhet are socially stratified into four caste, which is called [[varna|chaturvarna]] and three social classes. Caste system derived from Hindu system of [[varna]] 'colour' and [[jāti|jati]] 'ethnicity', which divides people into four colours: White, Red, Yellow and Black. White people are Brahmans, who are destined to be priests, teachers and preachers; Red people are Kshatriyas, who are destined to be kings, governors, warriors and soldiers; Yellow people are Vyasas, who are born to be cattle herders, ploughmen, artisans and merchants; and Black people are Shudras, who are born to be labourers and servants to the people of twice born caste.<ref>Mahabharata (12.181)</ref><ref>Hiltebeitel, Alf (2011). Dharma : its early history in law, religion, and narrative. Oxford University Press. pp. 529–531.{{ISBN|978-0-19-539423-8}}</ref> People from all caste denominations exist among Hindus in Sylhet.
Class system among Muslims evolved during the halcyon days of the Mughal Empire and it is divided into three layers: Ashraf, Ajlaf and Arzal. Ashraf is the noble class destined to be priests, teachers, preachers, kings, governors, warriors and soldiers; Ajlaf is the middle class destined to be cattle herders, ploughmen, artisans and merchants; and Arzal is the working class destined to labour and provide services to all others.<ref>Habib, Mohammed (1358), The Political Theory of the Delhi Sultanate</ref><ref>Asghar Ali Engineer. "On reservation for Muslims". The Milli Gazette. Pharos Media & Publishing Pvt Ltd,. Retrieved 1 September 2004</ref> People belonging to Arzal social class do not have family names or surnames; Arzal men usually use names of Islamic heroes or honorific as their last name, which are about a dozen of the last names commonly used by Arzals and they names are as follows:
* 1. Ahmed;
* 2. Mohammed or Muhammad;
* 3. Ali;
* 4. Husein, Hussain or Hossain;
* 5. Hassan or Hasan;
* 6. Zaman;
* 7. Islam;
* 8. Huq or Haque;
* 9. Ad-Deen, Al-Deen, Ud-Deen or Uddin;
* 10. Ullah;
* 11. Mian or Miah; and
* 12. Alam or Alom.
Women of Arzal social class use about half a dozen of names as their last names and examples are given below:
* 1. Begum;
* 2. Khanum;
* 3. Khatun;
* 4. Nahar;
* 5. Nisa;
* 6. Bibi; and
* 7. Banu.
Many Arzal men are given one of the [[Names of God in Islam|ninety nine attributions of Allah]] and these attributions are required to have prefix of servant to make a distinction between the Creator and creation.
==Diaspora==
The Sylheti diaspora refers to the descendants of ethnic Sylhetis who emigrated out of the Sylhet Division, Bangladesh, to a certain specific countries which have had socio-economic and political ties with Sylhet. The Sylheti diaspora numbers around one million, mainly concentrated in United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Germany, Italy, France, Australia, [[Portugal]], Spain, [[Sweden]], [[Finland]] and the Middle East and other European Countries. A study from 2008 shows that, Britain have the largest number of [[Sylheti]] diaspora where 500,000 people speak [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]], which is 95% of total number of Bangladeshi people in UK<ref name="diasporas">{{cite journal|url=http://www.diasporas.ac.uk/assets/Zeitlyn%20working%20paper.pdf|date=September 2008|title= Challenging Language in the Diaspora|journal=Bangla Journal|author=Benjamin Zeitlyn|volume=6|issue=14|pages=126–140|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref> According to the census of 2009 it shows the actual number is lot higher.<ref name="statistics">{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTrendView.do?a=3&b=276772&c=tower+hamlets&d=13&e=13&f=21810&g=346968&i=1001x1003x1004x1005&l=1809&o=198&m=0&r=1&s=1387194775767&enc=1&adminCompId=21810&variableFamilyIds=6286&xW=1014&nsjs=true&nsck=false&nssvg=false&nswid=1366|title=Lead View Trend|author=Neighbourhood Statistics|publisher=neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk|year=2007|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref> [[Sylheti]]s in Bangladesh have conversely affected by [[remittances]] send from across the world and the community has been suffering from a serious lack of government initiatives causing development inertia.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Diaspora Engagement and Development in South Asia|author1=Yong, T.T.|author2=Rahman, M.M.|date=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137334459|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaBEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108|page=108|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref> According to neo-classical theory, the poorest would move to the richest countries and those from densely populated areas would move to more sparsely peopled regions. This has clearly not been the case. The brain drain was a movement from core to core, purely on economic maximisation, while it was young Sylheti pioneers with access to financial resources that migrated from a severely overpopulated Bangladesh to the overcrowded streets of Spitalfields, poorest from all parts of Bangladesh migrated to Sylhet for a better life, causing a severe overcrowding and scarcity of resources in Sylhet.<ref>Anne Kershen, Strangers, Aliens and Asians – Huguenots, Jews and Bangladesh in Spitalsfields 1660–2000, p.19 (2004)</ref>
