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'{{other uses|Pearl Harbor (disambiguation)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2016}} {{Infobox film | name = Pearl Harbor | image = pearl harbor movie poster.jpg | alt = <!-- See WP:ALT description needed --> | caption = Theatrical release poster | director = [[Michael Bay]] | producer = {{Plainlist| * Michael Bay * [[Jerry Bruckheimer]] }} | writer = [[Randall Wallace]] | starring = {{Plainlist|<!-- PER BILLING BLOCK ON POSTER. DO NOT CHANGE. --> * [[Ben Affleck]] * [[Josh Hartnett]] * [[Kate Beckinsale]] * [[Cuba Gooding Jr.]] * [[Tom Sizemore]] * [[Jon Voight]] * [[Colm Feore]] * [[Alec Baldwin]] }} | music = [[Hans Zimmer]] | cinematography = [[John Schwartzman]] | editing = {{Plainlist| * [[Chris Lebenzon]] * [[Mark Goldblatt]] * [[Steven Rosenblum]] * [[Roger Barton (film editor)|Roger Barton]] }} | production companies = {{Plainlist| * [[Touchstone Pictures]] * Jerry Bruckheimer Films }} | distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|2001|5|21|Pearl Harbor, Hawaii|2001|5|25|United States}} | runtime = 183 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 182:46--><ref>{{cite web | url=http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/pearl-harbor-2001-2 | title=''PEARL HARBOR'' (12) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=May 17, 2001 | accessdate=January 8, 2016}}</ref> | country = United States | language = {{Plainlist| * English * Japanese }} | budget = $140 million<ref name="BOM">[http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pearlharbor.htm "Pearl Harbor (2001)."] ''[[Box Office Mojo]]'', 2009. Retrieved: March 25, 2009.</ref><ref name="budget">Cagle, Jess. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,128107,00.html "Pearl Harbor's Top Gun."] ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]],'' May 27, 2001. Retrieved: August 17, 2010.</ref> | gross = $449.2 million<ref name="BOM"/> }} '''''Pearl Harbor''''' is a 2001 American [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Period film|period]] [[war film|war]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Michael Bay]], produced by Bay and [[Jerry Bruckheimer]] and written by [[Randall Wallace]]. It stars [[Ben Affleck]], [[Kate Beckinsale]], [[Josh Hartnett]], [[Cuba Gooding Jr.]], [[Tom Sizemore]], [[Jon Voight]], [[Colm Feore]], and [[Alec Baldwin]]. The film is loosely based on the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] on December 7, 1941, and the [[Doolittle Raid]]. ''[[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]'', an earlier 1964 [[Indian film]] with a strikingly similar storyline, but with only one friend being a pilot in ''Sangam'', whereas both are pilots in ''Pearl Harbor''.<ref>[https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/hollywood-movies-copied/#.vfzml6jhe 10 Hollywood Movies That Were Inspired By Bollywood], Scoop Whoop, 5 December 2014</ref> Despite receiving generally negative reviews from critics, the film was a major box office success, earning $59 million in its opening weekend and, in the end, nearly $450 million worldwide.<ref name="BOM" /> It was nominated for four [[Academy Award]]s, winning in the category of [[Academy Award for Best Sound Editing|Best Sound Editing]]. However, it was also nominated for six [[Golden Raspberry Awards]], including [[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture|Worst Picture]]. This marked the first occurrence of a Worst Picture-nominated film winning an Academy Award. {{TOC limit|limit=2}} ==Plot== In 1923 [[Tennessee]], two best friends, Rafe McCawley and Danny Walker, play together in the back of an old [[biplane]], pretending to be soldiers fighting the Germans in [[World War I]]. After Rafe's father lands his biplane and leaves, Rafe and Danny climb into the plane. Rafe accidentally starts it, but manages to stop the plane at the end of the runway. Enraged, Danny's father beats his son. Rafe stands up to him, calling him a "dirty German". However, Danny's father reveals that he fought the Germans in France during World War I, and hopes the boys never see the horrors he saw. Eighteen years later, in January 1941, with [[World War II]] raging, Danny and Rafe are both first lieutenants under the command of Major [[Jimmy Doolittle]]. Doolittle informs Rafe that he has been accepted into the [[Eagle Squadron]] (a [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] outfit for American pilots during the [[Battle of Britain]]). A nurse named Evelyn meets Rafe, who passes his medical exam despite his [[dyslexia]]. That night, Rafe and Evelyn enjoy an evening of dancing at a nightclub and later a jaunt in the New York harbor in a borrowed police boat. Rafe shocks Evelyn by saying that he has joined the Eagle Squadron and is leaving the next day. Danny, Evelyn and their fellow pilots and nurses are transferred to [[Pearl Harbor]] in [[Hawaii]]. Meanwhile, Rafe becomes a [[flying ace]], but is shot down over the English Channel and presumed to be killed in action. Danny gives Evelyn the news and she is devastated. Three months later, Evelyn and Danny begin a romantic relationship. On the night of December 6, Evelyn is shocked to discover Rafe standing outside her door, having survived his downing and spending the ensuing months trapped in Nazi-occupied France. Rafe, in turn, discovers Danny's romance with Evelyn and leaves for the Hula bar, where he is welcomed back by his overjoyed fellow pilots. Danny finds a drunken Rafe in the bar with the intention of making things right, but the two get into a fight. They drive away, avoiding being put in the brig when the military police arrive at the bar. The two later fall asleep in Danny's car. Next morning, on