Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{For|use in animals|Microchip implant (animal)}}
[[File:Dr Mark Gasson has an RFID microchip implanted in his left hand by a surgeon (March 16 2009).jpg|thumb|A surgeon implants British scientist Dr [[Mark Gasson]] in his left hand with an RFID microchip (March 16, 2009)]]A human '''microchip implant''' is typically an identifying [[integrated circuit]] device or [[RFID]] transponder encased in silicate glass and implanted in the body of a human being. This type of [[subdermal implant]] usually contains a unique ID number that can be linked to information contained in an external database, such as personal identification, law enforcement, medical history, medications, allergies, and contact information.
==History==
The first experiments with an [[RFID]] implant were carried out in 1998 by the British scientist [[Kevin Warwick]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9901/14/chipman.idg/ | work=CNN | title=Is human chip implant wave of the future? | date=January 13, 1999 | accessdate=May 12, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/professor-has-worlds-first-silicon-chip-implant-1174101.html|title=Professor has world's first silicon chip implant|author=|date=26 August 1998|website=independent.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/1998/08/professor-cyborg/|title=Professor Cyborg|author=|date=|website=wired.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/158007.stm|title=BBC News - Sci/Tech - Technology gets under the skin|author=|date=|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9808/28/armchip.idg/index.html?eref=sitesearch|title=CNN - Cyberfuturist plants chip in arm to test human-computer interaction - August 28, 1998|first=Jana|last=Sanchez-Klein|date=|website=edition.cnn.com}}</ref> His implant was used to open doors, switch on lights, and cause verbal output within a building. After nine days the implant was removed and has since been held in the [[Science Museum (London)]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
On 16 March 2009 British scientist [[Mark Gasson]] had an advanced glass capsule RFID device surgically implanted into his left hand. In April 2010 Gasson's team demonstrated how a computer virus could wirelessly infect his implant and then be transmitted on to other systems.<ref name="istas">{{Cite book | doi = 10.1109/ISTAS.2010.5514651| chapter = Human Enhancement: Could you become infected with a computer virus?| title = 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society| pages = 61| year = 2010| last1 = Gasson | first1 = M. N. | isbn = 978-1-4244-7777-7}}</ref> Gasson reasoned that with implanted technology the separation between man and machine can become theoretical because the technology can be perceived by the human as being a part of their body. Because of this development in our understanding of what constitutes our body and its boundaries he became credited as being the first human infected by a [[computer virus]]. He has no plans to remove his implant.<ref>http://www.personal.reading.ac.uk/~sis04mng/research/ FAQ: Could you become infected with a computer virus?</ref>
==Hobbyists==
[[File:RFID hand.jpg|thumb|An RFID tag visible under the skin soon after being implanted.]]
Several hobbyists have placed RFID microchip implants into their hands or had them inserted by others.
Amal Graafstra,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://amal.net/|title=Amal Graafstra - Technologist, Author & Double RFID Implantee|website=amal.net|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> author of the book RFID Toys,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rfidtoys.com/|title=RFID Toys Forum|website=Dangerous Things Forum|language=en|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> asked doctors to place implants in his hands in March 2005. A cosmetic surgeon used a scalpel to place a microchip in his left hand, and his family doctor injected a chip into his right hand using a veterinary Avid injector kit. Graafstra uses the implants to access his home, open car doors, and to log on to his computer. With public interest growing, in 2013 he launched biohacking company Dangerous Things<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dangerousthings.com/|title=Dangerous Things|website=Dangerous Things|language=en-us|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> and crowdfunded the world's first implantable NFC transponder in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/the-xnt-implantable-nfc-chip|title=The xNT implantable NFC chip|website=Indiegogo|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> He has also spoken at various events and promotional gigs<ref>{{Citation|last=bpg|title=PRMT {{!}} Ghost In the Shell {{!}} Live Stream|date=2017-03-09|url=https://vimeo.com/207688901|accessdate=2017-05-26}}</ref> including TEDx,<ref>{{Citation|last=TEDx Talks|title=Biohacking - the forefront of a new kind of human evolution: Amal Graafstra at TEDxSFU|date=2013-10-17|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DxVWhFLI6E|accessdate=2017-05-26}}</ref> and built a smartgun that only fires after reading his implant.<ref>{{Citation|last=Motherboard|title=Who Killed the Smart Gun?|date=2017-03-23|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXtqBVbxmto&t=33m39s|accessdate=2017-05-26}}</ref>
Alejandro Hernandez CEO of Futura is known to be the first in Central America to have Dangerous Things' transponder installed in his left hand by Federico Cortes in November 2017.
Mikey Sklar had a chip implanted into his left hand and filmed the procedure.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2gKJeM6Ihw link Fox News Interviews Mikey Sklar</ref>
[[Jonathan Oxer]] self-implanted an RFID chip in his arm using a veterinary implantation tool.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jon.oxer.com.au/blog/id/86|title=Jondo the Mandroid is RFID enabled}}</ref>
Martijn Wismeijer, [[Dutch people|Dutch]] marketing manager for [[Bitcoin ATM]] manufacturer [[General Bytes]], placed RFID chips in both of his hands to store his [[Bitcoin]] private keys and business card.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-11/11/mr-bitcoin-nfc-implant|title=Hand-implanted NFC chips open this man's bitcoin wallet|first=Liat|last=Clark|date=November 11, 2014|accessdate=February 15, 2015}}</ref>
Patric Lanhed sent a “bio-payment” of one euro worth of [[Bitcoin]] using a chip embedded in his hand.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/en_uk/read/this-guy-implanted-his-bitcoin-wallet-and-made-a-payment-with-his-hand|title=This Guy Implanted His Bitcoin Wallet and Made a Payment With His Hand|first=Jordan|last=Pearson|date=October 30, 2015|accessdate=November 2, 2015}}</ref>
Marcel Varallo had an NXP chip coated in [[Bioglass]] 8625 inserted into his hand between his forefinger and thumb allowing him to open secure elevators and doors at work, print from secure printers, unlock his mobile phone and home, and store his digital business card for transfer to mobile phones enabled for NFC.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/it-expert-marcel-varallo-inserts-microchip-in-hand-for-technology-experiment/news-story/0a809c0bc341a3a22ea30cc46d353cff?sv=b559f5b6a1ca4df5f4ac431ce12409da|title=Heraldsun.com.au - Subscribe to the Herald Sun for exclusive stories|author=|date=|website=www.heraldsun.com.au}}</ref>
