Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{coord|26.10748333|N|80.06493333|W|display=title}}
{{good article}}
[[File:Tires540.jpg|thumb|alt=A lengthy bed of old, skummy tires rests piled upon the ocean's floor at Osborne Reef; a small yellow fish swims by the left of the photo.|A 2007 underwater photo of the tires constituting Osborne Reef]]
'''Osborne Reef''' is an [[artificial reef]] off the coast of [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], constructed of [[dolos|concrete jack]]s in a {{convert|50|ft}} diameter circle.
In the 1970s, the reef was the subject of an ambitious expansion project utilizing old and discarded [[tire]]s. The project ultimately failed, and the "reef" has come to be considered an [[environmental disaster]]—ultimately doing more harm than good in the coastal [[Florida]] waters.
In 2007, after several false starts, cleanup efforts began when the [[United States armed forces|United States military]] took on the project. This cleanup exercise provides the military with a real-world training environment for their diving and recovery personnel, coupled with the benefit of helping the Florida coast without incurring significant costs to the state.
==Construction==
[[File:USS Thrush (1962).jpg|thumb|alt=A black-and-white photograph of the USS Thrush floating near other structures. The boat is facing the camera with its prow facing the right of the photo, displaying "204" painted on its starboard hull.|The USS ''Thrush'' was on hand for the commencement of the reef.]]
In 1972, Broward Artificial Reef Inc. (BARINC) proposed the construction of an enlarged artificial reef to [[Broward County, Florida|Broward County]] as a way to both dispose of old tires as well as lure more [[game fish]] to the area. Similarly designed reefs had already been constructed in the [[Northeastern United States]], the neighboring [[Gulf of Mexico]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Australia]], and [[Africa]].<ref name="iht" /> Gregory McIntosh, an employee of BARINC, lauded the project to the attendees of a 1974 conference on artificial reefs: "Tires, which were an esthetic pollutant ashore, could be recycled, so to speak, to build a fishing reef at sea."<ref name="sun-sentinel" />
With endorsement of the project by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|US Army Corps of Engineers]],<ref name="miami"/> the Broward County government approved the project: that spring more than 100 privately owned boats enthusiastically volunteered to assist with the project; accompanied by the [[USS Thrush (MSC-204)|USS ''Thrush'']] thousands of tire bundles were simultaneously dropped onto the reef. The [[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company]] provided equipment for the auspicious undertaking; even supporting the project so far as to drop a gold-painted tire from a [[Goodyear Blimp]] to christen the site.<ref name="detnews"/> The culmination of the project was the deposit of over two million tires bound with steel clips over {{convert|36|acre|m2}} of the ocean floor, approximately {{convert|7000|ft}} offshore and at a depth of {{convert|65|ft}}.<ref name="underwatertimes" /> Multiple concrete jacks were spread in a circle of {{convert|50|ft}} diameter.<ref name="official site"/>
==Failure==
{{quote box
| quote =The really good idea was to provide habitat for marine critters so we could double or triple marine life in the area, [...] It just didn't work that way. I look back now and see it was a bad idea.
| source =Ray McAllister, founder of BARINC, in a 2007 interview<ref name="iht" />
| width =30%
| align = left
| salign = left
}}{{quote box
| quote =You get down about 20 feet and it starts to come into sight, it's actually really-- it's like the moon or something. It's weird, it doesn't look like anything you could imagine, it's just tires for as far as you can see down there.