December 7, 1941, the Japanese navy begins its [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. The {{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}} is obliterated when an armor-piercing bomb detonates the ship's forward ammunition magazine, literally lifting the bow out of the water. The [[USS Oklahoma|USS ''Oklahoma'']] capsizes after several torpedoes strike her, trapping hundreds of men inside. The [[USS West Virginia (BB-48)|USS ''West Virginia'']] suffers severe damage. One bomb mortally wounds Captain [[Mervyn S. Bennion]]. Cook [[Dorie Miller]], mans a [[M2 Browning|.50 caliber machine gun]] and shoots down a Japanese plane. The {{USS|Nevada|BB-36|6}} makes a run for the sea, becoming a primary target during the second wave. Danny and Rafe drive away in search of a still standing airfield, while Evelyn and the other nurses struggle to assist hundreds of wounded. Rafe and Danny manage to get in the air in [[Curtiss P-40 Warhawk|P-40]]s, downing several Zeroes. Landing, they assist in the rescue of the capsized USS ''Oklahoma'', but are too late to save the crew of the USS ''Arizona''. The next day, President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] delivers his [[Infamy Speech|Day of Infamy Speech]] to the nation and requests the US Congress declare a state of war with the [[Empire of Japan]]. The survivors attend a memorial service to honor the numerous dead. Later, Danny and Rafe are both assigned to travel stateside under newly promoted Lt. Colonel Doolittle for a secret mission. Before they leave, Evelyn reveals to Rafe that she is pregnant with Danny's child, and intends to stay with Danny. Upon their arrival in California, Danny and Rafe are both promoted to Captain and awarded the [[Silver Star]], and volunteer for a secret mission under Doolittle. During the next three months, Rafe, Danny and other pilots train with specially modified [[North American B-25 Mitchell|B-25 Mitchell]] bombers. In April, the raiders are sent towards Japan on board the {{USS|Hornet|CV-8|6}}. Their mission: [[Doolittle raid|bombing Tokyo]], landing in China. However, the Japanese discover them early, forcing the raiders to launch from a longer distance than planned. After a successful bombing run, the raiders crash-land in a rice paddy in Japanese-controlled China. The Japanese Army pin down Rafe's plane, but Danny's crew manages to destroy a patrol before crashing. Danny is shot during the attack by Japanese patrols while the other pilots, Red and Gooz, kill the remaining Japanese patrolmen. Rafe tells Danny that Evelyn is pregnant and he must live to be the baby's father. Danny then tells Rafe that he will have to be the father and dies. Back in California, a pregnant Evelyn sees Rafe getting off the aircraft, carrying Danny's coffin. Afterward, Evelyn and Miller are awarded medals and Rafe is awarded his medal by President Roosevelt. After the war, Rafe and Evelyn, now married, visit Danny's grave with Danny and Evelyn's son, also named Danny. Rafe then asks his stepson if he would like to go flying, and they fly off into the sunset in the old biplane that his father once had. ==Cast== {{div col}} * [[Ben Affleck]] as the First Lieutenant (later Captain) Rafe McCawley ** [[Jesse James (actor)|Jesse James]] as young Rafe McCawley * [[Josh Hartnett]] as First Lieutenant (later Captain) Daniel "Danny" Walker ** [[Reiley McClendon]] as young Danny Walker * [[Kate Beckinsale]] as Lieutenant Evelyn Johnson McCawley * [[Cuba Gooding Jr.]] as [[Petty Officer Second Class]] [[Doris Miller|Dorie Miller]] * [[Tom Sizemore]] as Sergeant Earl Sistern * [[Jon Voight]] as [[President of the United States|President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] * [[Colm Feore]] as [[Admiral]] [[Husband E. Kimmel]] * [[Mako Iwamatsu|Mako]] as [[Naval ranks of the Japanese Empire during World War II|Kaigun Taishō]] (Admiral) [[Isoroku Yamamoto]] * [[Alec Baldwin]] as [[Major (United States)|Major]] (later [[Lieutenant Colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]]) [[Jimmy Doolittle]] {{div col end}} ===Supporting characters=== {{div col}} * [[William Lee Scott]] as [[First lieutenant#U.S. Army.2C U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Air Force|First Lieutenant]] Billy Thompson * Greg Zola as First Lieutenant Anthony Fusco * [[Ewen Bremner]] as First Lieutenant Red Winkle * [[Jaime King]] as Nurse Betty Bayer * [[Catherine Kellner]] as Nurse Barbara * [[Jennifer Garner]] as Nurse Sandra * [[Michael Shannon]] as First Lieutenant Gooz Wood * [[Matthew Davis|Matt Davis]] as Joe * [[Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa]] as [[Naval ranks of the Japanese Empire during World War II#Commissioned officer ranks|Kaigun Chūsa]] (Commander) [[Minoru Genda]] * [[Dan Aykroyd]] as Captain Thurman * [[Scott Wilson (actor)|Scott Wilson]] as [[General (United States)|General]] [[George Marshall]] * [[Graham Beckel]] as [[Admiral]] [[Chester W. Nimitz]] * [[Tom Everett]] as [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]] [[Frank Knox]] * [[Tomas Arana]] as [[Rear-Admiral]] [[Frank Jack Fletcher|Frank J. 'Jack' Fletcher]] * [[Peter Firth]] as [[Captain (United States O-6)|Captain]] [[Mervyn S. Bennion]] * [[Glenn Morshower]] as [[Vice Admiral]] [[William Halsey, Jr.|William F. 