==Notables==
{{main|List of people from Sylhet}}
* [[Mohammad Ataul Karim]], scientist
* Sir [[Fazle Hasan Abed]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCMG}}
* [[Anwar Choudhury]], Diplomat
* [[Saiman Miah]], Designer of London 2012 Olympic Royal Mint
* [[Irene Khan]], Former Secretary General of [[Amnesty International]]
* [[Rushanara Ali]], Member of Parliament
* [[Khatun Sapnara]], Barrister and Judge
* [[Alaur Rahman]], singer and music composer
* [[Enam Ali]], [[MBE]], [[FRSA]]
* [[Shelim Hussain]], [[MBE]]
* [[Iqbal Ahmed]], [[OBE]] British billionaire
* [[Wali Tasar Uddin]], [[MBE]]
* [[Ajmal Masroor]], Television presenter
* [[Tommy Miah]], [[FRSA]], Celebrity chef
* Mahtabur Rahman<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/business/bangladeshi-perfumer-wins-middle-eastern-hearts-78350 |title= Bangladeshi perfumer wins Middle Eastern hearts |date=21 April 2015|website=The Daily Star|access-date=2 April 2017}}</ref> Dubai based Chairman of Al Haramain Perfumes
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Asian diasporas]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi diaspora]]
[[Category:Sylhet Division]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{infobox ethnic group
|group = Sylhetis
|native_name = ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ<br>সিলেটি
|population = {{Circa|~11.8 million|lk=yes}}<ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/syl Sylheti] Ethnologue.</ref>
|region1 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
|popplace = '''[[Sylhet Division]]''' ([[Bangladesh]])<br/>'''[[Barak Valley]]''' ([[India]])<br /> '''[[Shillong]]''' ([[India]])<br />'''[[Tripura]]''' ([[India]])<br /> '''[[London]]''' ([[United Kingdom]])
|langs = [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]
|religions = Majority [[Islam]], Minority [[Hinduism]] '''Minorities:''' {{hlist | [[Christianity]] | [[Buddhism]]}}
|related_groups = [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
}}
The '''Sylhetis''' ({{lang-syl|ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ}}, {{lang-bn|সিলেটি}}) are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[Ethnolinguistic group|ethno-linguistic]] group of people who speak the [[Sylheti language]] and are native to the [[Sylhet Division]] of [[Bangladesh]] and the [[Barak Valley]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Assam]], with a sizeable population in [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]] and [[Tripura]] of [[India]] and in [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]. They are described as being both synonymous with [[Bengalis]] as well as a separate ethnic group due to historical isolation and lack of [[mutual intelligibility]] between their languages.<ref>Tanweer Fazal (2012)''Minority Nationalisms in South Asia: 'We are with culture but without geography': locating Sylheti identity in contemporary India, Nabanipa Bhattacharjee.' pp.59–67.</ref><ref>Sebastian M. Rasinger (2007). ''Bengali-English in East London: A Study in Urban Multilingualism''. pp. 26-27. Retrieved on 2017-05-02.</ref><ref>Glanville Price (2000). ''Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe''. pp. 91-92.</ref>
==Sylheti Jati==
'''Sylheti Ethnicity''' is also known as '''Sylheti Zaati''' in popular form; it includes peoples from Barak Valley in [[Assam|Southern Assam]], India and Surma Valley or Sylhet Division, Bangladesh. Sylheti Zaati includes peoples from different religious denominations including Muslims, Hindus, Christians, Pagans and Atheists. A perception runs wild in Bangladesh that people of Sylhet are planning in connivance with India to carve out an independent state of Sylhet consisting of South Assam, [[Meghalaya]], Tripura, greater [[Mymensingh]], greater [[Dhaka]], greater [[Comilla]], greater [[Noakhali]], greater [[Chittagong]] and Chittagong Hill Tracts with the epicentre at the city of Sylhet. This myth was concocted in an anonymous group or individual(s) in London and it led to consequential suppression of Sylheti Zaati in Bangladesh. Sylheti Zapatista is gaining wider recognition and momentum outside of Bangladesh due to growing human conscious and prevalence of human rights in European countries, particularly in the UK, and the USA. Sylheti as a Zaati is promoted by Sylhetologists and human rights activists.<ref>Jagaran Patrika, P.16, London (1984)</ref>
