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'{{Redirect|Cambyses}} {{Infobox monarch | name = Cambyses II | title = [[King of Kings]]<br>[[List of kings of Persia|King of Persia]]<br>[[King of Babylon]]<br>[[Pharaoh of Egypt]] {{unbulleted list}} | image =https://www.s9.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/4740_Cambyses-II.jpg | image_size = 230px | caption = | succession = [[List of monarchs of Persia|King of Persia]] | reign = 530–522 BC | predecessor = [[Cyrus the Great]] | successor = [[Bardiya]] | succession1 = [[List of pharaohs|Pharaoh of Egypt]] | reign1 = 525–522 BC | predecessor1 = [[Psamtik III]] | successor1 = [[Bardiya]] | native_lang1 = Old Persian | native_lang1_name1 = 𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹 | birth_date = ''Unknown'' | birth_place = ''Unknown'' | death_date = July, 522 BC | death_place = [[Ecbatana]], [[Achaemenid Empire]] | spouse = [[Mahruyeh]]<ref>http://www.persepolis.nu/</ref><br/>Upandush<ref>See W. Henkelman, "The šumar of Cambyses and Hystaspes ", in Achaemenid history XIII: A Persian Perspective, Essays in Memory of Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg (Leiden 2003), pp. 101–172.</ref><br>Phaedyma<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=1cEsAQAAMAAJ&lpg=PA159&pg=PA159</ref> | spouse-type = Consort | royal house = [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] | father = [[Cyrus the Great]] | mother = [[Cassandane]] | issue = | religion = [[Zoroastrianism]] }} {{Hiero/3name | name=Horus name: ''Smatawy''<br/>Throne name: ''Mesutire''<br/>Birth name: ''Kmbỉṯt'' (Cambyses)<ref>G. Posener, ''La première domination perse en Égypte'', Cairo, 1936, pp. 30-36.</ref>| horus=<hiero>F36-N16:N16 </hiero>| praenomen=<hiero>N5-ms-s-w-U33</hiero>| nomen=<hiero>k-m-D58-i-V13:t</hiero>| era=lp | align=right}} '''Cambyses II''' ({{lang-peo|𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹}} ''Kambūjiya''<ref>{{cite book|last=Akbarzadeh|first=D.|author2=A. Yahyanezhad|title=The Behistun Inscriptions (Old Persian Texts)|publisher=Khaneye-Farhikhtagan-e Honarhaye Sonati|year=2006|language=Persian|isbn=964-8499-05-5|page=59}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kent|first=Ronald Grubb|authorlink=Roland Grubb Kent|title=Old Persian: Grammar, Text, Glossary|year=1950|page=178}}</ref> {{lang-arc|כנבוזי}} ''Kanbūzī'';<ref>''Aramaic Documents from Egypt: A Key-word-in-context Concordance'' By Bezalel Porten, Jerome A. Lund, p. 365</ref> {{lang-grc|Καμβύσης}} ''Kambúsēs''; Latin ''Cambyses''; Medieval Hebrew {{Hebrew|כמבישה}}, ''Kambisha''<ref>David Flusser, ed. ''The Josippon [Josephus Gorionides], Edited with an Introduction Commentary and Notes'', Jerusalem: Mossad Bialik, 1981, p. 48, 10:34. Note that in [[Rashi]]'s commentary on Daniel 11:2, this name has been corrupted to במבישה, ''Bambisha'', due to the graphic similarity of the Hebrew letters [[kaph]] and [[bet (letter)|bet]].)</ref>) (d. 522 BC) son of [[Cyrus the Great]] (r. 559–530 BC), was [[List of monarchs of Persia|emperor]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]. Cambyses' grandfather was [[Cambyses I]], king of [[Anshan (Persia)|Anshan]]. Following [[Cyrus the Great]]'s conquest of the [[Near East]] and [[Central Asia]], Cambyses&nbsp;II further expanded the empire into [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] during the [[Late Period of ancient Egypt|Late Period]] by defeating the Egyptian Pharaoh [[Psamtik III]] during the [[Battle of Pelusium (525 BC)|battle of Pelusium]] in 525&nbsp;BC. After the Egyptian campaign and the truce with [[Ancient Libya|Libya]], Cambyses invaded the [[Kingdom of Kush]] (located in what is now the [[Sudan]]) but with little success.<ref name=Hero>{{cite book|ref=harv|author=Herodotus|authorlink=Herodotus|title=The History of Herodotus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1uQaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA245|year=1737|publisher=D. Midwinter}}, pp. 246-250</ref> == Etymology == Though numerous scholars link Cambyses to the [[Sanskrit]] tribal name [[Kambojas|Kamboja]] there are also few scholars who suggest Elamite origin of the name.