'Bull' Halsey Jr.]] * Madison Mason as [[Admiral]] [[Raymond A. Spruance]] * [[Sara Rue]] as Nurse Martha * [[Kim Coates]] as Lieutenant Jack Richards * [[Michael Shamus Wiles]] as [[Captain (United States)#Captain .28naval rank.29|Captain]] [[Marc Mitscher|Marc Andrew "Pete" Mitscher]] * [[William Fichtner]] as Mr. Walker (Danny's father) * Steve Rankin as Mr. McCawley (Rafe's Father) * [[Andrew Bryniarski]] as Joe the Boxer * [[Leland Orser]] as Major Jackson * [[Michael Milhoan]] as Army Commander * [[Eric Christian Olsen]] as gunner to Captain McCawley * [[David Kaufman (actor)|David Kaufman]] as young nervous doctor * Brandon Lozano as Baby Danny McCawley (Danny and Evelyn's son) {{div col end}} ==Production== {{Refimprove section|date=February 2015}} [[File:Vintage Car Museum & Event Center May 2017 21 (1940 LaSalle taxi from Pearl Harbor).jpg|thumb|A 1940 [[LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] taxi featured in ''Pearl Harbor'']] The proposed budget of $208 million that Bay and Bruckheimer wanted was an area of contention with [[The Walt Disney Studios (division)|Disney]] executives, since a great deal of the budget was to be expended on production aspects. Also controversial was the effort to change the film's rating from R to PG-13. Bay wanted to graphically portray the horrors of war and was not interested in primarily marketing the final product to a teen and young adult audience. Budget fights continued throughout the planning of the film, with Bay "walking" on several occasions. In order to recreate the atmosphere of pre-war Pearl Harbor, the producers staged the film in Hawaii and used current naval facilities. Many active duty military members stationed in Hawaii and members of the local population served as extras during the filming. The set at [[Rosarito Beach]] in the [[Mexican state]] of [[Baja California]] was used for scale model work as required. Formerly the set of ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' (1997), Rosarito was the ideal location to recreate the death throes of the battleships in the Pearl Harbor attack. A large-scale model of the bow section of {{USS|Oklahoma|BB-37|6}} mounted on a [[gimbal]] produced an authentic rolling and submerging of the doomed battleship. Production Engineer Nigel Phelps stated that the sequence of the ship rolling out of the water and slapping down would involve one of the "biggest set elements" to be staged. Matched with computer generated imagery, the action had to reflect precision and accuracy throughout.<ref>Sunshine and Felix 2001, p. 135.</ref> In addition, to simulate the ocean, the film crew used a massive stadium-like "bowl" filled with water. The bowl was built in Honolulu, Hawaii and cost nearly $8 million. Today the bowl is used for scuba training and deep water fishing tournaments. The vessel most seen in the movie was USS ''Lexington'', representing both USS ''Hornet'' and a Japanese carrier. All aircraft take-offs during the movie were filmed on board the ''Lexington'', a [[museum ship]] in [[Corpus Christi, Texas]]. The aircraft on display were removed for filming and were replaced with film aircraft as well as World War II anti-aircraft turrets. Other ships used in filler scenes included {{USS|Hornet|CV-12|6}},<ref name=Heines>Heines, vienne. [http://www.military.com/Content/MoreContent/?file=NL_pearlharbor_heines "Bringing 'Pearl Harbor' to Corpus Christi."] ''Military.com''. Retrieved: January 10, 2014.</ref> and {{USS|Constellation|CV-64|6}} during filming for the carrier sequences. Filming was also done on board the museum battleship {{USS|Texas|BB-35|6}} located near Houston, Texas. ==Release== ===Marketing=== The first [[Trailer (promotion)|trailer]] was released in 2000 and was shown alongside screenings of ''[[Cast Away]]'' and ''[[O Brother, Where Art Thou?]]'', with another trailer released in Spring 2001, shown before ''[[Pokémon 3: The Movie]]''. ===Box office=== ''Pearl Harbor'' grossed $198,542,554 at the domestic box office and $250,678,391 overseas for a worldwide total of $449,220,945, ahead of ''[[Shrek]]''. The film was ranked the sixth highest-earning picture of [[2001 in film#Highest-grossing films|2001]].<ref name="BOM" /> It is also the third highest-grossing romantic drama film of all time, as of January 2013, behind ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' and ''[[Ghost (1990 film)|Ghost]]''.<ref>[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=romanticdrama.htm "Romantic Drama Movies at the Box Office."] ''Box Office Mojo: IMDb.'' Retrieved: January 5, 2013.</ref> ==Critical response== The film received generally negative reviews from critics. On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], The film holds an approval rating of 25% based on 190 reviews, with an average rating of 4.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Pearl Harbor tries to be the Titanic of war movies, but it's just a tedious romance filled with laughably bad dialogue. The 40-minute action sequence is spectacular, though."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1108389-pearl_harbor/|title=PEARL HARBOR (2001)|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=2018-02-26}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a score of 44 out of 100 based on 35 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".<ref>[http://www.metacritic.com/movie/pearl-harbor "Pearl Harbor Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More at Metacritic"] Metacritic. Retrieved: March 23, 2012.</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' gave the film one and a half stars, writing: "''Pearl Harbor'' is a two-hour movie squeezed into three hours, about how, on Dec. 7, 1941, the Japanese staged a surprise attack on an American love triangle. Its centerpiece is 40 minutes of redundant special effects, surrounded by a love story of stunning banality. The film has been directed without grace, vision, or originality, and although you may walk out quoting lines of dialogue, it will not be because you admire them". Ebert also criticized the liberties the film took with historical facts: "There is no sense of history, strategy or context; according to this movie, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor because America cut off its oil supply, and they were down to an 18-month reserve. Would going to war restore the fuel sources? Did they perhaps also have imperialist designs? Movie doesn't say".