Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{About|the city of Brighton in England|the neighborhood in southern Brooklyn|Brighton Beach|the unitary authority which encompasses Brighton|Brighton and Hove|other uses|Brighton (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Brighton
|settlement_type =
|image_skyline = Brighton Pier at dusk.jpg
|imagesize = 280px
|image_caption = Brighton Palace Pier at dusk
|image_map = <center>{{Image label begin|image=SVG locator map of England in the United Kingdom (location map scheme).svg|width=180}}{{Image label small|x=0.61|y=1.58|scale=180|text=Brighton [[File:Red pog.svg|link=|6px]]}}{{Image label end}}</center>
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|50.842941|-0.131312|region:GB|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign state]]
|subdivision_name = United Kingdom
|subdivision_type1 = {{nowrap|[[Countries of the United Kingdom|Constituent country]]}}
|subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of England|Region]]
|subdivision_type3 = {{nowrap|[[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial county]]}}
|subdivision_type4 = [[Historic counties of England|Historic county]]
|subdivision_type5 = Unitary authority
|subdivision_type6 = Admin HQ
|subdivision_name1 = England
|subdivision_name2 = [[South East England]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[East Sussex]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Sussex]]
|subdivision_name5 = [[Brighton and Hove]]
|subdivision_name6 = Hove Town Hall
| established_title = Town charter
| established_date = 1313
| established_title2 = Incorporated
| established_date2 = 1854
| established_title3 = Unitary authority
| established_date3 = 1997
|government_type = [[Unitary authority]]
|leader_title = Governing body
|leader_name = [[Brighton and Hove City Council]]
|area_total_km2 = {{formatnum:{{English district area|GSS=E06000043}}|R}}
|population_total = {{English district population|GSS=E06000043}} ([[List of English districts by population|Ranked {{English district rank|GSS=E06000043}}]])
|population_as_of = {{English statistics year}}
|population_density_km2 = {{English district density|GSS=E06000043}}
|population_blank1_title = Ethnicity
|population_blank1 =
|population_demonym=Brightonian
|timezone1 = GMT
|utc_offset1 = 0
|postal_code_type = [[List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom|Postcode area]]
|postal_code = [[BN postcode area|BN]]
|area_code = 01273
|website = [http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/ brighton-hove.gov.uk]
| established_title4 = City status
| established_date4 = 2000
|leader_title2 = Leader
|leader_name2 = Warren Morgan ([[Labour Party (UK)|Lab]])
|leader_title3 = Mayor
|leader_name3 = Mo Marsh ([[Labour Party (UK)|Lab]])
|leader_title4 = [[MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 2015|MPs]]
|leader_name4 = [[Lloyd Russell-Moyle]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|Lab]], [[Brighton Kemptown (UK Parliament constituency)|Brighton Kemptown]])<br>[[Caroline Lucas]] ([[Green Party of England and Wales|Green]], [[Brighton Pavilion (UK Parliament constituency)|Brighton Pavilion]])
|timezone_DST = BST
|utc_offset_DST = +1
|blank_name = [[ISO 3166-2:GB|ISO 3166-2]]
|blank_info = GB-BNH
|blank1_name = [[ONS coding system|ONS code]]
|blank1_info = 00ML (ONS)<br/> E06000043 (GSS)
|blank2_name = [[British national grid reference system|OS grid reference]]
|blank2_info = {{gbmappingsmall|TQ315065}}
|blank3_name = [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS]] 3
|blank3_info = UKJ21
}}
'''Brighton''' {{IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-Brighton.ogg|ˈ|b|r|aɪ|t|ən}} is a [[seaside resort]] on the south coast of England which is part of the city of [[Brighton and Hove]], [[East Sussex]].<ref>OS Explorer map 122: Brighton and Hove. Scale: 1:25 000. Publisher:Ordnance Survey – Southampton B2 edition. Publishing Date:2009. {{ISBN|978-0319240816}}</ref>
Archaeological evidence of settlement in the area dates back to the [[Bronze Age Britain|Bronze Age]], [[Roman conquest of Britain|Roman]] and [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] periods. The ancient settlement of "Brighthelmstone" was documented in the ''[[Domesday Book]]'' (1086). The town's importance grew in the [[Middle Ages]] as the Old Town developed, but it languished in the [[early modern period]], affected by foreign attacks, storms, a suffering economy and a declining population. Brighton began to attract more visitors following improved road transport to London and becoming a boarding point for boats travelling to France. The town also developed in popularity as a health resort for [[sea bathing]] as a purported cure for illnesses.
In the [[Georgian era]], Brighton developed as a fashionable seaside resort, encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent, later [[George IV of the United Kingdom|King George IV]], who spent much time in the town and constructed the [[Royal Pavilion]] in the [[Regency era]]. Brighton continued to grow as a major centre of tourism following the arrival of the railways in 1841, becoming a popular destination for day-trippers from London. Many of the major attractions were built in the [[Victorian era]], including the [[Grand Brighton Hotel|Grand Hotel]], the [[West Pier]], and the [[Brighton Pier|Brighton Palace Pier]]. The town continued to grow into the 20th century, expanding to incorporate more areas into the town's boundaries before joining the town of [[Hove]] to form the [[unitary authority]] of Brighton and Hove in 1997, which was granted [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/press-release/city-deal-beginning-a-great-city-region|title=City Deal; The beginning of a great city region|publisher=Brighton and Hove City Council|accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref>
Brighton's location has made it a popular destination for tourists, renowned for its diverse communities, quirky shopping areas, large cultural, music and arts scene<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-2262893/Englands-best-cultural-cities-From-Newcastle-Portsmouth-iconic-metropolises-offer-visitors-host-treats.html|title=England's best cultural cities: From Newcastle to Portsmouth, these iconic metropolises offer visitors a host of treats|work=Daily Mail|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> and its large LGBT population, leading to its recognition as the "unofficial gay capital of the UK".<ref name="metro.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2014/03/25/sorry-bristol-brighton-is-probably-the-best-city-in-the-uk-4677619/|title=Sorry Bristol, Brighton is probably the best city in the UK – Metro News|work=Metro|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> Brighton attracted 7.5 million day visitors in 2015/16 and 4.9 million overnight visitors,<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-37619384 "Drop in Day Visitors to Brighton and Hove"] (Research commissioned by the city council showed a 9% fall in 2015 from 10m the year before, and a 6.4% drop in related expenditure to £318m.)
:{{cite web|url=https://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/press-release/visitbrighton-celebrates-citys-tourism-successes|title=VisitBrighton celebrates city's tourism successes|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> and is the most popular seaside destination in the UK for overseas tourists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-2626129/Brighton-popular-UK-seaside-destination-overseas-tourists.html|title=Brighton is most popular UK seaside destination for overseas tourists|work=Daily Mail|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> Brighton has also been called the UK's "[[Hip (slang)|hippest]] city",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/may/19/brighton-britains-coolest-city|title=Is Brighton Britain's hippest city?|author=Alexis Petridis|work=The Guardian|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> and "the happiest place to live in the UK".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/606579/brighton-the-happiest-place-in-the-uk|title=Brighton: 'The Happiest Place In The UK'|publisher=Sky News|accessdate=10 August 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711065112/http://news.sky.com/story/606579/brighton-the-happiest-place-in-the-uk|archivedate=11 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
==Etymology==
[[File:Queens Road - geograph.org.uk - 212549.jpg|thumb|250px|Queens Road, one of the oldest streets in Brighton]]
Brighton's earliest name was ''Bristelmestune'', recorded in the ''[[Domesday Book]]''. Although more than 40 variations have been documented, ''Brighthelmstone'' (or ''Brighthelmston'') was the standard rendering between the 14th and 18th centuries.<ref name="VCH56961">{{cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/Sussex/vol7/pp244-263|title=A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 7 – The Rape of Lewes. The Borough of Brighton|editor-last=Salzman|editor-first=L.F. |editor-link=Louis Francis Salzman|year=1940|work=[[Victoria County History]] of Sussex|publisher=British History Online|pages=244–263|accessdate=27 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="NEB44">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=44.}}</ref>
Brighton was originally an informal shortened form, first seen in 1660; it gradually supplanted the longer name, and was in general use from the late 18th century. ''Brighthelmstone'' was the town's official name until 1810, though.<ref name="NEB44"/> The name is of [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] origin. Most scholars believe that it derives from ''Beorthelm'' + ''tūn''—the [[Homestead (buildings)|homestead]] of Beorthelm, a common Old English name associated with villages elsewhere in England.<ref name="NEB44"/> The ''tūn'' element is common in Sussex, especially on the coast, although it occurs infrequently in combination with a personal name.<ref name="HistAtlas32–33">{{Harvnb|Leslie|Short|1999|pp=32–33.}}</ref> An alternative etymology taken from the Old English words for "stony valley" is sometimes given but has less acceptance.<ref name="NEB44"/> ''Brighthelm'' gives its name to, among other things, a church<ref name="NEB39">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=39.}}</ref> and a pub in Brighton<ref name="JDW-Brighthelm">{{cite web |url=http://www.jdwetherspoon.co.uk/home/pubs/the-bright-helm |title=The Bright Helm |year=2009–2013 |publisher=[[J D Wetherspoon]] plc |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M5DqKxkb?url=http://www.jdwetherspoon.co.uk/home/pubs/the-bright-helm |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> and some halls of residence at the [[University of Sussex]].<ref name="UniSx-Brighthelm">{{cite web |url=http://www.sussex.ac.uk/residentialservices/residences/oncampus/brighthelm |title=Brighthelm |publisher=[[University of Sussex]] |year=2013 |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M5DxNeew?url=http://www.sussex.ac.uk/residentialservices/residences/oncampus/brighthelm |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Writing in 1950, historian Antony Dale noted that unnamed [[Antiquarian|antiquaries]] had suggested an Old English word "brist" or "briz", meaning "divided", could have contributed the first part of the historic name Brighthelmstone. The town was originally split in half by the Wellesbourne, a [[Winterbourne (stream)|winterbourne]] which was culverted and buried in the 18th century.<ref name="DaleH&A10+34">{{Harvnb|Dale|1950|pp=10, 34.}}</ref>
Brighton has several nicknames. Poet [[Horace Smith (poet)|Horace Smith]] called it "The Queen of Watering Places", which is still widely used,<ref name="Antram3">{{Harvnb|Antram|Morrice|2008|p=3.}}</ref> and "Old Ocean's Bauble".<ref name="EncB16">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 16.}}</ref> Novelist [[William Makepeace Thackeray]] referred to "Doctor Brighton", calling the town "one of the best of Physicians". "London-by-Sea" is well-known, reflecting Brighton's popularity with Londoners as a day-trip resort, a commuter dormitory and a desirable destination for those wanting to move out of the metropolis. "The Queen of Slaughtering Places", a pun on Smith's description, became popular when the [[Brighton trunk murders]] came to the public's attention in the 1930s.<ref name="EncB16"/> The mid 19th-century nickname "School Town" referred to the remarkable number of boarding, charity and church schools in the town at the time.<ref name="Sampson56">{{Harvnb|Sampson|1994|p=56.}}</ref>
==History==
{{Main article|History of Brighton}}
[[File:Brighton, the front and the chain pier seen in the distance.jpg|thumb|right|''Brighton, The Front and the Chain Pier Seen in the Distance'', Frederick William Woledge, 1840.]]
The first settlement in the Brighton area was [[Whitehawk Camp]], a [[Neolithic]] encampment on [[Whitehawk Hill]] which has been dated to between 3500 BC and 2700 BC.<ref name="EncB17">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 17.}}</ref> It is one of six [[causewayed enclosure]]s in Sussex. Archaeologists have only partially explored it, but have found numerous [[Tumulus|burial mounds]], tools and bones, suggesting it was a place of some importance.<ref name="BHCC-WhitehawkCamp">{{cite web |title=Whitehawk Camp |url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/whitehawk-camp |publisher=Brighton and Hove City Council |accessdate=7 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6TBEpezEJ?url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/whitehawk-camp |archivedate=8 October 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> There was also a [[Bronze Age]] settlement at [[Coldean]]. [[Britons (Celtic people)|Brythonic]] [[Celts]] arrived in Britain in the 7th century BC,<ref name="EncB17"/> and an important Brythonic settlement existed at Hollingbury Camp on Hollingbury Hill. This Celtic [[Iron Age]] encampment dates from the 3rd or 2nd century BC and is circumscribed by substantial earthwork outer walls with a diameter of {{circa}} {{convert|1000|ft|m}}. [[Cissbury Ring]], roughly {{convert|10|mi|km}} from Hollingbury, is suggested to have been the tribal "capital".<ref>{{cite web|title=Information derived from National Trust|url=http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-localtoyou/w-south_east/w-south_east-countryside/w-south_east-places-west_sussex/w-south_east-places-west_sussex-cissbury.htm|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026021250/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-localtoyou/w-south_east/w-south_east-countryside/w-south_east-places-west_sussex/w-south_east-places-west_sussex-cissbury.htm|archivedate=26 October 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Later, there was a [[Roman villa]] at [[Preston Village, Brighton|Preston Village]], a [[London to Brighton Way|Roman road]] from London ran nearby, and much physical evidence of Roman occupation has been discovered locally.<ref name="EncB17"/> From the 1st century AD, the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] built a number of villas in Brighton and [[Romano-British culture|Romano-British]] Brythonic Celts formed farming settlements in the area.<ref>''Current Archaeology'', 13 March 2014, {{cite web |url=http://www.archaeology.co.uk/digging/fieldwork/rocky-clump-2.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-04-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115063755/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/digging/fieldwork/rocky-clump-2.htm |archivedate=15 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}. Retrieved 27 April 2014.</ref> After the Romans left in the early 4th century AD, the Brighton area returned to the control of the native Celts. [[Anglo-Saxons]] then invaded in the late 5th century AD, and the region became part of the [[Kingdom of Sussex]], founded in 477 AD by [[Ælle of Sussex|king Ælle]].<ref name="ASC">''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' (Parker MS) ([http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/657 E-text)]</ref>
[[Anthony Seldon]] identified five phases of development in pre-20th century Brighton.<ref name="Seldon-Ch2">{{Harvnb|Seldon|2002|loc=Ch. 2.}}</ref> The village of ''Bristelmestune'' was founded by these Anglo-Saxon invaders, probably in the early Saxon period. They were attracted by the easy access for boats, sheltered areas of raised land for building, and better conditions compared to the damp, cold and misty [[Weald]] to the north.<ref name="Musgrave21">{{Harvnb|Musgrave|1981|p=21.}}</ref> By the time of the [[Domesday Book|Domesday survey]] in 1086 it was a fishing and agricultural settlement, a rent of 4,000 [[herring]] was established, and its population was about 400.<ref name="VCH56961"/><ref name="EncB17"/> Its importance grew from the [[Norman conquest of England|Norman era]] onwards. By the 14th century there was a [[parish church]], a market and rudimentary law enforcement (the first town constable was elected in 1285).<ref name="Seldon32">{{Harvnb|Seldon|2002|p=32.}}</ref> Sacked and burnt by French invaders in the early 16th century—the earliest depiction of Brighton, a painting of {{circa}} 1520, shows Admiral [[Prégent de Bidoux|Pregent de Bidoux's]] attack of June 1514—the town recovered strongly based on a thriving [[mackerel]]-fishing industry.<ref name="Seldon33"/> The grid of streets in the Old Town (the present [[The Lanes|Lanes]] area) were well developed and the town grew quickly: the population rose from {{circa}} 1,500 in 1600 to {{circa}} 4,000 in the 1640s.<ref name="EncB17"/> By that time Brighton was Sussex's most populous and important town.<ref name="Seldon33">{{Harvnb|Seldon|2002|p=33.}}</ref> Having lost the [[Battle of Worcester]], King Charles II, after hiding for 42 days in various places, fled on the evening of 15 October 1651 in the "Surprise" from Brighthelmstone to his exile in Fécamp, France.
Over the next few decades, though, events severely affected its local and national standing, such that by 1730 "it was a forlorn town decidedly down on its luck". More foreign attacks, storms (especially the devastating [[Great Storm of 1703]]), a declining fishing industry, and the emergence of nearby [[Shoreham-by-Sea|Shoreham]] as a significant port caused its economy to suffer.<ref name="Seldon33"/> By 1708 other parishes in Sussex were charged rates to alleviate poverty in Brighton, and [[Daniel Defoe]] wrote that the expected £8,000 cost of providing sea defences was "more than the whole town was worth". The population declined to 2,000 in the early 18th century.<ref name="EncB17"/>
From the 1730s, Brighton entered its second phase of development—one which brought a rapid improvement in its fortunes. The contemporary fad for [[Water cure (therapy)|drinking and bathing in seawater]] as a purported cure for illnesses was enthusiastically encouraged by [[Richard Russell (doctor)|Dr Richard Russell]] from nearby [[Lewes]]. He sent many patients to "take the cure" in the sea at Brighton, published a popular treatise{{refn|''De Tabe Glandulari, sive, De usu aquæ marinæ in morbis glandularum dissertatio'' (1750); translated into English in 1753 as ''Glandular Diseases, or a Dissertation on the Use of Sea Water in the Affections of the Glands''.<ref name="ODNB">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/56302?docPos=4|title=Oxford DNB article: Russell, Richard|last=Farrant|first=John H.|date=September 2011|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/56302|work=[[Dictionary of National Biography|Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=13 February 2012}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>|group=note}} on the subject, and moved to the town soon afterwards (the [[Royal Albion Hotel|Royal Albion]], one of Brighton's early hotels, occupies the site of his house).<ref name="Seldon34">{{Harvnb|Seldon|2002|p=34.}}</ref> Others were already visiting the town for recreational purposes before Russell became famous, and his actions coincided with other developments which made Brighton more attractive to visitors. From the 1760s it was a boarding point for boats travelling to France; road transport to London was improved<ref name="Seldon34–35">{{Harvnb|Seldon|2002|pp=34–35.}}</ref> when the main road via [[Crawley]] was [[Toll road|turnpiked]] in 1770;<ref name="Gwynne98">{{Harvnb|Gwynne|1990|p=98.}}</ref> and spas and indoor baths were opened by other entrepreneurial physicians such as [[Sake Dean Mahomed]] and [[Anthony Relhan]] (who also wrote the town's first guidebook).<ref name="Seldon34–35"/>
[[File:Brighton aquarium photochrom.jpg|thumb|left|[[Photochrom]] of Brighton aquarium, 1890–1900]]
From 1780, development of the [[Georgian architecture|Georgian terraces]] had started, and the fishing village developed as the fashionable [[resort]] of Brighton. Growth of the town was further encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent (later [[George IV of the United Kingdom|King George IV]]) after his first visit in 1783.<ref name="EncB71">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 71.}}</ref> He spent much of his leisure time in the town and constructed the [[Royal Pavilion]] during the early part of his [[Regency era|Regency]]. In this period the modern form of the name Brighton came into common use.<ref name="PlaceNames">{{Harvnb|Mawer|Stenton|Gover|1930|p=291.}}</ref>
A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of [[Preston Barracks]] in 1793.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mybrightonandhove.org.uk/page_id__6198.aspx |title=Preston Barracks, Lewes Road|publisher=My Brighton & Hove|accessdate=22 September 2016}}</ref>
The arrival of the [[London and Brighton Railway]] in 1841 brought Brighton within the reach of day-trippers from London. The population grew from around 7,000 in 1801 to more than 120,000 by 1901.<ref name="EncB127">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 127.}}</ref> Many of the major attractions were built during the [[Victorian era]], such as the [[Grand Brighton Hotel|Grand Hotel]] (1864), the [[West Pier]] (1866), and the [[Brighton Pier|Palace Pier]] (1899). Prior to either of these structures, the famous Chain Pier was built, to the designs of Captain Samuel Brown. It lasted from 1823 to 1896, and is featured in paintings by both [[J. M. W. Turner|Turner]] and [[John Constable|Constable]].<ref name="EncB34">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 34.}}</ref>
Because of boundary changes, the land area of Brighton expanded from <span style="white-space:nowrap">1,640 acres (7 km<sup>2</sup>)</span> in 1854 to <span style="white-space:nowrap">14,347 acres (58 km<sup>2</sup>)</span> in 1952.<ref>{{harvnb|Carder|1990|p=13}}</ref> New housing estates were established in the acquired areas, including [[Moulsecoomb]], [[Bevendean]], [[Coldean]] and [[Whitehawk]]. The major expansion of 1928 also incorporated the villages of [[Patcham]], [[Ovingdean]] and [[Rottingdean]], and much council housing was built in parts of [[Woodingdean]] after the Second World War. In 1997, Brighton and Hove were joined to form the [[unitary authority]] of [[Brighton and Hove]], which was granted [[city status in the United Kingdom|city status]] by Queen [[Elizabeth II]] as part of the [[millennium]] celebrations in 2000.
==Homelessness in Brighton==
In 2016, Government figures analysed by the charity [[Shelter (charity)|Shelter]] revealed that Brighton and Hove had the worst rate for homelessness outside London and is worse than some boroughs in the capital. Based on the Freedom of Information data there are 4,095 people sleeping rough or in emergency or temporary accommodation in the city, suggesting that one in 69 people in Brighton and Hove was homeless.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/14939514.One_in_69_people_in_Brighton_and_Hove_is_homeless|work=The Argus|title=One in 69 people in Brighton and Hove is homeless|date=1 December 2016}}</ref> In a charity report issued in November 2016, three areas in Brighton & Hove, East Brighton, Queen’s Park, and Moulsecoomb & Bevendean ranked in the top ten per cent nationally for deprivation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hastingsobserver.co.uk/news/politics/levels-of-deprivation-across-sussex-revealed-by-charity-report-1-7672973|work=[[Hastings & St. Leonards Observer]]|title=Levels of deprivation across Sussex revealed by charity report|date=10 November 2016}}</ref>
Although deprivation in Brighton is distributed across the whole of the city it is more concentrated in some areas than others. The highest concentration of deprivation is in the Whitehawk, Moulsecoomb, and Hollingbury areas of the city but is also found around the St. James’s Street and Eastern Road areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhconnected.org.uk/sites/bhconnected/files/BHC%20(16)%2002%20Briefing%20pack.pdf|title=Conference Survey Statistics|publisher=Brighton and Hove Connected|format=PDF|date=26 April 2016|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> A 2015 government statistic showed that the area around Brighton’s Palace Pier roundabout and to the east towards St James’s Street in Kemptown is the seventh worst ‘living environment’ in England.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/13805645.display|work=The Argus|title=New study shows Brighton and Hove has some of the most deprived areas in the country|date=6 October 2015}}</ref> On 19 January 2017, Brighton council announced they were looking at certain initiatives to try and alleviate some of the increasing homelessness seen on Brighton's streets and were hoping to open the first in-house temporary housing for homeless people in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonandhovenews.org/2017/01/19/council-to-open-first-in-house-temporary-housing-for-homeless-people|work=Brighton and Hove News|title=Council to open first in-house temporary housing for homeless people|date=19 January 2017|accessdate=27 August 2017}}</ref>
==Geography and topography==
[[File:Undercliff Walk, Rottingdean - geograph.org.uk - 298484.jpg|thumb|right|To the east of Brighton, chalk cliffs protected by a sea-wall rise from the beach.]]
[[File:A23 closed by floods, November 2000 - geograph.org.uk - 1656937.jpg|thumb|right|The underground Wellesbourne can rise to the surface during heavy rain, as in November 2000 when it flooded the London Road in Preston village.]]