<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Tavernier|first=Jan|authorlink=Jan Tavernier|title=Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQ6zTASmo6kC&pg=PA19|year=2007|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-90-429-1833-7|pages=18–19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Curtis|first1=Vesta Sarkhosh|authorlink1=Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis|last2=Stewart|first2=Sarah|authorlink2=Sarah Stewart (scholar)|title=Birth of the Persian Empire: The Idea of Iran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0IF9IdkdYEC&pg=PA21|year=2005|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-062-8|page=21}}</ref> [[Jean Przyluski]] had sought to find an [[Austric languages|Austric]] (Kol or Munda) affinity for Kamboja.<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Chatterji|first=Suniti Kumar|authorlink=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|title=Iranianism; Iranian culture and its impact on the world from Achaemenian times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mVXAAAAMAAJ|year=1972|publisher=Asiatic Society|page=7}}</ref> [[Friedrich von Spiegel]],<ref name="Eranische Alterthumskunde p. 294">(Eranische Alterthumskunde, voL ii. p. 294)</ref> [[Sten Konow]],<ref>Kharoshṭhī inscriptions: with the exception of those of Aśoka, 1991, p 36, Sten Konow</ref> [[Ernst Herzfeld]],<ref name="The Persian Empire 1968, p 344-45">The Persian Empire, 1968, p 344-45, Ernst Herzfeld, Gerold Walser.</ref> [[James Hope Moulton]],<ref name="See 2005, p 45">See: Early Zoroastrianism, 2005, p 45, James Hope Moulton; See also: The Thinker: a review of world-wide Christian thought: Volume 2. p 490</ref> [[Wojciech Skalmowski]] <ref>Studies in Iranian linguistics and philology, 2004, p 268, Wojciech Skalmowski.</ref><ref>Pakistan archaeology: Issue 26, 1991, p 121, Wojciech Skalmowski, Pakistan. Dept. of Archaeology & Museums.</ref> and some other scholars <ref>See: Ṛtam: Volumes 7-10 , – 1976, p 45, Akhila Bharatiya Sanskrit Parishad, Lucknow; India antiqua: a volume of Oriental studies presented by his friends and pupils to Jean Philippe Vogel, C.I.E., on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of his doctorate, 1947, p 184, Instituut Kern (Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden); Journal: Issue 44, 1973, p 119, K.R. Cama Oriental Institute</ref> think that ''Kambūjiya'' is adjectival form of the [[Sanskrit]] [[tribe|tribal]] name ''Kamboja''.<ref name="Eranische Alterthumskunde p. 294"/><ref name="The Persian Empire 1968, p 344-45"/><ref>The Persian Empire: Studies in geography and ethnography of the ancient Near East, 1968, p 344 sqq, Ernst Herzfeld, Gerold Walser</ref><ref>Historia (Ammienus Marcellinus), 1977, p 90, Art 199/200, Edourard Galletier, Jacques Fountaine.</ref><ref>Orientalia Lovaniensia periodica: Issues 24-25, 1993, p 74, W. Skalmowski, Institut orientaliste de Louvain</ref> Spiegel also regards Kamboja/Kambujiya (Cambyses) and Kuru/Kyros (Cyrus) as the names of two prehistoric legendary heroes of the [[Indo-Iranians]] who were later revived naturally in the royal family of the [[Achaemenes]] and further opines that the myths about Cyrus the Great were largely due to the confusion between the historical and the legendary heroes of [[prehistory]].<ref>Die Altpersischen Keilinscheiften: Im Grundtexte Mit Uebersetzukg, Grammatik Und Glossar, 1881, pp 85/ 86, Friedrich von Spiegel; Cf: Kuhn’s Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Arischen, Celtischen, Und Slawischen Sprachen, Volume-1, 1858, p 36/37, Friedrich von Spiegel, (Ed) August Schleicher</ref> [[James Hope Moulton]] regards Spiegel's suggestions as the best of other etymological explanations of these two names.