<ref name="Ebert">Ebert, Roger. [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20010525/REVIEWS/105250301/1023 "'Pearl Harbor'."] ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', May 25, 2001. Retrieved: June 25, 2009.</ref> [[A. O. Scott]] of the ''[[New York Times]]'' wrote, "Nearly every line of the script drops from the actors' mouths with the leaden clank of exposition, timed with bad sitcom beats".<ref name="Scott">Scott, A.O. [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/25/arts/25PEAR.html "Pearl Harbor: War Is Hell, but Very Pretty."] ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 25, 2001. Retrieved: June 25, 2009.</ref> ''[[USA Today]]'' gave the film two out of four stars and wrote, "Ships, planes and water combust and collide in ''Pearl Harbor'', but nothing else does in one of the wimpiest wartime romances ever filmed."<ref name="Clark">Clark, Mike. [https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/pearl-harbor/2001-05-25-pearl-harbor-review.htm " 'Pearl Harbor' sputters — until Japanese show up."] ''[[USA Today]]'', June 7, 2001. Retrieved: June 25, 2009.</ref> In his review for ''[[The Washington Post]]'', Desson Howe wrote, "although this [[The Walt Disney Studios (division)|Walt Disney movie]] is based, inspired and even partially informed by a real event referred to as Pearl Harbor, the movie is actually based on the movies ''[[Top Gun]]'', ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' and ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''. Don't get confused."<ref name="Howe">Howe, Desson. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/entertainment/movies/reviews/pearlharborhowe.htm "''Pearl Harbor'': Bombs Away."] ''[[Washington Post]]'', May 26, 2001. Retrieved: June 29, 2009.</ref> [[Peter Travers]] of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine wrote, "Affleck, Hartnett and Beckinsale – a British actress without a single worthy line to wrap her credible American accent around – are attractive actors, but they can't animate this moldy romantic triangle".<ref name="Travers">Travers, Peter. [https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5948445/review/5948446/pearl_harbor "''Pearl Harbor''."] ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', June 29, 2001. Retrieved: June 29, 2009.</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's [[Richard Schickel]] criticized the love triangle: "It requires a lot of patience for an audience to sit through the dithering. They're nice kids and all that, but they don't exactly claw madly at one another. It's as if they know that someday they're going to be part of "the Greatest Generation" and don't want to offend [[Tom Brokaw]]. Besides, megahistory and personal history never integrate here".<ref name="Schickel">Schickel, Richard. [http://www.time.com/time/sampler/article/0,8599,128046,00.html "Mission: Inconsequential."] ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', May 25, 2001. Retrieved: June 25, 2009.</ref> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' was more positive, giving the film a "B−" rating, and [[Owen Gleiberman]] praised the Pearl Harbor attack sequence: "Bay's staging is spectacular but also honorable in its scary, hurtling exactitude. ... There are startling point-of-view shots of torpedoes dropping into the water and speeding toward their targets, and though Bay visualizes it all with a minimum of graphic carnage, he invites us to register the terror of the men standing helplessly on deck, the horrifying split-second deliverance as bodies go flying and explosions reduce entire battleships to liquid walls of collapsing metal".<ref name="Gleiberman">Gleiberman, Owen. [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,256349,00.html "'Jarhead'."] ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'', June 1, 2001. Retrieved: June 25, 2009.</ref> In his review for ''[[The New York Observer]]'', [[Andrew Sarris]] wrote, "here is the ironic twist in my acceptance of ''Pearl Harbor'' – the parts I liked most are the parts before and after the digital destruction of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese carrier planes" and felt that "''Pearl Harbor'' is not so much about [[World War II]] as it is about movies about World War II. And what's wrong with that?"<ref>{{cite news |last=Sarris |first=Andrew |url=http://observer.com/2001/06/shrek-and-dreck-well-not-quite/ |title=''Shrek'' and Dreck? Well, Not Quite |newspaper=[[The New York Observer]] |date=June 10, 2001 |access-date=June 25, 2009}}</ref> ===Historical accuracy=== {{multiple image |direction = horizontal |width = 220 |footer = |image1 = A6M3 Zero N712Z.jpg |alt1 = |caption1 = A late-model [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero|A6M3 Zero]] Model 22 in green camouflage used in the film. |image2 = A6M2 Model 21 Zero MfrNo 500- side view- port.jpg |alt2 = |caption2 = All Zeros involved in the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] were light-colored ([[Imperial Japanese Navy|IJN]] gray green) early series A6M2 Model 21s.<ref name="Mitsubishi A6M Zero-Sen">[http://www.warbirdsresourcegroup.org/IJARG/a6mzero.htm "Mitsubishi A6M "Zero-Sen".] ''warbirdsresourcegroup.org.'' Retrieved: November 20, 2010.