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'{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}{{Italic title}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Bacillus cereus'' | image = Bacillus_cereus_01.png | image_caption = ''B. cereus'' colonies on a sheep-blood [[agar plate]] | domain = [[Bacteria]] | phylum = [[Firmicutes]] | classis = [[Bacilli]] | ordo = [[Bacillales]] | familia = [[Bacillaceae]] | genus = ''[[Bacillus]]'' | species = '''''B. cereus''''' | binomial = ''Bacillus cereus'' | binomial_authority = Frankland & Frankland 1887 }} [[File:Bacillus cereus SEM-cr.jpg|thumb|Electron micrograph of ''Bacillus cereus'']] '''''Bacillus cereus''''' is a [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive]], [[Bacillus|rod-shaped]], [[Aerobic organism|aerobic]], facultatively anaerobic, motile, [[Hemolysis (microbiology)#Beta|beta hemolytic]] [[bacteria|bacterium]] commonly found in [[soil]] and food. Some strains are harmful to humans and cause [[foodborne illness]], while other strains can be beneficial as [[probiotics]] for animals.<ref>{{cite book | editor = Ryan KJ | editor2 = Ray CG | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref><ref name="CharalampopoulosRastall2009">{{cite book|author1=Dimitris Charalampopoulos|author2=Robert A. Rastall|title=Prebiotics and Probiotics Science and Technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nIn8EIS2iE8C&pg=PA627|date=12 August 2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-79057-2|pages=627–}}</ref> It is the cause of "[[fried rice]] syndrome", as the bacteria are classically contracted from fried rice dishes that have been sitting at room temperature for hours.<ref name="SanfordJong2008">{{cite book|author1=Christopher A. Sanford|author2=Elaine C. Jong|title=The Travel and Tropical Medicine Manual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAz-_hBG90sC&pg=PA469|date=5 August 2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=1-4377-1069-7|pages=469–}}</ref><ref name=Asaeda>{{Cite journal | pmid = 16373130 | volume = 30 | pages = 30–32 | last = Asaeda | first = Glenn | last2 = Caicedo | first2 = Gilbert | last3 = Swanson | first3 = Christopher | title = Fried Rice Syndrome | journal = [[Journal of Emergency Medical Services]] | date = December 2005 | issue = 12 | doi=10.1016/s0197-2510(05)70258-8 }}</ref> ''B. cereus'' bacteria are [[facultative anaerobe]]s, and like other members of the genus ''[[Bacillus]]'', can produce protective [[endospore]]s. Its virulence factors include cereolysin and [[phospholipase C]]. The ''Bacillus cereus group'' comprises seven closely related species: ''B. cereus'' sensu stricto (referred to herein as ''B. cereus''), ''[[Bacillus anthracis|B. anthracis]]'', ''[[Bacillus thuringiensis|B. thuringiensis]]'', ''[[Bacillus mycoides|B. mycoides]]'', ''[[Bacillus pseudomycoides|B. pseudomycoides]]'', ''[[Bacillus weihenstephanensis|B. weihenstephanensis]]'', and ''[[Bacillus cytotoxicus|B. cytotoxicus]].''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guinebretière|first=Marie-Hélène|last2=Auger|first2=Sandrine|last3=Galleron|first3=Nathalie|last4=Contzen|first4=Matthias|last5=De Sarrau|first5=Benoit|last6=De Buyser|first6=Marie-Laure|last7=Lamberet|first7=Gilles|last8=Fagerlund|first8=Annette|last9=Granum|first9=Per Einar|date=2013|title=Bacillus cytotoxicus sp. nov. is a novel thermotolerant species of the Bacillus cereus Group occasionally associated with food poisoning|url=http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.030627-0|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume=63|issue=1|pages=31–40|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.030627-0}}</ref> ==History== Colonies of ''Bacillus cereus'' were originally isolated from an agar plate left exposed to the air in a cow shed.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Frankland|first1=G. C.|last2=Frankland|first2=P. F.