<ref name="See 2005, p 45"/> On the other hand, [[Arnold J. Toynbee]] discusses the issue of two Persian names Kambujiya (Cambyses) as well as Kurush (Cyrus) elaborately and regards them both as derived from two groups of [[Eurasian nomads]], the [[Kambojas]] and the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus]], mentioned in the Sanskrit texts and who, according to him, had entered India and Iran in the [[Migration Period]] of the eighth and seventh century BC.<ref>According to Toynbee:{{quote|[T]he occurrence of the two names (i.e Kuru and Kamboja) in Transcaucasia as well as in and near India—and in Transcaucasia at close quarters—indicates that we have here two more names of Eurasian Nomad peoples who took part, and this in one another's company, in the Volkerwanderung of eighth and seventh centuries BC; and, if, like so many of their fellows, these Kurus and Kambojas split into two wings whose paths diverged so widely, it does not seem unwarrantable to guess that a central detachment of this pair of migrating peoples may have found its way to Luristan and there have been taken into partnership by Kurus I's father Cispis.}} ''A study of history: Volume 7'', 1961, p 553 seq, Arnold Joseph Toynbee, Edward DeLos Myers, Royal Institute of International Affairs).</ref><ref name="Buddha Prakash">{{cite book |author=Buddha Prakash |year=1964 |title=Political and Social Movements in Ancient Panjab |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=105–106, 126 |isbn=9788120824584}}</ref><ref>Modern Researches in Sanskrit: Dr. Veermani Pd. Upadhyaya Felicitation Volume. Patna: Indira Prakashan, 1987, Misra, Satiya Deva (ed.).</ref> Toynbee concludes that the conquest of the world by the elder branch of the House of Achaemenes had been achieved by the valor of the Kuru and Kamboja Nomad reinforcements; hence, as a commemoration, the elder branch of the House had named all their great princes from Cyrus I onwards, alternately, as [[Cyrus (name)|Cyrus]] (Kurosh/Kuru) and Cambyses (Kambujiya/Kamboja).<ref name="Buddha Prakash"/><ref>Observes A. J. Toynbee, {{quote|If the Lydian Monarchy had broken the force of the Cimmerian horde in Anatolia and had imposed its own rule as far eastwards as the River Halys, the Lydians had owed their success to the valour of their mercenary Spardiya Nomad cavalry; and as for the conquest of the World by the elder branch of the House of Achaemenes, as the alternating name of Kurus and Kambujiya born by their princes from Cyrus-I onwards testify, their fortune had been made for them by the valour of the Kuru and Kamboja Nomad reinforcements.}} ''See'': ''Estudio de la historia: Volume 7'', Part 2, 9161, pp 577/78, Arnold Joseph Toynbee OR ''A study of history: Volume 7'', 1961, pp 553 seq, 580 seq, Arnold Joseph Toynbee, Edward DeLos Myers, Royal Institute of International Affairs).</ref><ref>Punjab history conference. Punjabi University, Patiala, 1996, Gursharan Singh (ed.) {{ISBN|81-7380-220-3}} {{ISBN|81-7380-221-1}}.</ref> ==Rise to power== When [[Cyrus the Great]] conquered [[Babylon]] in 539&nbsp;BC, Cambyses was employed in leading religious ceremonies.<ref>[[Nabonidus Chronicle]]</ref> In the [[Cyrus Cylinder|cylinder]] which contains Cyrus' proclamation to the Babylonians, Cambyses' name is joined to his father's in the prayers to [[Marduk]]. On a tablet dated from the first year of Cyrus, Cambyses is called king of Babylon, although his authority seems to have been ephemeral. Only in 530&nbsp;BC, when Cyrus set out on his last expedition into the East, did Cyrus associate Cambyses with the throne. Numerous Babylonian tablets of the time date from the accession and the first year of Cambyses, when Cyrus was "king of the countries" (i.e., of the world). After the death of his father in 530 BC, Cambyses became sole king. The tablets dating from his reign in Babylonia run to the end of his eighth year, in 522 BC. [[Herodotus]] (3.66), who dates his reign from the death of Cyrus, gives his reign a length of seven years five months, from 530 BC to the summer of&nbsp;523 BC.<ref>For the dates, see Parker & Dubberstein, ''Babylonian Chronology''.