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'{{Redirect|Immigrants}} {{For|the cellular automaton|Immigration (CA)}} JUANS ILLEGAL GET HIM OUT!!!! [[Image:Net migration rate world.PNG|right|300px|thumb|[[Net migration rate]]s for 2008: positive (blue), negative (orange), stable (green), and no data (grey).]] '''Immigration''' is the introduction of new people into a habitat or population. It is a biological concept and is important in population ecology, differentiated from [[emigration]] and [[human migration|migration]]. ==Statistics== The [[International Organization for Migration]] or(I.O.M) said there are more than 200 million migrants around the world today. [[Europe]] hosted the largest number of immigrants, with 70.6 million people in 2005, the latest year for which figures are available. [[North America]], with over 45.1 million immigrants, is second, followed by [[Asia]], which hosts nearly 25.3 million. Most of today's migrant workers come from Asia.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Dec02/0,4670,EUWorldMigrationReport,00.html Rich world needs more foreign workers: report], FOXNews.com, December 02, 2008</ref> The [[United Ingrates]] found that, in 2005, there were nearly 191 million international migrants worldwide, 3 percent of the world population. This represented a rise of 26 million since 1990. Sixty percent of these immigrants were now in developed countries, an increase on 1990. Those in less developed countries stagnated, mainly because of a fall in refugees.<ref name="UN2006">''{{PDF|[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2006_MigrationRep/exec_sum.pdf International Migration Report 2006]|89.4&nbsp;KB}}''. [[United Nations]]. Key Findings. Retrieved on 30 October 2009.</ref> Contrast that to the average rate of globalization (the proportion of cross-border trade in all trade), which exceeds 20 percent. The numbers of people living outside their country of birth is expected to rise in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2006_MigrationRep/report.htm|publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division|title=International Migration Report 2006|date=2006|accessdate=30 October 2009}}</ref> The Middle West, some parts of Europe, small areas of South West Asia, and a few spots in the East Indies have the highest percentages of immigrant population recorded by the UN Census 2005. The reliability of immigrant censuses is, however, lamentably low due to the concealed character of undocumented labor migration. The [[International Organization for Migration]] has estimated the number of foreign migrants to be over 200 million worldwide today.<ref>''[http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/about-migration/facts-and-figures/global-estimates-and-trends Global Estimates and Trends]''. [[International Organization for Migration]]. 2008. Retrieved on 30 October 2009.</ref> Recent surveys by [[Gallup poll|Gallup]] found roughly 700 million adults would like to migrate to another country permanently if they had the chance. The [[United States]] is the top desired destination country.<ref>"[http://www.gallup.com/poll/124028/700-Million-Worldwide-Desire-Migrate-Permanently.aspx 700 Million Worldwide Desire to Migrate Permanently]". Gallup.com.</ref> ==Understanding of immigration== ===General theories behind immigration=== One theory of immigration distinguishes between [[Push and pull factors|push factors]] and [[Push and pull factors|pull factors]].<ref>See the NIDI/[[Eurostat]] '''push and pull study''' for details and examples: [http://www.nidi.knaw.nl/web/html/pushpull/index.html]</ref> Push factors refer primarily to the motive for [[emigration]] from the country of origin. In the case of economic migration (usually labour migration), differentials in [[wage rate]]s are prominent. If the value of wages in the new country surpasses the value of wages in one’s native country, he or she may choose to migrate as long as the travel costs are not too high. Particularly in the 19th century, economic expansion of the U.S. increased immigrant flow, and in effect, nearly 20% of the population was foreign born versus today’s values of 10%, making up a significant amount of the labor force. Poor individuals from less developed countries ''can'' have far higher standards of living in developed countries than in their originating countries. The cost of emigration, which includes both the explicit costs, the ticket price, and the implicit cost, lost work time and loss of community ties, also play a major role in the pull of emigrants away from their native country. As transportation technology improved, travel time and costs decreased dramatically between the 18th and early 20th century. Travel across the Atlantic used to take up to 5 weeks in the 1700s, but around the time of the 1900s it took a mere 8 days.<ref name=autogenerated2>Boustan, Leah. "Fertility and Immigration." UCLA. 15 Jan. 2009.</ref> When the [[opportunity cost]] is lower, the immigration rates tend to be higher.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> Escape from [[poverty]] (personal or for relatives staying behind) is a traditional push factor, the availability of [[employment|jobs]] is the related pull factor. [[Natural disasters]] and can amplify poverty-driven migration flows. This kind of migration may be [[illegal immigration]] in the destination country (emigration is also illegal in some countries, such as [[North Korea]], [[Myanmar]], and [[Somalia]]). The main problem with push-and-pull theories is three-fold: first, they state the obvious (i.e., people from poorer places will seek to go to richer ones); second, they are unable to explain the emergence of migrant flows (if push and pull were the only things in existence, people from the poorest countries would migrate to the richest ones, when in reality such flows are well-nigh non-existent); third, they are unable to explain the stability of the emerging patterns of migration (i.e., once a flow from country A to country B is established, it will stay on for a relatively long time, even if the initial conditions that had given the push and pull to the migration are not there any more (as the case of the German case of the [[Gastarbeiter]], or [[guest worker]] program shows.