Brighton lies between the [[South Downs]] and the [[English Channel]] to the north and south, respectively. The Sussex coast forms a wide, shallow bay between the [[headland]]s of [[Selsey Bill]] and [[Beachy Head]]; Brighton developed near the centre of this bay around a [[Winterbourne (stream)|seasonal river]], the Wellesbourne (or Whalesbone), which flowed from the South Downs above [[Patcham]].<ref name="VCH56961"/><ref name="EncB15">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 15.}}</ref> This emptied into the English Channel at the beach near the East Cliff, forming "the natural drainage point for Brighton".<ref name="NEB246">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=246.}}</ref>
Behind the estuary was a stagnant pond called the Pool or Poole, so named since the medieval era.{{refn|The name was documented as ''Poole'' in 1296 and 1497.<ref name="NEB246"/>|group=note}} This was built over with houses and shops from 1793, when the Wellesbourne was [[culvert]]ed to prevent flooding,<ref name="NEB246"/><ref name="BTBP95">{{Harvnb|Dale|1976|p=95.}}</ref> and only the name of the road (Pool Valley, originally Pool Lane)<ref name="BTBP8">{{Harvnb|Dale|1976|p=8.}}</ref> marks its site. [[9 Pool Valley, Brighton|One original house]] survives from the time of the pool's enclosure.<ref name="VCH56961"/> Behind Pool Valley is [[Old Steine]] (historically ''The Steyne''), originally a flat and marshy area where fishermen dried their nets. The Wellesbourne occasionally reappears during times of prolonged heavy rain; author [[Mark Antony Lower]] referred to an early 19th-century drawing of the [[Royal Pavilion]] showing "quite a pool of water across the Steyne".<ref name="Lower248">{{Harvnb|Lower|1864|p=248.}}</ref>
Despite 16th-century writer [[Andrew Boorde]]'s claim that "Bryght-Hempston [is] among the noble ports and havens of the realm",<ref name="Lower247">{{Harvnb|Lower|1864|p=247.}}</ref> Brighton never developed as a significant port: rather, it was considered as part of [[Shoreham-by-Sea|Shoreham]]. Nevertheless, the descriptions "Port of Brighthelmston" or "Port of Brighton" were sometimes used between the 14th and 19th centuries, as for example in 1766 when its notional limits were defined for customs purposes.<ref name="EncB128">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 128.}}</ref>
The East Cliff runs for several miles from Pool Valley towards [[Rottingdean]] and [[Saltdean]], reaching {{convert|80|ft|m|order=flip}} above sea level. The soil beneath it, a mixture of [[alluvium]] and clay with some flint and chalk [[rubble]], has experienced erosion for many years.<ref name="EncB56">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 56.}}</ref> The cliff itself, like the rest of Brighton's soil, is chalk.<ref name="VCH56961"/> Below this are thin layers of [[Greensand#Upper Greensand|Upper]] and [[Greensand (geology)|Lower Greensand]] separated by a thicker band of [[Gault|Gault clay]].<ref name="HistAtlas3">{{Harvnb|Leslie|Short|1999|p=3.}}</ref> The land slopes upwards gradually from south to north towards the top of the Downs.
Main transport links developed along the floor of the Wellesbourne valley, from which the land climbs steeply—particularly on the east side. The earliest settlement was by the beach at the bottom of the valley,<ref name="EncB15"/> which was partly protected from erosion by an underwater [[Shoal|shale-bar]]. Changes in sea level affected the foreshore several times: {{convert|40|acre|ha}} disappeared in the first half of the 14th century,<ref name="EncB43">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 43.}}</ref> and the [[Great Storm of 1703]] caused widespread destruction. The first sea defences were erected in 1723,<ref name="EncB43"/> and a century later a long sea-wall was built.<ref name="EncB56"/>
===Climate===
{{See also|Climate of the United Kingdom}}
Brighton has a [[Temperateness|temperate]] climate: its [[Köppen climate classification#GROUP C: Temperate/mesothermal climates|Köppen climate classification]] is ''Cfb''. It is characterised by mild, calm weather with high levels of sunshine, [[sea breeze]]s and a "healthy, bracing air" attributed to the low level of tree cover.<ref name="EncB40">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 40.}}</ref> Average rainfall levels increase as the land rises: the 1958–1990 mean was {{convert|740|mm|in}} on the seafront and about {{convert|1000|mm|in}} at the top of the South Downs above Brighton.<ref name="EncB40"/> Storms caused serious damage in [[Great Storm of 1703|1703]], 1806, 1824, 1836, 1848, 1850, 1896, 1910 and [[Great Storm of 1987|1987]]. Snow is rare, but particularly severe falls were recorded in 1881 and 1967.<ref name="EncB40"/>
{{Weather box
|location = Brighton
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high F = 46
|Feb high F = 46
|Mar high F = 49
|Apr high F = 53
|May high F = 60
|Jun high F = 64
|Jul high F = 68
|Aug high F = 69
|Sep high F = 65
|Oct high F = 59
|Nov high F = 52
|Dec high F = 48
|year high F = 57
|Jan low F = 38
|Feb low F = 38
|Mar low F = 40
|Apr low F = 43
|May low F = 48
|Jun low F = 53
|Jul low F = 58
|Aug low F = 58
|Sep low F = 54
|Oct low F = 49
|Nov low F = 43
|Dec low F = 40
|year low F = 47
|Jan precipitation mm = 88
|Feb precipitation mm = 60
|Mar precipitation mm = 51
|Apr precipitation mm = 58
|May precipitation mm = 56
|Jun precipitation mm = 50
|Jul precipitation mm = 54
|Aug precipitation mm = 62
|Sep precipitation mm = 67
|Oct precipitation mm = 105
|Nov precipitation mm = 103
|Dec precipitation mm = 97
|year precipitation mm = 851
|source 1 = Met Office{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
|date=June 2011
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Average sea temperature<ref>[http://www.seatemperature.org/europe/united-kingdom/brighton-january.htm Brighton average sea temperature] – seatemperature.org</ref>
|-
!'''Jan'''
!'''Feb'''
!'''Mar'''
!'''Apr'''
!'''May'''
!'''Jun'''
!'''Jul'''
!'''Aug'''
!'''Sep'''
!'''Oct'''
!'''Nov'''
!'''Dec'''
!'''Year'''
|-
| style="background:#9ff; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|9.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#9ff; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|8.7|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#9ff; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|8.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#9ff; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|9.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#9fc; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|11.4|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#cf9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|13.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#ff9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|15.4|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#ff9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|16.9|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#ff6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|17.3|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#ff9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|16.3|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#cf9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|14.7|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#9fc; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|12.0|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#9fc; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|12.8|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small>
|}
===Boundaries and areas===
{| class="wikitable" align=right
|-
! Date from
! Parish area<ref name="NEB34–35">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|pp=34–35.}}</ref>
|-
|{{circa}} 11th century
|{{convert|1640|acre|ha}}
|-
|31 October 1873
|{{convert|2445|acre|ha}}
|-
|1 October 1923
|{{convert|2539|acre|ha}}
|-
|1 April 1928
|{{convert|12503|acre|ha}}
|-
|1 April 1952
|{{convert|14347|acre|ha}}
|-
|31 March 1972
|{{convert|15041|acre|ha}}
|-
|1 April 1993
|{{convert|15140|acre|ha}}
|-
|1 April 1997{{refn|Area of the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove.<ref name="NEB35"/>|group=note}}
|{{convert|21632|acre|ha}}
|}
At the time of the [[Domesday Book|Domesday survey]] in 1086, Brighton was in the [[Rape (county subdivision)|Rape]] of [[Rape of Lewes|Lewes]] and the [[Hundred (county division)#England and Wales|Hundred]] of Welesmere. The new Hundred of Whalesbone, which covered the parishes of Brighton, [[West Blatchington]], [[Preston Village, Brighton|Preston]] and [[Hove]], was formed in 1296. Parishes moved in and out several times, and by 1801 only Brighton and [[West Blatchington]] were included in the Hundred.<ref name="VCH56959">{{cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/Sussex/vol7/p241|title=A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 7 – The Rape of Lewes. The hundred of Whalesbone|editor-last=Salzman|editor-first=L.F. |editor-link=Louis Francis Salzman|year=1940|work=[[Victoria County History]] of Sussex|publisher=British History Online|page=241|accessdate=27 September 2011}}</ref>
Brighton's ecclesiastical and civil parish boundaries were coterminous until 1873. Since then, the latter have changed several times as the urban area has expanded.<ref name="NEB34">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=34.}}</ref> In its original form, Brighton covered about {{convert|1640|acre|ha}} between the English Channel, Hove, Preston, [[Ovingdean]] and [[Rottingdean]]. The civil parish was first extended from 31 October 1873, when {{convert|905|acre|ha}} was annexed from Preston. Its ecclesiastical parish was not affected.
On 1 October 1923, {{convert|94|acre|ha}} were added to Brighton from Patcham parish: Brighton Corporation was developing the [[Moulsecoomb]] [[Council house|council estate]] there at the time. On 1 April 1928, Brighton became a [[county borough]] and grew by nearly five times by adding Ovingdean and Rottingdean parishes in their entirety and parts of [[Falmer]], Patcham and West Blatchington.<ref name="NEB34"/> From 1 April 1952, more of Falmer and part of the adjacent [[Stanmer]] parish were added; 20 years later, land and marine territory associated with the new [[Brighton Marina]] development also became part of Brighton. Except for a small addition of rural land in 1993 (from [[Pyecombe]] parish), Brighton Borough's boundaries remained the same until it was joined to Hove Borough in 1997 to form the [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary authority]] of Brighton and Hove.<ref name="NEB35">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=35.}}</ref>
The old boundary between Brighton and Hove is most clearly seen on the seafront, where the King Edward Peace Statue (1912) straddles the border, and in a [[Alley|twitten]] called Boundary Passage which runs northwards from Western Road to Montpelier Road.<ref name="AboutBtn57">{{Harvnb|Dale|1986|p=57.}}</ref> There is a [[Listed building|Grade II-listed]] parish boundary marker stone in this passageway.<ref name="NHLE-1380005">{{National Heritage List for England|desc=Boundary Stone Approximately 40 Metres North of Western Road, Boundary Passage, Brighton|num=1380005|grade=II|accessdate=19 August 2013}}</ref> Between Western Road and the seafront, the boundary runs up Little Western Street (pavement on eastern side, in Brighton), but it is not visible.<ref name="AboutBtn57"/> Northwards from Western Road, it runs to the west of Norfolk Road, Norfolk Terrace, Windlesham Road and Windlesham Gardens in the [[Montpelier, Brighton|Montpelier]] area, then along the south side of Davigdor Road to [[Seven Dials, Brighton|Seven Dials]]. From there it runs along the west side of Dyke Road as far as Withdean Road in [[Withdean]], at which point it crosses Dyke Road so that the section north of that is part of Hove parish. The boundary continues to follow Dyke Road towards [[Devil's Dyke, Sussex|Devil's Dyke]] on the South Downs.<ref name="B&HMap-1960">{{cite map|publisher=G.I. Barnett Publishers & Cartographers|title=Barnett's Official Street Plan: Brighton and Hove|year=1960|scale=1:15840|cartography=[[Ordnance Survey]]|section=G9,G8,H7,G7,G6,F6,F5,E4,D3,C3|location=Ilford}}</ref>
{{Panorama
|image = File:Views of Brighton - Panorama Westwards from Tenantry Down (December 2013) (1).jpg
|height = 300
|alt = Panorama of Brighton seen from Tenantry Down to the east
|caption = December 2013 panorama of Brighton seen from Tenantry Down (to the east).
}}
==Governance and politics==
{{For|the local council|Brighton and Hove}}
[[File:Brighton Town Hall (IoE Code 479446).jpg|thumb|right|[[Brighton Town Hall (Brighton and Hove)|Brighton Town Hall]] dates from 1830.]]
Brighton is covered by two constituencies in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]: [[Brighton Kemptown (UK Parliament constituency)|Brighton Kemptown]] and [[Brighton Pavilion (UK Parliament constituency)|Brighton Pavilion]]. Both are [[Marginal seat|marginal constituencies]] which were held by [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] from 1997 to 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/2015guide/brightonkemptown/ |title=Brighton, Kemptown |year=2004–2014 |work=UK Polling Report website |publisher=Anthony Wells |accessdate=7 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6TBEt4q9R?url=http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/2015guide/brightonkemptown/ |archivedate=8 October 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
:{{cite web |url=http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/2015guide/brightonpavilion/ |title=Brighton, Pavilion |year=2004–2014 |work=UK Polling Report website |publisher=Anthony Wells |accessdate=7 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6TBEvX7yk?url=http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/2015guide/brightonpavilion/ |archivedate=8 October 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> At the [[United Kingdom general election, 2017|2017 general election]], Brighton Kemptown elected the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] MP [[Lloyd Russell-Moyle]], while Brighton Pavilion re-elected [[Caroline Lucas]], the first [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] MP elected to Westminster. In European elections, Brighton is part of the [[European Parliament constituency]] of [[South East England (European Parliament constituency)|South-East England]].
As of {{CURRENTYEAR}}, there are 21 wards in the city of Brighton and Hove, of which 12 are in Brighton. Regency, St Peter's & North Laine, Preston Park, Withdean, Patcham, Hollingdean & Stanmer and Hanover & Elm Grove are part of the Brighton Pavilion constituency; Moulsecoomb & Bevendean, Queen's Park, East Brighton, Woodingdean and Rottingdean Coastal are covered by the Brighton Kemptown constituency.<ref name="BHCC-Wards">{{cite web |url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/sites/brighton-hove.gov.uk/files/Councillor%20Ward%20Map_aug2013.pdf |title=Ward Map |date=August 2013 |publisher=Brighton and Hove City Council |format=PDF |accessdate=6 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6MQJn8K5r?url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/sites/brighton-hove.gov.uk/files/Councillor%20Ward%20Map_aug2013.pdf |archivedate=6 January 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
The newly created Borough of Brighton consisted of six wards in 1854: St Nicholas, St Peter, Pier, Park, Pavilion and West. When the territory was extended to include part of [[Preston Village, Brighton|Preston]] parish in 1873, the new area became a seventh ward named Preston. The seven were split into 14 in 1894: Hanover, Kemp Town (renamed King's Cliff in 1908), Lewes Road, Montpelier, Pavilion, Pier, Preston, Preston Park, Queen's Park, Regency, St John, St Nicholas, St Peter, and West. Preston ward was extended in 1923 to incorporate the area taken into the borough from Patcham parish in 1923 for the construction of the Moulsecoomb estate, and in 1928 the ward was divided into four: Hollingbury, Moulsecoomb, Preston and Preston Park. Elm Grove and Patcham wards were created at the same time, bringing the total to 19. There were further changes in 1952, 1955 and 1983, at which time there were 16 wards.<ref name="EncB47">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§47.}}</ref> This situation continued until 1 April 1997, when Hove and its wards became part of the new [[unitary authority]] of [[Brighton and Hove]].<ref name="NEB156">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=156.}}</ref>
[[Brighton Town Hall (Brighton and Hove)|Brighton Town Hall]] occupies a large site in [[The Lanes]]. Medieval Brighthelmston had a town hall, although it was called the Townhouse and functioned more like a market hall. A later building (1727) known as the Town Hall was principally used as a [[workhouse]]. Work on the first purpose-built town hall began in 1830; [[Thomas Read Kemp]] laid the first stone, and Thomas Cooper designed it on behalf of the Brighton Town Commissioners (of which he was a member). Brighton Corporation spent £40,000 to extend it in 1897–99 to the [[Classical architecture|Classical]] design of Brighton Borough Surveyor Francis May. Despite this, the building was too small for municipal requirements by the mid-20th century, and extra council buildings were built in various locations throughout Brighton Borough Council's existence: the most recent, Bartholomew House and Priory House next to the town hall, were finished in 1987.<ref name="NEB341–342">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|pp=341–342.}}</ref><ref name="Antram72">{{Harvnb|Antram|Morrice|2008|p=72.}}</ref> The town hall ceased to be responsible solely for Brighton's affairs when Brighton and Hove were united in 1997, but it is still used by Brighton & Hove City Council—particularly for weddings and civil ceremonies.<ref name="BHCC-TownHall">{{cite web |url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/community-and-life-events/births-deaths-and-marriages/ceremonies-brighton-town-hall |title=Ceremonies in Brighton Town Hall |year=2013 |publisher=Brighton & Hove City Council |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M52A0wx0?url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/community-and-life-events/births-deaths-and-marriages/ceremonies-brighton-town-hall |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
The presence of a British subsidiary of the United States arms company [[EDO Corporation]] on the Home Farm Industrial Estate in [[Moulsecoomb]] has been the cause of protests since 2004. The premises were significantly damaged in January 2009 when protesters broke in.<ref name="NEB205">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=205.}}</ref>
==Economy==
In 1985, the Borough Council described three "myths" about Brighton's economy. Common beliefs were that most of the working population commuted to London every day; that tourism provided most of Brighton's jobs and income; or that the borough's residents were "composed entirely of wealthy theatricals and retired businesspeople" rather than workers.<ref name="BBRH51">{{Harvnb|Brighton Borough Council|1985|p=51.}}</ref> Brighton has been an important centre for commerce and employment since the 18th century. It is home to several major companies, some of which employ thousands of people locally; as a retail centre it is of regional importance; creative, digital and new media businesses are increasingly significant; and, although Brighton was never a major industrial centre, its [[Brighton railway works|railway works]] contributed to Britain's rail industry in the 19th and 20th centuries, particularly in the manufacture of steam locomotives.
Since the amalgamation of Brighton and Hove, economic and retail data has been produced at a citywide level only. Examples of statistics include: Brighton and Hove's tourism industry contributes £380m to the economy and employs 20,000 people directly or indirectly; the city has 9,600 registered companies; and a 2001 report identified it as one of five "supercities for the future".<ref name="NEB113">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=113.}}</ref> In the past couple of years tourists to Brighton and Hove have fallen in numbers. Over 2016, day visitors to Brighton and Hove dropped by an average of 2,400 per day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/business/14794028.Day_visitors_to_Brighton_and_Hove_fall_by_a_million|location=Brighton|work=[[The Argus (Brighton)|The Argus]]|title=Day visitors to Brighton and Hove fall by a million|date=11 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-37619384|work=[[BBC News]]|title=Drop in day visitors to Brighton and Hove|date=11 October 2016}}</ref> In August 2017, new figures for the year showed Brighton’s tourism had fallen by a further 1% on the previous year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/15465791.New_figures_reveal_visitor_numbers_are_down_so_has_Brighton_lost_some_sparkle_/|work=The Argus|title=New figures reveal visitor numbers are down so has Brighton lost some sparkle?|date=10 August 2017}}</ref>
===Commerce and industry===
[[File:Brighton Centre, Kings Road, Brighton (from SE) (April 2013).JPG|thumb|left|Events at the [[Brighton Centre]] are important to Brighton's economy.]]Brighton's largest [[private sector]] employer is [[American Express]], whose European headquarters are at John Street.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/communitypages/central_brighton/news/9915514.American_Express_ready_to_move_into_new_office|work=The Argus|title=American Express ready to move into new office|date=6 September 2012}}</ref> As of 2012, about 3,000 people work there.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/communitypages/central_brighton/news/9915514.American_Express_ready_to_move_into_new_office|work=The Argus|title=3,000 employees move to new Amex offices|date=6 September 2012}}</ref> [[Planning permission]] to demolish the old Amex offices and build a replacement was granted in 2009, and work started in March 2010. Other major employers include [[Lloyds Bank]], [[Asda]] (which has hypermarkets at [[Hollingbury]] and [[Brighton Marina]]), [[Brighton & Hove (bus company)|Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company]] and call-centre operator Inkfish<!-- Don't wikilink this -->.<ref name="NEB113"/> In 2012, it was reported that about 1,500 of [[Gatwick Airport]]'s 21,000 workers lived in the city of Brighton and Hove.<ref name="Argus-11122012">{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/10100845.Thousands_of_jobs_at_Gatwick/|title=Thousands of jobs at Gatwick|date=11 December 2012|work=The Argus}}</ref>
Brighton is a popular destination for conferences, exhibitions and trade fairs, and has had a purpose-built conference centre—the [[Brighton Centre]]—since 1977. Direct income from the Brighton Centre's 160 events per year is £8 million,{{refn|2009 figures.<ref name="NEB56"/>|group=note}} and a further £50 million is generated indirectly by visitors spending money during their stay. Events range from political party conferences to concerts.<ref name="NEB56">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=56.}}</ref>
{{double image|right|Sussex House Building, Hollingbury Industrial Estate, Brighton (December 2012).JPG|200|Exion 27 Building, Hollingbury Industrial Estate, Brighton (December 2012).JPG|200|The Hollingbury Industrial Estate has large industrial, commercial and retail buildings such as Sussex House ''(left)'' and Exion 27 ''(right)''.||.|.}}
The Hollingbury Industrial Estate is one of the largest such facilities in Brighton; in its early days about 6,000 people were employed, principally in industrial jobs, but in the late 20th and early 21st centuries its focus has switched to commercial and retail development,<ref name="BB-990853">{{cite web |url=http://www.brightonbusiness.co.uk/htm/ni20110409.990853.htm |title=IKEA fails to get Hollingbury site |date=9 April 2011 |publisher=Brighton & Hove Economic Partnership |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M57pqvNN?url=http://www.brightonbusiness.co.uk/htm/ni20110409.990853.htm |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> limiting Brighton's potential for industrial growth. Brighton Corporation laid out the estate on {{convert|18|acre|ha}} of land around Crowhurst Road in 1950. By 1956, large-scale employment was provided at a bakery, a typewriter factory and a machine tools manufacturer among others. Most of the large factories closed during the recessions of the 1980s and 1990s, employment fell to 1,000, and structural changes started in the mid-1980s with a move towards small-scale industrial units (the Enterprise Estate was finished in October 1985) and then retail warehouses. [[Asda]]'s superstore opened in November 1987, [[MFI Group|MFI]] followed two years later, and other retail units were built in the 1990s.<ref name="NEB149–150">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|pp=149–150.}}</ref> Two large headquarters buildings were vacated in quick succession when British Bookshops left in March 2011<ref name="BB-451248">{{cite web |url=http://www.brightonbusiness.co.uk/htm/ni20110320.451248.htm |title=British Bookshops warehouse on the market |date=20 March 2011 |publisher=Brighton & Hove Economic Partnership |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M57VR1rR?url=http://www.brightonbusiness.co.uk/htm/ni20110320.451248.htm |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> and ''The Argus'' newspaper moved out of its headquarters in 2012—although the [[Brighton & Hove (bus company)|Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company]] signed a contract to move its 1,250 employees into the latter building.<ref name="BB-398183">{{cite web |url=http://www.brightonbusiness.co.uk/htm/ni20120601.398183.htm |title=Hove bus garage move offers a real win-win prize |date=1 June 2012 |publisher=Brighton & Hove Economic Partnership |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M5E5pVvP?url=http://www.brightonbusiness.co.uk/htm/ni20120601.398183.htm |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
Brighton has a high density of businesses involved in the media sector, particularly digital or "[[new media]]", and since the 1990s has been referred to as "Silicon Beach".<ref name="TechCrunch-SB">{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/09/22/brightons-silicon-beach-tech-cluster-finally-breaks-shore/ |title=Brighton's Silicon Beach tech cluster finally breaks shore |last=Munford |first=Monty |work=TechCrunch |date=22 September 2011 |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M5C2n1gv?url=http://techcrunch.com/2011/09/22/brightons-silicon-beach-tech-cluster-finally-breaks-shore/ |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> By 2007, over 250 [[new media]] business had been founded in Brighton. [[Brandwatch]] is a [[Social media measurement|social media monitoring company]] based in offices near Brighton station. Computer game design company [[Black Rock Studio]] was founded in 1998 and was taken over by [[Disney Interactive Studios]],<ref name="NEB113"/><ref name="TechCrunch-SB"/> who closed it down in 2011.<ref name="Eurogamer">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-07-01-split-second-dev-black-rock-to-close |title=Split/Second dev Black Rock to close |last=Purchese |first=Robert |work=[[Eurogamer]] |date=1 July 2011 |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M5CyScOQ?url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-07-01-split-second-dev-black-rock-to-close |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The Gamer Network, whose portfolio of websites relating to computer gaming (including [[Eurogamer]]) and creative industries was founded in 1999, is based in Brighton.<ref name="GamerNetwork">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamer-network.net/ |title=Gamer Network |work=Gamer Network |year=2013 |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M5DEJiHW?url=http://www.gamer-network.net/ |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
By the early 21st century, the market for office accommodation in the city was characterised by fluctuating demand and a lack of supply of high-quality buildings. As an example, the Trafalgar Place development ({{circa}} 1990), "now considered a prime office location", stood partly empty for a decade.<ref name="TBS-9.2.2">{{cite report |url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/sites/brighton-hove.gov.uk/files/downloads/ldf/Tall_Buildings_Study_Final.pdf |title=Brighton & Hove Tall Buildings Study |publisher=Brighton & Hove City Council (in association with Gillespies and GVA Grimley) |date=October 2003 |edition=Issue C |format=PDF |section=§. 9.2.2: Brighton Office Market |page=28 |accessdate=22 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M56m68fM?url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/sites/brighton-hove.gov.uk/files/downloads/ldf/Tall_Buildings_Study_Final.pdf |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Exion 27 (built in 2001), a high-tech, energy-efficient office development at [[Hollingbury]], remained empty for several years and is still not in commercial use: it houses some administrative departments of the [[University of Brighton]]. It was Brighton's first ultramodern commercial property and was intended for mixed commercial and industrial use, but its completion coincided with a slump in demand for high-tech premises.<ref name="BB-772119">{{cite web |url=http://www.brightonbusiness.co.uk/htm/ni20040721.772119.htm |title=Change of Use for Exion 27 indicates planning flexibility? |date=21 July 2004 |publisher=Brighton & Hove Economic Partnership |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M573hjtA?url=http://www.brightonbusiness.co.uk/htm/ni20040721.772119.htm |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="Argus-6703608">{{cite news |title=Exion won't be empty for much longer |url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/archive/2005/06/16/6703608.Exion_won_t_be_empty_for_much_longer/?ref=arc |work=The Argus |date=16 June 2005 |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M57Bi1Xr?url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/archive/2005/06/16/6703608.Exion_won_t_be_empty_for_much_longer/?ref=arc |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
===Retail===
[[The Lanes (Brighton)|The Lanes]] form a retail, leisure and residential area near the seafront, characterised by narrow alleyways following the street pattern of the original fishing village. The Lanes contain predominantly clothing stores, jewellers, antique shops, restaurants and pubs. The [[North Laine]] area is a retail, leisure and residential area immediately north of the Lanes. Its name derives from the Anglo-Saxon "Laine" meaning "fields", although the misnomer "North Lanes" is often used to describe the area. The North Laine contains a mix of businesses dominated by cafés, independent and avant-garde shops, bars and theatres.