|title=Studies on Some New Micro-Organisms Obtained from Air|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=1 January 1887|volume=178|pages=257–287|doi=10.1098/rstb.1887.0011}}</ref> In the 2010s, examination of [[FDA Warning Letter|warning letters]] issued by the [[Food and Drug Administration|US Food and Drug Administration]] issued to [[pharmaceutical manufacturing]] facilities addressing facility microbial contamination revealed that the most common contaminant was ''B. cereus''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sandle|first=Tim|date=28 November 2014|title=The Risk of ''Bacillus cereus'' to Pharmaceutical Manufacturing|url=http://www.americanpharmaceuticalreview.com/Featured-Articles/169507-The-Risk-of-em-Bacillus-cereus-em-to-Pharmaceutical-Manufacturing/|journal=American Pharmaceutical Review|type=Paper|volume=17|issue=6|page=56|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}</ref> Several new enzymes have been discovered in ''B. cereus'', e.g. AlkC and [[AlkD]], both of which are involved in [[DNA repair]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Alseth | first1 = Ingrun | last2 = Rognes | first2 = Torbjørn | last3 = Lindbäck | first3 = Toril | last4 = Solberg | first4 = Inger | last5 = Robertsen | first5 = Kristin | last6 = Kristiansen | first6 = Knut Ivan | last7 = Mainieri | first7 = Davide | last8 = Lillehagen | first8 = Lucy | last9 = Kolstø | first9 = Anne-Brit | last10 = Bjørås | first10 = Magnar | display-authors = 4 | title = A new protein superfamily includes two novel 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylases ''Bacillus cereus'', AlkC and AlkD | journal = [[Molecular Microbiology (journal)|Molecular Microbiology]] | year = 2006 | volume = 59 | issue = 5 | pages = 1602–9 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05044.x | pmid = 16468998 | pmc = 1413580 }}</ref> ==Ecology== ''B. cereus'' competes with other microorganisms such as ''[[Salmonella]]'' and ''[[Campylobacter]]'' in the [[Gut (zoology)|gut]], so its presence reduces the numbers of those microorganisms. In food animals such as [[chickens]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Vilà | first1 = B. | last2 = Fontgibell | first2 = A. | last3 = Badiola | first3 = I. | last4 = Esteve-Garcia | first4 = E. | last5 = Jiménez | first5 = G. | last6 = Castillo | first6 = M. | last7 = Brufau | first7 = J. | display-authors = 4 | title = Reduction of ''Salmonella enterica'' var. Enteritidis colonization and invasion by ''Bacillus cereus'' var. ''toyoi'' inclusion in poultry feeds | journal = [[Poultry Science]] | volume = 88 | issue = 55 | pages = 975–9 | publisher = [[HighWire Press]] | year = 2009 | doi = 10.3382/ps.2008-00483 | pmid = 19359685 }}</ref> [[rabbit]]s<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bories | first1 = Georges | last2 = Brantom | first2 = Paul | last3 = de Barberà | first3 = Joaquim Brufau | last4 = Chesson | first4 = Andrew | last5 = Cocconcelli | first5 = Pier Sandro | last6 = Debski | first6 = Bogdan | last7 = Dierick | first7 = Noël | last8 = Gropp | first8 = Jürgen | last9 = Halle | first9 = Ingrid | last10 = Hogstrand | first10 = Christer | last11 = de Knecht | first11 = Joop | last12 = Leng | first12 = Lubomir | last13 = Lindgren | first13 = Sven | last14 = Haldorsen | first14 = Anne-Katrine Lundebye | last15 = Mantovani | first15 = Alberto | last16 = Mézes | first16 = Miklós | last17 = Nebbia | first17 = Carlo | last18 = Rambeck | first18 = Walter | last19 = Rychen | first19 = Guido | last20 = von Wright | first20 = Atte | last21 = Wester | first21 = Pieter | display-authors = 3 | title = Safety and efficacy of the product Toyocerin (Bacillus cereus var. toyoi) as feed additive for rabbit breeding does | series = Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed | journal = [[EFSA Journal]] | volume = 2009 | issue = 1 | pages = 913 | publisher = [[European Food Safety Authority]] | date = 9 December 2008 | url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu/de/efsajournal/pub/913 | eissn = 1831-4732 | doi = 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.913 | id = EFSA-Q-2008-287 | accessdate = 14 May 2009 }}</ref> and [[pig]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bories | first1 = Georges | last2 = Brantom | first2 = Paul | last3 = de Barberà | first3 = Joaquim Brufau | last4 = Chesson | first4 = Andrew | last5 = Cocconcelli | first5 = Pier Sandro | last6 = Debski | first6 = Bogdan | last7 = Dierick | first7 = Noël | last8 = Franklin | first8 = Anders | last9 = Gropp | first9 = Jürgen | last10 = Halle | first10 = Ingrid | last11 = Hogstrand | first11 = Christer | last12 = de Knecht | first12 = Joop | last13 = Leng | first13 = Lubomir | last14 = Haldorsen | first14 = Anne-Katrine Lundebye | last15 = Mantovani | first15 = Alberto | last16 = Mézes | first16 = Miklós | last17 = Nebbia | first17 = Carlo | last18 = Rambeck | first18 = Walter | last19 = Rychen | first19 = Guido | last20 = von Wright | first20 = Atte | last21 = Wester | first21 = Pieter | display-authors = 3 | title = Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed on the safety and efficacy of the product Toyocerin (Bacillus cereus var. Toyoi) as a feed additive for sows from service to weaning, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 | series = Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed | journal = [[EFSA Journal]] | volume = 2007 | issue = 3 | pages = 458 | publisher = [[European Food Safety Authority]] | date = 16 March 2007 | url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/458 | eissn = 1831-4732 | doi = 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.458 | id = EFSA-Q-2006-037 | accessdate = 14 May 2009 }} </ref> some harmless strains of ''B. cereus'' are used as a [[probiotic]] [[feed additive]] to reduce ''Salmonella'' in the [[intestine]]s and [[cecum]]. This improves the animals' growth as well as food safety for humans who eat them.They parasitize [[codling moth]] larvae. ''Bacillus cereus'' and other members of ''Bacillus'' are not easily killed by alcohol; in fact, they have been known to colonize distilled liquors and alcohol-soaked swabs and pads in numbers sufficient to cause infection.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6011a5.htm |title=Notes from the Field: Contamination of Alcohol Prep Pads with ''Bacillus cereus'' Group and ''Bacillus'' Species --- Colorado, 2010 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=March 25, 2011 |website= |publisher=CDC |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hsueh|first1=PR|title=Nosocomial pseudoepidemic caused by Bacillus cereus traced to contaminated ethyl alcohol from a liquor factory|pmc=85137|pmid=10364598|journal=J Clin Microbiol|date=1999|volume=37|pages=2280–4|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Some strains of ''B. cereus'' produce [[cerein]]s, [[bacteriocin]]s active against different ''B. cereus'' strains or other Gram-positive bacteria.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Naclerio|first1=G|last2=Ricca|first2=E|last3=Sacco|first3=M|last4=De Felice|first4=M|title=Antimicrobial activity of a newly identified bacteriocin of Bacillus cereus|journal=Appl Environ Microbiol|date=December 1993|volume=59|issue=12|pages=4313–6|pmid=8285719|pmc=195902}}</ref> ==Reproduction== At {{convert|30|C|F}}, a population of ''B. cereus'' can double in as little as 20 minutes or as long as 3 hours, depending on the food product.