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} Emigration and immigration are sometimes mandatory in a contract of employment: religious [[Missionary|missionaries]], and employees of [[transnational corporations]], international [[non-governmental organizations]] and the [[diplomatic service]] expect, by definition, to work 'overseas'. They are often referred to as '[[expatriates]]', and their conditions of employment are typically equal to or better than those applying in the host country (for similar work). For some migrants, [[education]] is the primary pull factor (although most [[international students]] are not classified as immigrants). [[Retirement]] migration from rich countries to lower-cost countries with better [[climate]], is a new type of international migration. Examples include immigration of retired [[United Kingdom|British]] citizens to [[Spain]] or [[Italy]] and of retired [[Canadian]] citizens to the [[United States|U.S.]] (mainly to the U.S. states of [[Florida]] and [[Texas]]). Non-economic push factors include [[persecution]] (religious and otherwise), frequent abuse, [[bullying]], [[oppression]], [[ethnic cleansing]] and even [[genocide]], and risks to civilians during [[war]]. Political motives traditionally motivate refugee flows—to escape [[dictatorship]] for instance. Some migration is for personal reasons, based on a [[Interpersonal relationship|relationship]] (e.g. to be with family or a partner), such as in [[family reunification]] or [[transnational marriage]]. In a few cases, an individual may wish to emigrate to a new country in a form of transferred [[patriotism]]. Evasion of [[criminal justice]] (e.g. avoiding [[arrest]]) is a personal motivation. This type of emigration and immigration is not normally legal, if a crime is internationally recognized, although criminals may disguise their identities or find other loopholes to evade detection. There have been cases, for example, of those who might be guilty of war crimes disguising themselves as victims of war or conflict and then pursuing asylum in a different country. Barriers to immigration come not only in legal form; natural and social barriers to immigration can also be very powerful. Immigrants when leaving their country also leave everything familiar: their family, friends, support network, and culture. They also need to liquidate their assets often at a large loss, and incur the expense of moving. When they arrive in a new country this is often with many uncertainties including finding work, where to live, new laws, new cultural norms, language or accent issues, possible [[racism]] and other exclusionary behavior towards them and their family. These barriers act to limit international migration (scenarios where populations move ''en masse'' to other continents, creating huge population surges, and their associated strain on infrastructure and services, ignore these inherent limits on migration.) The politics of immigration have become increasingly associated with other issues, such as [[national security]], [[terrorism]], and in western Europe especially, with the presence of [[Islam]] as a new major religion. Those with security concerns cite the [[2005 civil unrest in France]] that point to the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy]] as an example of the value conflicts arising from immigration of [[Muslims in Western Europe]] while failing to recognize the fact that most participants of the 2005 civil unrest were citizens of France, not immigrants themselves, and the essence of their protest was denial of equal rights, and blatant racism, on the part of the state. Because of all these associations, immigration has become an emotional political issue in many European nations.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} ===Region-specific factors for immigration=== As a principle, citizens of one member nation of the [[European Union]] are allowed to work in other member nations with little to no restriction on movement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eures/main.jsp?&countryId=&accessing=0&content=1&restrictions=0&step=0&acro=free&lang=en |title=Eures - Free Movement | publisher=European Union | accessdate=2008-03-23}}</ref> This is aided by the [[EURES]] network which brings together the [[European Commission]] and the public employment services of the countries belonging to the [[European Economic Area]] and [[Switzerland]]. For non-EU-citizen permanent residents in the EU, movement between EU-member states is considerably more difficult. After new waves of accession to the European Union, earlier members have often introduced measures to restrict participation in "their" labour markets by citizens of the new EU-member states. For instance, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain each restricted their labour market for up to seven years both in the 2004 and 2007 round of accession.<ref>See, e.g., [http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=568 EU Enlargement in 2007: No Warm Welcome for Labor Migrants, by Catherine Drew and Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah, Institute for Public Policy Research ]</ref> Due to the European Union's—in principle—single internal labour market policy, societies that have seen relatively low levels of labour immigration until recently—which have sent a significant portion of their population overseas in the past—such as [[Italy]] and the [[Republic of Ireland]] are seeing an influx of immigrants from EU countries with lower per capita annual earning rates, triggering nationwide immigration debates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/realism-is-not-racism-in-the-immigration-debate-1198337.html |title= Independent: "Realism is not racism in the immigration debate"| publisher= independent.ie |accessdate=2008-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cicerofoundation.org/lectures/bertozzi_nov02.html |title="Italy's Recent Change From An Emigration Country to An Immigration Country and Its Impact on Italy's Refugee and Migration Policy" by Andrea Bertozzi| publisher= Cicero Foundation |accessdate=2008-03-23}}</ref> [[Spain]], meanwhile, is seeing growing illegal immigration from [[Africa]]. As Spain is the closest EU member nation to Africa—Spain even has two autonomous cities ([[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]]) on the African continent, as well as an autonomous community (the [[Canary Islands]]) west of North Africa, in the Atlantic—it is physically easiest for African emigrants to reach. This has led to debate both within Spain and between Spain and other EU members. Spain has asked for border control assistance from other EU states; the latter have responded that Spain has brought the wave of African illegals on itself by granting amnesty to hundreds of thousands of immigrants.