Until partition in 1947, Sylhetis were part of Assam in north-eastern British India, as it then was.<ref>Zia Haider Rahman, A Community Without Aspirations, The Guardian, 2 May 2007, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/may/02/yesterdaysawthepublication,</ref>
==Early history==
Sylheti diaspora emerged due to a need for an economic sustenance, young men searching for better employment elsewhere led to the foundation of Sylheti Diaspora. In the heyday of the British Raj, when young men from the land of Sylhet worked as lascars in the British merchants marine, some jumping the ship in London in search of better life and others found alternative routes to enter the motherland, causing chain migration and eventual settlement in working-class neighbourhoods of London’s East End. Many of the Sylheti men moved on and found better working conditions in industrial cities and towns such as Luton, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Bradford, Oldham and so on.<ref>Claire Alexander, Joya Chaterji and Annu Jalais, The Bengal Diaspora: Rethinking Muslim Migration, p.2, Routledge (2015) London.</ref> Sylhet is a seafaring nation; going to the sea is in the blood of all Sylheti and it was a daredevil adventure for Sylheti young men until the land reform forced upon them by the British Raj in 1793 CE as part of the [[Permanent Settlement]] Act of 1793, which altered the entire social, political and economic landscape of the country and going to the sea became a necessity. Young men from Sylhet boarded ships mainly at Kolkata, Mumbai and Singapore. Some of these early Sylheti seamen visited Britain and America and sought employment; although by virtue of [[Magna Carta]] Libertatum, there were no legal restriction on them to enter and leave Britain freely, some authors have played the ship jumping rather disproportionately without realising that the Sylheti seamen knew they could visit the motherland without making any declaration of intent, which was required to enter the USA. The early recorded history indicates a strong connection between Sylheti Diaspora and the Sylheti seamen.<ref>Across Seven Seas and Thirteen Rivers: Life Stories of Pioneer Sylheti Settlers in Britain, Caroline Adams, Tassaduq Ahmed and Dan Jones, THAP (1987), London, {{ISBN|978-0906698143}}</ref>
==Caste and Class==
People of Sylhet are socially stratified into four caste, which is called [[varna|chaturvarna]] and three social classes. Caste system derived from Hindu system of [[varna]] 'colour' and [[jāti|jati]] 'ethnicity', which divides people into four colours: White, Red, Yellow and Black. White people are Brahmans, who are destined to be priests, teachers and preachers; Red people are Kshatriyas, who are destined to be kings, governors, warriors and soldiers; Yellow people are Vyasas, who are born to be cattle herders, ploughmen, artisans and merchants; and Black people are Shudras, who are born to be labourers and servants to the people of twice born caste.<ref>Mahabharata (12.181)</ref><ref>Hiltebeitel, Alf (2011). Dharma : its early history in law, religion, and narrative. Oxford University Press. pp. 529–531.{{ISBN|978-0-19-539423-8}}</ref> People from all caste denominations exist among Hindus in Sylhet.
Class system among Muslims evolved during the halcyon days of the Mughal Empire and it is divided into three layers: Ashraf, Ajlaf and Arzal. Ashraf is the noble class destined to be priests, teachers, preachers, kings, governors, warriors and soldiers; Ajlaf is the middle class destined to be cattle herders, ploughmen, artisans and merchants; and Arzal is the working class destined to labour and provide services to all others.<ref>Habib, Mohammed (1358), The Political Theory of the Delhi Sultanate</ref><ref>Asghar Ali Engineer. "On reservation for Muslims". The Milli Gazette. Pharos Media & Publishing Pvt Ltd,. Retrieved 1 September 2004</ref> People belonging to Arzal social class do not have family names or surnames; Arzal men usually use names of Islamic heroes or honorific as their last name, which are about a dozen of the last names commonly used by Arzals and they names are as follows:
* 1. Ahmed;
* 2. Mohammed or Muhammad;
* 3. Ali;
* 4. Husein, Hussain or Hossain;
* 5. Hassan or Hasan;
* 6. Zaman;
* 7. Islam;
* 8. Huq or Haque;
* 9. Ad-Deen, Al-Deen, Ud-Deen or Uddin;
* 10. Ullah;
* 11. Mian or Miah; and
* 12. Alam or Alom.