[[Do-it-yourself biology|Biohacker]] Hannes Sjöblad has been experimenting with [[Near field communication|NFC]] (Near Field Communication) chip implants since 2015. During his talk at Echappée Voléé 2016 in Paris, Sjöblad disclosed that he has also implanted himself between his forefinger and thumb and uses it to unlock doors, make payments, and unlock his phone (essentially replacing anything you can put in your pockets).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lesechos.fr/19/02/2016/LesEchosWeekEnd/00019-010-ECWE_au-pays-des-especes-en-voie-de-disparition.htm|title=Au pays des espèces en voie de disparition|date=2016-02-19|website=lesechos.fr|access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> Additionally, Sjöblad has hosted several "implant parties," where interested individuals can also be implanted with the chip.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-30144072|title=The rise of the Swedish cyborgs - BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref>
==Commercial implants==
===Medical records===
Researchers have examined microchip implants in humans in the medical field and they indicate that there are potential benefits and risks to incorporating the device in the medical field. For example, it could be beneficial for noncompliant patients but still poses great risks for potential misuse of the device.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Eltorai|first=Adam E. M.|last2=Fox|first2=Henry|last3=McGurrin|first3=Emily|last4=Guang|first4=Stephanie|date=2016|title=Microchips in Medicine: Current and Future Applications|url=http://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2016/1743472/|journal=BioMed Research International|language=en|volume=2016|pages=1–7|doi=10.1155/2016/1743472|issn=2314-6133}}</ref>
Destron Fearing, a subsidiary of [[Digital Angel]], initially developed the technology for the VeriChip.<ref name="ComputerBytesMan">Smith, Richard M. [http://www.computerbytesman.com/biometrics/verichip.htm “Tough Sell Ahead for the VeriChip Implant ID System.”]{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025021724/http://www.computerbytesman.com/biometrics/verichip.htm |date=October 25, 2007 }}, ''Computer Bytes Man''. 27 Dec. 2001. 16 Oct. 2007</ref>
In 2004, the VeriChip implanted device and reader were classified as [[Medical device#Class II: General controls with special controls|Class II: General controls with special controls]] by the FDA;<ref>{{cite web|title=KO33440: Designation of VeriChip as Class II with special controls|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf3/k033440.pdf|publisher=FDA|date=October 12, 2004}}</ref> that year the FDA also published a draft guidance describing the special controls required to market such devices.<ref>{{cite web|title=Class II Special Controls Guidance Document: Implantable Radiofrequency Transponder System for Patient Identification and Health Information|url=https://www.fda.gov/downloads/medicaldevices/deviceregulationandguidance/guidancedocuments/ucm072191.pdf|publisher=FDA|date=December 10, 2004}}</ref>
About the size of a grain of rice, the device was typically implanted between the shoulder and elbow area of an individual’s right arm. Once scanned at the proper frequency, the chip responded with a unique 16-digit number which could be then linked with information about the user held on a database for identity verification, medical records access and other uses. The insertion procedure was performed under local anesthetic in a physician's office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.healthlinkinfo.com/faq/#4._Question:_Where_is_the_Health_Link_inserted |title=Verichip Consumer FAQ |accessdate=2009-08-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802111839/http://www.healthlinkinfo.com/faq/ |archivedate=August 2, 2009 }}</ref><ref name=Halamka>{{cite journal|last1=Halamka|first1=J|last2=Juels|first2=A|last3=Stubblefield|first3=A|last4=Westhues|first4=J|title=The security implications of VeriChip cloning.|journal=Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA|date=2006|volume=13|issue=6|pages=601–7|doi=10.1197/jamia.M2143|pmid=16929037|pmc=1656959}}</ref>
Privacy advocates raised concerns regarding potential abuse of the chip, with some warning that adoption by governments as a compulsory identification program could lead to erosion of civil liberties, as well as [[identity theft]] if the device should be hacked.<ref name=Halamka/><ref>{{cite news|title=Human-implantable RFID chips: Some ethical and privacy concerns|url=http://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/human-implantable-rfid-chips-some-ethical-and-privacy-concerns|work=Healthcare IT News|date=30 July 2007|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Westra|first1=BL|title=Radio frequency identification.|journal=The American journal of nursing|date=March 2009|volume=109|issue=3|pages=34–6|doi=10.1097/01.NAJ.0000346925.67498.a4|pmid=19240491}}</ref> Another ethical dilemma posed by the technology, is that people with dementia could possibly benefit the most from an implanted device that contained their medical records, but issues of [[informed consent]] are the most difficult in precisely such people.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mordini|first1=E|last2=Ottolini|first2=C|title=Body identification, biometrics and medicine: ethical and social considerations.|journal=Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità|date=2007|volume=43|issue=1|pages=51–60|pmid=17536154|url=http://www.iss.it/publ/anna/2007/1/43151.pdf}}</ref>
Some Christian activists, including [[Mark Dice]], the author of a book titled ''The Resistance Manifesto'', make a link between the PositiveID and the Biblical [[Number of the Beast#Mark of the Beast|Mark of the Beast]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/118857652.html?dids=118857652:118857652&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+09%2C+2002&author=DAVID+STREITFELD&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=First+Humans+to+Receive+ID+Chips%3B+Technology%3A+Device+injected+under+the+skin+will+provide+identification+and+medical+information.&pqatl=google|title=First Humans to Receive ID Chips; Technology: Device injected under the skin will provide identification and medical information.|last=Streitfield|first=David|date=9 May 2002|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=13 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-5579795-7.html|title=Is RFID the mark of the beast?|last=Gilbert|first=Alorie|date=16 February 2005|work=CNET News|accessdate=13 September 2010}}</ref> prophesied to be a future requirement for buying and selling,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=revelation%2013:16-18&version=NIV | title= Revelation 14:9-11 | publisher=Bible Gateway | accessdate=2010-07-03}}</ref> and a key element of the ''[[Book of Revelation]]''.<ref>{{cite book | first=Katherine | last=Albrecht|authorlink=Katherine Albrecht |first2=Liz | last2=McIntyre|authorlink2=Liz McIntyre (writer)| title=The Spychips Threat: Why Christians Should Resist RFID and Electronic Surveillance | publisher=Nelson Current | ISBN=1-59555-021-6 | date=2006-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/06/70308 | publisher=Wired.com | title= RFID: Sign of the (End) Times? | first=Mark | last=Baard | date=2006-06-06 | accessdate=2009-10-13}}</ref> Gary Wohlscheid, president of These Last Days Ministries, has argued that "Out of all the technologies with potential to be the mark of the beast, VeriChip has got the best possibility right now".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.wired.com/politics/security/news/2002/02/50187?currentPage=2|title=They Want Their ID Chips Now|last=Scheeres|first=Julia|date=6 February 2002|work=Wired News|accessdate=13 September 2010}}</ref>