</ref> ==Traditions== The traditions about Cambyses, preserved by the [[ancient Greece|Greek]] authors, come from two different sources. One, which forms the main part of the account of [[Herodotus]] (3.&nbsp;2–4; 10–37), is of [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] origin. Cambyses is made the legitimate son of Cyrus and a daughter of [[Apries]] named Nitetis (Herod. 3.2, Dinon fr. II, Polyaen. viii.&nbsp;29), whose death he avenges on the successor of the usurper [[Amasis (Persian general)|Amasis]]. Nevertheless, (Herod. 3.1 and Ctesias a/i. Athen. Xiii.&nbsp;560), the Persians corrected this tradition: Cambyses wants to marry a daughter of Amasis, who sends him a daughter of Apries instead of his own daughter, and by her Cambyses is induced to begin the war. His great crime is the killing of the [[Apis (deity)|Apis bull]], for which he is punished by madness, in which he commits many other crimes, kills his brother and his sister, and at last loses his empire and dies from a wound in the thigh, at the same place where he had wounded the sacred animal. Intermingled are some stories derived from the Greek mercenaries, especially about their leader [[Phanes of Halicarnassus]], who betrayed Egypt to the Persians. In the Persian tradition the crime of Cambyses is the murder of his brother; he is further accused of drunkenness, in which he commits many crimes, and thus accelerates his ruin. These traditions are found in different passages of Herodotus, and in a later form, but with some trustworthy detail about his household, in the fragments of [[Ctesias]]. With the exception of Babylonian dated tablets and some Egyptian inscriptions, no contemporary evidence exists about the reign of Cambyses but the short account of [[Darius I]] in the [[Behistun Inscription]]. It is difficult to form a correct picture of Cambyses's character from the inscriptions. ==Darius' account== ===Conquest of Egypt=== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Invasion of Cambyses.png|thumb|300px|right|Conquests of Cambyses]] --> {{further|Battle of Pelusium (525 BC)}} [[File:Cambyses II capturing Psamtik III.png|thumb|350px|A seal impression possibly showing Cambyses II of Persia capturing pharaoh [[Psamtik&nbsp;III]] from "Persian seal, VI century BCE"]] [[File:Meeting Between Cambyses II and Psammetichus III.jpg|thumb|Meeting Between Cambyses II and Psammetichus III, painting by [[Adrien Guignet]]]] It was quite natural that, after Cyrus had conquered the Middle East, Cambyses should undertake the conquest of Egypt, the only remaining independent state in that part of the world. The war took place in 525&nbsp;BC, when [[Amasis&nbsp;II]] had just been succeeded by his son [[Psamtik&nbsp;III]]. Cambyses had prepared for the march through the desert by forming an alliance with Arabian chieftains, who brought a large supply of water to the stations. King Amasis had hoped that Egypt would be able to withstand the threatened Persian attack through his alliance with the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]]. However, this hope failed, as the [[Cyprus|Cypriot]] towns and the tyrant [[Polycrates]] of [[Samos]], who possessed a large fleet, now preferred to join the Persians, and the commander of the Greek troops, [[Phanes of Halicarnassus]], also went over to them. In the decisive battle at [[Pelusium]] the Egyptian army was defeated, and shortly afterwards [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] was taken. The captive king Psammetichus was executed, having attempted a rebellion. The Egyptian inscriptions show that Cambyses officially adopted the titles and the dress of the Pharaohs. ===Attempts to conquer south and west of Egypt=== From Egypt, Cambyses attempted the conquest of [[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]], located in the modern [[Sudan]], but his army was not able to cross the deserts and after heavy losses he was forced to return. In an inscription from Napata (in the Berlin museum) the [[Nubia]]n king [[Nastasen]] relates that he had defeated the troops of "Kambasuten" and taken all his ships. This was once thought to refer to Cambyses&nbsp;II (H.