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5369986.stm |title=BBC: EU nations clash over immigration|accessdate=2008-03-23 | date=2006-09-22}}</ref> The [[United Kingdom]], [[France]] and [[Germany]] have seen major immigration since the end of World War II and have been debating the issue for decades. Foreign workers were brought in to those countries to help rebuild after the war, and many stayed. Political debates about immigration typically focus on statistics, the immigration law and policy, and the implementation of existing restrictions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1050110,00.html |title=Deutsche Welle: Germans Consider U.S. Experience in Immigration Debate |accessdate=2008-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/enwiki/static/in_depth/uk/2002/race/short_history_of_immigration.stm |title=BBC: Short History of Immigration|accessdate=2008-03-23}}</ref> In some European countries the debate in the 1990s was focused on asylum seekers, but restrictive policies within the European Union, as well as a reduction in armed conflict in Europe and neighboring regions, have sharply reduced asylum seekers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/europe/4308839.stm |title=BBC: Analysis: Europe's asylum trends|accessdate=2008-03-23 | date=2005-03-01}}</ref> Some states, such as [[Japan]], have opted for technological changes to increase profitability (for example, greater [[automation]]), and designed immigration laws specifically to prevent immigrants from coming to, and remaining within, the country. However, globalization, as well as low birth rates and an aging work force, has forced Japan to reconsider its immigration policy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=487 |title=Japanese Immigration Policy: Responding to Conflicting Pressures | publisher=Migration Information Source |accessdate=2008-03-23}}</ref> Japan's colonial past has also created considerable number of non-Japanese in Japan. Many of these groups, especially Chinese and Koreans, have faced extreme levels of discrimination in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.han.org/a/fukuoka96a.html |title=[[Koreans in Japan]] |publisher=Han.org |date= |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref> In the United States political debate on immigration has flared repeatedly since the US became independent.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} Some on the far-left of the political spectrum attribute anti-immigration rhetoric to an all-"white", under-educated and parochial minority of the population, ill-educated about the relative advantages of immigration for the US economy and society.<ref>see, e.g., http://cmd.princeton.edu/papers/POM_0408.pdf or http://cmd.princeton.edu/files/POM_june2007.pdf</ref> While this mentality shows an obvious bias, it is often hard for civil discussion to occur regarding immigration due to its highly emotional underpinnings. ==Economic Migrant== {{See also|Asylum shopping}} The term economic migrant refers to someone who has emigrated from one country to another country for the purposes of seeking employment or improved financial position. An economic migrant is distinct from someone who is a [[refugee]] fleeing persecution. An economic migrant can be someone from the United States immigrating to the UK or vice versa. Many countries have immigration and visa restrictions that prohibit a person entering the country for the purposes of gaining work without a valid work visa. Persons who are declared an economic migrant can be refused entry into a country. ==Ethics== Although [[freedom of movement]] is often recognized as a [[civil right]], the freedom only applies to movement within national borders: it may be guaranteed by the [[constitution]] or by human rights legislation. Additionally, this freedom is often limited to [[citizen]]s and excludes others. No [[Sovereign state|state]] currently allows full freedom of movement across its borders, and international [[human rights]] treaties do not confer a general right to enter another state. According to Article 13 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], everyone has the right to leave or enter a country, along with movement within it (internal migration).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/|title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights|publisher=[[United Nations]]|date=1948 (original work)|accessdate=30 October 2009}}</ref> Some argue that the freedom of movement both within and between countries is a basic human right, and that the restrictive immigration policies, typical of nation-states, violate this human right of freedom of movement.<ref>Theresa Hayter, ''Open Borders: The Case Against Immigration Controls'', London: Pluto Press, 2000.</ref> Such arguments are common among anti-state ideologies like [[anarchism]] and [[libertarianism]]. As philosopher and "Open Borders" activist [[Jacob Appel]] has written, "Treating human beings differently, simply because they were born on the opposite side of a national boundary, is hard to justify under any mainstream philosophical, religious or ethical theory."<ref>[http://www.opposingviews.com/articles/the-ethical-case-for-an-open-immigration-policy The Ethical Case for an Open Immigration Policy]</ref> Where immigration is permitted, it is typically selective. Ethnic selection, such as the [[White Australia policy]], has generally disappeared, but priority is usually given to the educated, skilled, and wealthy. Less privileged individuals, including the mass of poor people in low-income countries, cannot avail themselves of the legal and protected immigration opportunities offered by wealthy states. This inequality has also been criticized as conflicting with the principle of [[equal opportunities]], which apply (at least in theory) within democratic nation-states. The fact that the door is closed for the unskilled, while at the same time many developed countries have a huge demand for unskilled labour, is a major factor in [[undocumented immigration]]. The contradictory nature of this policy—which specifically disadvantages the unskilled immigrants while exploiting their labour—has also been criticized on ethical grounds. Immigration polices which selectively grant freedom of movement to targeted individuals are intended to produce a net economic gain for the host country. They can also mean net loss for a poor donor country through the loss of the educated minority—the [[brain drain]]. This can exacerbate the [[Global justice|global inequality]] in [[standards of living]] that provided the motivation for the individual to migrate in the first place. An example of the 'competition for skilled labour' is active recruitment of health workers by [[First World]] countries, from the [[Third World]]. ==By country== ===Europe=== According to [[Eurostat]],<ref>[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2006/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2006_MONTH_05/3-19052006-EN-AP.PDF Eurostat News Release on Immigration in EU]</ref> Some EU member states are currently receiving large-scale immigration: for instance [[Spain]], where the economy has created more than half of all the new jobs in the EU over the past five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/spain/article/0,,1830838,00.html |title=Article on Spanish Immigration |publisher=Guardian |date= |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref> The EU, in 2005, had an overall net gain from international migration of +1.8 million people. This accounts for almost 85% of Europe's total population growth in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=402 |title=Europe: Population and Migration in 2005 |publisher=Migrationinformation.org |date= |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref> In 2004, total 140,033 people immigrated to [[France]]. Of them, 90,250 were from [[Africa]] and 13,710 from [[Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/countrydata/data.cfm |title=Inflow of third-country nationals by country of nationality |publisher=Migrationinformation.org |date= |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref> In 2005, immigration fell slightly to 135,890.