In June 2007, the American Medical Association declared that "implantable radio frequency identification (RFID) devices may help to identify patients, thereby improving the safety and efficiency of patient care, and may be used to enable secure access to patient clinical information",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/467/ceja5a07.doc|title=American Medical Association CEJA Report 5-A-07}}</ref> but in the same year, news reports linking similar devices to cancer caused in laboratory animals had a devastating impact on the company's stock price and sales.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lewan |first=Todd |title=Chip Implants Linked to Animal Tumours |date=September 8, 2007 |publisher=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/08/AR2007090800997_pf.html |accessdate=2010-06-08}}</ref>
In 2010, the company, by then called "PositiveID", withdrew the product from the market due to poor sales.<ref>Edwards, Jim. [http://industry.bnet.com/pharma/10008965/down-with-the-chip-positiveid-axes-its-scary-medical-records-implant/ "Down With the Chip: PositiveID Axes Its Scary Medical Records"]. ''bNET''. July 15, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2017</ref>
In January 2012, PositiveID sold the chip assets to a company called VeriTeQ that was owned by Scott Silverman, the former CEO of Positive ID.<ref>{{cite web|title=VeriTeQ Acquisition Corporation Acquires Implantable, FDA-Cleared VeriChip Technology and Health Link Personal Health Record from PositiveID Corporation|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120117005610/en/VeriTeQ-Acquisition-Corporation-Acquires-Implantable-FDA-Cleared-VeriChip|publisher=VeriTeQ via BusinessWire|language=en|date=January 17, 2012}}</ref>
In 2016, JAMM Technologies acquired the chip assets from VeriTeQ; JAMM's business plan was to partner with companies selling [[Breast augmentation|implanted medical devices]] and use the RfID tags to monitor and identify the devices.<ref>{{cite web|title=JAMM Technologies Acquires the Veriteq RFID Technology Platform and Enters into Supply Agreement with Establishment Labs|url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2016/04/prweb13308658.htm|author=Geissler, Randy|publisher=JAMM via PRWeb|date=April 4, 2016}}</ref> JAMM Technologies is co-located in the same [[Plymouth, Minnesota]] building as Geissler Corporation with Randolph K. Geissler and Donald R. Brattain<ref>{{cite web|title=Don Brattain, OSU SPEARS SCHOOL TRIBUTES: 100 FOR 100|url=https://business.okstate.edu/tributes/week-9/don-brattain.html|publisher=Oklahoma State University|accessdate=April 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tyler Technologies, Inc.,Tyler Investor Community, Directors, Donald R. Brattain, Independent Director|url=http://investors.tylertech.com/profiles/investor/Directors.asp?BzID=499|publisher=Tyler Technologies, Inc.|accessdate=April 21, 2018}}</ref> listed as its principals.
The website also claims that Geissler was CEO of PositiveID Corporation, Destron Fearing Corporation, and Digital Angel Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geissler Corporation - Management|url=http://www.geisslercorp.com/management/|publisher=Geissler Corporation|accessdate=April 21, 2018}}</ref>
In 2018, A Danish firm called [http://bichip.com/ BiChip] released a new generation of Microchip implant that is assumed to be readable from distance and connected to Internet. The company also released an update for its microchip implant which means it can use Ripple – one of the hottest virtual currencies right now in order to pay for goods using only the implanted microchip. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2018/01/08/can-now-store-ripple-bitcoin-using-creepy-microchip-implant-compared-mark-beast-7213716/|title=Would you store Ripple and Bitcoin in microchip?|last=Hamill|first=Jasper|date=January 2018|website=Metro}}</ref>
===Building access and security===
In February 2006, CityWatcher, Inc. of Cincinnati, OH became the first company in the world to implant microchips into their employees as part of their building access control and security system. The workers needed the implants to access the company's secure video tape room, as documented in [[USA Today]].<ref name="USAToday2">Lewan, Todd. USA Today. July 2007. [https://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/surveillance/2007-07-21-chips_N.htm "Microchips in humans spark privacy debate."].</ref> The project was initiated and implemented by Six Sigma Security, Inc. The VeriChip Corporation had originally marketed the implant as a way to restrict access to secure facilities such as power plants.
A major drawback for such systems is the relative ease with which the 16-digit ID number contained in a chip implant can be obtained and cloned using a hand-held device, a problem that has been demonstrated publicly by security researcher [[Jonathan Westhues]]<ref name=clone>Westhues, Jonathan. "Demo: Cloning a VeriChip." [http://cq.cx/verichip.pl Demo: Cloning a VeriChip].</ref> and documented in the May 2006 issue of [[Wired magazine|''Wired'' magazine]],<ref name=wired>{{cite news|last=Newitz|first=Annalee|title=The RFID Hacking Underground|url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.05/rfid.html|accessdate=July 13, 2011|newspaper=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=May 2006|authorlink=Annalee Newitz}}</ref> among other places.
* The Baja Beach Club, a nightclub in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, once used VeriChip implants for identifying VIP guests.<ref>http://www.baja.nl/vipform.aspx</ref>
* The Epicenter in [[Stockholm, Sweden]] is using RFID implants for employees to operate security doors, copiers, and pay for lunch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2881178/office-complex-implants-rfid-chips-in-employees-hands.html|title=Office complex implants RFID chips in employees' hands|first=Lucas|last=Mearian|date=February 6, 2015|accessdate=February 15, 2015|publisher=[[Computerworld]]}}</ref>
===Possible future applications===
In 2017 Mike Miller, chief executive of the [[World Olympians Association]], was widely reported as suggesting the use of such implants in athletes in an attempt to reduce problems in sport due to drug taking.<ref>http://home.bt.com/tech-gadgets/future-tech/microchips-in-humans-to-prevent-doping-11364220161232</ref>
Theoretically, a GPS-enabled chip could one day make it possible for individuals to be physically located by latitude, longitude, altitude, speed, and direction of movement. Such implantable GPS devices are not technically feasible at this time. However, if widely deployed at some future point, implantable GPS devices could conceivably allow authorities to locate [[missing person]]s and/or [[fugitive]]s and those who fled from a crime scene. Critics contend, however, that the technology could lead to [[political repression]] as governments could use implants to track and persecute human rights activists, labor activists, civil dissidents, and political opponents; criminals and domestic abusers could use them to stalk and harass their victims; and child abusers could use them to locate and abduct children.