&nbsp;Schafer, ''Die Aethiopische Königsinschrift des Berliner Museums'', 1901); however, Nastasen lived far later and was likely referring to [[Khabash]]. Another expedition against the [[Siwa Oasis]] also failed and the plan of attacking [[Carthage]] was frustrated by the refusal of the [[Phoenicia]]ns to operate against their kindred. ===The death of Cambyses=== According to most ancient historians, in Persia the throne was seized by a man posing as his brother [[Bardiya]], most likely a [[magus]], or a Zoroastrian priest named [[Gaumata]]. Some modern historians consider that this person really was Bardiya, whereas the story that he was an impostor was spread by [[Darius I of Persia|Darius I]] after he became monarch.<ref>Holland, Tom ''Persian Fire''</ref> Whoever this new monarch was, Cambyses attempted to march against him, but died shortly after under disputed circumstances. According to Darius, who was Cambyses' lance-bearer at the time, he decided that success was impossible, and died by his own hand in 522&nbsp;BC. Herodotus and Ctesias ascribe his death to an accident. Ctesias writes that Cambyses, despondent from the loss of family members, stabbed himself in the thigh while working with a piece of wood. He died eleven days later from the wound. Herodotus' story is that while mounting his horse, the tip of Cambyses' scabbard broke and his sword pierced his thigh - Herodotus mentions it is the same place where he stabbed a sacred cow in Egypt. He then died of gangrene of the bone and mortification of the wound. Some modern historians suspect that Cambyses was assassinated, either by Darius as the first step to usurping the empire for himself, or by supporters of Bardiya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van De Mieroop |first=Marc |title=A History of the Ancient Near East: Ca. 3000–323 BCE |series="Blackwell History of the Ancient World" series |year=2003 |location=[[Hoboken, NJ]] |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-0-631-22552-2 }}{{Clarify|date=January 2010|reason=Incomplete citation: Page number required, and other details are also missing from main citation such as publisher and publication date.}}</ref> According to Herodotus (3.64) he died in Ecbatana; Josephus (''Antiquites'' xi. 2.&nbsp;2) names [[Damascus]]; Ctesias, [[Babylon]], which is highly unlikely.<ref>See A. Lincke, "Kambyses in der Sage, Litteratur und Kunst des Mittelalters", in ''Aegyptiaca: Festschrift für Georg Ebers'' (Leipzig 1897), pp. 41–61; also [[History of Persia]].</ref> The location of Cambyses' tomb is uncertain and has been debated for a long time. Some archaeologists believe that he was buried in [[Pasargadae]], and identify the tower known as "Zendan-e Sulaiman" as his tomb.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chnpress.com/news/?section=2&id=6865 |title=Discovered Stone Slab Proved to be Gate of Cambyses’s Tomb |publisher=[[Cultural Heritage News Agency]] |author=Maryam Tabeshian |date=13 December 2006 |accessdate=27 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129074711/http://www.chnpress.com/news/?section=2&id=6865 |archivedate=29 November 2009 |df= }}</ref> The possibly unfinished stone platform known as [[Takht-e Rustam]] near [[Naqsh-e Rustam]] has long been suggested by archaeologists as a location for Cambyses' tomb, based on the similarity of its design and dimensions with those of the [[Tomb of Cyrus]] in [[Pasargadae]]. However, among the Persepolis Fortification Tablets there is one in Elamite that refers to the "šumar of Cambyses and Lady Upanduš in Narezzaš" (NN 2174). Henkelman has argued that šumar should be translated as "tomb."<ref>See W. Henkelman, "The šumar of Cambyses and Hystaspes ", in ''Achaemenid history XIII: A Persian Perspective'', Essays in Memory of Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg (Leiden 2003), pp. 101–172.