<ref>[http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/France_Elections050307.pdf Immigration and the 2007 French Presidential Elections]</ref> British emigration towards [[Southern Europe]] is of special relevance. Citizens from the European Union make up a growing proportion of immigrants in [[Spain]]. They mainly come from countries like the UK and Germany, but the British case is of special interest due to its magnitude. The British authorities estimate that the British population in Spain at 700,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.byebyeblighty.com/1/british-immigrants-swamping-spanish-villages/ |title=British Immigrants Swamping Spanish Villages? |publisher=Bye Bye Blighty article |date=2007-01-16 |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref> Mid- and long term EU demographics indicate a shortage of skilled laborers on a scale that would endanger economic growth and the stability of numerous industries. For this reason the European Union launched an initiative called the EU Blue Card, In 2009. The EU Blue Card is initially a temporary residence and work permit. However it will offer holders the opportunity to apply for a permanent resident permit after working on a EU Blue Card for two to five years uninterrupted, depending on individual member state regulations. In the years ahead, EU member states will gradually accept applications for EU Blue Card. Crucial in the application process is a job contract with an EU-based organization. To facilitate this requirement the European Commission launched the EU Blue Card Database in January 2010.<ref>[http://www.apply.eu EU Blue Card Database]</ref> ====Norway==== In recent years, immigration has accounted for more than half of [[Norway]]'s population growth. In 2006, Statistics Norway's (SSB) counted a record 45,800 immigrants arriving in Norway—30% higher than 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.workpermit.com/news/2007-05-08/norway/record-immigration-statistics-2006.htm |title=Immigration to Norway increasing |publisher=Workpermit.com |date=2007-05-08 |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref> At the beginning of 2007, there were 415,300 persons in Norway with an immigrant background (i.e. immigrants, or born of immigrant parents), comprising 8.3 per cent of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/01/10/innvbef_en/ |title=Immigrant population |publisher=Ssb.no |date= |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref> ====Italy==== {{main|Immigration to Italy}} Italy now has an estimated 4 million to 5 million immigrants — about 7 percent of the population. Since the expansion of the European Union, the most recent wave of migration has been from surrounding European nations, particularly Eastern Europe, and increasingly Asia, replacing North Africa as the major immigration area. Some 900,000 Romanians are officially registered as living in Italy, replacing Albanians (450,000) and Moroccans (405,000) as the largest ethnic minority group, but independent estimates put the actual number of Romanians at double that figure or perhaps even more. Others immigrants from Central-Eastern Europe are Ukrainians (200,000), Polish (100,000), Moldovans (90,000-100,000), Macedonians (81,000), Serbs (75,000), Bulgarians (54,000), Bosnians (40,000), Russians (39,600), Croatians (25,000), Slovakians (9,000), Hungarians (8,600). As of 2009, the foreign born population origin of Italy was subdivided as follows: Europe (53.5%), Africa (22.3%), Asia (15.8%), the Americas (8.1%) and Oceania (0.06%). The distribution of foreign born population is largely uneven in Italy: 87.3% of immigrants live in the northern and central parts of the country (the most economically developed areas), while only 12.8% live in the southern half of the peninsula. In 2008, net immigration to Italy was 438,000. ====United Kingdom==== {{Main|Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922}} In 2007, net immigration to the UK was 237,000, a rise of 46,000 on 2006.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7737134.stm BBC NEWS | UK | UK Politics | UK net immigration up to 237,000<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In 2004 the number of people who became [[United Kingdom|British]] citizens rose to a record 140,795—a rise of 12% on the previous year. This number had risen dramatically since 2000. The overwhelming majority of new citizens come from [[Asia]] (40%) and [[Africa]] (32%), the largest three groups being people from [[Pakistan]], [[India]] and [[Somalia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4706862.stm |title=BBC Thousands in UK citizenship queue |publisher=BBC News |date=2006-02-12 |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref> In 2005, an estimated 565,000 migrants arrived to live in the UK for at least a year, most of the migrants were people from [[Asia]] (particularly the [[Indian subcontinent]]) and [[Africa]],<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/11/02/uimmigrants5005.xml 1,500 immigrants arrive in Britain daily, report says]{{Dead link|date=April 2009}}</ref> while 380,000 people emigrated from the UK for a year or more, with [[Australia]], [[Spain]] and [[France]] most popular destinations.<ref>[http://www.aol.in/news/story/2007042004189012000001/index.html Indians largest group among new immigrants to UK]{{Dead link|date=April 2009}}</ref> Following [[Poland]]'s entry into the EU in May 2004 it is estimated that by the start of 2007, 375,000 Poles have registered to work in the UK, although the total Polish population in the UK is believed to be 500,000. Many Poles work in seasonal occupations and a large number are likely to move back and forth over time.<ref>[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,2110192,00.html 750,000 and rising: how Polish workers have built a home in Britain].</ref> The current UK Immigration Minister is Phil Woolas.<ref>[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/organisation/ministers1/phil-woolas/ Phil Woolas - Minister of State | Home Office<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ====Spain==== Spain is the most favoured European destination for Britons leaving the UK.