Women of Arzal social class use about half a dozen of names as their last names and examples are given below:
* 1. Begum;
* 2. Khanum;
* 3. Khatun;
* 4. Nahar;
* 5. Nisa;
* 6. Bibi; and
* 7. Banu.
Many Arzal men are given one of the [[Names of God in Islam|ninety nine attributions of Allah]] and these attributions are required to have prefix of servant to make a distinction between the Creator and creation.
==Diaspora==
The Sylheti diaspora refers to the descendants of ethnic Sylhetis who emigrated out of the Sylhet Division, Bangladesh, to a certain specific countries which have had socio-economic and political ties with Sylhet. The Sylheti diaspora numbers around one million, mainly concentrated in United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Germany, Italy, France, Australia, [[Portugal]], Spain, [[Sweden]], [[Finland]] and the Middle East and other European Countries. A study from 2008 shows that, Britain have the largest number of [[Sylheti]] diaspora where 500,000 people speak [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]], which is 95% of total number of Bangladeshi people in UK<ref name="diasporas">{{cite journal|url=http://www.diasporas.ac.uk/assets/Zeitlyn%20working%20paper.pdf|date=September 2008|title= Challenging Language in the Diaspora|journal=Bangla Journal|author=Benjamin Zeitlyn|volume=6|issue=14|pages=126–140|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref> According to the census of 2009 it shows the actual number is lot higher.<ref name="statistics">{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTrendView.do?a=3&b=276772&c=tower+hamlets&d=13&e=13&f=21810&g=346968&i=1001x1003x1004x1005&l=1809&o=198&m=0&r=1&s=1387194775767&enc=1&adminCompId=21810&variableFamilyIds=6286&xW=1014&nsjs=true&nsck=false&nssvg=false&nswid=1366|title=Lead View Trend|author=Neighbourhood Statistics|publisher=neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk|year=2007|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref> [[Sylheti]]s in Bangladesh have conversely affected by [[remittances]] send from across the world and the community has been suffering from a serious lack of government initiatives causing development inertia.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Diaspora Engagement and Development in South Asia|author1=Yong, T.T.|author2=Rahman, M.M.|date=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137334459|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaBEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108|page=108|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref> According to neo-classical theory, the poorest would move to the richest countries and those from densely populated areas would move to more sparsely peopled regions. This has clearly not been the case. The brain drain was a movement from core to core, purely on economic maximisation, while it was young Sylheti pioneers with access to financial resources that migrated from a severely overpopulated Bangladesh to the overcrowded streets of Spitalfields, poorest from all parts of Bangladesh migrated to Sylhet for a better life, causing a severe overcrowding and scarcity of resources in Sylhet.<ref>Anne Kershen, Strangers, Aliens and Asians – Huguenots, Jews and Bangladesh in Spitalsfields 1660–2000, p.19 (2004)</ref>
==Notables==
{{main|List of people from Sylhet}}
* [[Mohammad Ataul Karim]], scientist
* Sir [[Fazle Hasan Abed]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCMG}}
* [[Anwar Choudhury]], Diplomat
* [[Saiman Miah]], Designer of London 2012 Olympic Royal Mint
* [[Irene Khan]], Former Secretary General of [[Amnesty International]]
* [[Rushanara Ali]], Member of Parliament
* [[Khatun Sapnara]], Barrister and Judge
* [[Alaur Rahman]], singer and music composer
* [[Enam Ali]], [[MBE]], [[FRSA]]
* [[Shelim Hussain]], [[MBE]]
* [[Iqbal Ahmed]], [[OBE]] British billionaire
* [[Wali Tasar Uddin]], [[MBE]]
* [[Ajmal Masroor]], Television presenter
* [[Tommy Miah]], [[FRSA]], Celebrity chef
* Mahtabur Rahman<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/business/bangladeshi-perfumer-wins-middle-eastern-hearts-78350 |title= Bangladeshi perfumer wins Middle Eastern hearts |date=21 April 2015|website=The Daily Star|access-date=2 April 2017}}</ref> Dubai based Chairman of Al Haramain Perfumes
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Asian diasporas]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi diaspora]]
[[Category:Sylhet Division]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]' |