Another suggested application for a tracking implant, discussed in 2008 by the legislature of [[Indonesia]]'s [[Irian Jaya]] would be to monitor the activities of persons infected with [[HIV]], aimed at reducing their chances of infecting other people.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSTRE4AN3U620081124 "Indonesia's Papua plans to tag AIDS sufferers"], Mon Nov 24, 2008.</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1862347,00.html
|title=Papua Proposal: A Microchip to Track the HIV-Positive|author=Jason Tedjasukmana |date= Nov 26, 2008|periodical =Time }}
</ref> The microchipping section was not, however, included into the final version of the provincial ''HIV/AIDS Handling bylaw'' passed by the legislature in December 2008.<ref>[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/133495.php Government Of Indonesian Province Rejects Plan To Implant Microchips In Some HIV-Positive People] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225060958/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/133495.php |date=2013-12-25 }}, 2008-12-08</ref> With current technology, this would not be workable anyway, since there is no implantable device on the market with [[GPS tracking unit|GPS tracking]] capability.
Since modern payment methods rely upon RFID/NFC, it is thought that implantable microchips, if they were to ever become popular in use, would form a part of the cashless society.<ref>[http://www.dontchipmebro.com/the-cashless-society/ "Cashless Society"] This is a dead link.</ref> Verichip implants have already been used in nightclubs such as the Baja club for such a purpose, allowing patrons to purchase drinks with their implantable microchip.
==Potential problems==
===Cancer===
In a self-published report<ref>http://www.antichips.com/cancer/ Microchip-Induced Tumors in Laboratory Rodents and Dogs: A Review of the Literature 1990–2006</ref> anti-RFID advocate [[Katherine Albrecht]], who refers to RFID devices as "[[spy chips]]", cites [[veterinary]] and [[toxicology|toxicological]] studies carried out from 1996 to 2006 which found lab rodents injected with microchips as an incidental part of unrelated experiments and dogs implanted with identification microchips sometimes developed cancerous tumors at the injection site ([[Subcutaneous tissue|subcutaneous]] [[sarcoma]]s) as evidence of a human implantation risk.<ref name=WashingPost>{{citation |last=Lewan |first=Todd |title=Chip Implants Linked to Animal Tumours |date=September 8, 2007 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/08/AR2007090800997_pf.html |accessdate=2010-06-08}}</ref> However, the link between foreign-body tumorigenesis in lab animals and implantation in humans has been publicly refuted as erroneous and misleading<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfidjournal.com/articles/view?3609|title=VeriChip Defends the Safety of Implanted RFID Tags|author=RFID Journal|date=|work=rfidjournal.com|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref> and the report's author has been criticized over the use of "provocative" language "not based in scientific fact".<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CS13kFWQIYM#t=60m53s Tumours, Tracking, and Tyranny: The Downside to Implantable Microchip</ref> Notably, none of the studies cited specifically set out to investigate the cancer risk of implanted microchips and so none of the studies had a control group of animals that did not get implanted. While the issue is considered worthy of further investigation, one of the studies cited cautioned "Blind leaps from the detection of tumors to the prediction of human health risk should be avoided".<ref name="blanchard">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1177/019262339902700505| title = Transponder-Induced Sarcoma in the Heterozygous p53+/- Mouse| journal = Toxicologic Pathology| volume = 27| issue = 5| pages = 519| year = 1999| last1 = Blanchard | first1 = K. T.| last2 = Barthel | first2 = C.| last3 = French | first3 = J. E.| last4 = Holden | first4 = H. E.| last5 = Moretz | first5 = R.| last6 = Pack | first6 = F. D.| last7 = Tennant | first7 = R. W.| last8 = Stoll | first8 = R. E.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/08/AR2007090800997_pf.html/|title=Lewan, Todd. The Associated Press, September 8, 2007. "Chip Implants Linked to Animal Tumors"|author=|date=|website=washingtonpost.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.antichips.com/cancer/index.html Studies Linking Microchips and Cancer]</ref>
===Security risks===
The Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs (CEJA) of the [[American Medical Association]] published a report in 2007 alleging that RFID implanted chips may compromise [[privacy]] because there is no assurance that the information contained in the chip can be properly protected.<ref>CEJA of the [[American Medical Association]], [http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/467/ceja5a07.doc CEJA Report 5-A-07], Radio Frequency ID Devices in Humans, presented by Robert M. Sade, MD, Chair. 2007</ref>
== Legislation ==
{{globalize section|date=August 2017}}
=== United States ===
Following [[Wisconsin]] and [[North Dakota]],<ref name=Cal/> [[California]] issued [http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/sen/sb_0351-0400/sb_362_bill_20071012_chaptered.html Senate Bill 362] in 2007, which makes it illegal to force a person to have a microchip implanted, and provide for an assessment of civil penalties against violators of the bill.<ref name=Cal>[http://www.govtech.com/gt/156351?topic=117688 California Bans Forced RFID Tagging of Humans], ''Government Technology'' website, October 17, 2007</ref>
In 2008, [[Oklahoma]] passed 63 OK Stat § 63-1-1430 (2008 S.B. 47), that bans involuntary microchip implants in humans.<ref>
Tim Talley.
[http://newsok.com/article/3247279 "Bill bans involuntary microchip implants"].
2008.
</ref><ref>
[http://www.ncsl.org/research/telecommunications-and-information-technology/radio-frequency-identification-rfid-privacy-laws.aspx "Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Privacy Laws"].
2015.