| source = Army Diver Jason Jakovenko<ref name="NPR20070705" />
| width = 30%
| align = left
| salign = left
}}
Ultimately, little marine life has been successful in latching onto the man-made reef and the majority never even had the opportunity to do so. When deposited, while a few tires were individual loose entities, the majority were bound together with [[nylon]]<ref name="iht"/> or [[steel]] clips (or bands). As there were no exceptional efforts made to ensure the non-[[rust|corrosivity]] of the steel restraints, they summarily failed<ref name="npr"/>—resulting in the loosing of over two million individual, lightweight tires. This newfound mobility destroyed any marine life that had thus far grown on the tires, and effectively prevented the growth of any new organisms. Furthermore, the tires were now easily subject to the tropical winds and storms that frequent the east coast of Florida and continue to collide (at times with tremendous force) with other ''natural'' coral reefs only {{convert|70|ft}} away: compounding their uselessness with environmentally damaging side-effects.<ref name="iht" /><ref name="miami" />
Lastly, the concern of adjacent coastal areas is that the tires are not remaining within the boundaries of Osborne Reef. In 1995, [[Hurricane Opal]] managed to spread over 1,000 tires onto the [[Florida Panhandle]], west of [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]]; and in 1998, [[Hurricane Bonnie (1998)|Hurricane Bonnie]] deposited thousands of the tires onto [[North Carolina]] beaches.<ref name="sun-sentinel" />
This project is not the only one of its nature to fail; Indonesia and Malaysia mounted enormous tire-reef programs in the 1980s and are now seeing the ramifications of the failure of tire reefs, from littered beaches to reef destruction.<ref name="iht" /> Jack Sobel, [[The Ocean Conservancy]]'s director of strategic conservation said in a 2002 interview that "I don't know of any cases where there's been a success with tire reefs." That year, The Ocean Conservancy's International Coastal Cleanup removed 11,956 tires from beaches all over the world.<ref name="sun-sentinel" />
==Cleanup==
In 2001, Dr. Robin Sherman of [[Nova Southeastern University]] was awarded a [[United States dollar|US$]]30,000 grant by the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) to begin a tire removal program. She was able to coordinate the removal of only 1,600 tires from the reef, and at a cost estimated at $17 a tire.<ref name="DEP"/>
In 2002, Florida and Broward County environmental officials began the long and arduous process of setting into motion a plan to remove the tires. An original estimate of between $40 and $100 million led the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) to plan to arrange a deal with those companies whose construction damages the seabed and reefs.<ref name="sun-sentinel" /> Where they would previously mitigate their destructive construction with replacement constructs for reefs, the state would require them to make their amends by removing tires from the Osborne Reef. This plan faced criticism by environmental groups who felt that this would only hasten the destruction of more marine habitats.<ref name="sun-sentinel" /> Florida did not follow through on these plans.
In May 2015, a two-year project to clear 90,000 tires from the site was commenced by the [[Florida Department of Environmental Protection]].<ref name="Local10AP"/>
===US military involvement===
[[Image:Underwater salvage near Fort Lauderdale, Florida.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Underwater, near the reef, a US Naval diver in a scuba suit with mask, oxygen tank, and regulator, is attaching a large, upside-down beige bag to braided metal chain.|A U.S. Navy Diver attached to Mobile Diving Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2 Det. 6 prepares a [[lifting bag|lift bag]] to salvage tires off the coast of Fort Lauderdale, Florida]]
In 2007, Broward County contacted the [[Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs|United States Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs]] about their [[Innovative Readiness Training program|Innovative Readiness Training (IRT) program]], which looks for civil-military projects that improve military readiness and address the needs of the American public. [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Army|CWO]] Donovan Motley said that the cleanup of Osborne Reef easily met those requirements: "This project allows these military divers and Army [[Landing Craft Utility|LCU]] crew members' real-world training in 'wartime' salvage ops. And perhaps, more importantly, it exercises interoperability with federal, state and county agencies and these skill sets could have the most significance in the aftermath of a Katrina-type natural disaster."<ref name="USN"/> Beginning in June 2007, the [[United States armed forces|United States military]] and [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] began “DiveExEast 07" to ascertain the best and most efficient processes for the cleanup effort. Barring unforeseen operational commitments and engagements, military divers hope to use this project as a training platform for several years and "recover the maximum number of tires possible from day one."<ref name="USN"/> [[Coastal America]], an office of the United States federal government was tasked with coordinating the cleanup of the reef; they were instrumental in finalizing the deal wherein the Florida government would allocate $2 million to cover transport and recycling of the tires. Ken Banks with the Florida DEP estimated the project to take three to five years, and while that timeline won't allow for the removal of all two million tires, it should mitigate the majority of the damage they're causing to the corals and coastline, though Banks predicted it could take decades for the reefs to rebuild.<ref name="NPR20070705"/>
Summer 2007 saw US [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Army|Army]], and [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] divers based out of a Coast Guard base in [[Dania Beach, Florida]] working to clean the reef. The joint team first worked to remove the tires from where they were doing the most damage, abutting against natural reefs in the area.<ref name="NPR20070705" /> In 2007, the recovery effort brought approximately 10,000 tires ashore.<ref name="TFTU20080530"/>