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6161705.stm |title=BBC article: Btits Abroad Country by Country |publisher=BBC News |date=2006-12-11 |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref> Since 2000, [[Spain]] has absorbed more than three million immigrants, growing its population by almost 10%. Immigrant population now tops over 4.5 million. According to residence permit data for 2005, about 500,000 were [[Morocco|Moroccan]], another 500,000 were [[Ecuador]]ian,<ref>{{cite web|last=Marrero |first=Pilar |url=http://www.imdiversity.com/villages/hispanic/world_international/pns_immigration_shift_1204.asp |title=Immigration Shift: Many Latin Americans Choosing Spain Over U.S. |publisher=Imdiversity.com |date=2004-12-09 |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref> more than 200,000 were [[Romania]]n, and 260,000 were [[Colombia]]n.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_21/b4035066.htm |title=Spain: Immigrants Welcome |publisher=Businessweek.com |date=2007-05-21 |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario06/anu06_02demog.pdf Instituto Nacional de Estadística: Avance del Padrón Municipal a 1 de enero de 2006. Datos provisionales]</ref> In 2005 alone, a regularisation programme increased the legal immigrant population by 700,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/may/09/spain.gilestremlett |title=Spain grants amnesty to 700,000 migrants |publisher=Guardian |date= |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref> ====Portugal==== [[Portugal]], long a country of emigration,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/portugal/48.htm |title=Portugal - Emigration |publisher=Countrystudies.us |date= |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref> has now become a country of net immigration, and not just from the former [[Portuguese empire|colonies]]; by the end of 2003, legal refugees immigrants represented about 4% of the population, and the largest communities were from [[Cape Verde]], [[Brazil]], [[Angola]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[UK]], [[Spain]] and [[Ukraine]].<ref>Charis Dunn-Chan ,[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4436276.stm Portugal sees integration progress], [[BBC]]</ref> ===Canada=== [[Canada]] has the [[Immigration to Canada#Immigration rate|highest per capita net immigration rate in the world]],<ref name="highest immigration">{{cite web |author=Benjamin Dolin and Margaret Young, Law and Government Division |publisher=Library of Parliament |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/bp190-e.htm |title=Canada's Immigration Program |date=2004-10-31|accessdate=2006-11-29}}</ref> driven by [[Economic impact of immigration to Canada|economic policy]] and [[Immigration to Canada#Immigration categories|family reunification]], and is aiming for between 240,000 and 265,000 new permanent residents in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.gc.ca/web/article-eng.do?m=/index&nid=492939|title=Government of Canada Tables 2010 Immigration Plan|publisher=Canada News Centre|accessdate=24 January 2010}}</ref> In 2001, 250,640 people immigrated to Canada. Newcomers settle mostly in the major urban areas of [[Toronto]], [[Vancouver]] and [[Montreal]]. Since the 1990s, the majority of Canada's immigrants have come from [[Asia]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/countrydata/country.cfm |title=Inflow of foreign-born population by country of birth, by year |publisher=Migrationinformation.org |date= |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref> Accusing a person of racism in Canada is usually considered a serious slur.<ref>{{cite web|last = Fontaine|first = Phil|author-link = Phil Fontaine|url = http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/asp/gateway.asp?hr=/en/lp/lo/lswe/we/special_projects/RacismFreeInitiative/speeches/Fontaine.shtml&hs=|title = Modern Racism in Canada by Phil Fontaine|place = Queen's University|date = April 24, 1998|format = {{Dead link|date=May 2009}}}}{{Dead link|date=April 2009}}</ref> All political parties are now cautious about criticizing of the high level of immigration, because, as noted by the [[Globe and Mail]], "in the early 1990s, the old [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] was branded 'racist' for suggesting that immigration levels be lowered from 250,000 to 150,000."<ref name=Globevolpe>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/Page/document/v4/sub/MarketingPage?user_URL=http://www.theglobeandmail.com%2Fservlet%2Fstory%2FRTGAM.20051212.wxsmart12%2FBNStory%2FspecialDecision2006%2F&ord=1155737424463&brand=theglobeandmail&force_login=true Is the current model of immigration the best one for Canada?], [[Globe and Mail]], 12 December 2005. Retrieved 16 August 2006.</ref> ===Israel/Palestine=== [[Jewish]] immigration to [[Palestine]] during the 19th century was promoted by the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] journalist [[Theodor Herzl]] in the late 19th century following the publication of "[[Der Judenstaat]]".<ref>Walter Laqueur (2003) ''The History of Zionism'' Tauris Parke Paperbacks, ISBN 1860649327 p 40</ref> His [[Zionist]] movement sought to encourage [[Aliyah|Jewish migration]], or immigration, to [[Palestine]]. Its proponents regard its aim as [[self-determination]] for the Jewish people.<ref>A national liberation movement: Rockaway, Robert. [http://web.archive.org/web/20071216111459/http://www.wzo.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=111 Zionism: The National Liberation Movement of The Jewish People], [[World Zionist Organization]], January 21, 1975, accessed August 17, 2006). [[Shlomo Avineri]]:([http://web.archive.org/web/20071012002249/http://hagshama.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1551 Zionism as a Movement of National Liberation], Hagshama department of the [[World Zionist Organization]], December 12, 2003, accessed August 17, 2006). Neuberger, Binyamin. [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/8/Zionism%20-%20an%20Introduction Zionism - an Introduction], Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, August 20, 2001. Retrieved August 17, 2006.</ref> The percentage of world Jewry living in the former [[Palestinian Mandate]] has steadily grown from 25,000 since the movement came into existence. Today about 40% of the world's Jews live in Israel, more than in any other country.<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/jewpop.html accessed Feb 2009]</ref> The Israeli [[Law of Return]], passed in 1950, gives those born Jews (having a Jewish mother or grandmother), those with Jewish ancestry (having a Jewish father or grandfather) and converts to Judaism (Orthodox, Reform, or Conservative denominations—not secular—though Reform and Conservative conversions must take place outside the state, similar to civil marriages) the right to immigrate to Israel. A 1970 amendment, extended immigration rights to "a child and a grandchild of a Jew, the spouse of a Jew, the spouse of a child of a Jew and the spouse of a grandchild of a Jew". The [[Ethiopian Jewish]] community's integration to Israeli society has been complicated by racist attitudes on the part of some elements of Israeli society and the official establishment.