</ref>
On April 5, 2010, the [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] [[Georgia Senate|Senate]] passed Senate Bill 235 that prohibits forced microchip implants in humans and that would make it a misdemeanor for anyone to require them, including employers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://votesmart.org/bill/10786/28834/ban-on-required-human-microchip-implantation#.U49ngS_O63U|title=Georgia SB 235 - Ban on Required Human Microchip Implantation - Key Vote - The Voter's Self Defense System - Vote Smart|author=|date=|work=Project Vote Smart|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref> The bill would allow voluntary microchip implants, as long as they are performed by a physician and regulated by the Georgia Composite Medical Board. The state's [[Georgia House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] did not take up the measure.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}
On February 10, 2010, [[Virginia]]'s [[Virginia House of Delegates|House of Delegates]] also passed a bill that forbids companies from forcing their employees to be implanted with tracking devices.<ref>[http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2010/02/10/virginia-passes-law-banning-chip-implants-mark-beast/ Virginia delegates pass bill banning chip implants as ‘mark of the beast’], ''The Raw Story'', By Daniel Tencer, Wednesday, February 10, 2010 retrieved April 23, 2010</ref>
[[Washington (state)|Washington State]] House Bill 1142-2009-10 orders a study using implanted radio frequency identification or other similar technology to electronically monitor sex offenders and other felons.<ref>[http://apps.leg.wa.gov/billinfo/summary.aspx?year=2009&bill=1142 HB 1142-2009-10] to study requiring the use of implanted RFID in certain felons.</ref>
==See also==
* [[RFID]]
* [[Ambient intelligence]]
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Haag |first=Stephen |author2=Cummings, Maeve,|author3=McCubbrey, Donald |title=Management Information Systems for the Information Age |year=2004 |edition=4th |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York City, New York |isbn=0-07-281947-2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Graafstra |first=Amal |title= RFID Toys: 11 Cool Projects for Home, Office and Entertainment |year=2004 |edition=4th |publisher=(ExtremeTech) Ziff Davis Publishing Holdings Inc. |location=New York City, New York |isbn=0-471-77196-1 }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Microchip Implant (Human)}}
[[Category:Radio-frequency identification]]
[[Category:Identity documents]]
[[Category:Implants (medicine)]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{For|use in animals|Microchip implant (animal)}}
[[File:Dr Mark Gasson has an RFID microchip implanted in his left hand by a surgeon (March 16 2009).jpg|thumb|A surgeon implants British scientist Dr [[Mark Gasson]] in his left hand with an RFID microchip (March 16, 2009)]]A human '''microchip implant''' is typically an identifying [[integrated circuit]] device or [[RFID]] transponder encased in silicate glass and implanted in the body of a human being. This type of [[subdermal implant]] usually contains a unique ID number that can be linked to information contained in an external database, such as personal identification, law enforcement, medical history, medications, allergies, and contact information.
<ref></ref>
==Hobbyists==
[[File:RFID hand.jpg|thumb|An RFID tag visible under the skin soon after being implanted.]]
Several hobbyists have placed RFID microchip implants into their hands or had them inserted by others.
Amal Graafstra,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://amal.net/|title=Amal Graafstra - Technologist, Author & Double RFID Implantee|website=amal.net|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> author of the book RFID Toys,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rfidtoys.com/|title=RFID Toys Forum|website=Dangerous Things Forum|language=en|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> asked doctors to place implants in his hands in March 2005. A cosmetic surgeon used a scalpel to place a microchip in his left hand, and his family doctor injected a chip into his right hand using a veterinary Avid injector kit. Graafstra uses the implants to access his home, open car doors, and to log on to his computer. With public interest growing, in 2013 he launched biohacking company Dangerous Things<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dangerousthings.com/|title=Dangerous Things|website=Dangerous Things|language=en-us|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> and crowdfunded the world's first implantable NFC transponder in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/the-xnt-implantable-nfc-chip|title=The xNT implantable NFC chip|website=Indiegogo|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> He has also spoken at various events and promotional gigs<ref>{{Citation|last=bpg|title=PRMT {{!}} Ghost In the Shell {{!}} Live Stream|date=2017-03-09|url=https://vimeo.com/207688901|accessdate=2017-05-26}}</ref> including TEDx,<ref>{{Citation|last=TEDx Talks|title=Biohacking - the forefront of a new kind of human evolution: Amal Graafstra at TEDxSFU|date=2013-10-17|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DxVWhFLI6E|accessdate=2017-05-26}}</ref> and built a smartgun that only fires after reading his implant.<ref>{{Citation|last=Motherboard|title=Who Killed the Smart Gun?|date=2017-03-23|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXtqBVbxmto&t=33m39s|accessdate=2017-05-26}}</ref>
Alejandro Hernandez CEO of Futura is known to be the first in Central America to have Dangerous Things' transponder installed in his left hand by Federico Cortes in November 2017.
Mikey Sklar had a chip implanted into his left hand and filmed the procedure.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2gKJeM6Ihw link Fox News Interviews Mikey Sklar</ref>
[[Jonathan Oxer]] self-implanted an RFID chip in his arm using a veterinary implantation tool.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jon.oxer.com.au/blog/id/86|title=Jondo the Mandroid is RFID enabled}}</ref>
Martijn Wismeijer, [[Dutch people|Dutch]] marketing manager for [[Bitcoin ATM]] manufacturer [[General Bytes]], placed RFID chips in both of his hands to store his [[Bitcoin]] private keys and business card.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-11/11/mr-bitcoin-nfc-implant|title=Hand-implanted NFC chips open this man's bitcoin wallet|first=Liat|last=Clark|date=November 11, 2014|accessdate=February 15, 2015}}</ref>
Patric Lanhed sent a “bio-payment” of one euro worth of [[Bitcoin]] using a chip embedded in his hand.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/en_uk/read/this-guy-implanted-his-bitcoin-wallet-and-made-a-payment-with-his-hand|title=This Guy Implanted His Bitcoin Wallet and Made a Payment With His Hand|first=Jordan|last=Pearson|date=October 30, 2015|accessdate=November 2, 2015}}</ref>
Marcel Varallo had an NXP chip coated in [[Bioglass]] 8625 inserted into his hand between his forefinger and thumb allowing him to open secure elevators and doors at work, print from secure printers, unlock his mobile phone and home, and store his digital business card for transfer to mobile phones enabled for NFC.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/it-expert-marcel-varallo-inserts-microchip-in-hand-for-technology-experiment/news-story/0a809c0bc341a3a22ea30cc46d353cff?sv=b559f5b6a1ca4df5f4ac431ce12409da|title=Heraldsun.com.au - Subscribe to the Herald Sun for exclusive stories|author=|date=|website=www.heraldsun.com.au}}</ref>
[[Do-it-yourself biology|Biohacker]] Hannes Sjöblad has been experimenting with [[Near field communication|NFC]] (Near Field Communication) chip implants since 2015. During his talk at Echappée Voléé 2016 in Paris, Sjöblad disclosed that he has also implanted himself between his forefinger and thumb and uses it to unlock doors, make payments, and unlock his phone (essentially replacing anything you can put in your pockets).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lesechos.fr/19/02/2016/LesEchosWeekEnd/00019-010-ECWE_au-pays-des-especes-en-voie-de-disparition.htm|title=Au pays des espèces en voie de disparition|date=2016-02-19|website=lesechos.fr|access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> Additionally, Sjöblad has hosted several "implant parties," where interested individuals can also be implanted with the chip.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-30144072|title=The rise of the Swedish cyborgs - BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref>
==Commercial implants==
===Medical records===
Researchers have examined microchip implants in humans in the medical field and they indicate that there are potential benefits and risks to incorporating the device in the medical field. For example, it could be beneficial for noncompliant patients but still poses great risks for potential misuse of the device.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Eltorai|first=Adam E. M.|last2=Fox|first2=Henry|last3=McGurrin|first3=Emily|last4=Guang|first4=Stephanie|date=2016|title=Microchips in Medicine: Current and Future Applications|url=http://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2016/1743472/|journal=BioMed Research International|language=en|volume=2016|pages=1–7|doi=10.1155/2016/1743472|issn=2314-6133}}</ref>