In 2008, recovery stopped after 26 days on May 24 after retrieving 43,900 tires. That year, Florida spent approximately $140,000 on the cleanup, some of which constituted transport for the tires to a shredding facility in neighboring [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] whereafter they were burnt as fuel at a [[paper mill]].<ref name="TFTU20080530" />
[[File:86 Engineer Dive Team (2009).jpg|thumb|alt=Thirteen US Army soldiers are posing for another camera (not seen) with a statuette of their beaver mascot and a red guidon. One soldier is sitting in front of the rest, wearing a harness and yellow diver's helmet. To the back-right of the group, a number of flags wave in the wind.|The 86th Engineer Dive Team stands together and answers questions about receiving the Coastal America Partnership Award and their mission in the Middle East]]
Key members of the 2008 cleanup effort were US Army [[Captain (United States)#U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Marine Corps|Captain]] Russell Destremps and his [[86th Engineer Dive Team]]; on August 10, 2009, they were presented with the 2008 [[Coastal America Partnership Award]] and a letter from [[Barack Obama|President Obama]] for their participation in the reef cleanup effort. The award recognizes "outstanding partnerships that make a significant contribution toward the restoration and protection of our Nation's coastal and marine environment" and is the only environmental award of its kind given by the [[White House]].<ref name="ARCENT20090813" /> Two days later in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood, California]], [[Coastal America]] and Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs David L. McGinnis awarded the partner cleanup team from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection the same award.<ref name="PIE20090813"/> The 86th Engineer Dive Team deployed to the [[Area of responsibility|AOR]] in March 2009 for a one-year stint, and was unable to participate in that year's cleanup term.<ref name="ARCENT20090813"/>
{{quotation|I am particularly proud of the many Sailors and Soldiers who have found a way to enhance their training on skills important to our Nation's readiness for war while also making a significant contribution to the health of our living ocean resources, [...] Just as you protect our Nation when serving overseas, at home you have found another way to protect our Nation's wellbeing.|[[President of the United States|President]] [[Barack Obama]] in his letter to Captain Destremps<ref name="ARCENT20090813" />}}
In 2009, recovery began on July 24 with thirty Army and Navy divers at [[Hugh Taylor Birch State Park]], where it was thought about 300,000 tires were caught against a natural reef. Loading the caught tires onto the Army craft ''Brandy Station'', the first day's haul brought approximately 1,400 tires ashore.<ref name="SFSS20090724"/> Wrapping up for the year in mid-August, Coastal America's William Nuckols told the [[Associated Press]] that cleanup efforts have thus far recovered approximately 73,000 tires from the reef.<ref name="WTSP"/>
==See also==
*[[Temple Reef]]
==References==
{{reflist
|30em
|refs=
<ref name="ARCENT20090813">{{cite news |title=86th Engineer Dive Team commander receives Coastal America Partnership Award |first=Alicia |last=SPC Torbush |url=http://www.arcent.army.mil/news/feature-stories/2009-archive/august/86th-engineer-dive-team-commander-receives-coastal-america-partnership-award-%28august-13%29.aspx |agency=20th Public Affairs Detachment |publisher=[[Third United States Army|ARCENT]] |location=[[Camp Patriot, Kuwait]] |date=August 13, 2009 |accessdate=March 24, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66PTW64d1?url=http://www.arcent.army.mil/news/feature-stories/2009-archive/august/86th-engineer-dive-team-commander-receives-coastal-america-partnership-award-(august-13).aspx |archivedate=March 24, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}</ref>
<ref name="DEP">{{cite paper |date=March 2007 |title=History and Overview of the Osborne Reef Waste Tire Removal Pilot Project |publisher=Florida Department of Environmental Protection |format=PDF |accessdate=February 11, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="detnews">{{cite news |title=Undersea Fla. tire reef out of control |first=Peter |last=Whoriskey |url=http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061004/NATION/610040366/1020 |work=[[The Detroit News]] |publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] |location=[[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], US |issn=1055-2715 |date=October 4, 2006 |accessdate=June 11, 2008}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
<!-- <ref name="FMWAR">{{cite web |url=http://www.thiswaytothe.net/reefs/pages/osborne-reef-broward.html |title=Osborne Reef Charts, Maps, Marine Weather Forecast, and Real Time Bouy Reports |accessdate=August 5, 2007 |work=Florida's Most Wanted Artificial Reefs |publisher=The Internet Artificial Reef Roundup & Osborne Reef Overview}}</ref> -->
<ref name="iht">{{cite news |title=A 1970s plan for a tire reef off Florida turns into an ecological disaster |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/18/news/tires.php |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[International Herald Tribune]] |publisher=[[The New York Times Company]] |location=[[Paris]], [[France]] |issn= |date=February 18, 2007 |accessdate=June 11, 2008 |archivedate=October 10, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010041237/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/18/news/tires.php}}</ref>
<ref name="Local10AP">{{cite news |url=http://www.local10.com/news/divers-start-2year-16m-project-to-remove-thousands-of-tires-in-failed-ocean-reef-project/33072242 |title=Divers start 2-year, $1.6M project to remove thousands of tires in failed ocean reef project |last=Associated Press |date=May 17, 2015 |work=Local10.com |publisher=WPLG Miami |accessdate=May 18, 2015 }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