<ref>"[http://www.ethiomedia.com/courier/beersheva.html Ethiopian Israelis love their country but not the racism]". Ethiomedia.com. February 15, 2006.</ref><ref>"[http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0902/p06s01-wome.html Why Jews see racism in Israel]". Csmonitor.com. September 1, 2009.</ref> Over 16,000 African asylum seekers have entered Israel in recent years.<ref>"[http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=8308386 Israel Struggles With African Refugee Dilemma]". ABC News. August 12, 2009.</ref> ===Japan=== In the early 1990s, Japan relaxed its relatively tight immigration laws to allow special entry permits for foreigners of [[Japanese diaspora|Japanese]] ancestry in [[South America]] to make up for a labor shortage.<ref>"[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30000328/ Japan paying jobless foreigners to go home]". Msnbc.com. April 1, 2009.</ref> According to Japanese immigration centre,<ref name="xvq">[http://www.moj.go.jp/PRESS/090710-1/090710-1.html 平成20年末現在における外国人登録者統計について(Number of Foreign residents in Japan)]</ref> the number of foreign residents in Japan has been steadily increased, and the number of foreign residents (including [[permanent resident]]s, but excluding [[illegal immigrant]]s and [[short-term visitors]] such as foreign nationals staying less than 90 days in Japan <ref>[http://www.sarkaroffice.com/alien_registration.html Japan Immigration,Alien Registration,One-Stop Solution for Corporates and individuals for Immigration procedures<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>) were more than 2.2 million people in 2008.<ref name="xvq" /> The biggest groups are, Koreans (both south and north), Chinese (including [[People's Republic of China]], [[Republic of China|Taiwan]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] nationalities), and Brazilians (Many of Brazilians in Japan have some [[Japanese Brazilian|Japanese]] ancestry). Among the immigrants, Japan accepts steady flow of 15,000 ''new Japanese citizens'' by ''naturalization (帰化)'' per year.<ref>[http://www.moj.go.jp/TOUKEI/t_minj03.html 帰化許可申請者数等の推移<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Indeed, the concept of the ''ethnic groups'' by the Japanese statistics is different from the ethnicity census of North American or some Western European statistics. For example, [[the United Kingdom]] Census asks ''ethnic or racial background'' which composites the population of the United Kingdom, regardless of their nationalities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Expodata/Spreadsheets/D6588.xls|title=United Kingdom population by ethnic group|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=2001-04-01|work=[[United Kingdom Census 2001]]|accessdate=2009-09-10}}</ref> The Japanese Statistics Bureau, however, does not have this question yet. Since the Japanese population census asks the people's nationality rather than their ethnic background, naturalized Japanese citizens and Japanese nationals with multi-ethnic background are considered to be ethnically Japanese in the population census of Japan.<ref name="xvq" /> Also, according to '''Japanese Association for Refugees''', (or '''JAR''' for short),<ref name="qvx">[http://www.refugee.or.jp/jar/topics/other/2008/09/19-1900.shtml 2008年9月19日－日本での難民申請数　初の1000人突破に関するリリース (People seeking refugee status to stay in Japan are more than 1000 this year (September 19, 2008 article)]</ref> the number of [[refugee]]s who applied to live in Japan rapidly increased since 2006, and there were more than a thousand applications from all over the world, who seek refugee status to live in Japan in the year of 2008.<ref name="qvx" /> However, the refugee policy of Japanese government has been criticized both domestically and internationally, because the number of refugees in Japan is still small compared to the countries like [[Demography of Canada|Canada]] in North America or [[Demography of France|France]] in Western Europe. For example, according to the [[UNHCR]], in 1999 Japan accepted 16 refugees for resettlement, while the [[United States]] took in 85,010, and [[New Zealand]], which is smaller than Japan, accepted 1,140. Between 1981, when Japan ratified the [[U.N.]] [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees]], and 2002, Japan recognized only 305 persons as refugees.<ref>"[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2003_Feb_24/ai_98002254 Japan's refugee policy]"</ref><ref>"[http://www.iwanami.co.jp/jpworld/text/ClosedCountry01.html Questioning Japan's 'Closed Country' Policy on Refugees]". Isozaki Yumi, Journalist, Mainichi Shimbun.</ref> ===Australia=== The overall level of immigration to [[Australia]] has grown substantially during the last decade. Net overseas migration increased from 30,000 in 1993<ref name="abs">Australian Bureau of Statistics, [http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/0BD75000987B71A0CA256F7200832F19?Open International migration]</ref> to 118,000 in 2003-04.<ref name="abs2">Australian Bureau of Statistics, [http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/036835783E0F360CCA256FCD0072AB46 3101.0 Australian Demographic Statistics]</ref> The largest components of immigration are the skilled migration and family re-union programs. In recent years the [[mandatory detention in Australia|mandatory detention]] of [[unauthorised arrival]]s [[boat people|by boat]] has generated great levels of controversy. During the 2004-05, total 123,424 people immigrated to Australia. Of them, 17,736 were from [[Africa]], 54,804 from [[Asia]], 21,131 from [[Oceania]], 18,220 from [[United Kingdom]], 1,506 from [[South America]], and 2,369 from [[Eastern Europe]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /> 131,000 people migrated to Australia in 2005-06<ref>[http://www.minister.immi.gov.au/media/media-releases/2006/v06297.htm Settler numbers on the rise]{{Dead link|date=April 2009}}</ref> and migration target for 2006-07 was 144,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/20planning.htm |title=Australian Immigration Fact Sheet 20. Migration Program Planning Levels |publisher=Immi.gov.au |date= |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref> ===New Zealand=== [[New Zealand]] has relatively open [[Immigration to New Zealand|immigration policies]]. 23% of the population was born overseas, mainly in [[Asia]], [[Oceania]], and [[UK]], one of the highest rates in the world. In 2009-2010, a target of 45,000±5000 immigrants was set by the Immigration New Zealand.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} ===United States=== {{Main|Immigration to the United States}} Historians estimate that less than 1 million immigrants – perhaps as few as 400,000 – crossed the Atlantic during the 17th and 18th centuries.