Destron Fearing, a subsidiary of [[Digital Angel]], initially developed the technology for the VeriChip.<ref name="ComputerBytesMan">Smith, Richard M. [http://www.computerbytesman.com/biometrics/verichip.htm “Tough Sell Ahead for the VeriChip Implant ID System.”]{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025021724/http://www.computerbytesman.com/biometrics/verichip.htm |date=October 25, 2007 }}, ''Computer Bytes Man''. 27 Dec. 2001. 16 Oct. 2007</ref>
In 2004, the VeriChip implanted device and reader were classified as [[Medical device#Class II: General controls with special controls|Class II: General controls with special controls]] by the FDA;<ref>{{cite web|title=KO33440: Designation of VeriChip as Class II with special controls|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf3/k033440.pdf|publisher=FDA|date=October 12, 2004}}</ref> that year the FDA also published a draft guidance describing the special controls required to market such devices.<ref>{{cite web|title=Class II Special Controls Guidance Document: Implantable Radiofrequency Transponder System for Patient Identification and Health Information|url=https://www.fda.gov/downloads/medicaldevices/deviceregulationandguidance/guidancedocuments/ucm072191.pdf|publisher=FDA|date=December 10, 2004}}</ref>
About the size of a grain of rice, the device was typically implanted between the shoulder and elbow area of an individual’s right arm. Once scanned at the proper frequency, the chip responded with a unique 16-digit number which could be then linked with information about the user held on a database for identity verification, medical records access and other uses. The insertion procedure was performed under local anesthetic in a physician's office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.healthlinkinfo.com/faq/#4._Question:_Where_is_the_Health_Link_inserted |title=Verichip Consumer FAQ |accessdate=2009-08-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802111839/http://www.healthlinkinfo.com/faq/ |archivedate=August 2, 2009 }}</ref><ref name=Halamka>{{cite journal|last1=Halamka|first1=J|last2=Juels|first2=A|last3=Stubblefield|first3=A|last4=Westhues|first4=J|title=The security implications of VeriChip cloning.|journal=Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA|date=2006|volume=13|issue=6|pages=601–7|doi=10.1197/jamia.M2143|pmid=16929037|pmc=1656959}}</ref>
Privacy advocates raised concerns regarding potential abuse of the chip, with some warning that adoption by governments as a compulsory identification program could lead to erosion of civil liberties, as well as [[identity theft]] if the device should be hacked.<ref name=Halamka/><ref>{{cite news|title=Human-implantable RFID chips: Some ethical and privacy concerns|url=http://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/human-implantable-rfid-chips-some-ethical-and-privacy-concerns|work=Healthcare IT News|date=30 July 2007|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Westra|first1=BL|title=Radio frequency identification.|journal=The American journal of nursing|date=March 2009|volume=109|issue=3|pages=34–6|doi=10.1097/01.NAJ.0000346925.67498.a4|pmid=19240491}}</ref> Another ethical dilemma posed by the technology, is that people with dementia could possibly benefit the most from an implanted device that contained their medical records, but issues of [[informed consent]] are the most difficult in precisely such people.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mordini|first1=E|last2=Ottolini|first2=C|title=Body identification, biometrics and medicine: ethical and social considerations.|journal=Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità|date=2007|volume=43|issue=1|pages=51–60|pmid=17536154|url=http://www.iss.it/publ/anna/2007/1/43151.pdf}}</ref>
Some Christian activists, including [[Mark Dice]], the author of a book titled ''The Resistance Manifesto'', make a link between the PositiveID and the Biblical [[Number of the Beast#Mark of the Beast|Mark of the Beast]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/118857652.html?dids=118857652:118857652&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+09%2C+2002&author=DAVID+STREITFELD&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=First+Humans+to+Receive+ID+Chips%3B+Technology%3A+Device+injected+under+the+skin+will+provide+identification+and+medical+information.&pqatl=google|title=First Humans to Receive ID Chips; Technology: Device injected under the skin will provide identification and medical information.|last=Streitfield|first=David|date=9 May 2002|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=13 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-5579795-7.html|title=Is RFID the mark of the beast?|last=Gilbert|first=Alorie|date=16 February 2005|work=CNET News|accessdate=13 September 2010}}</ref> prophesied to be a future requirement for buying and selling,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=revelation%2013:16-18&version=NIV | title= Revelation 14:9-11 | publisher=Bible Gateway | accessdate=2010-07-03}}</ref> and a key element of the ''[[Book of Revelation]]''.<ref>{{cite book | first=Katherine | last=Albrecht|authorlink=Katherine Albrecht |first2=Liz | last2=McIntyre|authorlink2=Liz McIntyre (writer)| title=The Spychips Threat: Why Christians Should Resist RFID and Electronic Surveillance | publisher=Nelson Current | ISBN=1-59555-021-6 | date=2006-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/06/70308 | publisher=Wired.com | title= RFID: Sign of the (End) Times? | first=Mark | last=Baard | date=2006-06-06 | accessdate=2009-10-13}}</ref> Gary Wohlscheid, president of These Last Days Ministries, has argued that "Out of all the technologies with potential to be the mark of the beast, VeriChip has got the best possibility right now".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.wired.com/politics/security/news/2002/02/50187?currentPage=2|title=They Want Their ID Chips Now|last=Scheeres|first=Julia|date=6 February 2002|work=Wired News|accessdate=13 September 2010}}</ref>
In June 2007, the American Medical Association declared that "implantable radio frequency identification (RFID) devices may help to identify patients, thereby improving the safety and efficiency of patient care, and may be used to enable secure access to patient clinical information",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/467/ceja5a07.doc|title=American Medical Association CEJA Report 5-A-07}}</ref> but in the same year, news reports linking similar devices to cancer caused in laboratory animals had a devastating impact on the company's stock price and sales.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lewan |first=Todd |title=Chip Implants Linked to Animal Tumours |date=September 8, 2007 |publisher=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/08/AR2007090800997_pf.html |accessdate=2010-06-08}}</ref>
In 2010, the company, by then called "PositiveID", withdrew the product from the market due to poor sales.<ref>Edwards, Jim. [http://industry.bnet.com/pharma/10008965/down-with-the-chip-positiveid-axes-its-scary-medical-records-implant/ "Down With the Chip: PositiveID Axes Its Scary Medical Records"]. ''bNET''. July 15, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2017</ref>
In January 2012, PositiveID sold the chip assets to a company called VeriTeQ that was owned by Scott Silverman, the former CEO of Positive ID.<ref>{{cite web|title=VeriTeQ Acquisition Corporation Acquires Implantable, FDA-Cleared VeriChip Technology and Health Link Personal Health Record from PositiveID Corporation|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120117005610/en/VeriTeQ-Acquisition-Corporation-Acquires-Implantable-FDA-Cleared-VeriChip|publisher=VeriTeQ via BusinessWire|language=en|date=January 17, 2012}}</ref>
In 2016, JAMM Technologies acquired the chip assets from VeriTeQ; JAMM's business plan was to partner with companies selling [[Breast augmentation|implanted medical devices]] and use the RfID tags to monitor and identify the devices.<ref>{{cite web|title=JAMM Technologies Acquires the Veriteq RFID Technology Platform and Enters into Supply Agreement with Establishment Labs|url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2016/04/prweb13308658.htm|author=Geissler, Randy|publisher=JAMM via PRWeb|date=April 4, 2016}}</ref> JAMM Technologies is co-located in the same [[Plymouth, Minnesota]] building as Geissler Corporation with Randolph K. Geissler and Donald R. Brattain<ref>{{cite web|title=Don Brattain, OSU SPEARS SCHOOL TRIBUTES: 100 FOR 100|url=https://business.okstate.edu/tributes/week-9/don-brattain.html|publisher=Oklahoma State University|accessdate=April 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tyler Technologies, Inc.,Tyler Investor Community, Directors, Donald R. Brattain, Independent Director|url=http://investors.tylertech.com/profiles/investor/Directors.asp?BzID=499|publisher=Tyler Technologies, Inc.|accessdate=April 21, 2018}}</ref> listed as its principals.