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/20888/foodandi.pdf?sequence=1|title=Food and Indoor Air Isolated Bacillus Non-Protein Toxins: Structures, Physico-Chemical Properties and Mechanisms of Effects on Eukaryotic Cells|author=Mikkola, Raimo|page=12|accessdate=2015-10-24}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Food!!style="width:10em"|Minutes to double, {{convert|30|C|F}}!!style="width:10em"|Hours to multiply by 1,000,000 |- |Milk||20–36||{{n-life|n=2|t=20|t2=36|end=10^6|scale=60|dec=1}} |- |Cooked rice||26–31||{{n-life|n=2|t=26|t2=31|end=10^6|scale=60|dec=1}} |- |Infant formula||56||{{n-life|n=2|t=56|end=10^6|scale=60|dec=1}} |} ==Pathogenesis== ''B. cereus'' is responsible for a minority of foodborne illnesses (2&ndash;5%), causing severe [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], and [[diarrhea]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kotiranta A, Lounatmaa K, Haapasalo M | title=Epidemiology and pathogenesis of ''Bacillus cereus'' infections | journal=Microbes Infect | year=2000 | pages=189–98 | volume=2 | issue=2 | pmid=10742691 | doi = 10.1016/S1286-4579(00)00269-0}}</ref> ''Bacillus'' foodborne illnesses occur due to survival of the bacterial endospores when food is improperly cooked.<ref>{{cite book | author = Turnbull PCB | title = Bacillus. ''In:'' Baron's Medical Microbiology| editor = Baron S| display-editors = etal| edition = 4th | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | id = [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.935#939 (via NCBI Bookshelf)] | isbn = 0-9631172-1-1 }}</ref> Cooking temperatures less than or equal to 100&nbsp;°C (212&nbsp;°F) allow some ''B. cereus'' [[Endospore|spores]] to survive.<ref name="microorganisms.in.foods.p.24">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxycHnaPfCYC&pg=PA24 |author1=Roberts, T. A. |author2=Baird-Parker, A. C. |author3=Tompkin, R. B. |title=Characteristics of microbial pathogens |publisher=Blackie Academic & Professional |location=London |year=1996 |page=24 |isbn=0-412-47350-X |accessdate=25 November 2010}}</ref> This problem is compounded when food is then improperly [[refrigeration|refrigerated]], allowing the endospores to germinate.<ref>{{cite journal | author=McKillip JL | title=Prevalence and expression of enterotoxins in ''Bacillus cereus'' and other ''Bacillus'' spp., a literature review | journal=Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek | year=2000 | pages=393–9 | volume=77 | issue=4 | pmid=10959569 | doi = 10.1023/A:1002706906154}}</ref> Cooked foods not meant for either immediate consumption or rapid cooling and refrigeration should be kept at temperatures below 10&nbsp;°C (50&nbsp;°F) or above 50&nbsp;°C (122&nbsp;°F).<ref name="microorganisms.in.foods.p.24" /> Germination and growth generally occur between 10&nbsp;°C and 50&nbsp;°C,<ref name="microorganisms.in.foods.p.24" /> though some strains are [[Psychrotrophic bacteria|psychrotrophic]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiK9fcE4xvAC&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false |author1=Davis, Judi Ratliff |author2=Lawley, Richard |author3=Davis, Judy |author4=Laurie Curtis |title=The food safety hazard guidebook |publisher=RSC Pub |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2008 |page=17 |isbn=0-85404-460-4 |accessdate=25 November 2010}}</ref> Bacterial growth results in production of [[enterotoxin]]s, one of which is highly resistant to heat and acids ([[pH]] levels between 2 and 11);<ref name=Todar /> ingestion leads to two types of illness, diarrheal and emetic (vomiting) syndrome.<ref name="pmid15538709">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ehling-Schulz M, Fricker M, Scherer S | title=''Bacillus cereus'', the causative agent of an emetic type of food-borne illness | journal=Mol Nutr Food Res | year=2004 | pages=479–87 | volume=48 | issue=7 | pmid=15538709 | doi = 10.1002/mnfr.200400055}}</ref> :*The diarrheal type is associated with a wide range of foods, has an 8.0- to 16-hour [[incubation period|incubation time]], and is associated with diarrhea and gastrointestinal pain. Also known as the 'long-incubation' form of ''B. cereus'' food poisoning, it might be difficult to differentiate from poisoning caused by ''[[Clostridium perfringens]]''.