<ref name = "Immigration">"[http://www.americanheritage.com/immigration/articles/magazine/ah/1981/1/1981_1_50.shtml A Look at the Record: The Facts Behind the Current Controversy Over Immigration]". [[American Heritage Magazine]]. December 1981. Volume 33, Issue 1.</ref> Relatively few 18th-century immigrants came from [[England]]: only 80,000 between 1700 and 1775, compared to 350,000 during the 17th century.<ref>"[http://www.fpri.org/orbis/4702/taylor.peoplebritishamerica1700.html The People of British America, 1700-1750]", Foreign Policy Research Institute.</ref> In addition, between the 17th and 19th centuries, an estimated 645,000 Africans were brought to what is now the United States.<ref>Stephen D. Behrendt, David Richardson, and David Eltis, [[W. E. B. Du Bois Institute|W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research]], [[Harvard University]]. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas". {{cite book |last=Stephen Behrendt |title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |year=1999 |publisher=Basic Civitas Books |location=New York |isbn=0-465-00071-1 |chapter=Transatlantic Slave Trade |quote=}}</ref> In the early years of the United States, immigration was fewer than 8,000 people a year.<ref>"[http://www.americanheritage.com/immigration/articles/magazine/ah/1994/1/1994_1_75.shtml A Nation of Immigrants]". [[American Heritage Magazine]]. February/March 1994. Volume 45, Issue 1.</ref> After 1820, immigration gradually increased. From 1850 to 1930, the foreign born population of the United States increased from 2.2 million to 14.2 million. The highest percentage of foreign born people in the United States were found in this period, with the peak in 1890 at 14.7%. During this time, the lower costs of Atlantic Ocean travel in time and fare made it more advantageous for immigrants to move to the U.S. than in years prior. From 1880 to 1924, over 25 million Europeans migrated to the United States.<ref name = "Immigration"/> Following this time period, immigration fell because in 1924 Congress passed the [[Immigration Act of 1924]], which favored immigrant source countries that already had many immigrants in the U.S. by 1890.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/id/87718.htm |title=Immigration Act of 1924 |publisher=State.gov |date=2007-07-06 |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref> Immigration patterns of the 1930s were dominated by the [[Great Depression]], and in the early 1930s, more people emigrated from the United States than immigrated to it.<ref>[http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=9806 A Great Depression?], by Steve H. Hanke, ''Cato Institute''</ref> Immigration continued to fall throughout the 1940s and 1950s, but it increased again afterwards. but was still low by historical standards.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0029/twps0029.html] Jenson, Campbell, and Emily Lennon. "Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign born population."</ref> The [[Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965]] (the Hart-Cellar Act) removed quotas on large segments of the immigration flow and legal immigration to the U.S. surged. In 2006, the number of immigrants totaled record 37.5 million.<ref>Stephen Ohlemacher, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/12/AR2007091200071.html Number of Immigrants Hits Record 37.5M], [[Washington Post]]</ref> After 2000, [[immigration to the United States]] numbered approximately 1,000,000 per year. Despite tougher border scrutiny after 9/11, nearly 8 million immigrants came to the United States from 2000 to 2005 – more than in any other five-year period in the nation's history.<ref>"[http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-12-12-immigration_x.htm Study: Immigration grows, reaching record numbers]". USATODAY.com. December 12, 2005.</ref> Almost half entered illegally.<ref>"[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2005/dec/12/20051212-110459-2662r/ Immigration surge called 'highest ever']". Washington Times. December 12, 2005.</ref> In 2006, 1.27 million immigrants were granted [[legal residence]]. [[Mexico]] has been the leading source of new U.S. residents for over two decades; and since 1998, [[China]], [[India]] and the [[Philippines]] have been in the top four sending countries every year.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/countrydata/data.cfm | title = United States: Top Ten Sending Countries, By Country of Birth, 1986 to 2006 (table available by menu selection) | publisher = Migration Policy Institute|year =2007| accessdate = 2007-07-05}}</ref> The U.S. has often been called the "melting pot" (derived from Carl N. Degler, a historian, author of Out of Our Past), a name derived from United States' rich tradition of immigrants coming to the US looking for something better and having their cultures melded and incorporated into the fabric of the country. Emma Lazarus, in a poem entitled "The New Colossus," which is inscribed on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty tells of the invitation extended to those wanting to make the US their home. {{Quotation|Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"|Emma Lazarus|Statue of Liberty}} Since September 11, 2001, the politics of immigration has become an extremely hot issue. It was a central topic of the 2008 election cycle.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4850634.stm |title=BBC: Q&A: US immigration debate|accessdate=2008-03-23 | date=2007-06-28}}</ref> The Mayor of New York City, [[Michael Bloomberg]] is noted for having a pro-immigration stand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manhattan-institute.org/email/crd_newsletter01-08.html |title=Mayor Bloomberg: Right on Neighborhoods, Right on Immigration |publisher=Manhattan-institute.org |date=2008-01-28 |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref> Since [[World War II]], more [[refugees]] have found homes in the U.S. than any other nation and more than two million [[Immigration to the United States#Asylum for refugees|refugees]] have arrived in the U.S. since 1980 (representing less than 1% of the entire United States population). Of the top ten countries accepting resettled refugees in 2006, the United States accepted more than twice as much as the next nine countries combined.