The website also claims that Geissler was CEO of PositiveID Corporation, Destron Fearing Corporation, and Digital Angel Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geissler Corporation - Management|url=http://www.geisslercorp.com/management/|publisher=Geissler Corporation|accessdate=April 21, 2018}}</ref>
In 2018, A Danish firm called [http://bichip.com/ BiChip] released a new generation of Microchip implant that is assumed to be readable from distance and connected to Internet. The company also released an update for its microchip implant which means it can use Ripple – one of the hottest virtual currencies right now in order to pay for goods using only the implanted microchip. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2018/01/08/can-now-store-ripple-bitcoin-using-creepy-microchip-implant-compared-mark-beast-7213716/|title=Would you store Ripple and Bitcoin in microchip?|last=Hamill|first=Jasper|date=January 2018|website=Metro}}</ref>
===Building access and security===
In February 2006, CityWatcher, Inc. of Cincinnati, OH became the first company in the world to implant microchips into their employees as part of their building access control and security system. The workers needed the implants to access the company's secure video tape room, as documented in [[USA Today]].<ref name="USAToday2">Lewan, Todd. USA Today. July 2007. [https://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/surveillance/2007-07-21-chips_N.htm "Microchips in humans spark privacy debate."].</ref> The project was initiated and implemented by Six Sigma Security, Inc. The VeriChip Corporation had originally marketed the implant as a way to restrict access to secure facilities such as power plants.
A major drawback for such systems is the relative ease with which the 16-digit ID number contained in a chip implant can be obtained and cloned using a hand-held device, a problem that has been demonstrated publicly by security researcher [[Jonathan Westhues]]<ref name=clone>Westhues, Jonathan. "Demo: Cloning a VeriChip." [http://cq.cx/verichip.pl Demo: Cloning a VeriChip].</ref> and documented in the May 2006 issue of [[Wired magazine|''Wired'' magazine]],<ref name=wired>{{cite news|last=Newitz|first=Annalee|title=The RFID Hacking Underground|url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.05/rfid.html|accessdate=July 13, 2011|newspaper=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=May 2006|authorlink=Annalee Newitz}}</ref> among other places.
* The Baja Beach Club, a nightclub in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, once used VeriChip implants for identifying VIP guests.<ref>http://www.baja.nl/vipform.aspx</ref>
* The Epicenter in [[Stockholm, Sweden]] is using RFID implants for employees to operate security doors, copiers, and pay for lunch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2881178/office-complex-implants-rfid-chips-in-employees-hands.html|title=Office complex implants RFID chips in employees' hands|first=Lucas|last=Mearian|date=February 6, 2015|accessdate=February 15, 2015|publisher=[[Computerworld]]}}</ref>
===Possible future applications===
In 2017 Mike Miller, chief executive of the [[World Olympians Association]], was widely reported as suggesting the use of such implants in athletes in an attempt to reduce problems in sport due to drug taking.<ref>http://home.bt.com/tech-gadgets/future-tech/microchips-in-humans-to-prevent-doping-11364220161232</ref>
Theoretically, a GPS-enabled chip could one day make it possible for individuals to be physically located by latitude, longitude, altitude, speed, and direction of movement. Such implantable GPS devices are not technically feasible at this time. However, if widely deployed at some future point, implantable GPS devices could conceivably allow authorities to locate [[missing person]]s and/or [[fugitive]]s and those who fled from a crime scene. Critics contend, however, that the technology could lead to [[political repression]] as governments could use implants to track and persecute human rights activists, labor activists, civil dissidents, and political opponents; criminals and domestic abusers could use them to stalk and harass their victims; and child abusers could use them to locate and abduct children.
Another suggested application for a tracking implant, discussed in 2008 by the legislature of [[Indonesia]]'s [[Irian Jaya]] would be to monitor the activities of persons infected with [[HIV]], aimed at reducing their chances of infecting other people.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSTRE4AN3U620081124 "Indonesia's Papua plans to tag AIDS sufferers"], Mon Nov 24, 2008.</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1862347,00.html
|title=Papua Proposal: A Microchip to Track the HIV-Positive|author=Jason Tedjasukmana |date= Nov 26, 2008|periodical =Time }}
</ref> The microchipping section was not, however, included into the final version of the provincial ''HIV/AIDS Handling bylaw'' passed by the legislature in December 2008.<ref>[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/133495.php Government Of Indonesian Province Rejects Plan To Implant Microchips In Some HIV-Positive People] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225060958/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/133495.php |date=2013-12-25 }}, 2008-12-08</ref> With current technology, this would not be workable anyway, since there is no implantable device on the market with [[GPS tracking unit|GPS tracking]] capability.