</ref> The painting shows here belongs to the Zeroes on board [[Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū]]. }} [[File:USS Constellation in Pearl Harbor Movie.jpg|thumb|The takeoff sequences for the [[Doolittle Raid]] were filmed on {{USS|Constellation|CV-64|6}}, a {{sclass-|Kitty Hawk|aircraft carrier|2}} which did not enter service until 1961. Late production models of the [[North American B-25 Mitchell|B-25J]] were used instead of the early B-25B.]] Like many [[Historical drama film|historical dramas]], ''Pearl Harbor'' provoked debate about the artistic license taken by its producers and director. [[National Geographic Channel]] produced a [[Documentary film|documentary]] called ''Beyond the Movie: Pearl Harbor''<ref>[http://plasma.nationalgeographic.com/pearlharbor/ngbeyond/ "Beyond the Movie: Pearl Harbor."] ''National Geographic Society'', 2001. Retrieved: March 26, 2009.</ref> detailing some of the ways that "the film's final cut didn't reflect all the attacks' facts, or represent them all accurately". Many Pearl Harbor survivors dismissed the film as grossly inaccurate and pure Hollywood. In an interview done by Frank Wetta, producer [[Jerry Bruckheimer]] was quoted saying: "We tried to be accurate, but it's certainly not meant to be a history lesson".<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/2677684</ref> Historian Lawrence Suid's review is particularly detailed as to the major factual misrepresentations of the film and the negative impact they have even on an entertainment film.<ref name="usni.org">Suid, Lawrence. {{cite web|url=http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/NHsuid8.html |title="Pearl Harbor: Bombed Again". |accessdate=2010-06-21 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010821171417/http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/articles01/NHsuid8.html |archivedate=August 21, 2001 }} ''Naval History'' (United States Naval institute), Vol. 15, No. 4, August 2001, p. 20.</ref> Some other historical inaccuracies found in the film include the early childhood scenes depicting a [[Boeing-Stearman Model 75|Stearman biplane]] crop duster in 1923; the aircraft was not accurate for the period, as the first commercial crop-dusting company did not begin operation until 1924,<ref>Hanson, Dave. [http://www.daveswarbirds.com/usplanes/aircraft/kaydet.htm "Boeing/Stearman Model 75/PT-13/N2S."] ''daveswarbirds.com''. Retrieved: June 22, 2010.</ref> and the U.S. Department of Agriculture did not purchase its first cotton-dusting aircraft until April 16, 1926.<ref>[http://www.af.mil/information/heritage/milestones.asp?dec=Early_Years&sd=01/01/1900&ed=12/31/1939 "Monday, January 1, 1900 – Sunday, December 31, 1939."] ''National Museum of the United States Air Force.'' Retrieved: January 18, 2011.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The "mischievous" Stearman flight is also unlikely, not only because Stearman did not produce his first aircraft until 1926. Less believably, the aircraft's engine starts, not by having someone swing the propeller, but at the flick of a switch, which would have required the engine being fitted with an electric switch, a very unlikely occurrence.|group=Note}} The inclusion of Affleck's character in the Eagle Squadron is another jarring aspect of the film, since active-duty U.S. airmen were prohibited from joining the squadron, though some American civilians did join the RAF.<ref>ui [http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/americans-in-the-royal-air-force/eagle-squadrons.aspx "Eagle Squadrons"], ''rafmuseum.org.uk''. Retrieved: June 22, 2010.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The later series cannon armed Spitfires used in the film were also inaccurate, as the RAF had chiefly machine gun-armed Spitfire Mk I/IIs during the Battle of Britain. Limited number of early cannon-armed Spitfires Mk.IB served for brief time with [[No. 19 Squadron RAF]], but these proved to be too unreliable and were soon withdrawn from active service. They also differed slightly from later cannon-armed Spitfire versions, which possessed both autocannons and machine guns, as their armament consisted of single 20 mm [[British Hispano cannon]] in each wing only.|group=Note}} Yet another flaw: Ben Affleck's Spitfire has insignia "RF" – this is an insignia of [[No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron]]. Countless other technical lapses rankled film critics, such as Bay's decision to paint the Japanese Zero fighters green (most of the aircraft in the attack being painted light gray/white), even though he knew that was historically inaccurate, because he liked the way the aircraft looked and because it would help audiences differentiate the "good guys from the bad guys".<ref name="Cagle p. 51">Cagle 2001, p. 51.</ref> One of the film's scenes show Japanese aircraft targeting medical staff and the base's hospital. Although it was damaged in the attack, the Japanese did not deliberately target the U.S. naval hospital and only a single member of its medical staff was killed as he crossed the navy yard to report for duty.<ref>Clancey, Patrick. [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/rep/Pearl/Medical.html "Pearl Harbor Navy Medical Activities."] ''iblio.com''. Retrieved: January 16, 2014.</ref> Critics decried the use of fictional replacements for real people, declaring that ''Pearl Harbor'' was an "abuse of [[artistic license]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Padilla |first=Lyle F. |first2=Raymond J. |last2=Castagnaro |url=http://www.voicenet.com/~lpadilla/pearl.html |title=Medal of Honor Recipients/Nominees Portrayed On Film: Hollywood Abominations, Pearl Harbor (2001) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060317042437/http://www.voicenet.com/~lpadilla/pearl.html |archive-date=March 17, 2006 |work=History, Legend and Myth: Hollywood and the Medal of Honor |year=2009 |access-date=March 26, 2009}}</ref> The roles the two male leads have in the attack sequence are analogous to the real historical deeds of [[U.S. Army Air Forces]] [[Second Lieutenant]]s [[George Welch (pilot)|George Welch]] and [[Kenneth M. Taylor]], who took to the skies in [[P-40 Warhawk]] aircraft during the Japanese attack and, together, claimed six Japanese aircraft and a few probables. Taylor, who died in November 2006, called the film adaptation "a piece of trash... over-sensationalized and distorted".