</ref> Since Narezzaš is typically identified with the modern area of [[Neyriz]] in [[Fars Province|Fars]] province, Henkelman argues that Cambyses' tomb must have been located in that area. The Lady Upanduš of the text is not known from any other source, but could have been Cambyses' queen. ==Lost army== [[File:Cambyses II-lost-army.jpg|thumb|right|The lost army of Cambyses&nbsp;II according to a 19th-century engraving]] According to [[Herodotus]] 3.26, Cambyses sent an army to threaten the Oracle of [[Amun]] at the [[Siwa Oasis]]. The army of 50,000 men was halfway across the desert when a massive sandstorm buried them all.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/livesnecromance04godwgoog|title=Lives of the Necromancers|author=William Godwin|year=1876|page=32}}</ref> Although many Egyptologists regard the story as apocryphal, people have searched for the remains of the soldiers for years. They have included Count [[László Almásy]] (on whom the novel ''[[The English Patient]]'' is based) and modern geologist [[Tom Brown (geologist)|Tom Brown]]. In January 1933, [[Orde Wingate]] searched unsuccessfully in Egypt's Western Desert, then known as the [[Libyan Desert]].<ref>Rooney, David (2000) [1994]. Wingate and the Chindits. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks. {{ISBN|0-304-35452-X}}.</ref> From September 1983 to February 1984, Gary S. Chafetz, an American journalist and author, led an expedition, sponsored by [[Harvard University]], [[The National Geographic Society]], the [[Egyptian Geological Survey]] and Mining Authority, and the [[Ligabue Research Institute]]. The six-month search was conducted along the Egyptian-Libyan border in a remote 100-square-kilometer area of complex dunes south west of the uninhabited [[Bahariya Oasis]], approximately 100 miles south east of [[Siwa Oasis|Siwa (Amon) Oasis]]. The $250,000 expedition had at its disposal 20 Egyptian geologists and labourers, a National Geographic photographer, two Harvard Film Studies documentary film-makers, three camels, an [[ultra-light aircraft]], and [[ground-penetrating radar]]. The expedition discovered approximately 500 [[tumuli]] (Zoroastrian-style graves) but no artifacts. Several tumuli contained bone fragments. [[Thermoluminescence dating|Thermoluminescence]] later dated the fragments to 1500 BC, approximately 1000 years earlier than the Lost Army. A recumbent winged [[sphinx]] carved in [[oolitic limestone]] was also discovered in a cave in the uninhabited [[Sitra Oasis]] (between [[Bahariya Oasis|Bahariya]] and Siwa Oases); its provenance appeared to be Persian. Chafetz was arrested when he returned to Cairo in February 1984 for "smuggling an airplane into Egypt" even though he had the written permission of the Egyptian Geological Survey and Mining Authority to bring the aircraft into the country. He was interrogated for 24 hours. The charges were dropped after he promised to "donate" the ultra-light to the Egyptian Government. The aircraft now sits in the Egyptian War Museum in Cairo with a caption that claimed it was from an Israeli spy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gary-s-chafetz/the-lost-armyfound-at-las_b_372293.html |title=The Lost Army - Found at last? |first=Gary |last=Chafetz |work=THe World Post |location=[[New York City|New York, NY]] |date=November 9, 2009 |accessdate=2014-08-11}}</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.com/The-Lost-Army-ebook/dp/B0092PABYO/ref=sr_1_1_title_1_kin?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1346782296&sr=1-1&keywords=the+lost+army+%2B+chafetz The Search for the Lost Army: The National Geographic and Harvard University Expedition] by Gary S. Chafetz.</ref> In the summer of 2000, a [[Helwan University]] geological team, prospecting for petroleum in Egypt's Western Desert, came across well-preserved fragments of textiles, bits of metal resembling weapons, and human remains that it believed to be traces of the Lost Army of Cambyses. The Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities announced that it would organize an expedition to investigate the site, but released no further information.