<ref name=Todar>{{cite web | title=''Bacillus cereus'' | work=Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology | url=http://textbookofbacteriology.net/B.cereus.html | accessdate=19 September 2009}}</ref> Enterotoxin can be inactivated after heating at {{convert|56|C|F}} for 5 minutes however it is unclear whether its presence in food causes the symptom since it degrades in stomach enzymes; its subsequent production by surviving ''B. cereus'' spores within the small intestine may be the cause of illness.<ref name=watson1998>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKIy-iHLaiEC&pg=PA134|pages=133–134|title=Natural Toxicants in Food|author=Watson, David|date=1998}}</ref> :*The 'emetic' form is commonly caused by rice cooked for a time and temperature insufficient to kill any spores present, then improperly refrigerated. It can produce a [[toxin]], [[cereulide]], which is not inactivated by later reheating. This form leads to nausea and vomiting one to five hours after consumption. It can be difficult to distinguish from other short-term bacterial foodborne intoxications such as by ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''.<ref name=Todar /> Emetic toxin can withstand {{convert|121|C|F}} for 90 minutes.<ref name=watson1998/> The diarrhetic syndromes observed in patients are thought to stem from the three toxins: [[hemolysin]] BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic [[enterotoxin]] (Nhe) and [[cytotoxin]] K (CytK).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Guinebretière MH, Broussolle V, Nguyen-The C |title=Enterotoxigenic Profiles of Food-poisoning and Food-borne ''Bacillus cereus'' Strains |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=40 |issue=8 |pages=3053–6 |date=August 2002 |pmid=12149378 |pmc=120679 |doi=10.1128/JCM.40.8.3053-3056.2002 }}</ref> The ''nhe''/''hbl''/''cytK'' genes are located on the chromosome of the bacteria. Transcription of these genes is controlled by ''PlcR''. These genes occur in the taxonomically related ''B. thuringiensis'' and ''B. anthracis'', as well. These enterotoxins are all produced in the small intestine of the host, thus thwarting digestion by host endogenous enzymes. The Hbl and Nhe toxins are pore-forming toxins closely related to [[ClyA]] of ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]''. The proteins exhibit a conformation known as "beta-barrel" that can insert into cellular membranes due to a [[hydrophobic]] exterior, thus creating pores with [[hydrophilic]] interiors. The effect is loss of cellular [[membrane potential]] and eventually cell death. CytK is a pore-forming protein more related to other hemolysins. The timing of the toxin production was previously thought to be possibly responsible for the two different courses of disease, but in fact the emetic syndrome is caused by a toxin, [[cereulide]], found only in emetic strains and is not part of the "standard toolbox" of ''B. cereus''. Cereulide is a cyclic polypeptide containing three repeats of four amino acids: D-oxy-[[Leucine|Leu]]—D-[[Alanine|Ala]]—L-oxy-[[Valine|Val]]—L-Val (similar to [[valinomycin]] produced by ''[[Streptomyces griseus]]'') produced by [[nonribosomal peptide|nonribosomal peptide synthesis]]. Cereulide is believed to bind to 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3) [[serotonin]] receptors, activating them and leading to increased [[Afferent nerve fiber|afferent]] [[vagus nerve stimulation]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Agata N, Ohta M, Mori M, Isobe M | title=A novel dodecadepsipeptide, cereulide, is an emetic toxin of ''Bacillus cereus'' | journal=FEMS Microbiol Lett | year=1995 | pages=17–20 | volume=129 | issue=1 | pmid=7781985 | doi=10.1016/0378-1097(95)00119-P}}</ref> It was shown independently by two research groups to be encoded on multiple [[plasmid]]s: pCERE01<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoton FM, Andrup L, Swiecicka I, Mahillon J | title=The cereulide genetic determinants of emetic ''Bacillus cereus'' are plasmid-borne | journal=Microbiology | year=2005 | pages=2121–4 | volume=151 | issue=7 | pmid=16000702 | doi = 10.1099/mic.0.28069-0}}</ref> or pBCE4810.