<ref>Sullivan, Patricia. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/02/AR2006120201162.html "Kenneth Taylor; Flew Against Pearl Harbor Raiders."] ''Washington Post'', December 12, 2006. Retrieved: March 26, 2009.</ref> The harshest criticism was aimed at instances in the film where actual historical events were altered for dramatic purposes. For example, Admiral Kimmel did not receive the report that an enemy midget submarine was being attacked until after the bombs began falling, and did not receive the first official notification of the attack until several hours after the attack ended.<ref name="Sullivan p. 54">Sullivan 2001, p. 54.</ref>{{#tag:ref|[[President of the United States|President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] did not receive the news of the Pearl Harbor attack from an aide or advisor who ran into the room. Rather, he was having lunch with [[Harry Hopkins]], a trusted friend, when he received a phone call from [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]] [[Frank Knox]].<ref>[https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2001/winter/crafting-day-of-infamy-speech.html "Our Heritage in Documents: FDR's "Day of Infamy" Speech: Crafting a Call to Arms."] ''Prologue'', Winter 2001, Vol. 33, No. 4. Retrieved: 23 May 2010.</ref>|group=Note}} The scene following the attack on Pearl Harbor, where President Roosevelt demands an immediate retaliatory strike on the soil of Japan, did not happen as portrayed in the film. [[Admiral Chester Nimitz]] and General George Marshall are seen denying the possibility of an aerial attack on Japan, but in real life they actually advocated such a strike. Another inconsistency in this scene is when President Roosevelt (who was at this time in his life, stricken and bound to a wheelchair due to [[Polio]]) is able to stand up to challenge his staff's distrust in a strike on Japan. This too, never happened in real life.<ref name="sfgate.com">[http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Hollywood-vs-history-Historians-say-Pearl-2915944.php]</ref> In the film Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto says “I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant”, a quote which was copied from the 1970 film ''[[Tora! Tora! Tora!]]''.<ref name="usni.org"/> The portrayal of the planning of the [[Doolittle Raid]], the air raid itself, and the raid's aftermath, is considered one of the most historically inaccurate portions of the film. In the film, [[Jimmy Doolittle]] and the rest of the Doolittle raiders had to launch from USS ''Hornet'' 624 miles off the Japanese coast and after being spotted by a few Japanese patrol boats. In actuality, the Doolittle raiders had to launch 650 miles off the Japanese coast and after being spotted by only one Japanese patrol boat. The aircraft were launched from {{USS|Constellation|CV-64|6}}, standing in for {{USS|Hornet|CV-8|6}} from which the Doolittle Raid was launched. In the film, all of the raiders are depicted as dropping their bombs on Tokyo, with some of the bomb blasts obliterating entire buildings. In actuality, the Doolittle raiders did bomb Tokyo but also targeted three other industrial cities, and the damage inflicted was minimal.<ref>Gutthman, Edward. [http://www.mysanantonio.com/performance/article/Pearl-Hyped-Yet-Promising-Movie-to-honor-3302399.php "'Pearl' - Hyped, yet promising / Movie to honor vets, nation's wartime spirit."] ''MyUSA'', 7 December 2000.</ref><ref>Heines, Vivienne. [http://www.military.com/Content/MoreContent/?file=NL_pearlharbor_heines "Bringing 'Pearl Harbor' To Corpus Christi."] ''military.com'', 1 August 2000.</ref> The film shows the Doolittle raider personnel in China overcoming the Japanese soldiers in a short gun battle with help from a strafing B-25, which never happened in real life.<ref name="usni.org"/> Also, there was no acknowledgement given in the film to the fact that approximately 250,000 Chinese civilians were massacred by the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese Army]] in eastern China in retaliation for Chinese assistance of the attacking American aviators, who participated in the Doolittle Raid. Actor [[Kim Coates]] criticized the film<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7F7-otFW94 "Full interview: Kim Coates."] ''YouTube''. Retrieved: October 4, 2014.</ref> for choosing not to portray historically accurate smoking habits and men's hairstyles. An establishing shot of the [[United States Department of War]] building is clearly a shot of the exterior of the [[U.S. Capitol Building]]. In 1941, the War Department was housed in the War Department Building in Washington's [[Foggy Bottom]] neighborhood (renamed the [[Harry S Truman Building]] in 2000) and in the [[Munitions Building]] on the [[National Mall]]. Neither structure bears any architectural resemblance to the edifice shown in the film. ====Anachronisms==== Numerous other inconsistencies and anachronisms are present in the film. A sailor has a pack of [[Marlboro (cigarette)|Marlboro Light]] cigarettes in his pocket, not introduced until 1972. In the beginning of the movie, a newsreel of 1940 is presented with combat footage in Europe, showing a [[M-26 Pershing]] tank fighting in the city of [[Cologne]], which did not happen until March 1945.