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Usfocus/display.cfm?ID=585|title=Refugee Resettlement in Metropolitan America|publisher=Migration Information Source|date=March 2007|accessdate=30 October 2009}}</ref> Some smaller countries, however, accept more refugees per capita. ==See also== *[[Old immigration]] *[[Childhood and migration]] *[[Feminization of migration]] *[[Replacement migration]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|2}} ==Further reading== * Appel, Jacob. [http://www.opposingviews.com/articles/the-ethical-case-for-an-open-immigration-policy ''The Ethical Case for an Open Immigration Policy''] May 4, 2009. * Balin, Bryan. [https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/bitstream/handle/1774.2/32826/State%20Immigration%20Legislation%20and%20Immigrant%20Flows%20032008.pdf?sequence=4 ''State Immigration Legislation and Immigrant Flows: An Analysis''] Johns Hopkins University, 2008. * Bauder, Harald. ''Labor Movement: How Migration Regulates Labor Markets'', New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. * [http://www.cis.org/ Center for Immigration Studies] Refer to "Publications" for research on illegal immigration, demographic trends, terrorism concerns, environmental impact, and other subjects. *[[Miguel A. De La Torre|De La Torre, Miguel A.]], ''Trails of Hope and Terror: Testimonies on Immigration''. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Press, 2009. * Esbenshade, Jill. ''Division and Dislocation: Regulating Immigration through Local Housing Ordinances''. Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation, Summer 2007. * Ewing, Walter A. ''Border Insecurity: U.S. Border-Enforcement Policies and National Security'', Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation, Spring 2006. * Freeman, Joe. ''Living and Working in the European Union for Non-EU Nationals''. Lulu.com, 2007. ISBN 0-9786254-0-4 * Immigration Policy Center. ''Economic Growth & Immigration: Bridging the Demographic Divide''. Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation, November 2005. * Kolb, Eva. ''The Evolution of New York City's Multiculturalism: Melting Pot or Salad Bowl. Immigrants in New York from the 19th Century until the End of the Gilded Age.'' BOD, 2009. ISBN 3837093034 * [[Philippe Legrain|Legrain, Philippe]]. ''Immigrants: Your Country Needs Them''. Little Brown, 2007. ISBN 0316732486 * Massey, Douglas S. ''Beyond the Border Buildup: Towards a New Approach to Mexico-U.S. Migration''. Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation, September 2005. * Massey, Douglas S., Joaquín Arango, Hugo Graeme, Ali Kouaouci, Adela , Pellegrino, and J. Edward Taylor.''Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-928276-5 * Meilander, Peter C. ''Towards a Theory of Immigration''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2001. ISBN 978-0312240349 * Molina, Natalia. ''Fit to Be Citizens?: Public Health and Race in Los Angeles, 1879-1940''. University of California Press, 2006. * [[Dowell Myers|Myers, Dowell]]. ''[[Immigrants and Boomers: Forging a New Social Contract for the Future of America]]''. Russell Sage Foundation, 2007. ISBN 978-0-87154-636-4 * Passel, Jeffrey S. [http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=44 ''Estimates of the Size and Characteristics of the Undocumented Population'']. Pew Hispanic Center, March 2005. * Passel, Jeffrey S. [http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=74 ''Growing Share of Immigrants Choosing Naturalization'']. Pew Hispanic Center, March 2007. * Passel, Jeffrey S. and Roberto Suro. [http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=53 ''Rise, Peak and Decline: Trends in U.S. Immigration'']. Pew Hispanic Center, September 2005. * Pearce, Susan C. ''Immigrant Women in the United States: A Demographic Portrait''. Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation, Summer 2006. * [http://sociology.princeton.edu/Faculty/Portes/ Portes, Alejandro] and [http://borocz.net/ József Böröcz], [http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~jborocz/apbjimr.pdf "Contemporary Immigration: Theoretical Perspectives on Its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation"] International Migration Review, 23,3, Silver Anniversary Issue, International Migration: an Assessment for the 90's. (Autumn, 1989), pp.&nbsp;606–630. * Rumbaut, Ruben and Walter Ewing. "The Myth of Immigrant Criminality and the Paradox of Assimilation: Incarceration Rates among Native and Foreign-Born Men." The Immigration Policy Center, Spring 2007. * Sirkeci, Ibrahim [http://www.mellenpress.com/mellenpress.cfm?bookid=6794&pc=9 ''The Environment of Insecurity in Turkey and the Emigration of Turkish Kurds to Germany'', ISBN 978-0-7734-5739] New York, Edwin Mellen Press, 2006. *Valle, Isabel. ''Fields of Toil: A Migrant Family's Journey''. ISBN 978-0-87422-101-5 *West, Lorane A. ''Color: Latino Voices in the Pacific Northwest''. ISBN 978-0-87422-274-6 *Zolberg, Aristide. ''A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America''. Harvard University Press, 2006. ISBN 0674022181 ==External links== {{Wiktionary}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/immigration.htm Immigration and Migration] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *[http://www.un.org/esa/population/migration International Migration] from the [[United Nations]] *[http://www.unesco.org/migration UNESCO Programme on International Migration and Multicultural Policies] *[http://www.oecd.org/document/2/0,3343,en_2649_39023663_38060354_1_1_1_1,00.html OECD Migration Data] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/04/migration/html/migration_boom.stm BBC News Factfile: Global migration] *[http://www.immigrationarchive.com/ Immigration Newspaper Archive] A collection of more than 50,000 searchable newspaper articles on Immigration. *[http://www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/worldmapper/display.php?selected=15 A world map with territory sizes adjusted to the number of immigrants living in those countries] *[http://cmd.princeton.edu/ Princeton Center for Migration and Development]—a leading research center on migration to the USA *[http://www.casahistoria.net/emigration.htm Casahistoria - European emigration since 1800]—links to 19th & 20th century global European emigration *[http://cdim.cerium.ca/article921.html Do Foreigners Have Rights?] François Crépeau, Professor of International Law, University of Montreal *{{dmoz|Society/Issues/Immigration}} {{Africa topic|Immigration to}} {{South America topic|Immigration to}} {{North America topic|Immigration to}} {{Asia topic|Immigration to}} {{Oceania topic|Immigration to}} {{Europe topic|Immigration to}} [[Category:Immigration| ]] [[Category:Demography]] [[Category:Population]] [[ar:هجرة]] [[az:İmmiqrasiya]] [[bn:অভিবাসন]] [[bs:Imigracija]] [[bg:Имиграция]] [[ca:Immigració]] [[cs:Přistěhovalectví]] [[cy:Mewnfudo]] [[da:Immigration]] [[de:Einwanderung]] [[et:Immigratsioon]] [[el:Μετανάστευση]] [[es:Inmigración]] [[eo:Enmigrado]] [[eu:Immigrazio]] [[fa:مهاجرت]] [[fr:Immigration]] [[ko:이민]] [[hi:आव्रजन]] [[hr:Doseljeništvo]] [[io:Enmigro]] [[id:Imigrasi]] [[is:Aðflutningur]] [[it:Immigrazione]] [[jv:Imigrasi]] [[lv:Imigrācija]] [[ms:Imigrasi]] [[nl:Immigratie]] [[ja:移民]] [[no:Innvandring]] [[nn:Innvandring]] [[pl:Imigracja]] [[pt:Imigração]] [[ru:Иммиграция населения]] [[sah:Иммиграция]] [[sq:Imigrimi]] [[simple:Immigrant]] [[sk:Prisťahovalectvo]] [[sr:Имиграција]] [[sh:Imigracija]] [[fi:Maahanmuutto]] [[sv:Invandring]] [[uk:Імміграція]] [[vi:Nhập cư]] [[zh:移民]]'