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ehling-Schulz M, Fricker M, Grallert H, Rieck P, Wagner M, Scherer S | title=Cereulide synthetase gene cluster from emetic ''Bacillus cereus'': Structure and location on a mega virulence plasmid related to Bacillus anthracis toxin plasmid pXO1 | journal=BMC Microbiol | year=2006 | volume=6 | pmid=16512902 | page = 20 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2180-6-20 | pmc=1459170}}</ref> Plasmid pBCE4810 shares homology with the ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]'' virulence plasmid pXO1, which encodes the [[anthrax toxin]]. Periodontal isolates of ''B. cereus'' also possess distinct pXO1-like plasmids. Like most of cyclic peptides containing nonproteogenic amino acids, cereulid is resistant to heat, proteolysis, and acid conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stenfors Arnesen LP, Fagerlund A, Granum PE | title=From soil to gut: ''Bacillus cereus'' and its food poisoning toxins | journal=FEMS Microbiol Rev. | year=2008 | pages=579–606 | volume=32 | issue=4 | pmid=18422617 | doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00112.x }}</ref> ''B. cereus'' is also known to cause difficult-to-eradicate chronic skin infections, though less aggressive than [[necrotizing fasciitis]]. ''B. cereus'' can also cause [[keratitis]].<ref name="pmid11581057">{{cite journal |author=Pinna A |title=Bacillus cereus keratitis associated with contact lens wear |journal=Ophthalmology |volume=108 |issue=10 |pages=1830–4 |date=October 2001 |doi= 10.1016/S0161-6420(01)00723-0|pmid=11581057 |author2=Sechi LA |author3=Zanetti S |display-authors=3 |last4=Usai |first4=Donatella |last5=Delogu |first5=Giovanni |last6=Cappuccinelli |first6=Piero |last7=Carta |first7=Francesco}}</ref> <!--It is mentioned as pathogenic microflora in pharmaceutical oral products in Brazilian Pharmacopaeia.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}--> == Diagnosis == In case of [[foodborne illness]], the diagnosis of ''B. cereus'' can be confirmed by the isolation of more than 10⁵ ''B. cereus'' organisms per gram from epidemiologically implicated food, but such testing is often not done because the illness is relatively harmless and usually self-limiting.<ref name=cdc>[https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm4310.pdf Bacillus cereus Food Poisoning Associated with Fried Rice at Two Child Day Care Centers] from Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 March 1994 / Vol. 43 / No. 10 U.S.</ref> == Identification through testing == Below is a list of differential techniques and results that can help to identify&nbsp;''Bacillus cereus'' from other bacteria and&nbsp;''Bacillus''&nbsp;species.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/913804139|title=Bacillus|last=R.,|first=Harwood, Colin|isbn=9781489935021|oclc=913804139}}</ref> * [[Anaerobic organism|Anaerobic Growth]]: Positive * [[Voges–Proskauer test|Voges Proskauer test]]: Positive * Acid produced from ** D-glucose: Positive ** L-arabinose: Negative ** D-xylose: Negative ** D-mannitol: Negative * Starch&nbsp;[[hydrolysis]]: Positive * [[Nitrogen fixation|Nitrate reduction]]: Positive * Degradation of&nbsp;[[tyrosine]]: Positive * Growth at ** >50&nbsp;°C: Negative * Utilization of&nbsp;[[citrate]]: Positive ==Prognosis== Most emetic patients recover within six to 24 hours,<ref name="pmid15538709" /> but in some cases, the toxin can be fatal.