<ref>[https://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/battlecrete.html]</ref> Earlier, a newsreel of the Battle of Britain in 1940 shows a Focke Wulf 190, which didn't see active service until 1941. The crop duster in the first scene set in 1923 was not commercially available until the late 1930s.<ref name="sfgate.com"/> Actor [[Michael Milhoan]] is seen as an army major advising Admiral Kimmel about island air defenses on Oahu. On the morning of the attack, he is seen commanding a radar station. While playing chess he is addressed as "lieutenant" but, in a further inconsistency, is seen wearing the insignia of an army captain. Three ''[[Spruance-class destroyer|Spruance]]'' destroyers tied abreast of each other at their pier are seen being bombed by the Japanese planes, although this class of ship only entered service with the US Navy in the 1970s. The retired ''Iowa''-class battleship USS ''Missouri'' was used to represent USS ''West Virginia'' for Dorie Miller's boxing match. The ''West Virginia'' did not have the modernized World War II-era bridge and masts found on newer U.S. battleships until her reconstruction was finished in 1943, while the ''Iowa''-class did not enter service until 1943 onwards. In one shot, the USS ''Arizona'' memorial is briefly visible in the background during a scene taking place several months before the attack. One of Doolittle's trophies in a display case depicts a model of an [[F-86 Sabre]], which was not flown until 1947. Late production models of the [[North American B-25 Mitchell|B-25J]] were used instead of the early B-25B. Several shots of the {{USS|Hornet|CV-8|6}} aircraft carrier depicted it as having an angled flight deck, a technology that was not implemented until after the war. While ''Hornet'' was portrayed by a World War II era vessel ({{USS|Lexington|CV-16|6}}), ''Hornet'' was a [[Yorktown class aircraft carrier|''Yorktown''-class carrier]], whereas ''Lexington'' was a modernized [[Essex class aircraft carrier|''Essex''-class carrier]].<ref>[http://www.military.com/Content/MoreContent/?file=NL_pearlharbor_heines]</ref> The takeoff sequences for the [[Doolittle Raid]] were filmed on {{USS|Constellation|CV-64|6}}, a {{sclass-|Kitty Hawk|aircraft carrier|2}} which did not enter service until 1961. As a supercarrier, the ''Constellation'' has a much longer flight deck than the ''Yorktown'' or ''Essex'' class carriers, giving the B-25s a substantially longer (and safer) takeoff run.<ref>[http://www.moviemistakes.com/film964/pageall]</ref> The Japanese carriers are portrayed more correctly by comparison&mdash;, the [[Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi|Akagi]] and [[Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū|Hiryu]] did have their bridge/conning tower superstructure on the port side rather than the more common starboard configuration. In the movie it was done by maneuvering an [[Essex class aircraft carrier]] backwards to act as the Akagi. ===Honors and awards=== {{Refimprove section|date=February 2015}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Award ! Category ! Subject ! Result |- |rowspan=4|[[Academy Award]] |[[Academy Award for Best Sound Editing|Best Sound Editing]] |[[George Watters II]] and [[Christopher Boyes]] |{{won}} |- |[[Academy Award for Best Sound|Best Sound]] |[[Greg P. Russell]], [[Peter J. Devlin]], and [[Kevin O'Connell (sound re-recording mixer)|Kevin O'Connell]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]] |[[Eric Brevig]], [[John Frazier]], [[Ben Snow]], and [[Ed Hirsh]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]]<ref name="Oscars2002">[http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/74th-winners.html "The 74th Academy Awards (2002) Nominees and Winners."] ''oscars.org.'' Retrieved: November 20, 2011.</ref> |rowspan=2|[[Diane Warren]] ("[[There You'll Be]]") |{{nom}} |- |rowspan=2|[[Golden Globe Award]] |[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] |[[Hans Zimmer]] |{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Movie Award]] |[[MTV Movie Award for Best Action Sequence|Best Action Sequence]] |[[Attack on Pearl Harbor]] |{{won}} |- |rowspan=9|[[Golden Raspberry Award]] |[[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor|Worst Actor]] |rowspan=2|[[Ben Affleck]] |{{nom}} |- |rowspan=3|[[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Couple|Worst Screen Couple]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Josh Hartnett]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Kate Beckinsale]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay|Worst Screenplay]] |[[Randall Wallace]] |{{nom}} |- |rowspan=2|[[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture|Worst Picture]] |[[Jerry Bruckheimer]] |{{nom}} |- |rowspan=2|[[Michael Bay]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Director|Worst Director]] |{{nom}} |- |colspan=2|[[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel#Worst Remake or Sequel (1994–1995, 1997–1998, 2000–2005)|Worst Remake or Sequel]] |{{nom}} |- |World Stunt Taurus Award |colspan=2|Best Aerial Work |{{nom}} |- |} ==In popular culture== The soundtrack for the 2004 film ''[[Team America: World Police]]'' contains a song entitled "End of an Act". The song's chorus recounts, "''Pearl Harbor'' sucked, and I miss you" equating the singer's longing to how much "Michael Bay missed the mark when he made ''Pearl Harbor''" which is "an awful lot, girl". The ballad contains other common criticisms of the film, concluding with the [[rhetorical question]] "Why does Michael Bay get to keep on making movies?"<ref>[http://www.lyricsbox.com/team-america-lyrics-pearl-harbor-qq12chv.html "Team America: End of an act lyrics."] ''lyricsbox.com''. Retrieved: March 25, 2009.