<ref name="miami">{{cite news |title=Artificial reef made of tires becomes ecological disaster |first=Trenton |last=Daniel |url=http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/15560115.htm |work=[[The Miami Herald]] |publisher=[[The McClatchy Company]] |location=[[Miami]], [[Florida]], US |issn=0898-865X |date=September 20, 2006 |accessdate=June 11, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205212843/http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/15560115.htm |archivedate=February 5, 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="npr">{{cite news |title=Throwing In the Towel on Florida's Tire Reef |first=Robert |last=Siegel |authorlink=Robert Siegel |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6112016 |format=streaming audio |work=[[All Things Considered]] |publisher=[[National Public Radio|NPR]] |date=September 20, 2006 |accessdate=June 11, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="official site">{{cite web |title=Artificial Reefs Information |url=http://myfwc.com/Conservation/Conserv_Progs_Habitat_Saltwater_reef_results.asp?county=Broward |work= |publisher=[[Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission]] |location=[[Tallahassee, Florida]], USA |accessdate=June 11, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="NPR20070705">{{cite news |title=Fallout from Bad '70s Idea: Auto Tires in Ocean Reef |first=Greg |last=Allen |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11462066 |format=streaming audio |work=[[Morning Edition]] |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |date=July 5, 2007 |accessdate=August 23, 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="PIE20090813">{{cite news |title=Florida Artificial Tire Reef Cleanup Team receives Coastal America Award and recognition from President Obama |url=http://www.pineisland-eagle.com/page/content.detail/id/506227/Florida-Artificial-Tire-Reef-Cleanup-Team-receives-Coastal-America-Award-and-recognition-from-President-Obama.html?nav=5051 |work=[[Pine Island Eagle]] |publisher= |location= |issn= |date=August 13, 2009 |accessdate=August 23, 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="SFSS20090724">{{cite news |title=Divers salvage tires in failed artificial reef |first=David |last=Fleshler |url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/broward/fort-lauderdale/sfl-tire-reefs-b072409,0,2935546.story |work=[[South Florida Sun-Sentinel]] |publisher=[[Tribune Company]] |location=[[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], US |issn=0744-8139 |date=July 24, 2009 |accessdate=August 22, 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="sun-sentinel">{{cite news|title=States attempt to clean up after failed artificial reef |first=David |last=Fleshler |url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/news/artificialreef2003.html |format=Reprint |work=[[South Florida Sun-Sentinel]] |publisher=[[Tribune Company]] |location=[[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], US |issn=0744-8139 |date=July 18, 2003 |accessdate=June 11, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514084203/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/news/artificialreef2003.html |archivedate=May 14, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}</ref>
<ref name="TFTU20080530">{{cite news |title=Efforts to remove artificial tire reef ends for season |first=Brian |last=Skoloff |url=http://www.jacksonville.com/apnews/stories/053008/D9106NI05.shtml |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[The Florida Times-Union]] |publisher=[[Morris Communications]] |location=[[Jacksonville, Florida]], US |issn=0740-2325 |date=May 30, 2008 |accessdate=August 22, 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="underwatertimes">{{cite news |title=Two Million Tire Artificial Reef to be Removed Off Florida Coast; Smothering Corals |author=Underwatertimes.com News Service |url=http://www.underwatertimes.com/news.php?article_id=36210951740 |work=[[UnderwaterTimes]] |publisher= |location= |issn= |date=August 22, 2006 |accessdate=June 11, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="USN">{{cite web |url=http://www.news.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=30010 |title=MDSU 2, DOD Divers Train to Improve Environment |author=Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class (SW) Phil Beaufort |date=June 13, 2007 |work=Navy NewsStand |publisher=[[United States Navy]] |accessdate=June 11, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706143440/http://www.news.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=30010 |archivedate=July 6, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
<ref name="WTSP">{{cite news |title=Florida tire reef removal ends for the year |author= |first=Jim |last=Peppard |url=http://www.wtsp.com/news/mostpop/story.aspx?storyid=111967&provider=top |publisher=[[WTSP]] |location=[[St. Petersburg, Florida]], US |date=August 21, 2009 |accessdate=December 1, 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uenyZyK1?url=http://www.wtsp.com/news/mostpop/story.aspx?storyid=111967&provider=top |archivedate=December 1, 2010 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
}}
[[Category:Artificial reefs]]
[[Category:Environmental disasters in the United States]]
[[Category:Geography of Fort Lauderdale, Florida]]
[[Category:Environment of Florida]]
[[Category:Reefs of Florida]]
[[Category:Landforms of Broward County, Florida]]
[[Category:1970s establishments in Florida]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{coord|26.10748333|N|80.06493333|W|display=title}}
{{good article}}
[[File:Tires540.jpg|thumb|alt=A lengthy bed of old, skummy tires rests piled upon the ocean's floor at Osborne Reef; a small yellow fish swims by the left of the photo.|A 2007 underwater photo of the tires constituting Osborne Reef]]
'''Osborne Reef''' is an [[artificial reef]] off the coast of [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], constructed of [[dolos|concrete jack]]s in a {{convert|50|ft}} diameter circle.