[[Churchill Square (Brighton and Hove)|Churchill Square]] is a shopping centre with a floor space of {{convert|470000|ft2|m2|abbr=on}} and over 80 shops, several restaurants and 1,600 car-parking spaces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.churchillsquare.co.uk/index.php?id=271|title=Churchill Square Shopping Centre: Churchill Square Food|accessdate=20 August 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204134551/http://www.churchillsquare.co.uk/index.php?id=271|archivedate=4 December 2004|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was built in the 1960s as an open-air, multi-level pedestrianised shopping centre, but was rebuilt and enlarged in 1998 and is no longer open-air. Further retail areas include Western Road and London Road, the latter of which is currently undergoing extensive regeneration in the form of new housing and commercial properties.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/planning/major-projects-planning/london-road-regeneration|title = London Road Regeneration|website = Brighton and Hove City Council|publisher = Brighton and Hove City Council}}</ref>
==Landmarks==
{{Main article|Buildings and architecture of Brighton and Hove|List of landmarks and notable buildings of Brighton and Hove|Grade I listed buildings in Brighton and Hove|Grade II* listed buildings in Brighton and Hove}}
[[File:The Royal Pavilion Brighton.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Pavilion]]]]
[[File:2005-07-14 - United Kingdom - England - Brighton - Brighton Pier - CC-BY 4888018336.jpg|thumb|[[Brighton Pier]]]]
The [[Royal Pavilion]] is a former royal palace built as a home for the Prince Regent during the early 19th century, under the direction of the architect John Nash, and is notable for its [[Indo-Saracenic]] architecture and Oriental interior. Other Indo-Saracenic buildings in Brighton include the [[Sassoon Mausoleum]], now, with the bodies reburied elsewhere, in use as a chic supper club.
[[Brighton Pier|Brighton Marine Palace and Pier]] (long known as the Palace Pier) opened in 1899. It features a [[travelling funfair|funfair]], restaurants and arcade halls.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} The [[West Pier]] was built in 1866 and is one of only two Grade I [[Listed building|listed]] piers in the United Kingdom. It has been closed since 1975. For some time it was under consideration for restoration, but two fires in 2003, and other setbacks, led to these plans being abandoned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldwidewet.net/ |title=Pier Threatens To Unplug Rival|publisher=Worldwidewet.net |accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref>
The [[I360|Brighton i360]] observation tower opened on 4 August 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/08/04/residents-say-brighton-sea-views-ruined-by-eyesore-i360-tower-se/|title=Residents say Brighton sea views 'ruined' by 'eyesore' i360 tower set to open today|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|first=Helena|last=Horton|date=4 August 2016}}</ref> At 162 metres (531.49 feet) high, and with an observation pod rising to 138 metres (452.75 feet), the i360 is Britain's highest observation tower outside London – taller even than the London Eye.
[[Brighton clocktower]], built in 1888 for Queen Victoria's jubilee, stands at the intersection of Brighton's busiest thoroughfares.
[[File:Clock Tower, Brighton.JPG|upright|thumb|[[Clock Tower, Brighton]]]]
[[File:View of i360 in August 2016 - 5.jpg|thumb|191x191px|[[British Airways i360|i360]]]]
[[Volk's Electric Railway]] runs along the inland edge of the beach from Brighton Pier to [[Black Rock (Brighton and Hove)|Black Rock]] and [[Brighton Marina]]. It was created in 1883 and is the world's oldest operating [[electric railway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volkselectricrailway.co.uk|title=Home page of Volks Electric Railway Group|accessdate=20 August 2007}}</ref>
The [[Grand Hotel (Brighton)|Grand Hotel]] was built in 1864. The [[Brighton hotel bombing]] occurred there. Its nighttime blue lighting is particularly prominent along the foreshore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevirginbackpacker.com/122/day-10-checking-out-southern-england-part-i.html|title=Blog post from The Virgin Backpacker|accessdate=16 December 2010}}</ref>
===Churches and places of worship===
{{Further information|List of places of worship in Brighton and Hove}}
The 11th century (1086)<ref name=BRIGHT>{{cite book|title=A Guide to the Buildings of Brighton|authors= Atkinson, Clive. Matthews, David. Savile, Andrew. Tunna, Robert. Weighill, Tim. Macdonald, Ken|publisher=McMillan Martin Ltd|date=1990|isbn=9781869865030|pages=94–11b|work=Saint Nicholas's Church – Church Street – Description with dates }}</ref> [[Church of St Nicholas, Brighton|St Nicholas Church]] is the oldest building in Brighton, commonly known as "The Mother Church".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regencybrighton.com/outabout/st_nicholas/|title=St. Nicholas Church – Out & About – Regency Square Area Society|accessdate=11 April 2007}}</ref> Other notable churches include the very tall brick-built [[St Bartholomew's Church, Brighton|St Bartholomew's]] (1874) designed by the architect Edmund Scott,<ref name=BRIGHT1>{{cite book|title=A Guide to the Buildings of Brighton|authors= Atkinson, Clive. Matthews, David. Savile, Andrew. Tunna, Robert. Weighill, Tim. Macdonald, Ken|publisher=McMillan Martin Ltd|date=1990|isbn=9781869865030|pages=50–4G|work=Saint bartholomem's Church – Anne Street – Description with dates and reference to the architect}}</ref> [[St Peter's Church, Brighton|St Peter's]] (1828), and [[St Martin's Church, Brighton|St. Martin's]], noted for its decorated interior. Brighton's [[Quaker]]s run the Friends' Meeting House in the Lanes. There is an active [[Brighton Unitarian Church|Unitarian community]] based in a Grade 2 listed building in New Road, and a [[Spiritualist church]] in Norfolk Square.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonandhovespiritualistchurch.org/ |title=Brighton and Hove Spiritualist Church |publisher=Brighton and Hove Spiritualist Church |accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref> There are also a number of [[New Age]] outlets and groups.
Brighton-Hove has five synagogues: New Church Road Synagogue, Hove; Holland Road Synagogue, Hove; Brighton & Hove Progressive Synagogue, Hove; Brighton & Hove Reform Synagogue, Hove; Middle Street Synagogue; Brighton. The [[Middle Street Synagogue, Brighton|Middle Street Synagogue]] is a Grade II-[[listed building]] built in 1874–75. It is being gradually restored by [[English Heritage]]. There are also several mosques<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonmosque.com/ |title=Al-Quds Mosque |publisher=Brightonmosque.com |accessdate=10 May 2013}}
:{{cite web|author=Al-Medinah Mosque |url=http://www.bhmf.org.uk/al-medinah-mosque-timetable |title=Al Medina mosque |publisher=Bhmf.org.uk |accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref> and [[Buddhist]] centres.<ref>{{cite web|author=Welcome to the Brighton Buddhist Centre |url=http://www.brightonbuddhistcentre.co.uk/ |title=Brighton Buddhist Centre |publisher=Brighton Buddhist Centre |accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref>
Brighton has become known as one of the least religious places in the UK, based upon analysis of the 2011 census which revealed that 42 per cent of the population profess no religion, far higher than the national average of 25%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/10102833.Losing_our_religion/ |title=Brighton and Hove is country's most Godless city |work=The Argus |date=12 December 2012}}</ref> As part of the [[Jedi census phenomenon]], 2.6 per cent claimed their religion was Jedi Knight, the largest percentage in the country.<ref>{{cite web|last=Haines |first=Lester |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/01/28/brighton_tops_uk_jedi_league/ |title=Brighton Tops Jedi League |work=The Register |date=28 January 2004 |accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref>
===Beaches===
[[File:Naturist Beach - geograph.org.uk - 1117450.jpg|thumb|left|Cliff Beach: Britain's first [[Nude beach|naturist beach]]]]
[[File:Boats on Brighton Beach - geograph.org.uk - 242094.jpg|thumb|upright|Boats on Brighton Beach]]
Brighton has a {{convert|5.4|mi|km|adj=on}} expanse of [[shingle beach]],<ref name="EncB43"/> part of the unbroken {{convert|8|mi|km|adj=on}} section within the city limits.{{refn|Until the extension of Brighton's boundaries to include Rottingdean and Saltdean in 1928, the coastline between the Hove and Rottingdean parish boundaries measured {{convert|2.2|mi|km}}.<ref name="EncB43"/>|group=note}} Neighbouring Hove is known for its hundreds of painted timber beach huts, but brick-walled chalets are also available on Brighton seafront, especially towards [[Rottingdean]] and [[Saltdean]].<ref name="NEB303">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=303.}}</ref> Especially east of the Palace Pier, a flat sandy foreshore is exposed at low tide.<ref name="EncB43"/> The Palace Pier section of the beach has been awarded [[Blue Flag beach|blue flag status]].<ref name="BlueFlag">{{cite web |url=http://www.thebeachguide.co.uk/south-east-england/east-sussex/palace-pier-brighton.htm |title=Palace Pier Beach (Brighton) |publisher=UK Beach Guide |year=2014 |accessdate=7 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6TBEzvBAc?url=http://www.thebeachguide.co.uk/south-east-england/east-sussex/palace-pier-brighton.htm |archivedate=8 October 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Part of the beach adjoining Madeira Drive, to the east of the city centre, has been redeveloped into a sports complex and opened to the public in March 2007, with courts for pursuits such as beach volleyball and [[Ultimate (sport)|ultimate Frisbee]] among others.
The city council owns all the beaches, which are divided into named sections by [[groyne]]s—the first of which were completed in 1724. Eastwards from the Hove boundary, the names are Boundary, Norfolk, Bedford, Metropole, Grand (referring to the four hotels with those names), Centre, King's, Old Ship, Volk's, Albion, Palace Pier, Aquarium, Athina (where the [[MS Athina B|MS ''Athina B'']] ran aground), Paston, Banjo, Duke's, Cliff, Crescent and Black Rock. Cliff Beach is a [[Nude beach|nudist beach]].<ref name="visi_Brig">{{Cite web | title = Brighton Naturist Beach | work = VisitBrighton | publisher= Brighton and Hove City Council | accessdate = 29 September 2015 | url = http://www.visitbrighton.com/things-to-do/brighton-naturist-beach-p628201 }}</ref> Beyond Black Rock, the cliffs (part of the [[Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs]] [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]]) rise to more than {{convert|100|ft|m}} and there are three small beaches at Ovingdean Gap, Rottingdean Gap and Saltdean Gap. All are connected by the Undercliff Walk,<ref name="EncB43"/> which has been affected by several cliff falls since 2000.<ref name="BHCC-Cliffs">{{cite web |title=The Cliffs between Black Rock and Saltdean |url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/environment/coastal-defence/cliffs-between-black-rock-and-saltdean |publisher=Brighton and Hove City Council |accessdate=7 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6TBF2lz87?url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/environment/coastal-defence/cliffs-between-black-rock-and-saltdean |archivedate=8 October 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
Since the demolition in 1978 of the Black Rock open-air [[lido]] at the eastern end of Brighton's seafront, the area has been developed and now features one of Europe's largest [[Brighton Marina|marinas]]. However, the site of the pool itself remains empty except for a skate park and graffiti wall. Since 2003 a series of developments have been proposed but have come to nothing, including housing, a [[Hotel rating|five-star hotel]] with a [[winter garden]], and an 11,000-seat sports arena.<ref name="NEB29">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=29.}}</ref>
The seafront is also home to many restaurants, sports facilities, amusement arcades, nightclubs and bars.<ref name="BHCC-Seafront">{{cite web |url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/seafront |title=The Seafront |publisher=Brighton and Hove City Council |accessdate=7 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6TBExn67w?url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/seafront |archivedate=8 October 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
==Culture==
===Cinema===
{{main article|List of films set in Brighton}}
[[File:Brighton Odeon Kingswest Cinema, Junction of Kings Road and West Street, Brighton (from SW) (April 2013).JPG|thumb|right|Odeon Kingswest on Brighton seafront opened in 1973]]
Brighton featured in a number of popular movies including ''[[Quadrophenia (film)|Quadrophenia]]'' (1979), ''[[The End of the Affair (1999 film)|The End of the Affair]]'' (1999), ''[[Wimbledon (film)|Wimbledon]]'' (2004), ''[[MirrorMask]]'' (2005), ''[[Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging]]'' (2008), ''[[The Young Victoria]]'' (2009), ''[[Brighton Rock (1947 film)|Brighton Rock]]'' (2010 and 1947) and ''[[The Boat that Rocked]]'' (2009).<ref>{{cite news | title = Films made in the Brighton & Hove area | url = http://www.terramedia.co.uk/brighton/films_made_in_brighton_sound.htm | date = 30 June 2009 | accessdate = 30 September 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100919033152/http://www.terramedia.co.uk/brighton/films_made_in_brighton_sound.htm | archivedate = 19 September 2010 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
The [[Duke of York's Picturehouse]],<ref name=BRIGHT3>{{cite book|title=A Guide to the Buildings of Brighton|authors= Atkinson, Clive. Matthews, David. Savile, Andrew. Tunna, Robert. Weighill, Tim. Macdonald, Ken|publisher=McMillan Martin Ltd|date=1990|isbn=9781869865030|pages=51–4h|work=Duke of York Cinema – reference to date and description}}</ref> dating from 1910, was opened by Mrs [[Violet Melnotte|Violet Melnotte-Wyatt]]. It is the country's oldest purpose-built cinema and was Brightons first Electric [[Movie camera|Bioscope]], which still operates as an [[arthouse cinema]]. The Duke of York's Picturehouse expanded in 2012, adding two additional screens in a different location. The company is now occupying the upstairs of [[Komedia]], situated on Gardner Street, central Brighton.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.komedia.co.uk/brighton/about-us/|title=About Komedia Brighton |publisher=Komedia Brighton|access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> There are two [[multiplex cinema]]s, the Odeon on North Street and Cineworld in the Marina.
===Festivals and rallies===
{{Main article|Brighton Festival|Brighton Fringe}}
[[File:BigBeachBoutique.jpeg|thumb|[[Big Beach Boutique II|"The Big Beach Boutique II"]]: over 250,000 watched [[Fatboy Slim]] (July 2002)]]
[[File:Brighton seafront carshow.jpg|thumb|upright|Seafront display of [[Mini]]s after a London to Brighton drive]]
Each May the city hosts the Brighton Festival and Brighton Fringe, the second largest arts festival in the UK (after [[Edinburgh Festival|Edinburgh]]). This includes processions such as the Children's Parade, outdoor spectaculars often involving pyrotechnics, and theatre, music and visual arts in venues throughout the city, some brought into this use exclusively for the festival. The earliest feature of the festival, [[Artists Open House|the Artists' Open Houses]], are homes of artists and craftspeople opened to the public as galleries, and usually selling the work of the occupants. Since 2002, these have been organised independently of the official Festival and Fringe.
[[Brighton Fringe]] runs alongside Brighton Festival, and has grown to be one of the largest fringe festivals in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitbritain.com/VB3-en/experiences/cities/focus_on/brighton_fringe.aspx |title=Brighton Fringe Festival 2006 – Cities – VisitBritain |accessdate=20 August 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804222234/http://www.visitbritain.com/VB3-en/experiences/cities/focus_on/brighton_fringe.aspx |archivedate=4 August 2007 }}</ref> Together with the street performers from Brighton Festival's "Streets of Brighton" events, and the [[Royal Mile]]-esque outdoor performances that make up "Fringe City", outdoor spectacles and events more than double during May.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonfestivalfringe.org.uk/press/index.asp?ID=122|title=Brighton Fringe Festival 2007. 5–28 May 2007.|accessdate=20 August 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20070505114127/http://www.brightonfestivalfringe.org.uk/press/index.asp?ID=122|archivedate=5 May 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Other festivals include The Great Escape, featuring three nights of live music in venues across the city; the Soundwaves Festival in June, which shows classical music composed in the 21st Century, and involves both amateur and professional performers; Paddle Round the Pier; Brighton Live which each September stages a week of free gigs in pubs to show local bands; [[Burning the Clocks]], a winter solstice celebration; and [[Brighton Pride]] (see lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community, below). For a number of years, [[Andrew Logan]]'s Alternative Miss World extravaganza was held in the city.
The [[Kemptown, Brighton|Kemptown]] area has its own small annual street festival, the Kemptown Carnival, and the [[Hanover, Brighton|Hanover]] area similarly has a "Hanover Day".
Local resident [[Fatboy Slim]] puts on a "Big Beach Boutique" show most years. An inaugural White Nights ([[Nuit Blanche]]) all-night arts festival took place in October 2008 and continued for 4 years until it was postponed in 2012 due to a lack of European funding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/9975504.Brighton_s_White_Night_replaced_by__fund_your_own_festival_/|title=Brighton's White Night replaced by "fund your own festival"|work=The Argus|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> 2009 saw the first Brighton Zine Fest<ref>{{cite web|title=Brighton Zine Fest homepage|url=http://www.brightonzinefest.co.uk/|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417040152/http://www.brightonzinefest.co.uk/|archivedate=17 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> celebrating [[zine]] and [[DIY culture]] within the city.
Brighton is the terminus of a number of London-to-Brighton rides, and runs, such as the [[veteran car]] run and bike ride. Transport rallies are also hosted on the seafront. Groups of [[mod (subculture)|mod]]s and [[Rocker (subculture)|Rocker]]s still bring their [[Motorscooter|scooters]] and motorbikes to the town, but their gatherings are now much more sedate than the violent 1960s confrontations depicted in ''[[Quadrophenia]]''.
Food and drink related festivals include the traditional Blessing of the Fisheries, where barbecued [[mackerel]] are eaten on the beach and the more recent Fiery Foods [[Chili pepper|Chilli]] Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fieryfoodsuk.co.uk/ |title=Fiery Foods Chilli festival, Brighton, 2012 |publisher=Fieryfoodsuk.co.uk |date=16 September 2012 |accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref> There is also a twice-yearly general food festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonfoodfestival.com/ |title=Brighton Food Festival |publisher=Brighton Food Festival |accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref> The main Sussex beer festival is held in nearby [[Hove]], and there is a smaller beer festival in the Hanover area.
Brighton is the home of the UK's first Walk of Fame which celebrates the many rich and famous people associated with the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkoffame.co.uk/#/brighton/4551372459|title=WALK OF FAME|work=WALK OF FAME|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref>
===Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community===
{{Main article|LGBT community of Brighton and Hove}}
[[File:Brighton Pride 2014 bus (15045503485).jpg|thumb|Brighton Pride 2014 bus]]
Brighton records LGBT history in the city since the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonourstory.co.uk/brighton-s-history|work=Brighton Ourstory|title=Brighton's history|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> Many LGBT pubs, clubs, bars, restaurants, cafés and shops are located around Brighton and in particular around St James's Street in [[Kemptown, Brighton|Kemptown]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/11096502.Calls_for_Brighton_s_St_James_s_Street_to_be_pedestrianised_or_it_will__wither_and_die_|title=Calls for Brighton's St James's Street to be pedestrianised or it will 'wither and die'|work=The Argus|date=24 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/9374498.Calls_for_Brighton_and_Hove__gay_village_|title=Calls for Brighton and Hove "gay village"|work=The Argus|date=20 November 2011}}</ref> Several LGBT charities, publishers, social and support groups are also based in the city. [[Brighton Pride]] is usually celebrated at the start of August.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2014/11/14/brighton-pride-safe-until-2020-under-new-license/|title=Brighton Pride safe 'until 2020′ under new license|work=[[PinkNews]]|date=14 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.itv.com/news/meridian/story/2014-08-03/brighton-pride-a-great-success-despite-arrests/|title=Brighton Pride a "great success" despite arrests|work=[[ITV News]]|date=3 August 2014}}</ref> Brighton also hosts an annual trans pride event, which is the first of its kind in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trans Pride Brighton 2016|url=http://transpridebrighton.tumblr.com/|website=TransPrideBrighton on Tumblr|accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref>
In a 2014 estimate, 11–15% of the city's population aged 16 or over is thought to be lesbian, gay or bisexual.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhconnected.org.uk/sites/bhconnected/files/City%20Snapshot%20Report%20of%20Statistics%202014%202.pdf|title=Brighton and Hove City Snapshot|accessdate=23 March 2016}}</ref> The city also had the highest percentage of same-sex households in the UK in 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/3456635.stm|title=Brighton 'has most gay couples'|work=BBC News|date=3 February 2004}}</ref> and the largest number of civil partnership registrations outside London in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob2/civil-partnership-statistics--united-kingdom/2013/stb-civil-partnerships-2013.html?format=print|title=Civil Partnerships in the UK, 2013 – ONS|accessdate=10 August 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130241/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob2/civil-partnership-statistics--united-kingdom/2013/stb-civil-partnerships-2013.html?format=print|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
===Museums===
Brighton museums include [[Brighton Museum & Art Gallery]], [[Preston Manor, Brighton|Preston Manor]], [[Booth Museum of Natural History]], [[Brighton Toy and Model Museum]], and [[Brighton Fishing Museum]], the long established social epicentre of the seafront, which includes artefacts from the West Pier. The [[Royal Pavilion]] is also open to the public, serving as a museum to the [[British Regency]].
{{further information|List of landmarks and notable buildings of Brighton and Hove}}
===Night-life and popular music===
[[File:Theatre Royal Brighton.jpg|thumb|Theatre Royal, city centre]]
Brighton has many night-life hotspots<ref>[http://www.sussex.ac.uk/study/sabroad/guide/2011/lifeatsussex Life at Sussex university] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903102321/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/study/sabroad/guide/2011/lifeatsussex |date=3 September 2011 }}</ref> and is associated with [[popular music]]ians including [[Fatboy Slim]], [[Kirk Brandon]], [[Tim Booth]], [[Nick Cave]], [[David Van Day]] from Dollar, and [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]]. Live music venues include the Concorde2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.concorde2.co.uk/ |title=Concorde 2 |publisher=Concorde 2 |accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref> [[Brighton Centre]] and the [[Brighton Dome]], where [[ABBA]] received a substantial boost to their career when they won the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1974]]. Many events and performance companies operate in the city.