Since modern payment methods rely upon RFID/NFC, it is thought that implantable microchips, if they were to ever become popular in use, would form a part of the cashless society.<ref>[http://www.dontchipmebro.com/the-cashless-society/ "Cashless Society"] This is a dead link.</ref> Verichip implants have already been used in nightclubs such as the Baja club for such a purpose, allowing patrons to purchase drinks with their implantable microchip.
==Potential problems==
===Cancer===
In a self-published report<ref>http://www.antichips.com/cancer/ Microchip-Induced Tumors in Laboratory Rodents and Dogs: A Review of the Literature 1990–2006</ref> anti-RFID advocate [[Katherine Albrecht]], who refers to RFID devices as "[[spy chips]]", cites [[veterinary]] and [[toxicology|toxicological]] studies carried out from 1996 to 2006 which found lab rodents injected with microchips as an incidental part of unrelated experiments and dogs implanted with identification microchips sometimes developed cancerous tumors at the injection site ([[Subcutaneous tissue|subcutaneous]] [[sarcoma]]s) as evidence of a human implantation risk.<ref name=WashingPost>{{citation |last=Lewan |first=Todd |title=Chip Implants Linked to Animal Tumours |date=September 8, 2007 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/08/AR2007090800997_pf.html |accessdate=2010-06-08}}</ref> However, the link between foreign-body tumorigenesis in lab animals and implantation in humans has been publicly refuted as erroneous and misleading<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfidjournal.com/articles/view?3609|title=VeriChip Defends the Safety of Implanted RFID Tags|author=RFID Journal|date=|work=rfidjournal.com|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref> and the report's author has been criticized over the use of "provocative" language "not based in scientific fact".<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CS13kFWQIYM#t=60m53s Tumours, Tracking, and Tyranny: The Downside to Implantable Microchip</ref> Notably, none of the studies cited specifically set out to investigate the cancer risk of implanted microchips and so none of the studies had a control group of animals that did not get implanted. While the issue is considered worthy of further investigation, one of the studies cited cautioned "Blind leaps from the detection of tumors to the prediction of human health risk should be avoided".<ref name="blanchard">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1177/019262339902700505| title = Transponder-Induced Sarcoma in the Heterozygous p53+/- Mouse| journal = Toxicologic Pathology| volume = 27| issue = 5| pages = 519| year = 1999| last1 = Blanchard | first1 = K. T.| last2 = Barthel | first2 = C.| last3 = French | first3 = J. E.| last4 = Holden | first4 = H. E.| last5 = Moretz | first5 = R.| last6 = Pack | first6 = F. D.| last7 = Tennant | first7 = R. W.| last8 = Stoll | first8 = R. E.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/08/AR2007090800997_pf.html/|title=Lewan, Todd. The Associated Press, September 8, 2007. "Chip Implants Linked to Animal Tumors"|author=|date=|website=washingtonpost.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.antichips.com/cancer/index.html Studies Linking Microchips and Cancer]</ref>
===Security risks===
The Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs (CEJA) of the [[American Medical Association]] published a report in 2007 alleging that RFID implanted chips may compromise [[privacy]] because there is no assurance that the information contained in the chip can be properly protected.<ref>CEJA of the [[American Medical Association]], [http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/467/ceja5a07.doc CEJA Report 5-A-07], Radio Frequency ID Devices in Humans, presented by Robert M. Sade, MD, Chair. 2007</ref>
== Legislation ==
{{globalize section|date=August 2017}}
=== United States ===
Following [[Wisconsin]] and [[North Dakota]],<ref name=Cal/> [[California]] issued [http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/sen/sb_0351-0400/sb_362_bill_20071012_chaptered.html Senate Bill 362] in 2007, which makes it illegal to force a person to have a microchip implanted, and provide for an assessment of civil penalties against violators of the bill.<ref name=Cal>[http://www.govtech.com/gt/156351?topic=117688 California Bans Forced RFID Tagging of Humans], ''Government Technology'' website, October 17, 2007</ref>
In 2008, [[Oklahoma]] passed 63 OK Stat § 63-1-1430 (2008 S.B. 47), that bans involuntary microchip implants in humans.<ref>
Tim Talley.
[http://newsok.com/article/3247279 "Bill bans involuntary microchip implants"].
2008.
</ref><ref>
[http://www.ncsl.org/research/telecommunications-and-information-technology/radio-frequency-identification-rfid-privacy-laws.aspx "Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Privacy Laws"].
2015.
</ref>
On April 5, 2010, the [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] [[Georgia Senate|Senate]] passed Senate Bill 235 that prohibits forced microchip implants in humans and that would make it a misdemeanor for anyone to require them, including employers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://votesmart.org/bill/10786/28834/ban-on-required-human-microchip-implantation#.U49ngS_O63U|title=Georgia SB 235 - Ban on Required Human Microchip Implantation - Key Vote - The Voter's Self Defense System - Vote Smart|author=|date=|work=Project Vote Smart|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref> The bill would allow voluntary microchip implants, as long as they are performed by a physician and regulated by the Georgia Composite Medical Board. The state's [[Georgia House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] did not take up the measure.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}
On February 10, 2010, [[Virginia]]'s [[Virginia House of Delegates|House of Delegates]] also passed a bill that forbids companies from forcing their employees to be implanted with tracking devices.<ref>[http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2010/02/10/virginia-passes-law-banning-chip-implants-mark-beast/ Virginia delegates pass bill banning chip implants as ‘mark of the beast’], ''The Raw Story'', By Daniel Tencer, Wednesday, February 10, 2010 retrieved April 23, 2010</ref>
[[Washington (state)|Washington State]] House Bill 1142-2009-10 orders a study using implanted radio frequency identification or other similar technology to electronically monitor sex offenders and other felons.<ref>[http://apps.leg.wa.gov/billinfo/summary.aspx?year=2009&bill=1142 HB 1142-2009-10] to study requiring the use of implanted RFID in certain felons.</ref>
==See also==
* [[RFID]]
* [[Ambient intelligence]]
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Haag |first=Stephen |author2=Cummings, Maeve,|author3=McCubbrey, Donald |title=Management Information Systems for the Information Age |year=2004 |edition=4th |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York City, New York |isbn=0-07-281947-2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Graafstra |first=Amal |title= RFID Toys: 11 Cool Projects for Home, Office and Entertainment |year=2004 |edition=4th |publisher=(ExtremeTech) Ziff Davis Publishing Holdings Inc. |location=New York City, New York |isbn=0-471-77196-1 }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Microchip Implant (Human)}}
[[Category:Radio-frequency identification]]
[[Category:Identity documents]]
[[Category:Implants (medicine)]]' |