In the 1970s, the reef was the subject of an ambitious expansion project utilizing old and discarded [[tire]]s. The project ultimately failed, and the "reef" has come to be considered an [[environmental disaster]]—ultimately doing more harm than good in the coastal [[Florida]] waters.
In 2007, after several false starts, cleanup efforts began when the [[United States armed forces|United States military]] took on the project. This cleanup exercise provides the military with a real-world training environment for their diving and recovery personnel, coupled with the benefit of helping the Florida coast without incurring significant costs to the state.
==Construction==
[[File:USS Thrush (1962).jpg|thumb|alt=A black-and-white photograph of the USS Thrush floating near other structures. The boat is facing the camera with its prow facing the right of the photo, displaying "204" painted on its starboard hull.|The USS ''Thrush'' was on hand for the commencement of the reef.]]
In 1972, Broward Artificial Reef Inc. (BARINC) proposed the construction of an enlarged artificial reef LOL to [[Broward County, Florida|Broward County]] as a way to both dispose of old tires as well as lure more [[game fish]] to the area. Similarly designed reefs had already been constructed in the [[Northeastern United States]], the neighboring [[Gulf of Mexico]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Australia]], and [[Africa]].<ref name="iht" /> Gregory McIntosh, an employee of BARINC, lauded the project to the attendees of a 1974 conference on artificial reefs: "Tires, which were an esthetic pollutant ashore, could be recycled, so to speak, to build a fishing reef at sea."<ref name="sun-sentinel" />
With endorsement of the project by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|US Army Corps of Engineers]],<ref name="miami"/> the Broward County government approved the project: that spring more than 100 privately owned boats enthusiastically volunteered to assist with the project; accompanied by the [[USS Thrush (MSC-204)|USS ''Thrush'']] thousands of tire bundles were simultaneously dropped onto the reef. The [[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company]] provided equipment for the auspicious undertaking; even supporting the project so far as to drop a gold-painted tire from a [[Goodyear Blimp]] to christen the site.<ref name="detnews"/> The culmination of the project was the deposit of over two million tires bound with steel clips over {{convert|36|acre|m2}} of the ocean floor, approximately {{convert|7000|ft}} offshore and at a depth of {{convert|65|ft}}.<ref name="underwatertimes" /> Multiple concrete jacks were spread in a circle of {{convert|50|ft}} diameter.<ref name="official site"/>
==Failure==
{{quote box
| quote =The really good idea was to provide habitat for marine critters so we could double or triple marine life in the area, [...] It just didn't work that way. I look back now and see it was a bad idea.
| source =Ray McAllister, founder of BARINC, in a 2007 interview<ref name="iht" />
| width =30%
| align = left
| salign = left
}}{{quote box
| quote =You get down about 20 feet and it starts to come into sight, it's actually really-- it's like the moon or something. It's weird, it doesn't look like anything you could imagine, it's just tires for as far as you can see down there.