Brighton’s has produced several successful bands & music artists including [[Royal Blood (band)|Royal Blood]], [[the Kooks]], [[Fatboy Slim]], the [[Freemasons (band)|Freemasons]], [[The Levellers (band)|the Levellers]] and [[The Maccabees (band)|the Maccabees]], [[British Sea Power]], [[the Eighties Matchbox B-Line Disaster]] and the [[Rizzle Kicks]]. Brighton is also home to several independent record labels.
===Notable residents===
{{main article|List of people from Brighton and Hove}}
===Restaurants===
Brighton has about 400 restaurants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sussex.ac.uk/international/whysussex/brighton |title=Sussex University: ''Why Sussex'' |publisher=Sussex.ac.uk |accessdate=10 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503145310/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/international/whysussex/brighton |archivedate=3 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
===Theatre===
[[File:Attenborough Arts Centre.png|thumb|Attenborough Arts Centre at the university of Sussex]]
Theatres include the [[Brighton Dome]] and associated Pavilion Theatre, the expanded [[Komedia]] (primarily a comedy and music venue but also a theatre), [[The Old Market, Hove|the Old Market]] which was renovated and re-opened in 2010 and the [[Theatre Royal, Brighton|Theatre Royal]]<ref name=BRIGHT4>{{cite book|title=A Guide to the Buildings of Brighton|authors= Atkinson, Clive. Matthews, David. Savile, Andrew. Tunna, Robert. Weighill, Tim. Macdonald, Ken|publisher=McMillan Martin Ltd|date=1990|isbn=9781869865030|pages=32–1G|work=The Theatre Royal – reference to date and description}}</ref> which celebrated its 200th anniversary in 2007. The Attenborough Centre for the Creative arts is nearby, part of the University of Sussex campus. There are also smaller theatres such as the [[Marlborough Pub and Theatre|Marlborough Theatre]], the New Venture, and the Brighton Little Theatre. The city has the new purpose built [[Brighton Open Air Theatre]], or B•O•A•T, which is due to open for the [[Brighton Festival]] in May 2015. It is unique in that its programme will be chosen by lottery to ensure that it remains accessible and open to all comers.{{citation needed|reason=unique in world|date=March 2015}}
==Education==
[[File:Aerial view of the Sussex campus.png|thumb|Aerial View of the Sussex Campus showing sports fields]]
The [[University of Sussex]], established in 1961 as the first of the plate-glass universities, is a campus research intensive university between [[Stanmer Park]] and [[Falmer]], four miles (6 km) from the city centre. The university is home to the reputed [[Institute of Development Studies]] and the [[Science Policy Research Unit]], amongst over 40 other established research centres, and is ranked 1st in the world for Development studies by the World University Rankings<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-sussex|title=University of Sussex|date=2015-07-16|work=Top Universities|access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref>.<ref>http://www.ids.ac.uk/</ref><ref>http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/</ref> Served by frequent trains (to [[Falmer railway station]]) and 24-hour buses, it has a student population of around 17,300 student of which over a third are postgraduates.<ref>http://www.sussex.ac.uk/about/facts/facts-figures</ref> The university is currently ranked 18th in the UK<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings |title= University of Sussex|work=The Complete University Guide|accessdate=24 October 2012}}</ref> and 110th in the world by the World University Rankings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2012-13/world-ranking/region/europe/|title=Top European Universities 2012-2013/|work=The World University Rankings/|accessdate=24 October 2012}}</ref>
The [[University of Brighton]], the former Brighton [[Institute of technology|Polytechnic]], has a student population of 20,017 of which 80% are undergraduates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brighton.ac.uk/aboutus/facts/population.php?PageId=703|title=Facts and figures – University of Brighton|accessdate=20 August 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930193726/http://www.brighton.ac.uk/aboutus/facts/population.php?PageId=703|archivedate=30 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The university is on several sites with additional buildings in [[Falmer]], [[Moulsecoomb]], [[Eastbourne]] and [[Hastings]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brighton.ac.uk/maps/southeast/index.php?PageId=752|title=South-east England, maps and directions – University of Brighton|accessdate=30 March 2009}}</ref>
In 2003, the universities of Sussex and Brighton formed a medical school, known as [[Brighton and Sussex Medical School]]. The school was one of four new medical schools to be created as part of a government programme to increase the number of qualified [[National Health Service|NHS]] doctors. The school is based in Falmer and works closely with the Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust.
[[File:Roedean.JPG|thumb|right|[[Roedean School]].]]
Brighton & Hove City Council is responsible for 80 schools, of which 54 are in Brighton.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/index.cfm?request=c1001684&action=dsp_lists&type=all&desc=all|title=Brighton & Hove City Council – school contact information|accessdate=20 August 2007}}</ref>
A range of non-university courses for students over 16, mainly in [[vocational education]] subjects, is provided at the [[further education college]], City College Brighton and Hove. More academic subjects can be studied by 16–18-year-olds at [[Brighton Hove & Sussex Sixth Form College]] (BHASVIC) in the Seven Dials area. [[Varndean College]] in North Brighton occupies a commanding position. The 1920s building is celebrated for its façade and internal quads. The college offers academic [[GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)|A levels]], The International Baccalaureate and vocational courses.
There are [[state schools]] and some [[Faith school#England|faith schools]]. Notable state schools include<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonscene.co.uk/notable-brighton-state-schools/|title=Brighton State Schools/|work=Brighton Scene|accessdate=27 July 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121032326/http://www.brightonscene.co.uk/notable-brighton-state-schools/|archivedate=21 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Longhill High School]], [[Varndean School]], [[Patcham High School]], [[Dorothy Stringer High School]], [[Blatchington Mill School and Sixth Form College]] and [[Brighton Aldridge Community Academy]].
There are a number of [[independent school]]s, including [[Brighton College]], [[Roedean School]], [[Waldorf education|Steiner School]], [[Brighton and Hove High School|BHHS]] and a [[Montessori]] School. As with the state schools, some independents are faith-based; Torah Academy, the last Jewish primary school, became a Pre-K/Nursery School at the end of the 2007. The Brighton Institute of Modern Music, a fully accredited music college, opened in 2001 and has since expanded to five locations throughout the UK.
In spring and summer, thousands of students from all over Europe gather to attend language courses at the many language schools.
==Sport==
[[File:Amex Stadium Pitch panorama - geograph.org.uk - 2859086.jpg|thumb|[[Falmer Stadium]], home of [[Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.|Brighton & Hove Albion Football Club]]]]
[[File:Brighton Marina - geograph.org.uk - 1413071.jpg|thumb|Brighton Marina]]
[[Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.|Brighton & Hove Albion Football Club]] is the city's professional association football team. The club went through a rocky spell in the 90s but have since returned to form. After playing at the [[Goldstone Ground]] for 95 years, the club spent 2 years ground-sharing 70 miles away at [[Gillingham F.C.]] before returning to the town as tenants of [[Withdean Athletics Stadium]]. At the start of the 2011–12 season the club moved permanently to Falmer Stadium, a Premier League level stadium colloquially known as [[Falmer Stadium|'the Amex']]. Notable achievements include winning promotion to the [[Football League First Division]] in 1979 and staying there for 4 seasons. They reached the [[1983 FA Cup Final]] drawing 2-2 with [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] before losing in the replay 5 days later. The [[2017-18 Premier League|2017-18 Football season]] saw Brighton's debut in the Premier League after a win against [[Wigan Athletic]] guaranteed automatic promotion to the top flight.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39549523</ref> Notable former managers of the club include [[Brian Clough]], 2 Peter Taylors: [[Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1928)|Peter Taylor]] (born 1928) and [[Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1953)|Peter Taylor]] (born 1953), [[Jimmy Melia]], [[Liam Brady]], [[Jimmy Case]], [[Steve Gritt]], [[Brian Horton]], [[Steve Coppell]] and [[Mark McGhee]]. Notable former players include [[Gareth Barry]], [[Dave Beasant]], [[Justin Fashanu]], [[Dennis Mortimer]], [[Gordon Smith (footballer, born September 1954)|Gordon Smith]], [[Frank Stapleton]], [[Howard Wilkinson]] and [[Bobby Zamora]].
[[Whitehawk F.C.|Whitehawk Football Club]] is a semi-professional association football club based in a suburb of Brighton. They play in the Conference South league having won promotion three times in the space four years between 2009–13. Games are played at [[The Enclosed Ground]], which is set into the South Downs close to [[Brighton Marina]]. Notable former/current players include [[Sergio Torres]], [[Jake Robinson]], [[Matthew Lawrence (footballer)|Matthew Lawrence]] and [[Darren Freeman]].
[[Sussex County Cricket Club]] play at Eaton Road in Hove.
Brighton Football Club (RFU) is one of the oldest Rugby Clubs in England.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonrugby.org.uk|title=Brighton Rugby Club – Sussex, south of England|accessdate=11 April 2007}}</ref>
Brighton was chosen as one of the 13 [[2015 Rugby World Cup|Rugby World Cup 2015]] host cities,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/rugby-world-cup/11082182/Rugby-World-Cup-2015-venues.html|title=Rugby World Cup 2015 venues|website=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> with two games being played at the 30,750 capacity [[Falmer Stadium|American Express Community Stadium]]. (Although it was named the "Brighton Community Stadium" throughout the tournament for sponsorship reasons.) One of the two games played was one of the biggest shocks in the history of Rugby Union,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/19/south-africa-japan-rugby-world-cup-2015-match-report|title=Japan beat South Africa in greatest Rugby World Cup shock ever|last=Kitson|first=Robert|date=19 September 2015|website=The Guardian|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> with [[Japan national rugby union team|Japan]] defeating [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]] 34 points to 32, with a try in the dying minutes of the game. The other game was between [[Samoa national rugby union team|Samoa]] and the [[United States national rugby union team|United States.]]
Brighton & Hove Hockey Club is a large [[Field hockey|hockey]] club with a home ground in Hove. The men's 1XI gained promotion in 2013 to the [[England Hockey League]] system, Conference East.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonandhovehockeyclub.net/ |title=B&H Hockey Club |publisher=Brightonandhovehockeyclub.net |accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref>
Motoring events take place on Madeira Drive, a piece of roadway on Brighton's seafront, throughout the year. It was originally constructed to host what is commonly held to be the world's oldest motor race, the [[Brighton Speed Trials]], which has been running since 1905. The event is organised by the [[Brighton and Hove Motor Club]] and normally takes place on the second Saturday in September each year.
From time to time a [[beach soccer]] competition is held in a temporary stadium on imported sand on the beach. The inaugural contest in June 2002 featured football stars [[Eric Cantona]] and [[Matt Le Tissier]].
Brighton has a [[horse-racing]] course, [[Brighton Racecourse]], with the unusual feature that when the full length of the course is to be used, some of the grass turf of the track has to be laid over the tar at the top of Wilson Avenue, a public road, which therefore has to be closed for the races.
A [[greyhound racing]] circuit – the [[Brighton & Hove Greyhound Stadium]] – in Hove is run by [[Gala Coral Group|Coral]], at which [[Motorcycle speedway]] racing was staged in 1928.
[[Brighton Sailing Club]] has been operating since the 1870s.
The Brighton and Hove [[Pétanque]] Club runs an annual triples, doubles and singles competition, informal KOs, winter and summer league, plus Open competitions with other clubs. The club is affiliated to Sussex Pétanque, the local region of the English Pétanque Association, so they can also play at a Regional and National level. The Peace Statue terrain is the official [[pétanque]] terrain situated on the seafront near the West Pier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhpetanque.org/|title= Brighton and Hove Pétanque Club}}</ref>
Brighton has two competitive swimming clubs: Brighton SC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonsc.co.uk/|title= Brighton Swimming Club}}</ref> formed in 1860 claims to be the oldest swimming club in England; and Brighton Dolphin SC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bdsc.co.uk/|title= Brighton Dolphin Swimming Club}}</ref> was formed in 1891 as Brighton Ladies Swimming.
Amateur track cycling is held at the Preston Park Velodrome, the oldest velodrome in the UK built in 1877.
==Transport==
{{Main article|Transport in Brighton and Hove}}
[[File:Northward view of A23 and Brighton Main Line from footbridge near Braypool Lane, Patcham (December 2012).JPG|thumb|right|The [[Brighton Main Line]] railway ''(left)'' and [[A23 road]] link Brighton to London.]]
Brighton has several railway stations, many bus routes, coach services and taxis. A Rapid Transport System has been under consideration for some years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/search/display.var.1305605.0.transport_project_will_cut_journey_times.php
|title=Transport Project Will Cut Journey Times|accessdate=25 April 2007}}
:{{cite web
|url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/downloads/bhcc/transport/rapid_transport_report%5b1%5d.pdf
|format=PDF
|title=Brighton and Hove City Council – Major Scheme Business Case – Rapid Transport System
|accessdate=25 April 2007
}}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Trolleybus]]es, trams, ferries and [[hydrofoil]] services have operated in the past.
Brighton is connected to the national road network by the [[A23 road|A23]] (London Road) northwards, and by two east–west routes: the [[A259 road|A259]] along the coast and the [[A27 road|A27]] [[South Coast Trunk Road (disambiguation)|trunk route]] inland. The A23 joins the [[M23 motorway]] at [[Pease Pottage]] near [[Gatwick Airport]].<ref name="BBRH49">{{Harvnb|Brighton Borough Council|1985|p=49.}}</ref> The A27 originally ran through the urban area along Old Shoreham Road and Lewes Road, but it now follows the route of the Brighton Bypass (opened in 1990) and the old alignment has become the A270.
A bypass was first proposed in 1932, six routes were submitted for approval in 1973, and the [[Secretary of State for the Environment|Department of the Environment]] published its recommended route in 1980. Public enquiries took place in 1983 and 1987, construction started in 1989 and the first section—between London Road at [[Patcham]] and the road to [[Devil's Dyke, Sussex|Devil's Dyke]]—opened in summer 1991.<ref name="NEB48">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=48.}}</ref> By 1985 there were about 5,000 parking spaces in central Brighton. The largest car parks are at London Road, King Street, and the Churchill Square/Regency Road/Russell Road complex.<ref name="BBRH10">{{Harvnb|Brighton Borough Council|1985|p=10.}}</ref> In 1969, a 520-space [[multi-storey car park]] was built beneath the central gardens of [[Regency Square, Brighton|Regency Square]].<ref name="BBRH10"/><ref name="NEB273">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=273.}}</ref>
[[File:Brighton Station - geograph.org.uk - 435851.jpg|thumb|250px|Brighton Station Concourse]]
Frequent trains operate from [[Brighton railway station]]. Many Brighton residents commute to work in London<ref name="Argus-10785898">{{cite news |title=Commuting effect means Brighton and Hove population drops by 2.5% every working day |url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/10785898.Commuting_effect_means_Brighton_and_Hove_population_drops_by_2_5__every_working_day/ |last=Vowles |first=Neil |work=[[The Argus (Brighton)|The Argus]] |date=6 November 2013 |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M5MSYRgm?url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/10785898.Commuting_effect_means_Brighton_and_Hove_population_drops_by_2_5__every_working_day/ |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> and destinations include [[London Victoria station|London Victoria]], [[London Bridge station|London Bridge]] and [[St Pancras railway station|St Pancras International]]. Most trains serve [[Gatwick Airport]], and those operated by [[Thameslink and Great Northern|Thameslink]] continue to [[St Albans City railway station|St Albans]], [[Luton railway station|Luton]], [[Luton Airport Parkway railway station|Luton Airport Parkway]] and [[Bedford railway station|Bedford]]. The fastest service from London Victoria takes 51 minutes.<ref name="Indy-02042005">{{cite news|url=http://travel.independent.co.uk/uk/article8880.ece|title=Bedside the seaside|last=Dolan|first=Siobhan|work=[[The Independent]]|location=London|date=2 April 2005|accessdate=23 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611200630/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/bedside-the-seaside-530734.html|archivedate=11 June 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref> The [[West Coastway Line]] serves stations to [[Hove]], [[Worthing]], [[Portsmouth]] and [[Southampton]]; and the [[East Coastway Line]] runs via [[Lewes]] to [[Newhaven, East Sussex|Newhaven]], [[Eastbourne]], [[Hastings]] and [[Ashford, Kent]], crossing the landmark [[London Road viaduct]] en route and providing "a dramatic high-level view" of Brighton.<ref name="Indy-02042005"/> A wider range of long-distance destinations was served until 2007–08 when rationalisation caused the ending of [[InterCity (British Rail)|InterCity]] services via [[Kensington (Olympia) station|Kensington (Olympia)]] and [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] to [[Birmingham]], Manchester and [[Edinburgh]].<ref name="Indy-02042005"/> Twice-daily long-distance services to [[Bristol]] and [[Great Malvern]] are operated by [[Great Western Railway]] via the West Coastway Line.
Until [[Bus deregulation in Great Britain|deregulation]] in 1986, bus services in Brighton were provided by [[Southdown Motor Services]] and Brighton Borough Transport under a joint arrangement called "Brighton Area Transport Services". Southdown were part of the nationalised [[National Bus Company (UK)|NBC]] group and were based at Freshfield Road in the [[Kemptown, Brighton|Kemptown]] area; Brighton Borough Transport were owned by the council and used the former tram depot at Lewes Road as their headquarters. Joint tickets were available and revenue was shared.<ref name="BBRH48+50">{{Harvnb|Brighton Borough Council|1985|pp=48, 50.}}</ref> The [[Brighton & Hove (bus company)|Brighton & Hove Bus Company]], owned by the [[Go-Ahead Group]] since 1993, now runs most bus services in Brighton. Its fleet has about 280 buses.<ref name="B&H-About">{{cite web |url=http://www.buses.co.uk/information/aboutus.aspx |title=All About Us |year=2013 |publisher=[[Brighton & Hove (bus company)|Brighton & Hove Bus Company]] |accessdate=22 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M4E6shZp?url=http://www.buses.co.uk/information/aboutus.aspx |archivedate=22 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Compass Travel]], [[The Big Lemon]], [[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]], [[Stagecoach South]] and [[The Sussex Bus]] also operate some services to central Brighton.<!-- Refs for each of these! --> The city had 1,184 bus stops in 2012, 456 of which had a shelter.<ref name="Argus-13082012">{{cite news |last=Ridgway |first=Tim |title=Could Brighton and Hove buses get their own 'tube map'? |url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/9870305.Could_Brighton_and_Hove_buses_get_their_own__tube_map__/ |work=[[The Argus (Brighton)|The Argus]] |date=13 August 2012 |accessdate=5 March 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Etj7e1Ng?url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/9870305.Could_Brighton_and_Hove_buses_get_their_own__tube_map__/ |archivedate=5 March 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Real-time data|Real-time travel information]] displays are provided at many stops.<ref name="B&H-About"/>
[[File:Brighton & Hove 412 BJ11 XHN.JPG|thumb|250px|A Brighton & Hove bus service to East Moulsecoomb]]
The only [[park and ride]] facility in Brighton is based at the [[Withdean Stadium]]. It does not offer a dedicated shuttle bus service: intending passengers must join the Brighton & Hove Bus Company's route 27 service to [[Saltdean]]—which travels via Brighton railway station, the [[Clock Tower, Brighton|Clock Tower]] and [[Old Steine]]—and pay standard fares.<ref name="BHCC-P&R">{{cite web |url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/parking-and-travel/travel-transport-and-road-safety/park-ride-1 |title=Park & Ride |year=2013 |publisher=Brighton & Hove City Council |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M5Q4IpeJ?url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/parking-and-travel/travel-transport-and-road-safety/park-ride-1 |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The 20-year City Plan released in January 2013 ruled out an official park-and-ride facility, stating it would be an "inefficient use of public money, particularly in an era of declining car use". Councillors and residents in [[Woodingdean]] and [[Rottingdean]] have claimed that streets and car parks in those areas have become unofficial park-and-ride sites: drivers park for free and take buses into the city centre.<ref name="Argus-10593091">{{cite news |url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/10593091.Woodingdean_being_turned_into_unofficial__park_and_ride__claim_residents/ |title=Woodingdean being turned into unofficial 'park and ride' claim residents |last=Ridgway |first=Tim |date=6 August 2013 |work=[[The Argus (Brighton)|The Argus]] |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M5Q7Xn1Y?url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/10593091.Woodingdean_being_turned_into_unofficial__park_and_ride__claim_residents/ |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
[[Brighton City Airport|Brighton Airport]] is {{convert|9|mi|km}} west of Brighton near the town of [[Shoreham-by-Sea]].<ref name="BBRH49"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shorehamairport.co.uk/history|title=Airport History|publisher=[[Shoreham Airport|Shoreham (Brighton City) Airport]]/Albemarle Investment Syndicates|year=2012|accessdate=13 February 2012}}
:{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/southern_counties/6297735.stm|title=Airport plans focus on terminal|date=25 January 2007|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=13 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="Argus-05032013">{{cite news |last=Middleton |first=Kimberly |title=Cross channel flights take off from Brighton tomorrow |url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/10266876.Cross_channel_flights_take_off_from_Brighton_tomorrow/ |work=[[The Argus (Brighton)|The Argus]] |date=5 March 2013 |accessdate=5 March 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Etj7ZNL4?url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/10266876.Cross_channel_flights_take_off_from_Brighton_tomorrow/ |archivedate=5 March 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
[[Gatwick Airport]] is {{convert|22|mi|km|sigfig=2}} north on the A23; and regular coach and rail services operate from Brighton to the Airport.<ref name="BBRH49"/>
==See also==
{{Portal|Brighton}}
*[[The Argus (Brighton)|''The Argus'' (Brighton)]] – newspaper
*[[Brighton in fiction]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Antram|first1=Nicholas|last2=Morrice|first2=Richard|title=Brighton and Hove|series=[[Pevsner Architectural Guides]]|publisher=Yale University Press|location=London|year=2008|isbn=978-0-300-12661-7|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Brighton Borough Council|title=Borough of Brighton Residents' Handbook|edition=2nd|year=1985|publisher=Home Publishing Co. Ltd|location=Wallington|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Carder|first=Timothy|title=The Encyclopaedia of Brighton|year=1990|publisher=East Sussex County Libraries|location=Lewes|isbn=0-861-47315-9|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Collis|first=Rose|others=(based on the original by Tim Carder)|title=The New Encyclopaedia of Brighton|edition=1st|year=2010|publisher=Brighton & Hove Libraries|location=Brighton|isbn=978-0-9564664-0-2|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Dale|first=Antony|title=The History and Architecture of Brighton|publisher=Bredin & Heginbothom Ltd|location=Brighton|year=1950|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Dale|first=Antony|title=Brighton Town and Brighton People|year=1976|publisher=Phillimore & Co|location=Chichester|isbn=0-85033-219-2|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Dale|first=Antony|title=About Brighton: A Guide to the Buildings and Byways of Brighton and Hove|publisher=The Regency Society of Brighton and Hove|location=Brighton|year=1986|origyear=1951|edition=2nd Revised|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Gwynne|first=Peter|title=A History of Crawley|publisher=Phillimore & Co|location=Chichester|year=1990|edition=1st|isbn=0-85033-718-6|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|editor-last1=Leslie|editor-first1=Kim |editor-last2=Short |editor-first2=Brian |title=An Historical Atlas of Sussex|year=1999|publisher=Phillimore & Co|location=Chichester|isbn=1-86077-112-2|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Lower|first=Mark Antony|authorlink=Mark Antony Lower|year=1864|title=The Rivers of Sussex: Part II|journal=Sussex Archaeological Collections|publisher=George P. Bacon (for the [[Sussex Archaeological Society]])|location=Lewes|volume=16|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last1=Mawer|first1=A.|last2=Stenton|first2=F.M.|last3=Gover|first3=J.E.B.|title=The Place-Names of Sussex|volume=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=1930|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Musgrave|first=Clifford|title=Life in Brighton|year=1981|publisher=Rochester Press|location=Rochester|isbn=0-571-09285-3|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=L.J.|title=The Lanes of Brighton: a Brief Account of the Origins of the Ancient Town of Brighthelmstone|publisher=The Southern Publishing Co.|location=Brighton|year=1966|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Sampson|first=Mark|title=Brighton: History and Guide|publisher=Alan Sutton Publishing|location=Stroud|year=1994|isbn=0-7509-0476-3|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Seldon|first=Anthony|authorlink=Anthony Seldon|title=Brave New City: Brighton & Hove Past, Present, Future|year=2002|publisher=Pomegranate Press|location=Lewes|isbn=0-9542587-1-1|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=[[Sine nomine|s.n.]]|title=A selection of notes on the History of Hove and Brighton including a History of Hove street names and early maps of Hove|year=1998|publisher=Brighton & Hove Libraries|location=Brighton|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links | wikt=Brighton | commons=Category:Brighton, East Sussex | b=<!--London/Further Afield#Brighton-->no | n=Special:Search/Brighton | q=no | s=Special:Search/Brighton | v=no | voy=Brighton (England) | species=no | d=Q131491 }}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Brighton (England)}}
*{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/East_Sussex/Brighton_and_Hove}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/|title=Brighton & Hove City Council|accessdate=20 August 2007}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=brighton&ie=UTF8&ll=50.820469,-0.135183&spn=0.018463,0.039911&t=k&z=15&om=1|title=Brighton from Space – Satellite image of Brighton courtesy of Google Maps|accessdate=20 August 2007}}
{{Brighton and Hove}}
{{East Sussex1}}
{{Eurovision Song Contest}}
{{Former non-metropolitan districts of England}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Brighton| ]]
[[Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (UK English)]]
[[Category:Brighton and Hove]]
[[Category:Former non-metropolitan districts of East Sussex]]
[[Category:Market towns in East Sussex]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in East Sussex]]
[[Category:Seaside resorts in England]]
[[Category:Towns in East Sussex]]
[[Category:Beaches of East Sussex]]
[[Category:Nude beaches]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{About|the city of Brighton in England|the neighborhood in southern Brooklyn|Brighton Beach|the unitary authority which encompasses Brighton|Brighton and Hove|other uses|Brighton (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Brighton
|settlement_type =
|image_skyline = Brighton Pier at dusk.jpg
|imagesize = 280px
|image_caption = Brighton Palace Pier at dusk
|image_map = <center>{{Image label begin|image=SVG locator map of England in the United Kingdom (location map scheme).svg|width=180}}{{Image label small|x=0.61|y=1.58|scale=180|text=Brighton [[File:Red pog.svg|link=|6px]]}}{{Image label end}}</center>
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|50.842941|-0.131312|region:GB|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign state]]
|subdivision_name = United Kingdom
|subdivision_type1 = {{nowrap|[[Countries of the United Kingdom|Constituent country]]}}
|subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of England|Region]]
|subdivision_type3 = {{nowrap|[[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial county]]}}
|subdivision_type4 = [[Historic counties of England|Historic county]]
|subdivision_type5 = Unitary authority
|subdivision_type6 = Admin HQ
|subdivision_name1 = England
|subdivision_name2 = [[South East England]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[East Sussex]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Sussex]]
|subdivision_name5 = [[Brighton and Hove]]
|subdivision_name6 = Hove Town Hall
| established_title = Town charter
| established_date = 1313
| established_title2 = Incorporated
| established_date2 = 1854
| established_title3 = Unitary authority
| established_date3 = 1997
|government_type = [[Unitary authority]]
|leader_title = Governing body
|leader_name = [[Brighton and Hove City Council]]
|area_total_km2 = {{formatnum:{{English district area|GSS=E06000043}}|R}}
|population_total = {{English district population|GSS=E06000043}} ([[List of English districts by population|Ranked {{English district rank|GSS=E06000043}}]])
|population_as_of = {{English statistics year}}
|population_density_km2 = {{English district density|GSS=E06000043}}
|population_blank1_title = Ethnicity
|population_blank1 =
|population_demonym=Brightonian
|timezone1 = GMT
|utc_offset1 = 0
|postal_code_type = [[List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom|Postcode area]]
|postal_code = [[BN postcode area|BN]]
|area_code = 01273
|website = [http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/ brighton-hove.gov.uk]
| established_title4 = City status
| established_date4 = 2000
|leader_title2 = Leader
|leader_name2 = Warren Morgan ([[Labour Party (UK)|Lab]])
|leader_title3 = Mayor
|leader_name3 = Mo Marsh ([[Labour Party (UK)|Lab]])
|leader_title4 = [[MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 2015|MPs]]
|leader_name4 = [[Lloyd Russell-Moyle]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|Lab]], [[Brighton Kemptown (UK Parliament constituency)|Brighton Kemptown]])<br>[[Caroline Lucas]] ([[Green Party of England and Wales|Green]], [[Brighton Pavilion (UK Parliament constituency)|Brighton Pavilion]])
|timezone_DST = BST
|utc_offset_DST = +1
|blank_name = [[ISO 3166-2:GB|ISO 3166-2]]
|blank_info = GB-BNH
|blank1_name = [[ONS coding system|ONS code]]
|blank1_info = 00ML (ONS)<br/> E06000043 (GSS)
|blank2_name = [[British national grid reference system|OS grid reference]]
|blank2_info = {{gbmappingsmall|TQ315065}}
|blank3_name = [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS]] 3
|blank3_info = UKJ21
}}
'''Brighton''' {{IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-Brighton.ogg|ˈ|b|r|aɪ|t|ən}} is a [[seaside resort]] on the south coast of England which is part of the city of [[Brighton and Hove]], [[East Sussex]].<ref>OS Explorer map 122: Brighton and Hove. Scale: 1:25 000. Publisher:Ordnance Survey – Southampton B2 edition. Publishing Date:2009. {{ISBN|978-0319240816}}</ref>
Archaeological evidence of settlement in the area dates back to the [[Bronze Age Britain|Bronze Age]], [[Roman conquest of Britain|Roman]] and [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] periods. The ancient settlement of "Brighthelmstone" was documented in the ''[[Domesday Book]]'' (1086). The town's importance grew in the [[Middle Ages]] as the Old Town developed, but it languished in the [[early modern period]], affected by foreign attacks, storms, a suffering economy and a declining population. Brighton began to attract more visitors following improved road transport to London and becoming a boarding point for boats travelling to France. The town also developed in popularity as a health resort for [[sea bathing]] as a purported cure for illnesses.