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Takabe F, Oya M | title=An autopsy case of food poisoning associated with ''Bacillus cereus'' | journal=Forensic Science | year=1976 | pages=97–101 | volume=7 | issue=2 | doi=10.1016/0300-9432(76)90024-8| pmid=823082 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Mahler H | title=Fulminant liver failure in association with the emetic toxin of ''Bacillus cereus'' | journal=N Engl J Med | year=1997 | pages=1142–1148 | volume=336 | issue=16 | pmid=9099658| doi=10.1056/NEJM199704173361604|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Dierick K | title=Fatal family outbreak of Bacillus cereus-associated food poisoning | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year=2005 | pages=4277–4279 | volume=43 | issue=8 | doi=10.1128/JCM.43.8.4277-4279.2005 | pmid=16082000 | pmc=1233987|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Shiota, M | title=Rapid Detoxification of Cereulide in ''Bacillus cereus'' Food Poisoning | journal=Pediatrics | year=2010 | pages=e951–e955 | volume=125 | issue=4 | doi=10.1542/peds.2009-2319 | pmid=20194285 | url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/125/4/e951.full|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Naranjo, M | title=Sudden Death of a Young Adult Associated with ''Bacillus cereus'' Food Poisoning | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year=2011 | pages=4379–4381 | volume=49 | issue=12 | doi=10.1128/JCM.05129-11| pmid=22012017 | pmc=3232990 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> In 2014, 23 neonates receiving [[total parenteral nutrition]] contaminated with ''B. cereus'' developed [[septicaemia]], with three of the infants later dying as a result of infection.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/drug-device-alerts/drug-alert-lipid-phase-only-of-parenteral-nutrition-potential-contamination-with-bacillus-cereus Lipid Phase only of Parenteral Nutrition - potential contamination with ''Bacillus cereus'']. UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Medical safety alert (4 June 2014)</ref><ref>Cooper, Charlie (1 July 2014) [https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/third-baby-dies-from-contaminated-total-parenteral-nutrition-drip-feed-9576663.html Third baby dies from contaminated 'Total Parenteral Nutrition' drip feed]. The Independent</ref> == Bacteriophage == Bacteria of the ''B. cereus'' group are infected by [[bacteriophage]] belonging to the family [[Tectivirus|Tectiviridae]]. This family includes tail-less phages that have a lipid membrane/vesicle beneath the icosahedral protein shell and that are formed of approximately equal amounts of virus-encoded proteins and [[lipid]]s derived from the host cell [[Cell membrane|plasma membrane]]. Upon infection, the lipid membrane becomes a tail-like structure used in genome delivery. The genome is composed of ~15-kb linear double-stranded [[DNA]] (dsDNA) with long inverted terminal repeat sequences (􏰵100 bp). '''GIL01''', '''Bam35''', '''GIL16''', '''AP50''', and '''Wip1''' are examples of temperate tectiviruses infecting the ''B. cereus'' group.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gillis|first=Annika|last2=Mahillon|first2=Jacques|date=2014-07-15|title=Prevalence, Genetic Diversity, and Host Range of Tectiviruses among Members of the Bacillus cereus Group|url=http://aem.asm.org/content/80/14/4138|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|language=en|volume=80|issue=14|pages=4138–4152|doi=10.1128/AEM.00912-14|issn=0099-2240|pmc=4068676|pmid=24795369}}</ref> == See also == * [[Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis|''Bacillus cereus'' biovar ''anthracis'']] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == External links == {{Commons category|Bacillus cereus}} * [http://patricbrc.org/portal/portal/patric/Taxon?cType=taxon&cId=1396 Bacillus cereus] genomes and related information at [http://patricbrc.org/ PATRIC], a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by [http://www.niaid.nih.gov/ NIAID] *[http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=624&submit=Search Type strain of ''Bacillus cereus'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase] {{Gram-positive bacterial diseases}} {{taxonbar}} [[Category:Bacillus|cereus]] [[Category:Foodborne illnesses]] [[Category:Bacteria described in 1887]]'