| source = Army Diver Jason Jakovenko<ref name="NPR20070705" />
| width = 30%
| align = left
| salign = left
}}
Ultimately, little marine life has been successful in latching onto the man-made reef and the majority never even had the opportunity to do so. When deposited, while a few tires were individual loose entities, the majority were bound together with [[nylon]]<ref name="iht"/> or [[steel]] clips (or bands). As there were no exceptional efforts made to ensure the non-[[rust|corrosivity]] of the steel restraints, they summarily failed<ref name="npr"/>—resulting in the loosing of over two million individual, lightweight tires. This newfound mobility destroyed any marine life that had thus far grown on the tires, and effectively prevented the growth of any new organisms. Furthermore, the tires were now easily subject to the tropical winds and storms that frequent the east coast of Florida and continue to collide (at times with tremendous force) with other ''natural'' coral reefs only {{convert|70|ft}} away: compounding their uselessness with environmentally damaging side-effects.<ref name="iht" /><ref name="miami" />
Lastly, the concern of adjacent coastal areas is that the tires are not remaining within the boundaries of Osborne Reef. In 1995, [[Hurricane Opal]] managed to spread over 1,000 tires onto the [[Florida Panhandle]], west of [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]]; and in 1998, [[Hurricane Bonnie (1998)|Hurricane Bonnie]] deposited thousands of the tires onto [[North Carolina]] beaches.<ref name="sun-sentinel" />
This project is not the only one of its nature to fail; Indonesia and Malaysia mounted enormous tire-reef programs in the 1980s and are now seeing the ramifications of the failure of tire reefs, from littered beaches to reef destruction.<ref name="iht" /> Jack Sobel, [[The Ocean Conservancy]]'s director of strategic conservation said in a 2002 interview that "I don't know of any cases where there's been a success with tire reefs." That year, The Ocean Conservancy's International Coastal Cleanup removed 11,956 tires from beaches all over the world.<ref name="sun-sentinel" />
==Cleanup==
In 2001, Dr. Robin Sherman of [[Nova Southeastern University]] was awarded a [[United States dollar|US$]]30,000 grant by the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) to begin a tire removal program. She was able to coordinate the removal of only 1,600 tires from the reef, and at a cost estimated at $17 a tire.<ref name="DEP"/>
In 2002, Florida and Broward County environmental officials began the long and arduous process of setting into motion a plan to remove the tires. An original estimate of between $40 and $100 million led the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) to plan to arrange a deal with those companies whose construction damages the seabed and reefs.<ref name="sun-sentinel" /> Where they would previously mitigate their destructive construction with replacement constructs for reefs, the state would require them to make their amends by removing tires from the Osborne Reef. This plan faced criticism by environmental groups who felt that this would only hasten the destruction of more marine habitats.<ref name="sun-sentinel" /> Florida did not follow through on these plans.
In May 2015, a two-year project to clear 90,000 tires from the site was commenced by the [[Florida Department of Environmental Protection]].<ref name="Local10AP"/>
===US military involvement===
[[Image:Underwater salvage near Fort Lauderdale, Florida.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Underwater, near the reef, a US Naval diver in a scuba suit with mask, oxygen tank, and regulator, is attaching a large, upside-down beige bag to braided metal chain.|A U.S. Navy Diver attached to Mobile Diving Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2 Det. 6 prepares a [[lifting bag|lift bag]] to salvage tires off the coast of Fort Lauderdale, Florida]]
In 2007, Broward County contacted the [[Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs|United States Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs]] about their [[Innovative Readiness Training program|Innovative Readiness Training (IRT) program]], which looks for civil-military projects that improve military readiness and address the needs of the American public. [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Army|CWO]] Donovan Motley said that the cleanup of Osborne Reef easily met those requirements: "This project allows these military divers and Army [[Landing Craft Utility|LCU]] crew members' real-world training in 'wartime' salvage ops. And perhaps, more importantly, it exercises interoperability with federal, state and county agencies and these skill sets could have the most significance in the aftermath of a Katrina-type natural disaster."<ref name="USN"/> Beginning in June 2007, the [[United States armed forces|United States military]] and [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] began “DiveExEast 07" to ascertain the best and most efficient processes for the cleanup effort. Barring unforeseen operational commitments and engagements, military divers hope to use this project as a training platform for several years and "recover the maximum number of tires possible from day one."<ref name="USN"/> [[Coastal America]], an office of the United States federal government was tasked with coordinating the cleanup of the reef; they were instrumental in finalizing the deal wherein the Florida government would allocate $2 million to cover transport and recycling of the tires. Ken Banks with the Florida DEP estimated the project to take three to five years, and while that timeline won't allow for the removal of all two million tires, it should mitigate the majority of the damage they're causing to the corals and coastline, though Banks predicted it could take decades for the reefs to rebuild.<ref name="NPR20070705"/>