<ref>http://www.archaeology.org/0009/newsbriefs/cambyses.html</ref> In November 2009, two Italian archaeologists, Angelo and Alfredo Castiglioni, announced the discovery of human remains, tools and weapons which date to the era of the Persian army. The artefacts were located near [[Siwa Oasis]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33791672/ns/technology_and_science-science |title=Vanished Persian Army Said Found in Desert |first=Rossella |last=Lorenzi |work=MSNBC.com |location=[[New York City|New York, NY]] |publisher=[[NBC Universal]] |date=November 9, 2009 |accessdate=2009-11-09}}</ref> According to these two archaeologists this is the first archaeological evidence of the story reported by Herodotus. While working in the area, the researchers noticed a half-buried pot and some human remains. Then the brothers spotted something really intriguing: what could have been a natural shelter. It was a rock about {{convert|35|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} long, {{convert|1.8|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} high and {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} deep. Such natural formations occur in the desert, but the large rock was the only one in a large area.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.discovery.com/archaeology/the-quest-for-cambyses-lost-army.html |title=The Quest for Cambyses's Last Army |first=Rossella |last=Lorenzi |work=discovery.com |date=November 9, 2009 |accessdate=2009-11-22 }}</ref> However, these "two Italian archaeologists" presented their discoveries in a documentary film rather than a scientific journal. Doubts have been raised because the Castiglioni brothers also happen to be the two film-makers who produced five controversial African [[shockumentary|shockumentaries]] in the 1970s (including ''Addio ultimo uomo'', ''Africa ama'', and ''Africa dolce e selvaggia'') which audiences saw unedited footage of the severing of a penis, the skinning of a human corpse, the deflowering of a girl with a stone phallus, and a group of hunters tearing apart an elephant’s carcass.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pulpinternational.com/pulp/keyword/Alfredo+Castiglioni.html |title=Sands of Time |date=2009-11-10 |website=Pulp International |access-date=2017-06-15 |quote= }}</ref> The Secretary General of the Egyptian [[Supreme Council of Antiquities]], [[Zahi Hawass]], has said in a press release that media reports of this "are unfounded and misleading" and that "The Castiglioni brothers have not been granted permission by the SCA to excavate in Egypt, so anything they claim to find is not to be believed."<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Release – Alleged Finds in Western Desert|url=http://www.drhawass.com/blog/press-release-alleged-finds-western-desert|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116155859/http://www.drhawass.com/blog/press-release-alleged-finds-western-desert|archive-date=16 November 2009|deadurl=yes}}</ref> As a result of his excavations at the [[Dakhla Oasis]], in 2015 Olaf E. Kaper of the [[University of Leiden]] argued that the Lost Army wasn't destroyed by a sandstorm, but rather ambushed and defeated by a rebel Egyptian pharaoh, [[Petubastis III]]. Petubastis was later defeated by Cambyses' successor Darius I, who purportedly invented the sandstorm story in order to remove Petubastis and his rebellion from Egyptian memory.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kaper |first= Olaf E. |editor-last1=Silverman|editor-first1=Jason M. |editor-last2=Waerzeggers|editor-first2=Caroline|title=Political memory in and after the Persian empire (SLB monograph, no. 13)|publisher= Society of Biblical Literature |date=2015 |pages= 125–149 |chapter= Petubastis IV in the Dakhla Oasis: New Evidence about an Early Rebellion against Persian Rule and Its Suppression in Political Memory |isbn=978-0-88414-089-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Egyptologist Discovers What Really Happened to Missing 50,000-Strong Persian Army|url=http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/7666/20140619/egyptologist-discovers-what-really-happened-to-missing-50-000-strong-persian-army.