</ref> ==Soundtrack== {{Unreferenced section|date=February 2015}} {{Infobox album | <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Albums --> | Name = Pearl Harbor: Music From The Motion Picture | Type = soundtrack | Artist = [[Hans Zimmer]] | Cover = Pearl Harbor OST Front Cover Amazon.jpg | Released = {{Start date|2001|05|22}} | Recorded = | Genre = [[Film score]] | Length = 46:21 | Label = [[Hollywood Records|Hollywood]] | Producer = {{Plainlist| * Bob Badami * "There You'll Be": * [[Trevor Horn]] * [[Byron Gallimore]] }} | Last album =''[[Riding in Cars with Boys]]''<br />(2001) | This album = '''''Pearl Harbor'''''<br />(2001) | Next album =''[[Hannibal (film)|Hannibal]]''<br />(2001) }} The [[soundtrack]] to ''Pearl Harbor'' on [[Hollywood Records]] was nominated for the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score]] (lost to the score of ''[[Moulin Rouge! (soundtrack)|Moulin Rouge!]]''). The original [[Film score|score]] was composed by [[Hans Zimmer]]. The song "There You'll Be" was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Academy Award]] and [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song]]. # "[[There You'll Be]]" – song performed by [[Faith Hill]] # Tennessee – 3:40 # Brothers – 4:04 # ...And Then I Kissed Him – 5:37 # I Will Come Back – 2:54 # Attack – 8:56 # December 7 – 5:08 # War – 5:15 # Heart of a Volunteer – 7:05 ;Total Album Time: 46:21 ==See also== {{Portal|Film}} *''[[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]'', an earlier 1964 [[Indian film]] with a strikingly similar storyline, but with only one friend being a pilot in ''Sangam'', whereas both are pilots in ''Pearl Harbor''.<ref>[https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/hollywood-movies-copied/#.vfzml6jhe 10 Hollywood Movies That Were Inspired By Bollywood], Scoop Whoop, 5 December 2014</ref> * ''[[Tora! Tora! Tora!]]'', 1970 film about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. * ''[[The Chinese Widow]]'', 2017 film about the story described in later half of movie ''Pearl Harbor'' in another viewpoint. ==References== {{Reflist|group=Note}} ;Citations {{Reflist|30em}} ;Bibliography {{Refbegin}} * Arroyo, Ernest. ''Pearl Harbor.'' New York: MetroBooks, 2001. {{ISBN|1-58663-285-X}}. * Barker, A.J. ''Pearl Harbor'' (Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II, Battle Book, No. 10). New York: Ballantine Books, 1969. No ISBN. * Cohen, Stan. ''East Wind Rain: A Pictorial History of the Pearl Harbor Attack.'' Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1981. {{ISBN|0-933126-15-8}}. * Craig, John S. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xNMVVsHEm5cC&pg=PR5&dq=%22Peculiar+Liaisons:+In+War,+Espionage,+and+Terrorism+in+the+Twentieth+Century.%22&hl=en&ei=oDZSTqHzJY34mAXKm6zHBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Peculiar Liaisons: In War, Espionage, and Terrorism in the Twentieth Century.''] New York: Algora Publishing, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-87586-331-3}}. * Golstein, Donald M., Katherine Dillon and J. Michael Wenger. '' The Way it Was: Pearl Harbor (The Original Photographs). Dulles, Virginia: Brassey's Inc., 1995. {{ISBN|1-57488-359-3}}. * Kimmel, Husband E.'' Kimmel's Story''. Washington, D.C.: Henry Regnery Co., 1955. * Prange, Gordon W. ''At Dawn we Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor.'' Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UK: Penguin Books, 1981. {{ISBN|0-14-006455-9}}. * Sheehan, Ed. ''Days of '41: Pearl Harbor Remembered. Honolulu: Kapa Associates, 1977. {{ISBN|0-915870-01-0}}. * Sunshine, Linda and Antonia Felix, eds. ''Pearl Harbor: The Movie and the Moment''. New York: Hyperion, 2001. {{ISBN|0-7868-6780-9}}. * Sullivan, Robert. "What Really Happened." ''Time'', June 4, 2001. * Thorpe. Briagdier General Elliott R. ''East Wind Rain: The Intimate Account of an Intelligence Officer in the Pacific, 1939–49.'' Boston: Gambit Incorporated, 1969. No ISBN. * Wilmott, H.P. with Tohmatsu Haruo and W. Spencer Johnson. ''Pearl Harbor.'' London: Cassell & Co., 2001. {{ISBN|978-0304358847}}. * Winchester, Jim, ed. ''Aircraft of World War II'' (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books, 2004. {{ISBN|1-84013-639-1}}. * Wisiniewski, Richard A., ed. ''Pearl Harbor and the USS Arizona Memorial: A Pictorial History.'' Honolulu: Pacific Basin Enterprises, 1981, first edition 1977. No ISBN. {{Refend}} ==External links== {{Wikiquote}} * {{IMDb title|0213149|Pearl Harbor}} * {{Mojo title|pearlharbor|Pearl Harbor}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|1108389-pearl_harbor|Pearl Harbor}} * {{Metacritic film|pearl-harbor|Pearl Harbor}} * [http://www.urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=4912&s=Interviews Interview with Ben Affleck] * [http://www.urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=4944&s=Interviews Interview with Michael Bay] * [http://www.cinemenium.com/pearlharbor Cinemenium site] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101224011817/http://prweb0.voicenet.com/~lpadilla/pearl.html Hollywood Abominations] {{Michael Bay}} {{Randall Wallace}} {{Jerry Bruckheimer}} {{Teen Choice Award Choice Movie Drama}} {{Pearl Harbor attack}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pearl Harbor}} [[Category:2001 films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:English-language films]] [[Category:Japanese-language films]] [[Category:2000s romantic drama films]] [[Category:2000s war films]] [[Category:American aviation films]] [[Category:American war films]] [[Category:Battle of Britain films]] [[Category:Cultural depictions of Franklin D. 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