Summer 2007 saw US [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Army|Army]], and [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] divers based out of a Coast Guard base in [[Dania Beach, Florida]] working to clean the reef. The joint team first worked to remove the tires from where they were doing the most damage, abutting against natural reefs in the area.<ref name="NPR20070705" /> In 2007, the recovery effort brought approximately 10,000 tires ashore.<ref name="TFTU20080530"/>
In 2008, recovery stopped after 26 days on May 24 after retrieving 43,900 tires. That year, Florida spent approximately $140,000 on the cleanup, some of which constituted transport for the tires to a shredding facility in neighboring [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] whereafter they were burnt as fuel at a [[paper mill]].<ref name="TFTU20080530" />
[[File:86 Engineer Dive Team (2009).jpg|thumb|alt=Thirteen US Army soldiers are posing for another camera (not seen) with a statuette of their beaver mascot and a red guidon. One soldier is sitting in front of the rest, wearing a harness and yellow diver's helmet. To the back-right of the group, a number of flags wave in the wind.|The 86th Engineer Dive Team stands together and answers questions about receiving the Coastal America Partnership Award and their mission in the Middle East]]
Key members of the 2008 cleanup effort were US Army [[Captain (United States)#U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Marine Corps|Captain]] Russell Destremps and his [[86th Engineer Dive Team]]; on August 10, 2009, they were presented with the 2008 [[Coastal America Partnership Award]] and a letter from [[Barack Obama|President Obama]] for their participation in the reef cleanup effort. The award recognizes "outstanding partnerships that make a significant contribution toward the restoration and protection of our Nation's coastal and marine environment" and is the only environmental award of its kind given by the [[White House]].<ref name="ARCENT20090813" /> Two days later in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood, California]], [[Coastal America]] and Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs David L. McGinnis awarded the partner cleanup team from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection the same award.<ref name="PIE20090813"/> The 86th Engineer Dive Team deployed to the [[Area of responsibility|AOR]] in March 2009 for a one-year stint, and was unable to participate in that year's cleanup term.<ref name="ARCENT20090813"/>
{{quotation|I am particularly proud of the many Sailors and Soldiers who have found a way to enhance their training on skills important to our Nation's readiness for war while also making a significant contribution to the health of our living ocean resources, [...] Just as you protect our Nation when serving overseas, at home you have found another way to protect our Nation's wellbeing.|[[President of the United States|President]] [[Barack Obama]] in his letter to Captain Destremps<ref name="ARCENT20090813" />}}
In 2009, recovery began on July 24 with thirty Army and Navy divers at [[Hugh Taylor Birch State Park]], where it was thought about 300,000 tires were caught against a natural reef. Loading the caught tires onto the Army craft ''Brandy Station'', the first day's haul brought approximately 1,400 tires ashore.<ref name="SFSS20090724"/> Wrapping up for the year in mid-August, Coastal America's William Nuckols told the [[Associated Press]] that cleanup efforts have thus far recovered approximately 73,000 tires from the reef.<ref name="WTSP"/>
==See also==
*[[Temple Reef]]
==References==
{{reflist
|30em
|refs=
<ref name="ARCENT20090813">{{cite news |title=86th Engineer Dive Team commander receives Coastal America Partnership Award |first=Alicia |last=SPC Torbush |url=http://www.arcent.army.mil/news/feature-stories/2009-archive/august/86th-engineer-dive-team-commander-receives-coastal-america-partnership-award-%28august-13%29.aspx |agency=20th Public Affairs Detachment |publisher=[[Third United States Army|ARCENT]] |location=[[Camp Patriot, Kuwait]] |date=August 13, 2009 |accessdate=March 24, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66PTW64d1?url=http://www.arcent.army.mil/news/feature-stories/2009-archive/august/86th-engineer-dive-team-commander-receives-coastal-america-partnership-award-(august-13).aspx |archivedate=March 24, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}</ref>
<ref name="DEP">{{cite paper |date=March 2007 |title=History and Overview of the Osborne Reef Waste Tire Removal Pilot Project |publisher=Florida Department of Environmental Protection |format=PDF |accessdate=February 11, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="detnews">{{cite news |title=Undersea Fla. tire reef out of control |first=Peter |last=Whoriskey |url=http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061004/NATION/610040366/1020 |work=[[The Detroit News]] |publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] |location=[[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], US |issn=1055-2715 |date=October 4, 2006 |accessdate=June 11, 2008}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
<!-- <ref name="FMWAR">{{cite web |url=http://www.thiswaytothe.net/reefs/pages/osborne-reef-broward.html |title=Osborne Reef Charts, Maps, Marine Weather Forecast, and Real Time Bouy Reports |accessdate=August 5, 2007 |work=Florida's Most Wanted Artificial Reefs |publisher=The Internet Artificial Reef Roundup & Osborne Reef Overview}}</ref> -->
<ref name="iht">{{cite news |title=A 1970s plan for a tire reef off Florida turns into an ecological disaster |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/18/news/tires.php |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[International Herald Tribune]] |publisher=[[The New York Times Company]] |location=[[Paris]], [[France]] |issn= |date=February 18, 2007 |accessdate=June 11, 2008 |archivedate=October 10, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010041237/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/18/news/tires.php}}</ref>