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Leiden Egyptologist unravels ancient mystery|url=http://www.news.leiden.edu/news-2014/leiden-egyptologist-unravels-ancient-mystery.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vanquished Persian Army said found in Desert|url=http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/7666/20140619/egyptologist-discovers-what-really-happened-to-missing-50-000-strong-persian-army.htm}}</ref> ==In fiction== Cambyses II has appeared as a character in several works of fiction. [[Thomas Preston (writer)|Thomas Preston]]'s play ''King Cambyses, a lamentable Tragedy, mixed full of pleasant mirth'' was probably produced in the 1560s. A tragedy by [[Elkanah Settle]], ''Cambyses, King of Persia'', was produced in 1667. Cambyses and his downfall are also central to Egyptologist [[Georg Ebers]]' 1864 novel, ''Eine ägyptische Königstochter'' (''An Egyptian Princess''). ''Qambeez'' is a 1931 play about him by [[Ahmed Shawqi]]. In 1929, [[Robert&nbsp;E. Howard]] (under the pseudonym "Patrick Howard") published a poem, "[[s:Skulls and Dust|Skulls and Dust]]", about Cambyses's death. He is a main character in ''Tamburas'' (1965; English translation 1967) by Karlheinz Grosser. [[Paul Sussman]]'s novel ''The Lost Army of Cambyses'' (2002) recounts the story of rival archaeological expeditions searching for the remains of his army. An archaeological search for Cambyses' army is an important plot device in [[Tess Gerritsen]]'s novel ''The Keepsake'' (2008). The lost army also features in [[Christopher Golden]]'s ''[[Hellboy]]'' novel ''The Lost Army'' (2003), and ''[[Biggles]] Flies South'' (1938). In [[Harry Turtledove]]'s [[alternate history]] novel ''[[Ruled Britannia]]'', [[Christopher Marlowe]], who in our timeline died in 1593, is still alive in 1597 and has written a play about Cambyses. No details are given about the play, except that a Ghost, played by viewpoint character [[William Shakespeare]], appears in it. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Refbegin}} {{Refend}} ==External links== ===Literature=== {{commons category}} * Ebers, Georg. [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5460 ''An Egyptian Princess''] 1864. (English translation of ''Eine ägyptische Königstochter'') at [[Project Gutenberg]]. * {{Cite EB1911 |last=Meyer |first=Eduard |authorlink=Eduard Meyer |wstitle=Cambyses|short=x}} * Preston, Thomas. [http://www.umm.maine.edu/faculty/necastro/drama/cambises.txt ''Cambises''] 1667. Plaintext ed. Gerard NeCastro (closer to original spelling) in his collection [http://www.umm.maine.edu/faculty/necastro/drama/ Medieval and Renaissance Drama]. {{s-start}} {{s-hou|[[Achaemenid dynasty]]||?||522 BC}} {{s-bef|rows=1|before=[[Cyrus the Great]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of kings of Persia|King of Kings of Persian Empire]]|years=530 BC – 522 BC}} {{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Bardiya]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Psammetichus III]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Pharaoh|Pharaoh of Egypt]]|years=525 BC – 522 BC}} {{s-end}} {{Median and Achaemenid kings}} {{Pharaohs}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cambyses 02}} [[Category:Kings of the Achaemenid Empire]] [[Category:Monarchs of Persia]] [[Category:Pharaohs of the Achaemenid dynasty of Egypt]] [[Category:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt]] [[Category:522 BC deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from gangrene]] [[Category:Year of birth unknown]] [[Category:Descendants of Cyrus the Great]] [[Category:6th-century BC Iranian people]] [[Category:6th-century BC rulers]]'