In the [[Georgian era]], Brighton developed as a fashionable seaside resort, encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent, later [[George IV of the United Kingdom|King George IV]], who spent much time in the town and constructed the [[Royal Pavilion]] in the [[Regency era]]. Brighton continued to grow as a major centre of tourism following the arrival of the railways in 1841, becoming a popular destination for day-trippers from London. Many of the major attractions were built in the [[Victorian era]], including the [[Grand Brighton Hotel|Grand Hotel]], the [[West Pier]], and the [[Brighton Pier|Brighton Palace Pier]]. The town continued to grow into the 20th century, expanding to incorporate more areas into the town's boundaries before joining the town of [[Hove]] to form the [[unitary authority]] of Brighton and Hove in 1997, which was granted [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/press-release/city-deal-beginning-a-great-city-region|title=City Deal; The beginning of a great city region|publisher=Brighton and Hove City Council|accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref>
Brighton's location has made it a popular destination for tourists, renowned for its diverse communities, quirky shopping areas, large cultural, music and arts scene<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-2262893/Englands-best-cultural-cities-From-Newcastle-Portsmouth-iconic-metropolises-offer-visitors-host-treats.html|title=England's best cultural cities: From Newcastle to Portsmouth, these iconic metropolises offer visitors a host of treats|work=Daily Mail|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> and its large LGBT population, leading to its recognition as the "unofficial gay capital of the UK".<ref name="metro.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2014/03/25/sorry-bristol-brighton-is-probably-the-best-city-in-the-uk-4677619/|title=Sorry Bristol, Brighton is probably the best city in the UK – Metro News|work=Metro|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> Brighton attracted 7.5 million day visitors in 2015/16 and 4.9 million overnight visitors,<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-37619384 "Drop in Day Visitors to Brighton and Hove"] (Research commissioned by the city council showed a 9% fall in 2015 from 10m the year before, and a 6.4% drop in related expenditure to £318m.)
:{{cite web|url=https://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/press-release/visitbrighton-celebrates-citys-tourism-successes|title=VisitBrighton celebrates city's tourism successes|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> and is the most popular seaside destination in the UK for overseas tourists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-2626129/Brighton-popular-UK-seaside-destination-overseas-tourists.html|title=Brighton is most popular UK seaside destination for overseas tourists|work=Daily Mail|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> Brighton has also been called the UK's "[[Hip (slang)|hippest]] city",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/may/19/brighton-britains-coolest-city|title=Is Brighton Britain's hippest city?|author=Alexis Petridis|work=The Guardian|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> and "the happiest place to live in the UK".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/606579/brighton-the-happiest-place-in-the-uk|title=Brighton: 'The Happiest Place In The UK'|publisher=Sky News|accessdate=10 August 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711065112/http://news.sky.com/story/606579/brighton-the-happiest-place-in-the-uk|archivedate=11 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
JACKSEPTICEYE
==History==
{{Main article|History of Brighton}}
[[File:Brighton, the front and the chain pier seen in the distance.jpg|thumb|right|''Brighton, The Front and the Chain Pier Seen in the Distance'', Frederick William Woledge, 1840.]]
The first settlement in the Brighton area was [[Whitehawk Camp]], a [[Neolithic]] encampment on [[Whitehawk Hill]] which has been dated to between 3500 BC and 2700 BC.<ref name="EncB17">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 17.}}</ref> It is one of six [[causewayed enclosure]]s in Sussex. Archaeologists have only partially explored it, but have found numerous [[Tumulus|burial mounds]], tools and bones, suggesting it was a place of some importance.<ref name="BHCC-WhitehawkCamp">{{cite web |title=Whitehawk Camp |url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/whitehawk-camp |publisher=Brighton and Hove City Council |accessdate=7 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6TBEpezEJ?url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/whitehawk-camp |archivedate=8 October 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> There was also a [[Bronze Age]] settlement at [[Coldean]]. [[Britons (Celtic people)|Brythonic]] [[Celts]] arrived in Britain in the 7th century BC,<ref name="EncB17"/> and an important Brythonic settlement existed at Hollingbury Camp on Hollingbury Hill. This Celtic [[Iron Age]] encampment dates from the 3rd or 2nd century BC and is circumscribed by substantial earthwork outer walls with a diameter of {{circa}} {{convert|1000|ft|m}}. [[Cissbury Ring]], roughly {{convert|10|mi|km}} from Hollingbury, is suggested to have been the tribal "capital".<ref>{{cite web|title=Information derived from National Trust|url=http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-localtoyou/w-south_east/w-south_east-countryside/w-south_east-places-west_sussex/w-south_east-places-west_sussex-cissbury.htm|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026021250/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-localtoyou/w-south_east/w-south_east-countryside/w-south_east-places-west_sussex/w-south_east-places-west_sussex-cissbury.htm|archivedate=26 October 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Later, there was a [[Roman villa]] at [[Preston Village, Brighton|Preston Village]], a [[London to Brighton Way|Roman road]] from London ran nearby, and much physical evidence of Roman occupation has been discovered locally.<ref name="EncB17"/> From the 1st century AD, the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] built a number of villas in Brighton and [[Romano-British culture|Romano-British]] Brythonic Celts formed farming settlements in the area.<ref>''Current Archaeology'', 13 March 2014, {{cite web |url=http://www.archaeology.co.uk/digging/fieldwork/rocky-clump-2.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-04-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115063755/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/digging/fieldwork/rocky-clump-2.htm |archivedate=15 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}. Retrieved 27 April 2014.</ref> After the Romans left in the early 4th century AD, the Brighton area returned to the control of the native Celts. [[Anglo-Saxons]] then invaded in the late 5th century AD, and the region became part of the [[Kingdom of Sussex]], founded in 477 AD by [[Ælle of Sussex|king Ælle]].<ref name="ASC">''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' (Parker MS) ([http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/657 E-text)]</ref>
[[Anthony Seldon]] identified five phases of development in pre-20th century Brighton.<ref name="Seldon-Ch2">{{Harvnb|Seldon|2002|loc=Ch. 2.}}</ref> The village of ''Bristelmestune'' was founded by these Anglo-Saxon invaders, probably in the early Saxon period. They were attracted by the easy access for boats, sheltered areas of raised land for building, and better conditions compared to the damp, cold and misty [[Weald]] to the north.<ref name="Musgrave21">{{Harvnb|Musgrave|1981|p=21.}}</ref> By the time of the [[Domesday Book|Domesday survey]] in 1086 it was a fishing and agricultural settlement, a rent of 4,000 [[herring]] was established, and its population was about 400.<ref name="VCH56961"/><ref name="EncB17"/> Its importance grew from the [[Norman conquest of England|Norman era]] onwards. By the 14th century there was a [[parish church]], a market and rudimentary law enforcement (the first town constable was elected in 1285).<ref name="Seldon32">{{Harvnb|Seldon|2002|p=32.}}</ref> Sacked and burnt by French invaders in the early 16th century—the earliest depiction of Brighton, a painting of {{circa}} 1520, shows Admiral [[Prégent de Bidoux|Pregent de Bidoux's]] attack of June 1514—the town recovered strongly based on a thriving [[mackerel]]-fishing industry.<ref name="Seldon33"/> The grid of streets in the Old Town (the present [[The Lanes|Lanes]] area) were well developed and the town grew quickly: the population rose from {{circa}} 1,500 in 1600 to {{circa}} 4,000 in the 1640s.<ref name="EncB17"/> By that time Brighton was Sussex's most populous and important town.<ref name="Seldon33">{{Harvnb|Seldon|2002|p=33.}}</ref> Having lost the [[Battle of Worcester]], King Charles II, after hiding for 42 days in various places, fled on the evening of 15 October 1651 in the "Surprise" from Brighthelmstone to his exile in Fécamp, France.
Over the next few decades, though, events severely affected its local and national standing, such that by 1730 "it was a forlorn town decidedly down on its luck". More foreign attacks, storms (especially the devastating [[Great Storm of 1703]]), a declining fishing industry, and the emergence of nearby [[Shoreham-by-Sea|Shoreham]] as a significant port caused its economy to suffer.<ref name="Seldon33"/> By 1708 other parishes in Sussex were charged rates to alleviate poverty in Brighton, and [[Daniel Defoe]] wrote that the expected £8,000 cost of providing sea defences was "more than the whole town was worth". The population declined to 2,000 in the early 18th century.<ref name="EncB17"/>
From the 1730s, Brighton entered its second phase of development—one which brought a rapid improvement in its fortunes. The contemporary fad for [[Water cure (therapy)|drinking and bathing in seawater]] as a purported cure for illnesses was enthusiastically encouraged by [[Richard Russell (doctor)|Dr Richard Russell]] from nearby [[Lewes]]. He sent many patients to "take the cure" in the sea at Brighton, published a popular treatise{{refn|''De Tabe Glandulari, sive, De usu aquæ marinæ in morbis glandularum dissertatio'' (1750); translated into English in 1753 as ''Glandular Diseases, or a Dissertation on the Use of Sea Water in the Affections of the Glands''.<ref name="ODNB">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/56302?docPos=4|title=Oxford DNB article: Russell, Richard|last=Farrant|first=John H.|date=September 2011|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/56302|work=[[Dictionary of National Biography|Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=13 February 2012}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>|group=note}} on the subject, and moved to the town soon afterwards (the [[Royal Albion Hotel|Royal Albion]], one of Brighton's early hotels, occupies the site of his house).<ref name="Seldon34">{{Harvnb|Seldon|2002|p=34.}}</ref> Others were already visiting the town for recreational purposes before Russell became famous, and his actions coincided with other developments which made Brighton more attractive to visitors. From the 1760s it was a boarding point for boats travelling to France; road transport to London was improved<ref name="Seldon34–35">{{Harvnb|Seldon|2002|pp=34–35.}}</ref> when the main road via [[Crawley]] was [[Toll road|turnpiked]] in 1770;<ref name="Gwynne98">{{Harvnb|Gwynne|1990|p=98.}}</ref> and spas and indoor baths were opened by other entrepreneurial physicians such as [[Sake Dean Mahomed]] and [[Anthony Relhan]] (who also wrote the town's first guidebook).<ref name="Seldon34–35"/>
[[File:Brighton aquarium photochrom.jpg|thumb|left|[[Photochrom]] of Brighton aquarium, 1890–1900]]
From 1780, development of the [[Georgian architecture|Georgian terraces]] had started, and the fishing village developed as the fashionable [[resort]] of Brighton. Growth of the town was further encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent (later [[George IV of the United Kingdom|King George IV]]) after his first visit in 1783.<ref name="EncB71">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 71.}}</ref> He spent much of his leisure time in the town and constructed the [[Royal Pavilion]] during the early part of his [[Regency era|Regency]]. In this period the modern form of the name Brighton came into common use.<ref name="PlaceNames">{{Harvnb|Mawer|Stenton|Gover|1930|p=291.}}</ref>
A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of [[Preston Barracks]] in 1793.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mybrightonandhove.org.uk/page_id__6198.aspx |title=Preston Barracks, Lewes Road|publisher=My Brighton & Hove|accessdate=22 September 2016}}</ref>
The arrival of the [[London and Brighton Railway]] in 1841 brought Brighton within the reach of day-trippers from London. The population grew from around 7,000 in 1801 to more than 120,000 by 1901.<ref name="EncB127">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 127.}}</ref> Many of the major attractions were built during the [[Victorian era]], such as the [[Grand Brighton Hotel|Grand Hotel]] (1864), the [[West Pier]] (1866), and the [[Brighton Pier|Palace Pier]] (1899). Prior to either of these structures, the famous Chain Pier was built, to the designs of Captain Samuel Brown. It lasted from 1823 to 1896, and is featured in paintings by both [[J. M. W. Turner|Turner]] and [[John Constable|Constable]].<ref name="EncB34">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 34.}}</ref>
Because of boundary changes, the land area of Brighton expanded from <span style="white-space:nowrap">1,640 acres (7 km<sup>2</sup>)</span> in 1854 to <span style="white-space:nowrap">14,347 acres (58 km<sup>2</sup>)</span> in 1952.<ref>{{harvnb|Carder|1990|p=13}}</ref> New housing estates were established in the acquired areas, including [[Moulsecoomb]], [[Bevendean]], [[Coldean]] and [[Whitehawk]]. The major expansion of 1928 also incorporated the villages of [[Patcham]], [[Ovingdean]] and [[Rottingdean]], and much council housing was built in parts of [[Woodingdean]] after the Second World War. In 1997, Brighton and Hove were joined to form the [[unitary authority]] of [[Brighton and Hove]], which was granted [[city status in the United Kingdom|city status]] by Queen [[Elizabeth II]] as part of the [[millennium]] celebrations in 2000.
==Homelessness in Brighton==
In 2016, Government figures analysed by the charity [[Shelter (charity)|Shelter]] revealed that Brighton and Hove had the worst rate for homelessness outside London and is worse than some boroughs in the capital. Based on the Freedom of Information data there are 4,095 people sleeping rough or in emergency or temporary accommodation in the city, suggesting that one in 69 people in Brighton and Hove was homeless.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/14939514.One_in_69_people_in_Brighton_and_Hove_is_homeless|work=The Argus|title=One in 69 people in Brighton and Hove is homeless|date=1 December 2016}}</ref> In a charity report issued in November 2016, three areas in Brighton & Hove, East Brighton, Queen’s Park, and Moulsecoomb & Bevendean ranked in the top ten per cent nationally for deprivation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hastingsobserver.co.uk/news/politics/levels-of-deprivation-across-sussex-revealed-by-charity-report-1-7672973|work=[[Hastings & St. Leonards Observer]]|title=Levels of deprivation across Sussex revealed by charity report|date=10 November 2016}}</ref>
Although deprivation in Brighton is distributed across the whole of the city it is more concentrated in some areas than others. The highest concentration of deprivation is in the Whitehawk, Moulsecoomb, and Hollingbury areas of the city but is also found around the St. James’s Street and Eastern Road areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhconnected.org.uk/sites/bhconnected/files/BHC%20(16)%2002%20Briefing%20pack.pdf|title=Conference Survey Statistics|publisher=Brighton and Hove Connected|format=PDF|date=26 April 2016|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> A 2015 government statistic showed that the area around Brighton’s Palace Pier roundabout and to the east towards St James’s Street in Kemptown is the seventh worst ‘living environment’ in England.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/13805645.display|work=The Argus|title=New study shows Brighton and Hove has some of the most deprived areas in the country|date=6 October 2015}}</ref> On 19 January 2017, Brighton council announced they were looking at certain initiatives to try and alleviate some of the increasing homelessness seen on Brighton's streets and were hoping to open the first in-house temporary housing for homeless people in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonandhovenews.org/2017/01/19/council-to-open-first-in-house-temporary-housing-for-homeless-people|work=Brighton and Hove News|title=Council to open first in-house temporary housing for homeless people|date=19 January 2017|accessdate=27 August 2017}}</ref>
==Geography and topography==
[[File:Undercliff Walk, Rottingdean - geograph.org.uk - 298484.jpg|thumb|right|To the east of Brighton, chalk cliffs protected by a sea-wall rise from the beach.]]
[[File:A23 closed by floods, November 2000 - geograph.org.uk - 1656937.jpg|thumb|right|The underground Wellesbourne can rise to the surface during heavy rain, as in November 2000 when it flooded the London Road in Preston village.]]
Brighton lies between the [[South Downs]] and the [[English Channel]] to the north and south, respectively. The Sussex coast forms a wide, shallow bay between the [[headland]]s of [[Selsey Bill]] and [[Beachy Head]]; Brighton developed near the centre of this bay around a [[Winterbourne (stream)|seasonal river]], the Wellesbourne (or Whalesbone), which flowed from the South Downs above [[Patcham]].<ref name="VCH56961"/><ref name="EncB15">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 15.}}</ref> This emptied into the English Channel at the beach near the East Cliff, forming "the natural drainage point for Brighton".<ref name="NEB246">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=246.}}</ref>
Behind the estuary was a stagnant pond called the Pool or Poole, so named since the medieval era.{{refn|The name was documented as ''Poole'' in 1296 and 1497.<ref name="NEB246"/>|group=note}} This was built over with houses and shops from 1793, when the Wellesbourne was [[culvert]]ed to prevent flooding,<ref name="NEB246"/><ref name="BTBP95">{{Harvnb|Dale|1976|p=95.}}</ref> and only the name of the road (Pool Valley, originally Pool Lane)<ref name="BTBP8">{{Harvnb|Dale|1976|p=8.}}</ref> marks its site. [[9 Pool Valley, Brighton|One original house]] survives from the time of the pool's enclosure.<ref name="VCH56961"/> Behind Pool Valley is [[Old Steine]] (historically ''The Steyne''), originally a flat and marshy area where fishermen dried their nets. The Wellesbourne occasionally reappears during times of prolonged heavy rain; author [[Mark Antony Lower]] referred to an early 19th-century drawing of the [[Royal Pavilion]] showing "quite a pool of water across the Steyne".<ref name="Lower248">{{Harvnb|Lower|1864|p=248.}}</ref>
Despite 16th-century writer [[Andrew Boorde]]'s claim that "Bryght-Hempston [is] among the noble ports and havens of the realm",<ref name="Lower247">{{Harvnb|Lower|1864|p=247.}}</ref> Brighton never developed as a significant port: rather, it was considered as part of [[Shoreham-by-Sea|Shoreham]]. Nevertheless, the descriptions "Port of Brighthelmston" or "Port of Brighton" were sometimes used between the 14th and 19th centuries, as for example in 1766 when its notional limits were defined for customs purposes.<ref name="EncB128">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 128.}}</ref>
The East Cliff runs for several miles from Pool Valley towards [[Rottingdean]] and [[Saltdean]], reaching {{convert|80|ft|m|order=flip}} above sea level. The soil beneath it, a mixture of [[alluvium]] and clay with some flint and chalk [[rubble]], has experienced erosion for many years.<ref name="EncB56">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 56.}}</ref> The cliff itself, like the rest of Brighton's soil, is chalk.<ref name="VCH56961"/> Below this are thin layers of [[Greensand#Upper Greensand|Upper]] and [[Greensand (geology)|Lower Greensand]] separated by a thicker band of [[Gault|Gault clay]].<ref name="HistAtlas3">{{Harvnb|Leslie|Short|1999|p=3.}}</ref> The land slopes upwards gradually from south to north towards the top of the Downs.