<ref name="Local10AP">{{cite news |url=http://www.local10.com/news/divers-start-2year-16m-project-to-remove-thousands-of-tires-in-failed-ocean-reef-project/33072242 |title=Divers start 2-year, $1.6M project to remove thousands of tires in failed ocean reef project |last=Associated Press |date=May 17, 2015 |work=Local10.com |publisher=WPLG Miami |accessdate=May 18, 2015 }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
<ref name="miami">{{cite news |title=Artificial reef made of tires becomes ecological disaster |first=Trenton |last=Daniel |url=http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/15560115.htm |work=[[The Miami Herald]] |publisher=[[The McClatchy Company]] |location=[[Miami]], [[Florida]], US |issn=0898-865X |date=September 20, 2006 |accessdate=June 11, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205212843/http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/15560115.htm |archivedate=February 5, 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="npr">{{cite news |title=Throwing In the Towel on Florida's Tire Reef |first=Robert |last=Siegel |authorlink=Robert Siegel |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6112016 |format=streaming audio |work=[[All Things Considered]] |publisher=[[National Public Radio|NPR]] |date=September 20, 2006 |accessdate=June 11, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="official site">{{cite web |title=Artificial Reefs Information |url=http://myfwc.com/Conservation/Conserv_Progs_Habitat_Saltwater_reef_results.asp?county=Broward |work= |publisher=[[Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission]] |location=[[Tallahassee, Florida]], USA |accessdate=June 11, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="NPR20070705">{{cite news |title=Fallout from Bad '70s Idea: Auto Tires in Ocean Reef |first=Greg |last=Allen |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11462066 |format=streaming audio |work=[[Morning Edition]] |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |date=July 5, 2007 |accessdate=August 23, 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="PIE20090813">{{cite news |title=Florida Artificial Tire Reef Cleanup Team receives Coastal America Award and recognition from President Obama |url=http://www.pineisland-eagle.com/page/content.detail/id/506227/Florida-Artificial-Tire-Reef-Cleanup-Team-receives-Coastal-America-Award-and-recognition-from-President-Obama.html?nav=5051 |work=[[Pine Island Eagle]] |publisher= |location= |issn= |date=August 13, 2009 |accessdate=August 23, 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="SFSS20090724">{{cite news |title=Divers salvage tires in failed artificial reef |first=David |last=Fleshler |url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/broward/fort-lauderdale/sfl-tire-reefs-b072409,0,2935546.story |work=[[South Florida Sun-Sentinel]] |publisher=[[Tribune Company]] |location=[[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], US |issn=0744-8139 |date=July 24, 2009 |accessdate=August 22, 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="sun-sentinel">{{cite news|title=States attempt to clean up after failed artificial reef |first=David |last=Fleshler |url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/news/artificialreef2003.html |format=Reprint |work=[[South Florida Sun-Sentinel]] |publisher=[[Tribune Company]] |location=[[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], US |issn=0744-8139 |date=July 18, 2003 |accessdate=June 11, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514084203/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/news/artificialreef2003.html |archivedate=May 14, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}</ref>
<ref name="TFTU20080530">{{cite news |title=Efforts to remove artificial tire reef ends for season |first=Brian |last=Skoloff |url=http://www.jacksonville.com/apnews/stories/053008/D9106NI05.shtml |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[The Florida Times-Union]] |publisher=[[Morris Communications]] |location=[[Jacksonville, Florida]], US |issn=0740-2325 |date=May 30, 2008 |accessdate=August 22, 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="underwatertimes">{{cite news |title=Two Million Tire Artificial Reef to be Removed Off Florida Coast; Smothering Corals |author=Underwatertimes.com News Service |url=http://www.underwatertimes.com/news.php?article_id=36210951740 |work=[[UnderwaterTimes]] |publisher= |location= |issn= |date=August 22, 2006 |accessdate=June 11, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="USN">{{cite web |url=http://www.news.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=30010 |title=MDSU 2, DOD Divers Train to Improve Environment |author=Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class (SW) Phil Beaufort |date=June 13, 2007 |work=Navy NewsStand |publisher=[[United States Navy]] |accessdate=June 11, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706143440/http://www.news.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=30010 |archivedate=July 6, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
<ref name="WTSP">{{cite news |title=Florida tire reef removal ends for the year |author= |first=Jim |last=Peppard |url=http://www.wtsp.com/news/mostpop/story.aspx?storyid=111967&provider=top |publisher=[[WTSP]] |location=[[St. Petersburg, Florida]], US |date=August 21, 2009 |accessdate=December 1, 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uenyZyK1?url=http://www.wtsp.com/news/mostpop/story.aspx?storyid=111967&provider=top |archivedate=December 1, 2010 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
}}
[[Category:Artificial reefs]]
[[Category:Environmental disasters in the United States]]
[[Category:Geography of Fort Lauderdale, Florida]]
[[Category:Environment of Florida]]
[[Category:Reefs of Florida]]
[[Category:Landforms of Broward County, Florida]]
[[Category:1970s establishments in Florida]]' |