Main transport links developed along the floor of the Wellesbourne valley, from which the land climbs steeply—particularly on the east side. The earliest settlement was by the beach at the bottom of the valley,<ref name="EncB15"/> which was partly protected from erosion by an underwater [[Shoal|shale-bar]]. Changes in sea level affected the foreshore several times: {{convert|40|acre|ha}} disappeared in the first half of the 14th century,<ref name="EncB43">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 43.}}</ref> and the [[Great Storm of 1703]] caused widespread destruction. The first sea defences were erected in 1723,<ref name="EncB43"/> and a century later a long sea-wall was built.<ref name="EncB56"/>
===Climate===
{{See also|Climate of the United Kingdom}}
Brighton has a [[Temperateness|temperate]] climate: its [[Köppen climate classification#GROUP C: Temperate/mesothermal climates|Köppen climate classification]] is ''Cfb''. It is characterised by mild, calm weather with high levels of sunshine, [[sea breeze]]s and a "healthy, bracing air" attributed to the low level of tree cover.<ref name="EncB40">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 40.}}</ref> Average rainfall levels increase as the land rises: the 1958–1990 mean was {{convert|740|mm|in}} on the seafront and about {{convert|1000|mm|in}} at the top of the South Downs above Brighton.<ref name="EncB40"/> Storms caused serious damage in [[Great Storm of 1703|1703]], 1806, 1824, 1836, 1848, 1850, 1896, 1910 and [[Great Storm of 1987|1987]]. Snow is rare, but particularly severe falls were recorded in 1881 and 1967.<ref name="EncB40"/>
{{Weather box
|location = Brighton
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high F = 46
|Feb high F = 46
|Mar high F = 49
|Apr high F = 53
|May high F = 60
|Jun high F = 64
|Jul high F = 68
|Aug high F = 69
|Sep high F = 65
|Oct high F = 59
|Nov high F = 52
|Dec high F = 48
|year high F = 57
|Jan low F = 38
|Feb low F = 38
|Mar low F = 40
|Apr low F = 43
|May low F = 48
|Jun low F = 53
|Jul low F = 58
|Aug low F = 58
|Sep low F = 54
|Oct low F = 49
|Nov low F = 43
|Dec low F = 40
|year low F = 47
|Jan precipitation mm = 88
|Feb precipitation mm = 60
|Mar precipitation mm = 51
|Apr precipitation mm = 58
|May precipitation mm = 56
|Jun precipitation mm = 50
|Jul precipitation mm = 54
|Aug precipitation mm = 62
|Sep precipitation mm = 67
|Oct precipitation mm = 105
|Nov precipitation mm = 103
|Dec precipitation mm = 97
|year precipitation mm = 851
|source 1 = Met Office{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
|date=June 2011
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Average sea temperature<ref>[http://www.seatemperature.org/europe/united-kingdom/brighton-january.htm Brighton average sea temperature] – seatemperature.org</ref>
|-
!'''Jan'''
!'''Feb'''
!'''Mar'''
!'''Apr'''
!'''May'''
!'''Jun'''
!'''Jul'''
!'''Aug'''
!'''Sep'''
!'''Oct'''
!'''Nov'''
!'''Dec'''
!'''Year'''
|-
| style="background:#9ff; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|9.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#9ff; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|8.7|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#9ff; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|8.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#9ff; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|9.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#9fc; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|11.4|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#cf9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|13.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#ff9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|15.4|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#ff9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|16.9|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#ff6; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|17.3|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#ff9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|16.3|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#cf9; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|14.7|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#9fc; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|12.0|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="background:#9fc; color:black;"|<small>{{convert|12.8|°C|°F|abbr=on}}</small>
|}
===Boundaries and areas===
{| class="wikitable" align=right
|-
! Date from
! Parish area<ref name="NEB34–35">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|pp=34–35.}}</ref>
|-
|{{circa}} 11th century
|{{convert|1640|acre|ha}}
|-
|31 October 1873
|{{convert|2445|acre|ha}}
|-
|1 October 1923
|{{convert|2539|acre|ha}}
|-
|1 April 1928
|{{convert|12503|acre|ha}}
|-
|1 April 1952
|{{convert|14347|acre|ha}}
|-
|31 March 1972
|{{convert|15041|acre|ha}}
|-
|1 April 1993
|{{convert|15140|acre|ha}}
|-
|1 April 1997{{refn|Area of the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove.<ref name="NEB35"/>|group=note}}
|{{convert|21632|acre|ha}}
|}
At the time of the [[Domesday Book|Domesday survey]] in 1086, Brighton was in the [[Rape (county subdivision)|Rape]] of [[Rape of Lewes|Lewes]] and the [[Hundred (county division)#England and Wales|Hundred]] of Welesmere. The new Hundred of Whalesbone, which covered the parishes of Brighton, [[West Blatchington]], [[Preston Village, Brighton|Preston]] and [[Hove]], was formed in 1296. Parishes moved in and out several times, and by 1801 only Brighton and [[West Blatchington]] were included in the Hundred.<ref name="VCH56959">{{cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/Sussex/vol7/p241|title=A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 7 – The Rape of Lewes. The hundred of Whalesbone|editor-last=Salzman|editor-first=L.F. |editor-link=Louis Francis Salzman|year=1940|work=[[Victoria County History]] of Sussex|publisher=British History Online|page=241|accessdate=27 September 2011}}</ref>
Brighton's ecclesiastical and civil parish boundaries were coterminous until 1873. Since then, the latter have changed several times as the urban area has expanded.<ref name="NEB34">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=34.}}</ref> In its original form, Brighton covered about {{convert|1640|acre|ha}} between the English Channel, Hove, Preston, [[Ovingdean]] and [[Rottingdean]]. The civil parish was first extended from 31 October 1873, when {{convert|905|acre|ha}} was annexed from Preston. Its ecclesiastical parish was not affected.
On 1 October 1923, {{convert|94|acre|ha}} were added to Brighton from Patcham parish: Brighton Corporation was developing the [[Moulsecoomb]] [[Council house|council estate]] there at the time. On 1 April 1928, Brighton became a [[county borough]] and grew by nearly five times by adding Ovingdean and Rottingdean parishes in their entirety and parts of [[Falmer]], Patcham and West Blatchington.<ref name="NEB34"/> From 1 April 1952, more of Falmer and part of the adjacent [[Stanmer]] parish were added; 20 years later, land and marine territory associated with the new [[Brighton Marina]] development also became part of Brighton. Except for a small addition of rural land in 1993 (from [[Pyecombe]] parish), Brighton Borough's boundaries remained the same until it was joined to Hove Borough in 1997 to form the [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary authority]] of Brighton and Hove.<ref name="NEB35">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=35.}}</ref>
The old boundary between Brighton and Hove is most clearly seen on the seafront, where the King Edward Peace Statue (1912) straddles the border, and in a [[Alley|twitten]] called Boundary Passage which runs northwards from Western Road to Montpelier Road.<ref name="AboutBtn57">{{Harvnb|Dale|1986|p=57.}}</ref> There is a [[Listed building|Grade II-listed]] parish boundary marker stone in this passageway.<ref name="NHLE-1380005">{{National Heritage List for England|desc=Boundary Stone Approximately 40 Metres North of Western Road, Boundary Passage, Brighton|num=1380005|grade=II|accessdate=19 August 2013}}</ref> Between Western Road and the seafront, the boundary runs up Little Western Street (pavement on eastern side, in Brighton), but it is not visible.<ref name="AboutBtn57"/> Northwards from Western Road, it runs to the west of Norfolk Road, Norfolk Terrace, Windlesham Road and Windlesham Gardens in the [[Montpelier, Brighton|Montpelier]] area, then along the south side of Davigdor Road to [[Seven Dials, Brighton|Seven Dials]]. From there it runs along the west side of Dyke Road as far as Withdean Road in [[Withdean]], at which point it crosses Dyke Road so that the section north of that is part of Hove parish. The boundary continues to follow Dyke Road towards [[Devil's Dyke, Sussex|Devil's Dyke]] on the South Downs.<ref name="B&HMap-1960">{{cite map|publisher=G.I. Barnett Publishers & Cartographers|title=Barnett's Official Street Plan: Brighton and Hove|year=1960|scale=1:15840|cartography=[[Ordnance Survey]]|section=G9,G8,H7,G7,G6,F6,F5,E4,D3,C3|location=Ilford}}</ref>
{{Panorama
|image = File:Views of Brighton - Panorama Westwards from Tenantry Down (December 2013) (1).jpg
|height = 300
|alt = Panorama of Brighton seen from Tenantry Down to the east
|caption = December 2013 panorama of Brighton seen from Tenantry Down (to the east).
}}
==Governance and politics==
{{For|the local council|Brighton and Hove}}
[[File:Brighton Town Hall (IoE Code 479446).jpg|thumb|right|[[Brighton Town Hall (Brighton and Hove)|Brighton Town Hall]] dates from 1830.]]
Brighton is covered by two constituencies in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]: [[Brighton Kemptown (UK Parliament constituency)|Brighton Kemptown]] and [[Brighton Pavilion (UK Parliament constituency)|Brighton Pavilion]]. Both are [[Marginal seat|marginal constituencies]] which were held by [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] from 1997 to 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/2015guide/brightonkemptown/ |title=Brighton, Kemptown |year=2004–2014 |work=UK Polling Report website |publisher=Anthony Wells |accessdate=7 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6TBEt4q9R?url=http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/2015guide/brightonkemptown/ |archivedate=8 October 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
:{{cite web |url=http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/2015guide/brightonpavilion/ |title=Brighton, Pavilion |year=2004–2014 |work=UK Polling Report website |publisher=Anthony Wells |accessdate=7 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6TBEvX7yk?url=http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/2015guide/brightonpavilion/ |archivedate=8 October 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> At the [[United Kingdom general election, 2017|2017 general election]], Brighton Kemptown elected the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] MP [[Lloyd Russell-Moyle]], while Brighton Pavilion re-elected [[Caroline Lucas]], the first [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] MP elected to Westminster. In European elections, Brighton is part of the [[European Parliament constituency]] of [[South East England (European Parliament constituency)|South-East England]].
As of {{CURRENTYEAR}}, there are 21 wards in the city of Brighton and Hove, of which 12 are in Brighton. Regency, St Peter's & North Laine, Preston Park, Withdean, Patcham, Hollingdean & Stanmer and Hanover & Elm Grove are part of the Brighton Pavilion constituency; Moulsecoomb & Bevendean, Queen's Park, East Brighton, Woodingdean and Rottingdean Coastal are covered by the Brighton Kemptown constituency.<ref name="BHCC-Wards">{{cite web |url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/sites/brighton-hove.gov.uk/files/Councillor%20Ward%20Map_aug2013.pdf |title=Ward Map |date=August 2013 |publisher=Brighton and Hove City Council |format=PDF |accessdate=6 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6MQJn8K5r?url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/sites/brighton-hove.gov.uk/files/Councillor%20Ward%20Map_aug2013.pdf |archivedate=6 January 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
The newly created Borough of Brighton consisted of six wards in 1854: St Nicholas, St Peter, Pier, Park, Pavilion and West. When the territory was extended to include part of [[Preston Village, Brighton|Preston]] parish in 1873, the new area became a seventh ward named Preston. The seven were split into 14 in 1894: Hanover, Kemp Town (renamed King's Cliff in 1908), Lewes Road, Montpelier, Pavilion, Pier, Preston, Preston Park, Queen's Park, Regency, St John, St Nicholas, St Peter, and West. Preston ward was extended in 1923 to incorporate the area taken into the borough from Patcham parish in 1923 for the construction of the Moulsecoomb estate, and in 1928 the ward was divided into four: Hollingbury, Moulsecoomb, Preston and Preston Park. Elm Grove and Patcham wards were created at the same time, bringing the total to 19. There were further changes in 1952, 1955 and 1983, at which time there were 16 wards.<ref name="EncB47">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§47.}}</ref> This situation continued until 1 April 1997, when Hove and its wards became part of the new [[unitary authority]] of [[Brighton and Hove]].<ref name="NEB156">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=156.}}</ref>
[[Brighton Town Hall (Brighton and Hove)|Brighton Town Hall]] occupies a large site in [[The Lanes]]. Medieval Brighthelmston had a town hall, although it was called the Townhouse and functioned more like a market hall. A later building (1727) known as the Town Hall was principally used as a [[workhouse]]. Work on the first purpose-built town hall began in 1830; [[Thomas Read Kemp]] laid the first stone, and Thomas Cooper designed it on behalf of the Brighton Town Commissioners (of which he was a member). Brighton Corporation spent £40,000 to extend it in 1897–99 to the [[Classical architecture|Classical]] design of Brighton Borough Surveyor Francis May. Despite this, the building was too small for municipal requirements by the mid-20th century, and extra council buildings were built in various locations throughout Brighton Borough Council's existence: the most recent, Bartholomew House and Priory House next to the town hall, were finished in 1987.<ref name="NEB341–342">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|pp=341–342.}}</ref><ref name="Antram72">{{Harvnb|Antram|Morrice|2008|p=72.}}</ref> The town hall ceased to be responsible solely for Brighton's affairs when Brighton and Hove were united in 1997, but it is still used by Brighton & Hove City Council—particularly for weddings and civil ceremonies.<ref name="BHCC-TownHall">{{cite web |url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/community-and-life-events/births-deaths-and-marriages/ceremonies-brighton-town-hall |title=Ceremonies in Brighton Town Hall |year=2013 |publisher=Brighton & Hove City Council |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M52A0wx0?url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/community-and-life-events/births-deaths-and-marriages/ceremonies-brighton-town-hall |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
The presence of a British subsidiary of the United States arms company [[EDO Corporation]] on the Home Farm Industrial Estate in [[Moulsecoomb]] has been the cause of protests since 2004. The premises were significantly damaged in January 2009 when protesters broke in.<ref name="NEB205">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=205.}}</ref>
==Economy==
In 1985, the Borough Council described three "myths" about Brighton's economy. Common beliefs were that most of the working population commuted to London every day; that tourism provided most of Brighton's jobs and income; or that the borough's residents were "composed entirely of wealthy theatricals and retired businesspeople" rather than workers.<ref name="BBRH51">{{Harvnb|Brighton Borough Council|1985|p=51.}}</ref> Brighton has been an important centre for commerce and employment since the 18th century. It is home to several major companies, some of which employ thousands of people locally; as a retail centre it is of regional importance; creative, digital and new media businesses are increasingly significant; and, although Brighton was never a major industrial centre, its [[Brighton railway works|railway works]] contributed to Britain's rail industry in the 19th and 20th centuries, particularly in the manufacture of steam locomotives.
Since the amalgamation of Brighton and Hove, economic and retail data has been produced at a citywide level only. Examples of statistics include: Brighton and Hove's tourism industry contributes £380m to the economy and employs 20,000 people directly or indirectly; the city has 9,600 registered companies; and a 2001 report identified it as one of five "supercities for the future".<ref name="NEB113">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=113.}}</ref> In the past couple of years tourists to Brighton and Hove have fallen in numbers. Over 2016, day visitors to Brighton and Hove dropped by an average of 2,400 per day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/business/14794028.Day_visitors_to_Brighton_and_Hove_fall_by_a_million|location=Brighton|work=[[The Argus (Brighton)|The Argus]]|title=Day visitors to Brighton and Hove fall by a million|date=11 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-37619384|work=[[BBC News]]|title=Drop in day visitors to Brighton and Hove|date=11 October 2016}}</ref> In August 2017, new figures for the year showed Brighton’s tourism had fallen by a further 1% on the previous year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/15465791.New_figures_reveal_visitor_numbers_are_down_so_has_Brighton_lost_some_sparkle_/|work=The Argus|title=New figures reveal visitor numbers are down so has Brighton lost some sparkle?|date=10 August 2017}}</ref>
===Commerce and industry===
[[File:Brighton Centre, Kings Road, Brighton (from SE) (April 2013).JPG|thumb|left|Events at the [[Brighton Centre]] are important to Brighton's economy.]]Brighton's largest [[private sector]] employer is [[American Express]], whose European headquarters are at John Street.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/communitypages/central_brighton/news/9915514.American_Express_ready_to_move_into_new_office|work=The Argus|title=American Express ready to move into new office|date=6 September 2012}}</ref> As of 2012, about 3,000 people work there.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/communitypages/central_brighton/news/9915514.American_Express_ready_to_move_into_new_office|work=The Argus|title=3,000 employees move to new Amex offices|date=6 September 2012}}</ref> [[Planning permission]] to demolish the old Amex offices and build a replacement was granted in 2009, and work started in March 2010. Other major employers include [[Lloyds Bank]], [[Asda]] (which has hypermarkets at [[Hollingbury]] and [[Brighton Marina]]), [[Brighton & Hove (bus company)|Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company]] and call-centre operator Inkfish<!-- Don't wikilink this -->.<ref name="NEB113"/> In 2012, it was reported that about 1,500 of [[Gatwick Airport]]'s 21,000 workers lived in the city of Brighton and Hove.<ref name="Argus-11122012">{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/10100845.Thousands_of_jobs_at_Gatwick/|title=Thousands of jobs at Gatwick|date=11 December 2012|work=The Argus}}</ref>
Brighton is a popular destination for conferences, exhibitions and trade fairs, and has had a purpose-built conference centre—the [[Brighton Centre]]—since 1977. Direct income from the Brighton Centre's 160 events per year is £8 million,{{refn|2009 figures.<ref name="NEB56"/>|group=note}} and a further £50 million is generated indirectly by visitors spending money during their stay. Events range from political party conferences to concerts.<ref name="NEB56">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=56.}}</ref>
{{double image|right|Sussex House Building, Hollingbury Industrial Estate, Brighton (December 2012).JPG|200|Exion 27 Building, Hollingbury Industrial Estate, Brighton (December 2012).JPG|200|The Hollingbury Industrial Estate has large industrial, commercial and retail buildings such as Sussex House ''(left)'' and Exion 27 ''(right)''.||.|.}}
The Hollingbury Industrial Estate is one of the largest such facilities in Brighton; in its early days about 6,000 people were employed, principally in industrial jobs, but in the late 20th and early 21st centuries its focus has switched to commercial and retail development,<ref name="BB-990853">{{cite web |url=http://www.brightonbusiness.co.uk/htm/ni20110409.990853.htm |title=IKEA fails to get Hollingbury site |date=9 April 2011 |publisher=Brighton & Hove Economic Partnership |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M57pqvNN?url=http://www.brightonbusiness.co.uk/htm/ni20110409.990853.htm |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> limiting Brighton's potential for industrial growth. Brighton Corporation laid out the estate on {{convert|18|acre|ha}} of land around Crowhurst Road in 1950. By 1956, large-scale employment was provided at a bakery, a typewriter factory and a machine tools manufacturer among others. Most of the large factories closed during the recessions of the 1980s and 1990s, employment fell to 1,000, and structural changes started in the mid-1980s with a move towards small-scale industrial units (the Enterprise Estate was finished in October 1985) and then retail warehouses. [[Asda]]'s superstore opened in November 1987, [[MFI Group|MFI]] followed two years later, and other retail units were built in the 1990s.<ref name="NEB149–150">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|pp=149–150.}}</ref> Two large headquarters buildings were vacated in quick succession when British Bookshops left in March 2011<ref name="BB-451248">{{cite web |url=http://www.brightonbusiness.co.uk/htm/ni20110320.451248.htm |title=British Bookshops warehouse on the market |date=20 March 2011 |publisher=Brighton & Hove Economic Partnership |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M57VR1rR?url=http://www.brightonbusiness.co.uk/htm/ni20110320.451248.htm |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> and ''The Argus'' newspaper moved out of its headquarters in 2012—although the [[Brighton & Hove (bus company)|Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company]] signed a contract to move its 1,250 employees into the latter building.<ref name="BB-398183">{{cite web |url=http://www.brightonbusiness.co.uk/htm/ni20120601.398183.htm |title=Hove bus garage move offers a real win-win prize |date=1 June 2012 |publisher=Brighton & Hove Economic Partnership |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M5E5pVvP?url=http://www.brightonbusiness.co.uk/htm/ni20120601.398183.htm |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
Brighton has a high density of businesses involved in the media sector, particularly digital or "[[new media]]", and since the 1990s has been referred to as "Silicon Beach".<ref name="TechCrunch-SB">{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/09/22/brightons-silicon-beach-tech-cluster-finally-breaks-shore/ |title=Brighton's Silicon Beach tech cluster finally breaks shore |last=Munford |first=Monty |work=TechCrunch |date=22 September 2011 |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M5C2n1gv?url=http://techcrunch.com/2011/09/22/brightons-silicon-beach-tech-cluster-finally-breaks-shore/ |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> By 2007, over 250 [[new media]] business had been founded in Brighton. [[Brandwatch]] is a [[Social media measurement|social media monitoring company]] based in offices near Brighton station. Computer game design company [[Black Rock Studio]] was founded in 1998 and was taken over by [[Disney Interactive Studios]],<ref name="NEB113"/><ref name="TechCrunch-SB"/> who closed it down in 2011.<ref name="Eurogamer">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-07-01-split-second-dev-black-rock-to-close |title=Split/Second dev Black Rock to close |last=Purchese |first=Robert |work=[[Eurogamer]] |date=1 July 2011 |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M5CyScOQ?url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-07-01-split-second-dev-black-rock-to-close |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The Gamer Network, whose portfolio of websites relating to computer gaming (including [[Eurogamer]]) and creative industries was founded in 1999, is based in Brighton.<ref name="GamerNetwork">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamer-network.net/ |title=Gamer Network |work=Gamer Network |year=2013 |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M5DEJiHW?url=http://www.gamer-network.net/ |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
By the early 21st century, the market for office accommodation in the city was characterised by fluctuating demand and a lack of supply of high-quality buildings. As an example, the Trafalgar Place development ({{circa}} 1990), "now considered a prime office location", stood partly empty for a decade.<ref name="TBS-9.2.2">{{cite report |url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/sites/brighton-hove.gov.uk/files/downloads/ldf/Tall_Buildings_Study_Final.pdf |title=Brighton & Hove Tall Buildings Study |publisher=Brighton & Hove City Council (in association with Gillespies and GVA Grimley) |date=October 2003 |edition=Issue C |format=PDF |section=§. 9.2.2: Brighton Office Market |page=28 |accessdate=22 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M56m68fM?url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/sites/brighton-hove.gov.uk/files/downloads/ldf/Tall_Buildings_Study_Final.pdf |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Exion 27 (built in 2001), a high-tech, energy-efficient office development at [[Hollingbury]], remained empty for several years and is still not in commercial use: it houses some administrative departments of the [[University of Brighton]]. It was Brighton's first ultramodern commercial property and was intended for mixed commercial and industrial use, but its completion coincided with a slump in demand for high-tech premises.<ref name="BB-772119">{{cite web |url=http://www.brightonbusiness.co.uk/htm/ni20040721.772119.htm |title=Change of Use for Exion 27 indicates planning flexibility? |date=21 July 2004 |publisher=Brighton & Hove Economic Partnership |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M573hjtA?url=http://www.brightonbusiness.co.uk/htm/ni20040721.772119.htm |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="Argus-6703608">{{cite news |title=Exion won't be empty for much longer |url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/archive/2005/06/16/6703608.Exion_won_t_be_empty_for_much_longer/?ref=arc |work=The Argus |date=16 June 2005 |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M57Bi1Xr?url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/archive/2005/06/16/6703608.Exion_won_t_be_empty_for_much_longer/?ref=arc |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
===Retail===
[[The Lanes (Brighton)|The Lanes]] form a retail, leisure and residential area near the seafront, characterised by narrow alleyways following the street pattern of the original fishing village. The Lanes contain predominantly clothing stores, jewellers, antique shops, restaurants and pubs. The [[North Laine]] area is a retail, leisure and residential area immediately north of the Lanes. Its name derives from the Anglo-Saxon "Laine" meaning "fields", although the misnomer "North Lanes" is often used to describe the area. The North Laine contains a mix of businesses dominated by cafés, independent and avant-garde shops, bars and theatres.
[[Churchill Square (Brighton and Hove)|Churchill Square]] is a shopping centre with a floor space of {{convert|470000|ft2|m2|abbr=on}} and over 80 shops, several restaurants and 1,600 car-parking spaces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.churchillsquare.co.uk/index.php?id=271|title=Churchill Square Shopping Centre: Churchill Square Food|accessdate=20 August 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204134551/http://www.churchillsquare.co.uk/index.php?id=271|archivedate=4 December 2004|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was built in the 1960s as an open-air, multi-level pedestrianised shopping centre, but was rebuilt and enlarged in 1998 and is no longer open-air. Further retail areas include Western Road and London Road, the latter of which is currently undergoing extensive regeneration in the form of new housing and commercial properties.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/planning/major-projects-planning/london-road-regeneration|title = London Road Regeneration|website = Brighton and Hove City Council|publisher = Brighton and Hove City Council}}</ref>
==Landmarks==
{{Main article|Buildings and architecture of Brighton and Hove|List of landmarks and notable buildings of Brighton and Hove|Grade I listed buildings in Brighton and Hove|Grade II* listed buildings in Brighton and Hove}}
[[File:The Royal Pavilion Brighton.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Pavilion]]]]
[[File:2005-07-14 - United Kingdom - England - Brighton - Brighton Pier - CC-BY 4888018336.jpg|thumb|[[Brighton Pier]]]]
The [[Royal Pavilion]] is a former royal palace built as a home for the Prince Regent during the early 19th century, under the direction of the architect John Nash, and is notable for its [[Indo-Saracenic]] architecture and Oriental interior. Other Indo-Saracenic buildings in Brighton include the [[Sassoon Mausoleum]], now, with the bodies reburied elsewhere, in use as a chic supper club.
[[Brighton Pier|Brighton Marine Palace and Pier]] (long known as the Palace Pier) opened in 1899. It features a [[travelling funfair|funfair]], restaurants and arcade halls.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} The [[West Pier]] was built in 1866 and is one of only two Grade I [[Listed building|listed]] piers in the United Kingdom. It has been closed since 1975. For some time it was under consideration for restoration, but two fires in 2003, and other setbacks, led to these plans being abandoned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldwidewet.net/ |title=Pier Threatens To Unplug Rival|publisher=Worldwidewet.net |accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref>
The [[I360|Brighton i360]] observation tower opened on 4 August 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/08/04/residents-say-brighton-sea-views-ruined-by-eyesore-i360-tower-se/|title=Residents say Brighton sea views 'ruined' by 'eyesore' i360 tower set to open today|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|first=Helena|last=Horton|date=4 August 2016}}</ref> At 162 metres (531.49 feet) high, and with an observation pod rising to 138 metres (452.75 feet), the i360 is Britain's highest observation tower outside London – taller even than the London Eye.
[[Brighton clocktower]], built in 1888 for Queen Victoria's jubilee, stands at the intersection of Brighton's busiest thoroughfares.
[[File:Clock Tower, Brighton.JPG|upright|thumb|[[Clock Tower, Brighton]]]]
[[File:View of i360 in August 2016 - 5.jpg|thumb|191x191px|[[British Airways i360|i360]]]]
[[Volk's Electric Railway]] runs along the inland edge of the beach from Brighton Pier to [[Black Rock (Brighton and Hove)|Black Rock]] and [[Brighton Marina]]. It was created in 1883 and is the world's oldest operating [[electric railway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volkselectricrailway.co.uk|title=Home page of Volks Electric Railway Group|accessdate=20 August 2007}}</ref>
The [[Grand Hotel (Brighton)|Grand Hotel]] was built in 1864. The [[Brighton hotel bombing]] occurred there. Its nighttime blue lighting is particularly prominent along the foreshore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevirginbackpacker.com/122/day-10-checking-out-southern-england-part-i.html|title=Blog post from The Virgin Backpacker|accessdate=16 December 2010}}</ref>
===Churches and places of worship===
{{Further information|List of places of worship in Brighton and Hove}}
The 11th century (1086)<ref name=BRIGHT>{{cite book|title=A Guide to the Buildings of Brighton|authors= Atkinson, Clive. Matthews, David. Savile, Andrew. Tunna, Robert. Weighill, Tim. Macdonald, Ken|publisher=McMillan Martin Ltd|date=1990|isbn=9781869865030|pages=94–11b|work=Saint Nicholas's Church – Church Street – Description with dates }}</ref> [[Church of St Nicholas, Brighton|St Nicholas Church]] is the oldest building in Brighton, commonly known as "The Mother Church".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regencybrighton.com/outabout/st_nicholas/|title=St. Nicholas Church – Out & About – Regency Square Area Society|accessdate=11 April 2007}}</ref> Other notable churches include the very tall brick-built [[St Bartholomew's Church, Brighton|St Bartholomew's]] (1874) designed by the architect Edmund Scott,<ref name=BRIGHT1>{{cite book|title=A Guide to the Buildings of Brighton|authors= Atkinson, Clive. Matthews, David. Savile, Andrew. Tunna, Robert. Weighill, Tim. Macdonald, Ken|publisher=McMillan Martin Ltd|date=1990|isbn=9781869865030|pages=50–4G|work=Saint bartholomem's Church – Anne Street – Description with dates and reference to the architect}}</ref> [[St Peter's Church, Brighton|St Peter's]] (1828), and [[St Martin's Church, Brighton|St. Martin's]], noted for its decorated interior. Brighton's [[Quaker]]s run the Friends' Meeting House in the Lanes. There is an active [[Brighton Unitarian Church|Unitarian community]] based in a Grade 2 listed building in New Road, and a [[Spiritualist church]] in Norfolk Square.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonandhovespiritualistchurch.org/ |title=Brighton and Hove Spiritualist Church |publisher=Brighton and Hove Spiritualist Church |accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref> There are also a number of [[New Age]] outlets and groups.
Brighton-Hove has five synagogues: New Church Road Synagogue, Hove; Holland Road Synagogue, Hove; Brighton & Hove Progressive Synagogue, Hove; Brighton & Hove Reform Synagogue, Hove; Middle Street Synagogue; Brighton. The [[Middle Street Synagogue, Brighton|Middle Street Synagogue]] is a Grade II-[[listed building]] built in 1874–75. It is being gradually restored by [[English Heritage]]. There are also several mosques<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonmosque.com/ |title=Al-Quds Mosque |publisher=Brightonmosque.com |accessdate=10 May 2013}}
:{{cite web|author=Al-Medinah Mosque |url=http://www.bhmf.org.uk/al-medinah-mosque-timetable |title=Al Medina mosque |publisher=Bhmf.org.uk |accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref> and [[Buddhist]] centres.<ref>{{cite web|author=Welcome to the Brighton Buddhist Centre |url=http://www.brightonbuddhistcentre.co.uk/ |title=Brighton Buddhist Centre |publisher=Brighton Buddhist Centre |accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref>
Brighton has become known as one of the least religious places in the UK, based upon analysis of the 2011 census which revealed that 42 per cent of the population profess no religion, far higher than the national average of 25%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/10102833.Losing_our_religion/ |title=Brighton and Hove is country's most Godless city |work=The Argus |date=12 December 2012}}</ref> As part of the [[Jedi census phenomenon]], 2.6 per cent claimed their religion was Jedi Knight, the largest percentage in the country.<ref>{{cite web|last=Haines |first=Lester |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/01/28/brighton_tops_uk_jedi_league/ |title=Brighton Tops Jedi League |work=The Register |date=28 January 2004 |accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref>
===Beaches===
[[File:Naturist Beach - geograph.org.uk - 1117450.jpg|thumb|left|Cliff Beach: Britain's first [[Nude beach|naturist beach]]]]
[[File:Boats on Brighton Beach - geograph.org.uk - 242094.jpg|thumb|upright|Boats on Brighton Beach]]
Brighton has a {{convert|5.4|mi|km|adj=on}} expanse of [[shingle beach]],<ref name="EncB43"/> part of the unbroken {{convert|8|mi|km|adj=on}} section within the city limits.{{refn|Until the extension of Brighton's boundaries to include Rottingdean and Saltdean in 1928, the coastline between the Hove and Rottingdean parish boundaries measured {{convert|2.2|mi|km}}.<ref name="EncB43"/>|group=note}} Neighbouring Hove is known for its hundreds of painted timber beach huts, but brick-walled chalets are also available on Brighton seafront, especially towards [[Rottingdean]] and [[Saltdean]].<ref name="NEB303">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=303.}}</ref> Especially east of the Palace Pier, a flat sandy foreshore is exposed at low tide.<ref name="EncB43"/> The Palace Pier section of the beach has been awarded [[Blue Flag beach|blue flag status]].<ref name="BlueFlag">{{cite web |url=http://www.thebeachguide.co.uk/south-east-england/east-sussex/palace-pier-brighton.htm |title=Palace Pier Beach (Brighton) |publisher=UK Beach Guide |year=2014 |accessdate=7 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6TBEzvBAc?url=http://www.thebeachguide.co.uk/south-east-england/east-sussex/palace-pier-brighton.htm |archivedate=8 October 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Part of the beach adjoining Madeira Drive, to the east of the city centre, has been redeveloped into a sports complex and opened to the public in March 2007, with courts for pursuits such as beach volleyball and [[Ultimate (sport)|ultimate Frisbee]] among others.
The city council owns all the beaches, which are divided into named sections by [[groyne]]s—the first of which were completed in 1724. Eastwards from the Hove boundary, the names are Boundary, Norfolk, Bedford, Metropole, Grand (referring to the four hotels with those names), Centre, King's, Old Ship, Volk's, Albion, Palace Pier, Aquarium, Athina (where the [[MS Athina B|MS ''Athina B'']] ran aground), Paston, Banjo, Duke's, Cliff, Crescent and Black Rock. Cliff Beach is a [[Nude beach|nudist beach]].<ref name="visi_Brig">{{Cite web | title = Brighton Naturist Beach | work = VisitBrighton | publisher= Brighton and Hove City Council | accessdate = 29 September 2015 | url = http://www.visitbrighton.com/things-to-do/brighton-naturist-beach-p628201 }}</ref> Beyond Black Rock, the cliffs (part of the [[Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs]] [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]]) rise to more than {{convert|100|ft|m}} and there are three small beaches at Ovingdean Gap, Rottingdean Gap and Saltdean Gap. All are connected by the Undercliff Walk,<ref name="EncB43"/> which has been affected by several cliff falls since 2000.<ref name="BHCC-Cliffs">{{cite web |title=The Cliffs between Black Rock and Saltdean |url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/environment/coastal-defence/cliffs-between-black-rock-and-saltdean |publisher=Brighton and Hove City Council |accessdate=7 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6TBF2lz87?url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/environment/coastal-defence/cliffs-between-black-rock-and-saltdean |archivedate=8 October 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
Since the demolition in 1978 of the Black Rock open-air [[lido]] at the eastern end of Brighton's seafront, the area has been developed and now features one of Europe's largest [[Brighton Marina|marinas]]. However, the site of the pool itself remains empty except for a skate park and graffiti wall. Since 2003 a series of developments have been proposed but have come to nothing, including housing, a [[Hotel rating|five-star hotel]] with a [[winter garden]], and an 11,000-seat sports arena.<ref name="NEB29">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=29.}}</ref>
The seafront is also home to many restaurants, sports facilities, amusement arcades, nightclubs and bars.<ref name="BHCC-Seafront">{{cite web |url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/seafront |title=The Seafront |publisher=Brighton and Hove City Council |accessdate=7 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6TBExn67w?url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/seafront |archivedate=8 October 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
==Culture==
===Cinema===
{{main article|List of films set in Brighton}}
[[File:Brighton Odeon Kingswest Cinema, Junction of Kings Road and West Street, Brighton (from SW) (April 2013).JPG|thumb|right|Odeon Kingswest on Brighton seafront opened in 1973]]
Brighton featured in a number of popular movies including ''[[Quadrophenia (film)|Quadrophenia]]'' (1979), ''[[The End of the Affair (1999 film)|The End of the Affair]]'' (1999), ''[[Wimbledon (film)|Wimbledon]]'' (2004), ''[[MirrorMask]]'' (2005), ''[[Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging]]'' (2008), ''[[The Young Victoria]]'' (2009), ''[[Brighton Rock (1947 film)|Brighton Rock]]'' (2010 and 1947) and ''[[The Boat that Rocked]]'' (2009).<ref>{{cite news | title = Films made in the Brighton & Hove area | url = http://www.terramedia.co.uk/brighton/films_made_in_brighton_sound.htm | date = 30 June 2009 | accessdate = 30 September 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100919033152/http://www.terramedia.co.uk/brighton/films_made_in_brighton_sound.htm | archivedate = 19 September 2010 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
The [[Duke of York's Picturehouse]],<ref name=BRIGHT3>{{cite book|title=A Guide to the Buildings of Brighton|authors= Atkinson, Clive. Matthews, David. Savile, Andrew. Tunna, Robert. Weighill, Tim. Macdonald, Ken|publisher=McMillan Martin Ltd|date=1990|isbn=9781869865030|pages=51–4h|work=Duke of York Cinema – reference to date and description}}</ref> dating from 1910, was opened by Mrs [[Violet Melnotte|Violet Melnotte-Wyatt]]. It is the country's oldest purpose-built cinema and was Brightons first Electric [[Movie camera|Bioscope]], which still operates as an [[arthouse cinema]]. The Duke of York's Picturehouse expanded in 2012, adding two additional screens in a different location. The company is now occupying the upstairs of [[Komedia]], situated on Gardner Street, central Brighton.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.komedia.co.uk/brighton/about-us/|title=About Komedia Brighton |publisher=Komedia Brighton|access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> There are two [[multiplex cinema]]s, the Odeon on North Street and Cineworld in the Marina.
===Festivals and rallies===
{{Main article|Brighton Festival|Brighton Fringe}}
[[File:BigBeachBoutique.jpeg|thumb|[[Big Beach Boutique II|"The Big Beach Boutique II"]]: over 250,000 watched [[Fatboy Slim]] (July 2002)]]
[[File:Brighton seafront carshow.jpg|thumb|upright|Seafront display of [[Mini]]s after a London to Brighton drive]]
Each May the city hosts the Brighton Festival and Brighton Fringe, the second largest arts festival in the UK (after [[Edinburgh Festival|Edinburgh]]). This includes processions such as the Children's Parade, outdoor spectaculars often involving pyrotechnics, and theatre, music and visual arts in venues throughout the city, some brought into this use exclusively for the festival. The earliest feature of the festival, [[Artists Open House|the Artists' Open Houses]], are homes of artists and craftspeople opened to the public as galleries, and usually selling the work of the occupants. Since 2002, these have been organised independently of the official Festival and Fringe.
[[Brighton Fringe]] runs alongside Brighton Festival, and has grown to be one of the largest fringe festivals in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitbritain.com/VB3-en/experiences/cities/focus_on/brighton_fringe.aspx |title=Brighton Fringe Festival 2006 – Cities – VisitBritain |accessdate=20 August 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804222234/http://www.visitbritain.com/VB3-en/experiences/cities/focus_on/brighton_fringe.aspx |archivedate=4 August 2007 }}</ref> Together with the street performers from Brighton Festival's "Streets of Brighton" events, and the [[Royal Mile]]-esque outdoor performances that make up "Fringe City", outdoor spectacles and events more than double during May.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonfestivalfringe.org.uk/press/index.asp?ID=122|title=Brighton Fringe Festival 2007. 5–28 May 2007.|accessdate=20 August 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20070505114127/http://www.brightonfestivalfringe.org.uk/press/index.asp?ID=122|archivedate=5 May 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Other festivals include The Great Escape, featuring three nights of live music in venues across the city; the Soundwaves Festival in June, which shows classical music composed in the 21st Century, and involves both amateur and professional performers; Paddle Round the Pier; Brighton Live which each September stages a week of free gigs in pubs to show local bands; [[Burning the Clocks]], a winter solstice celebration; and [[Brighton Pride]] (see lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community, below). For a number of years, [[Andrew Logan]]'s Alternative Miss World extravaganza was held in the city.
The [[Kemptown, Brighton|Kemptown]] area has its own small annual street festival, the Kemptown Carnival, and the [[Hanover, Brighton|Hanover]] area similarly has a "Hanover Day".
Local resident [[Fatboy Slim]] puts on a "Big Beach Boutique" show most years. An inaugural White Nights ([[Nuit Blanche]]) all-night arts festival took place in October 2008 and continued for 4 years until it was postponed in 2012 due to a lack of European funding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/9975504.Brighton_s_White_Night_replaced_by__fund_your_own_festival_/|title=Brighton's White Night replaced by "fund your own festival"|work=The Argus|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> 2009 saw the first Brighton Zine Fest<ref>{{cite web|title=Brighton Zine Fest homepage|url=http://www.brightonzinefest.co.uk/|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417040152/http://www.brightonzinefest.co.uk/|archivedate=17 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> celebrating [[zine]] and [[DIY culture]] within the city.
Brighton is the terminus of a number of London-to-Brighton rides, and runs, such as the [[veteran car]] run and bike ride. Transport rallies are also hosted on the seafront. Groups of [[mod (subculture)|mod]]s and [[Rocker (subculture)|Rocker]]s still bring their [[Motorscooter|scooters]] and motorbikes to the town, but their gatherings are now much more sedate than the violent 1960s confrontations depicted in ''[[Quadrophenia]]''.
Food and drink related festivals include the traditional Blessing of the Fisheries, where barbecued [[mackerel]] are eaten on the beach and the more recent Fiery Foods [[Chili pepper|Chilli]] Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fieryfoodsuk.co.uk/ |title=Fiery Foods Chilli festival, Brighton, 2012 |publisher=Fieryfoodsuk.co.uk |date=16 September 2012 |accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref> There is also a twice-yearly general food festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonfoodfestival.com/ |title=Brighton Food Festival |publisher=Brighton Food Festival |accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref> The main Sussex beer festival is held in nearby [[Hove]], and there is a smaller beer festival in the Hanover area.
Brighton is the home of the UK's first Walk of Fame which celebrates the many rich and famous people associated with the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkoffame.co.uk/#/brighton/4551372459|title=WALK OF FAME|work=WALK OF FAME|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref>
===Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community===
{{Main article|LGBT community of Brighton and Hove}}
[[File:Brighton Pride 2014 bus (15045503485).jpg|thumb|Brighton Pride 2014 bus]]
Brighton records LGBT history in the city since the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonourstory.co.uk/brighton-s-history|work=Brighton Ourstory|title=Brighton's history|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> Many LGBT pubs, clubs, bars, restaurants, cafés and shops are located around Brighton and in particular around St James's Street in [[Kemptown, Brighton|Kemptown]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/11096502.Calls_for_Brighton_s_St_James_s_Street_to_be_pedestrianised_or_it_will__wither_and_die_|title=Calls for Brighton's St James's Street to be pedestrianised or it will 'wither and die'|work=The Argus|date=24 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/9374498.Calls_for_Brighton_and_Hove__gay_village_|title=Calls for Brighton and Hove "gay village"|work=The Argus|date=20 November 2011}}</ref> Several LGBT charities, publishers, social and support groups are also based in the city. [[Brighton Pride]] is usually celebrated at the start of August.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2014/11/14/brighton-pride-safe-until-2020-under-new-license/|title=Brighton Pride safe 'until 2020′ under new license|work=[[PinkNews]]|date=14 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.itv.com/news/meridian/story/2014-08-03/brighton-pride-a-great-success-despite-arrests/|title=Brighton Pride a "great success" despite arrests|work=[[ITV News]]|date=3 August 2014}}</ref> Brighton also hosts an annual trans pride event, which is the first of its kind in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trans Pride Brighton 2016|url=http://transpridebrighton.tumblr.com/|website=TransPrideBrighton on Tumblr|accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref>
In a 2014 estimate, 11–15% of the city's population aged 16 or over is thought to be lesbian, gay or bisexual.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhconnected.org.uk/sites/bhconnected/files/City%20Snapshot%20Report%20of%20Statistics%202014%202.pdf|title=Brighton and Hove City Snapshot|accessdate=23 March 2016}}</ref> The city also had the highest percentage of same-sex households in the UK in 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/3456635.stm|title=Brighton 'has most gay couples'|work=BBC News|date=3 February 2004}}</ref> and the largest number of civil partnership registrations outside London in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob2/civil-partnership-statistics--united-kingdom/2013/stb-civil-partnerships-2013.html?format=print|title=Civil Partnerships in the UK, 2013 – ONS|accessdate=10 August 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130241/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob2/civil-partnership-statistics--united-kingdom/2013/stb-civil-partnerships-2013.html?format=print|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
===Museums===
Brighton museums include [[Brighton Museum & Art Gallery]], [[Preston Manor, Brighton|Preston Manor]], [[Booth Museum of Natural History]], [[Brighton Toy and Model Museum]], and [[Brighton Fishing Museum]], the long established social epicentre of the seafront, which includes artefacts from the West Pier. The [[Royal Pavilion]] is also open to the public, serving as a museum to the [[British Regency]].
{{further information|List of landmarks and notable buildings of Brighton and Hove}}
===Night-life and popular music===
[[File:Theatre Royal Brighton.jpg|thumb|Theatre Royal, city centre]]
Brighton has many night-life hotspots<ref>[http://www.sussex.ac.uk/study/sabroad/guide/2011/lifeatsussex Life at Sussex university] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903102321/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/study/sabroad/guide/2011/lifeatsussex |date=3 September 2011 }}</ref> and is associated with [[popular music]]ians including [[Fatboy Slim]], [[Kirk Brandon]], [[Tim Booth]], [[Nick Cave]], [[David Van Day]] from Dollar, and [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]]. Live music venues include the Concorde2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.concorde2.co.uk/ |title=Concorde 2 |publisher=Concorde 2 |accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref> [[Brighton Centre]] and the [[Brighton Dome]], where [[ABBA]] received a substantial boost to their career when they won the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1974]]. Many events and performance companies operate in the city.
Brighton’s has produced several successful bands & music artists including [[Royal Blood (band)|Royal Blood]], [[the Kooks]], [[Fatboy Slim]], the [[Freemasons (band)|Freemasons]], [[The Levellers (band)|the Levellers]] and [[The Maccabees (band)|the Maccabees]], [[British Sea Power]], [[the Eighties Matchbox B-Line Disaster]] and the [[Rizzle Kicks]]. Brighton is also home to several independent record labels.
===Notable residents===
{{main article|List of people from Brighton and Hove}}
===Restaurants===
Brighton has about 400 restaurants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sussex.ac.uk/international/whysussex/brighton |title=Sussex University: ''Why Sussex'' |publisher=Sussex.ac.uk |accessdate=10 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503145310/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/international/whysussex/brighton |archivedate=3 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
===Theatre===
[[File:Attenborough Arts Centre.png|thumb|Attenborough Arts Centre at the university of Sussex]]
Theatres include the [[Brighton Dome]] and associated Pavilion Theatre, the expanded [[Komedia]] (primarily a comedy and music venue but also a theatre), [[The Old Market, Hove|the Old Market]] which was renovated and re-opened in 2010 and the [[Theatre Royal, Brighton|Theatre Royal]]<ref name=BRIGHT4>{{cite book|title=A Guide to the Buildings of Brighton|authors= Atkinson, Clive. Matthews, David. Savile, Andrew. Tunna, Robert. Weighill, Tim. Macdonald, Ken|publisher=McMillan Martin Ltd|date=1990|isbn=9781869865030|pages=32–1G|work=The Theatre Royal – reference to date and description}}</ref> which celebrated its 200th anniversary in 2007. The Attenborough Centre for the Creative arts is nearby, part of the University of Sussex campus. There are also smaller theatres such as the [[Marlborough Pub and Theatre|Marlborough Theatre]], the New Venture, and the Brighton Little Theatre. The city has the new purpose built [[Brighton Open Air Theatre]], or B•O•A•T, which is due to open for the [[Brighton Festival]] in May 2015. It is unique in that its programme will be chosen by lottery to ensure that it remains accessible and open to all comers.{{citation needed|reason=unique in world|date=March 2015}}
==Education==
[[File:Aerial view of the Sussex campus.png|thumb|Aerial View of the Sussex Campus showing sports fields]]
The [[University of Sussex]], established in 1961 as the first of the plate-glass universities, is a campus research intensive university between [[Stanmer Park]] and [[Falmer]], four miles (6 km) from the city centre. The university is home to the reputed [[Institute of Development Studies]] and the [[Science Policy Research Unit]], amongst over 40 other established research centres, and is ranked 1st in the world for Development studies by the World University Rankings<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-sussex|title=University of Sussex|date=2015-07-16|work=Top Universities|access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref>.<ref>http://www.ids.ac.uk/</ref><ref>http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/</ref> Served by frequent trains (to [[Falmer railway station]]) and 24-hour buses, it has a student population of around 17,300 student of which over a third are postgraduates.<ref>http://www.sussex.ac.uk/about/facts/facts-figures</ref> The university is currently ranked 18th in the UK<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings |title= University of Sussex|work=The Complete University Guide|accessdate=24 October 2012}}</ref> and 110th in the world by the World University Rankings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2012-13/world-ranking/region/europe/|title=Top European Universities 2012-2013/|work=The World University Rankings/|accessdate=24 October 2012}}</ref>
The [[University of Brighton]], the former Brighton [[Institute of technology|Polytechnic]], has a student population of 20,017 of which 80% are undergraduates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brighton.ac.uk/aboutus/facts/population.php?PageId=703|title=Facts and figures – University of Brighton|accessdate=20 August 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930193726/http://www.brighton.ac.uk/aboutus/facts/population.php?PageId=703|archivedate=30 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The university is on several sites with additional buildings in [[Falmer]], [[Moulsecoomb]], [[Eastbourne]] and [[Hastings]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brighton.ac.uk/maps/southeast/index.php?PageId=752|title=South-east England, maps and directions – University of Brighton|accessdate=30 March 2009}}</ref>
In 2003, the universities of Sussex and Brighton formed a medical school, known as [[Brighton and Sussex Medical School]]. The school was one of four new medical schools to be created as part of a government programme to increase the number of qualified [[National Health Service|NHS]] doctors. The school is based in Falmer and works closely with the Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust.
[[File:Roedean.JPG|thumb|right|[[Roedean School]].]]
Brighton & Hove City Council is responsible for 80 schools, of which 54 are in Brighton.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/index.cfm?request=c1001684&action=dsp_lists&type=all&desc=all|title=Brighton & Hove City Council – school contact information|accessdate=20 August 2007}}</ref>
A range of non-university courses for students over 16, mainly in [[vocational education]] subjects, is provided at the [[further education college]], City College Brighton and Hove. More academic subjects can be studied by 16–18-year-olds at [[Brighton Hove & Sussex Sixth Form College]] (BHASVIC) in the Seven Dials area. [[Varndean College]] in North Brighton occupies a commanding position. The 1920s building is celebrated for its façade and internal quads. The college offers academic [[GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)|A levels]], The International Baccalaureate and vocational courses.
There are [[state schools]] and some [[Faith school#England|faith schools]]. Notable state schools include<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonscene.co.uk/notable-brighton-state-schools/|title=Brighton State Schools/|work=Brighton Scene|accessdate=27 July 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121032326/http://www.brightonscene.co.uk/notable-brighton-state-schools/|archivedate=21 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Longhill High School]], [[Varndean School]], [[Patcham High School]], [[Dorothy Stringer High School]], [[Blatchington Mill School and Sixth Form College]] and [[Brighton Aldridge Community Academy]].
There are a number of [[independent school]]s, including [[Brighton College]], [[Roedean School]], [[Waldorf education|Steiner School]], [[Brighton and Hove High School|BHHS]] and a [[Montessori]] School. As with the state schools, some independents are faith-based; Torah Academy, the last Jewish primary school, became a Pre-K/Nursery School at the end of the 2007. The Brighton Institute of Modern Music, a fully accredited music college, opened in 2001 and has since expanded to five locations throughout the UK.
In spring and summer, thousands of students from all over Europe gather to attend language courses at the many language schools.
==Sport==
[[File:Amex Stadium Pitch panorama - geograph.org.uk - 2859086.jpg|thumb|[[Falmer Stadium]], home of [[Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.|Brighton & Hove Albion Football Club]]]]
[[File:Brighton Marina - geograph.org.uk - 1413071.jpg|thumb|Brighton Marina]]
[[Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.|Brighton & Hove Albion Football Club]] is the city's professional association football team. The club went through a rocky spell in the 90s but have since returned to form. After playing at the [[Goldstone Ground]] for 95 years, the club spent 2 years ground-sharing 70 miles away at [[Gillingham F.C.]] before returning to the town as tenants of [[Withdean Athletics Stadium]]. At the start of the 2011–12 season the club moved permanently to Falmer Stadium, a Premier League level stadium colloquially known as [[Falmer Stadium|'the Amex']]. Notable achievements include winning promotion to the [[Football League First Division]] in 1979 and staying there for 4 seasons. They reached the [[1983 FA Cup Final]] drawing 2-2 with [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] before losing in the replay 5 days later. The [[2017-18 Premier League|2017-18 Football season]] saw Brighton's debut in the Premier League after a win against [[Wigan Athletic]] guaranteed automatic promotion to the top flight.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39549523</ref> Notable former managers of the club include [[Brian Clough]], 2 Peter Taylors: [[Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1928)|Peter Taylor]] (born 1928) and [[Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1953)|Peter Taylor]] (born 1953), [[Jimmy Melia]], [[Liam Brady]], [[Jimmy Case]], [[Steve Gritt]], [[Brian Horton]], [[Steve Coppell]] and [[Mark McGhee]]. Notable former players include [[Gareth Barry]], [[Dave Beasant]], [[Justin Fashanu]], [[Dennis Mortimer]], [[Gordon Smith (footballer, born September 1954)|Gordon Smith]], [[Frank Stapleton]], [[Howard Wilkinson]] and [[Bobby Zamora]].
[[Whitehawk F.C.|Whitehawk Football Club]] is a semi-professional association football club based in a suburb of Brighton. They play in the Conference South league having won promotion three times in the space four years between 2009–13. Games are played at [[The Enclosed Ground]], which is set into the South Downs close to [[Brighton Marina]]. Notable former/current players include [[Sergio Torres]], [[Jake Robinson]], [[Matthew Lawrence (footballer)|Matthew Lawrence]] and [[Darren Freeman]].
[[Sussex County Cricket Club]] play at Eaton Road in Hove.
Brighton Football Club (RFU) is one of the oldest Rugby Clubs in England.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonrugby.org.uk|title=Brighton Rugby Club – Sussex, south of England|accessdate=11 April 2007}}</ref>
Brighton was chosen as one of the 13 [[2015 Rugby World Cup|Rugby World Cup 2015]] host cities,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/rugby-world-cup/11082182/Rugby-World-Cup-2015-venues.html|title=Rugby World Cup 2015 venues|website=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> with two games being played at the 30,750 capacity [[Falmer Stadium|American Express Community Stadium]]. (Although it was named the "Brighton Community Stadium" throughout the tournament for sponsorship reasons.) One of the two games played was one of the biggest shocks in the history of Rugby Union,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/19/south-africa-japan-rugby-world-cup-2015-match-report|title=Japan beat South Africa in greatest Rugby World Cup shock ever|last=Kitson|first=Robert|date=19 September 2015|website=The Guardian|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> with [[Japan national rugby union team|Japan]] defeating [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]] 34 points to 32, with a try in the dying minutes of the game. The other game was between [[Samoa national rugby union team|Samoa]] and the [[United States national rugby union team|United States.]]
Brighton & Hove Hockey Club is a large [[Field hockey|hockey]] club with a home ground in Hove. The men's 1XI gained promotion in 2013 to the [[England Hockey League]] system, Conference East.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonandhovehockeyclub.net/ |title=B&H Hockey Club |publisher=Brightonandhovehockeyclub.net |accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref>
Motoring events take place on Madeira Drive, a piece of roadway on Brighton's seafront, throughout the year. It was originally constructed to host what is commonly held to be the world's oldest motor race, the [[Brighton Speed Trials]], which has been running since 1905. The event is organised by the [[Brighton and Hove Motor Club]] and normally takes place on the second Saturday in September each year.
From time to time a [[beach soccer]] competition is held in a temporary stadium on imported sand on the beach. The inaugural contest in June 2002 featured football stars [[Eric Cantona]] and [[Matt Le Tissier]].
Brighton has a [[horse-racing]] course, [[Brighton Racecourse]], with the unusual feature that when the full length of the course is to be used, some of the grass turf of the track has to be laid over the tar at the top of Wilson Avenue, a public road, which therefore has to be closed for the races.
A [[greyhound racing]] circuit – the [[Brighton & Hove Greyhound Stadium]] – in Hove is run by [[Gala Coral Group|Coral]], at which [[Motorcycle speedway]] racing was staged in 1928.
[[Brighton Sailing Club]] has been operating since the 1870s.
The Brighton and Hove [[Pétanque]] Club runs an annual triples, doubles and singles competition, informal KOs, winter and summer league, plus Open competitions with other clubs. The club is affiliated to Sussex Pétanque, the local region of the English Pétanque Association, so they can also play at a Regional and National level. The Peace Statue terrain is the official [[pétanque]] terrain situated on the seafront near the West Pier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhpetanque.org/|title= Brighton and Hove Pétanque Club}}</ref>
Brighton has two competitive swimming clubs: Brighton SC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightonsc.co.uk/|title= Brighton Swimming Club}}</ref> formed in 1860 claims to be the oldest swimming club in England; and Brighton Dolphin SC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bdsc.co.uk/|title= Brighton Dolphin Swimming Club}}</ref> was formed in 1891 as Brighton Ladies Swimming.
Amateur track cycling is held at the Preston Park Velodrome, the oldest velodrome in the UK built in 1877.
==Transport==
{{Main article|Transport in Brighton and Hove}}
[[File:Northward view of A23 and Brighton Main Line from footbridge near Braypool Lane, Patcham (December 2012).JPG|thumb|right|The [[Brighton Main Line]] railway ''(left)'' and [[A23 road]] link Brighton to London.]]
Brighton has several railway stations, many bus routes, coach services and taxis. A Rapid Transport System has been under consideration for some years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/search/display.var.1305605.0.transport_project_will_cut_journey_times.php
|title=Transport Project Will Cut Journey Times|accessdate=25 April 2007}}
:{{cite web
|url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/downloads/bhcc/transport/rapid_transport_report%5b1%5d.pdf
|format=PDF
|title=Brighton and Hove City Council – Major Scheme Business Case – Rapid Transport System
|accessdate=25 April 2007
}}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Trolleybus]]es, trams, ferries and [[hydrofoil]] services have operated in the past.
Brighton is connected to the national road network by the [[A23 road|A23]] (London Road) northwards, and by two east–west routes: the [[A259 road|A259]] along the coast and the [[A27 road|A27]] [[South Coast Trunk Road (disambiguation)|trunk route]] inland. The A23 joins the [[M23 motorway]] at [[Pease Pottage]] near [[Gatwick Airport]].<ref name="BBRH49">{{Harvnb|Brighton Borough Council|1985|p=49.}}</ref> The A27 originally ran through the urban area along Old Shoreham Road and Lewes Road, but it now follows the route of the Brighton Bypass (opened in 1990) and the old alignment has become the A270.
A bypass was first proposed in 1932, six routes were submitted for approval in 1973, and the [[Secretary of State for the Environment|Department of the Environment]] published its recommended route in 1980. Public enquiries took place in 1983 and 1987, construction started in 1989 and the first section—between London Road at [[Patcham]] and the road to [[Devil's Dyke, Sussex|Devil's Dyke]]—opened in summer 1991.<ref name="NEB48">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=48.}}</ref> By 1985 there were about 5,000 parking spaces in central Brighton. The largest car parks are at London Road, King Street, and the Churchill Square/Regency Road/Russell Road complex.<ref name="BBRH10">{{Harvnb|Brighton Borough Council|1985|p=10.}}</ref> In 1969, a 520-space [[multi-storey car park]] was built beneath the central gardens of [[Regency Square, Brighton|Regency Square]].<ref name="BBRH10"/><ref name="NEB273">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=273.}}</ref>
[[File:Brighton Station - geograph.org.uk - 435851.jpg|thumb|250px|Brighton Station Concourse]]
Frequent trains operate from [[Brighton railway station]]. Many Brighton residents commute to work in London<ref name="Argus-10785898">{{cite news |title=Commuting effect means Brighton and Hove population drops by 2.5% every working day |url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/10785898.Commuting_effect_means_Brighton_and_Hove_population_drops_by_2_5__every_working_day/ |last=Vowles |first=Neil |work=[[The Argus (Brighton)|The Argus]] |date=6 November 2013 |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M5MSYRgm?url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/10785898.Commuting_effect_means_Brighton_and_Hove_population_drops_by_2_5__every_working_day/ |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> and destinations include [[London Victoria station|London Victoria]], [[London Bridge station|London Bridge]] and [[St Pancras railway station|St Pancras International]]. Most trains serve [[Gatwick Airport]], and those operated by [[Thameslink and Great Northern|Thameslink]] continue to [[St Albans City railway station|St Albans]], [[Luton railway station|Luton]], [[Luton Airport Parkway railway station|Luton Airport Parkway]] and [[Bedford railway station|Bedford]]. The fastest service from London Victoria takes 51 minutes.<ref name="Indy-02042005">{{cite news|url=http://travel.independent.co.uk/uk/article8880.ece|title=Bedside the seaside|last=Dolan|first=Siobhan|work=[[The Independent]]|location=London|date=2 April 2005|accessdate=23 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611200630/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/bedside-the-seaside-530734.html|archivedate=11 June 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref> The [[West Coastway Line]] serves stations to [[Hove]], [[Worthing]], [[Portsmouth]] and [[Southampton]]; and the [[East Coastway Line]] runs via [[Lewes]] to [[Newhaven, East Sussex|Newhaven]], [[Eastbourne]], [[Hastings]] and [[Ashford, Kent]], crossing the landmark [[London Road viaduct]] en route and providing "a dramatic high-level view" of Brighton.<ref name="Indy-02042005"/> A wider range of long-distance destinations was served until 2007–08 when rationalisation caused the ending of [[InterCity (British Rail)|InterCity]] services via [[Kensington (Olympia) station|Kensington (Olympia)]] and [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] to [[Birmingham]], Manchester and [[Edinburgh]].<ref name="Indy-02042005"/> Twice-daily long-distance services to [[Bristol]] and [[Great Malvern]] are operated by [[Great Western Railway]] via the West Coastway Line.
Until [[Bus deregulation in Great Britain|deregulation]] in 1986, bus services in Brighton were provided by [[Southdown Motor Services]] and Brighton Borough Transport under a joint arrangement called "Brighton Area Transport Services". Southdown were part of the nationalised [[National Bus Company (UK)|NBC]] group and were based at Freshfield Road in the [[Kemptown, Brighton|Kemptown]] area; Brighton Borough Transport were owned by the council and used the former tram depot at Lewes Road as their headquarters. Joint tickets were available and revenue was shared.<ref name="BBRH48+50">{{Harvnb|Brighton Borough Council|1985|pp=48, 50.}}</ref> The [[Brighton & Hove (bus company)|Brighton & Hove Bus Company]], owned by the [[Go-Ahead Group]] since 1993, now runs most bus services in Brighton. Its fleet has about 280 buses.<ref name="B&H-About">{{cite web |url=http://www.buses.co.uk/information/aboutus.aspx |title=All About Us |year=2013 |publisher=[[Brighton & Hove (bus company)|Brighton & Hove Bus Company]] |accessdate=22 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M4E6shZp?url=http://www.buses.co.uk/information/aboutus.aspx |archivedate=22 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Compass Travel]], [[The Big Lemon]], [[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]], [[Stagecoach South]] and [[The Sussex Bus]] also operate some services to central Brighton.<!-- Refs for each of these! --> The city had 1,184 bus stops in 2012, 456 of which had a shelter.<ref name="Argus-13082012">{{cite news |last=Ridgway |first=Tim |title=Could Brighton and Hove buses get their own 'tube map'? |url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/9870305.Could_Brighton_and_Hove_buses_get_their_own__tube_map__/ |work=[[The Argus (Brighton)|The Argus]] |date=13 August 2012 |accessdate=5 March 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Etj7e1Ng?url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/9870305.Could_Brighton_and_Hove_buses_get_their_own__tube_map__/ |archivedate=5 March 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Real-time data|Real-time travel information]] displays are provided at many stops.<ref name="B&H-About"/>
[[File:Brighton & Hove 412 BJ11 XHN.JPG|thumb|250px|A Brighton & Hove bus service to East Moulsecoomb]]
The only [[park and ride]] facility in Brighton is based at the [[Withdean Stadium]]. It does not offer a dedicated shuttle bus service: intending passengers must join the Brighton & Hove Bus Company's route 27 service to [[Saltdean]]—which travels via Brighton railway station, the [[Clock Tower, Brighton|Clock Tower]] and [[Old Steine]]—and pay standard fares.<ref name="BHCC-P&R">{{cite web |url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/parking-and-travel/travel-transport-and-road-safety/park-ride-1 |title=Park & Ride |year=2013 |publisher=Brighton & Hove City Council |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M5Q4IpeJ?url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/parking-and-travel/travel-transport-and-road-safety/park-ride-1 |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The 20-year City Plan released in January 2013 ruled out an official park-and-ride facility, stating it would be an "inefficient use of public money, particularly in an era of declining car use". Councillors and residents in [[Woodingdean]] and [[Rottingdean]] have claimed that streets and car parks in those areas have become unofficial park-and-ride sites: drivers park for free and take buses into the city centre.<ref name="Argus-10593091">{{cite news |url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/10593091.Woodingdean_being_turned_into_unofficial__park_and_ride__claim_residents/ |title=Woodingdean being turned into unofficial 'park and ride' claim residents |last=Ridgway |first=Tim |date=6 August 2013 |work=[[The Argus (Brighton)|The Argus]] |accessdate=23 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M5Q7Xn1Y?url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/10593091.Woodingdean_being_turned_into_unofficial__park_and_ride__claim_residents/ |archivedate=23 December 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
[[Brighton City Airport|Brighton Airport]] is {{convert|9|mi|km}} west of Brighton near the town of [[Shoreham-by-Sea]].<ref name="BBRH49"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shorehamairport.co.uk/history|title=Airport History|publisher=[[Shoreham Airport|Shoreham (Brighton City) Airport]]/Albemarle Investment Syndicates|year=2012|accessdate=13 February 2012}}
:{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/southern_counties/6297735.stm|title=Airport plans focus on terminal|date=25 January 2007|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=13 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="Argus-05032013">{{cite news |last=Middleton |first=Kimberly |title=Cross channel flights take off from Brighton tomorrow |url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/10266876.Cross_channel_flights_take_off_from_Brighton_tomorrow/ |work=[[The Argus (Brighton)|The Argus]] |date=5 March 2013 |accessdate=5 March 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Etj7ZNL4?url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/10266876.Cross_channel_flights_take_off_from_Brighton_tomorrow/ |archivedate=5 March 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
[[Gatwick Airport]] is {{convert|22|mi|km|sigfig=2}} north on the A23; and regular coach and rail services operate from Brighton to the Airport.<ref name="BBRH49"/>
==See also==
{{Portal|Brighton}}
*[[The Argus (Brighton)|''The Argus'' (Brighton)]] – newspaper
*[[Brighton in fiction]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Antram|first1=Nicholas|last2=Morrice|first2=Richard|title=Brighton and Hove|series=[[Pevsner Architectural Guides]]|publisher=Yale University Press|location=London|year=2008|isbn=978-0-300-12661-7|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Brighton Borough Council|title=Borough of Brighton Residents' Handbook|edition=2nd|year=1985|publisher=Home Publishing Co. Ltd|location=Wallington|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Carder|first=Timothy|title=The Encyclopaedia of Brighton|year=1990|publisher=East Sussex County Libraries|location=Lewes|isbn=0-861-47315-9|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Collis|first=Rose|others=(based on the original by Tim Carder)|title=The New Encyclopaedia of Brighton|edition=1st|year=2010|publisher=Brighton & Hove Libraries|location=Brighton|isbn=978-0-9564664-0-2|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Dale|first=Antony|title=The History and Architecture of Brighton|publisher=Bredin & Heginbothom Ltd|location=Brighton|year=1950|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Dale|first=Antony|title=Brighton Town and Brighton People|year=1976|publisher=Phillimore & Co|location=Chichester|isbn=0-85033-219-2|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Dale|first=Antony|title=About Brighton: A Guide to the Buildings and Byways of Brighton and Hove|publisher=The Regency Society of Brighton and Hove|location=Brighton|year=1986|origyear=1951|edition=2nd Revised|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Gwynne|first=Peter|title=A History of Crawley|publisher=Phillimore & Co|location=Chichester|year=1990|edition=1st|isbn=0-85033-718-6|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|editor-last1=Leslie|editor-first1=Kim |editor-last2=Short |editor-first2=Brian |title=An Historical Atlas of Sussex|year=1999|publisher=Phillimore & Co|location=Chichester|isbn=1-86077-112-2|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Lower|first=Mark Antony|authorlink=Mark Antony Lower|year=1864|title=The Rivers of Sussex: Part II|journal=Sussex Archaeological Collections|publisher=George P. Bacon (for the [[Sussex Archaeological Society]])|location=Lewes|volume=16|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last1=Mawer|first1=A.|last2=Stenton|first2=F.M.|last3=Gover|first3=J.E.B.|title=The Place-Names of Sussex|volume=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=1930|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Musgrave|first=Clifford|title=Life in Brighton|year=1981|publisher=Rochester Press|location=Rochester|isbn=0-571-09285-3|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=L.J.|title=The Lanes of Brighton: a Brief Account of the Origins of the Ancient Town of Brighthelmstone|publisher=The Southern Publishing Co.|location=Brighton|year=1966|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Sampson|first=Mark|title=Brighton: History and Guide|publisher=Alan Sutton Publishing|location=Stroud|year=1994|isbn=0-7509-0476-3|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Seldon|first=Anthony|authorlink=Anthony Seldon|title=Brave New City: Brighton & Hove Past, Present, Future|year=2002|publisher=Pomegranate Press|location=Lewes|isbn=0-9542587-1-1|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=[[Sine nomine|s.n.]]|title=A selection of notes on the History of Hove and Brighton including a History of Hove street names and early maps of Hove|year=1998|publisher=Brighton & Hove Libraries|location=Brighton|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links | wikt=Brighton | commons=Category:Brighton, East Sussex | b=<!--London/Further Afield#Brighton-->no | n=Special:Search/Brighton | q=no | s=Special:Search/Brighton | v=no | voy=Brighton (England) | species=no | d=Q131491 }}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Brighton (England)}}
*{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/East_Sussex/Brighton_and_Hove}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/|title=Brighton & Hove City Council|accessdate=20 August 2007}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=brighton&ie=UTF8&ll=50.820469,-0.135183&spn=0.018463,0.039911&t=k&z=15&om=1|title=Brighton from Space – Satellite image of Brighton courtesy of Google Maps|accessdate=20 August 2007}}
{{Brighton and Hove}}
{{East Sussex1}}
{{Eurovision Song Contest}}
{{Former non-metropolitan districts of England}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Brighton| ]]
[[Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (UK English)]]
[[Category:Brighton and Hove]]
[[Category:Former non-metropolitan districts of East Sussex]]
[[Category:Market towns in East Sussex]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in East Sussex]]
[[Category:Seaside resorts in England]]
[[Category:Towns in East Sussex]]
[[Category:Beaches of East Sussex]]
[[Category:Nude beaches]]' |
