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'{{Refimprove|date=February 2010}} {{About|the person}} {{Infobox martial artist | name = Huo Yuanjia | image = Liuhopafa.JPG | image_size = 150px | caption = Huo Yuanjia | birth_date = {{birth date|1868|1|18|df=y}} | birth_place = Xiaonanhe Village, [[Jinghai County]], [[Tianjin]], [[China]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1910|8|9|1868|1|18|df=y}} | death_place = [[Shanghai]], [[China]] | death_cause = [[arsenic poisoning]] | martial_art = [[Chinese martial arts|Wushu]] | style = [[Mizongyi]] | occupation = Martial artist | relatives = [[Huo Endi]] (father) | teacher = | students = Liu Zhensheng,<br />Chen Gongzhe | website = | footnotes = }} {{Chinese name|[[Huo (surname)|Huo]]}} {{Chinese|c=霍元甲|p=Huò Yuánjiǎ|w=Huo Yüan-chia|j=Fok3 Jyun4-gaap3|altname=Junqing<br>{{small|([[courtesy name]])}}|c2=俊卿|p2=Jùnqīng|w2=Chün-ching}} {{Chinese martial arts}} '''Huo Yuanjia''' (18 January 1868 – 9 August 1910),<ref name=deathdate>[http://www.wushu.org.cn/lxwzc.asp?id=2 wushu.org.cn]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} states that the Chin Woo Athletic Association was founded on 7 July 1910. [http://ncdz.dzwww.com/ncdz-nc06/t20060216_1356540.htm An interview] with Huo's great-grandson states that Huo died about 70&nbsp;days after the Chin Woo Athletic Association was founded. [http://www.chinwoo.com/history.htm chinwoo.com] states August 1909 as Huo's date of death.</ref> [[courtesy name]] '''Junqing''', was a Chinese martial artist and a co-founder of the [[Chin Woo Athletic Association]], a martial arts school in [[Shanghai]]. A practitioner of the martial art [[mizongyi]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Draeger|first=Donn F.|author2=Smith, Robert W.|title=Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts|origyear=1969|year=1980|publisher=Kodansha International|location=Tokyo|isbn=0-87011-436-0|page=23}}</ref> Huo is considered a hero in China for defeating foreign fighters in highly publicised matches at a time when Chinese sovereignty was being eroded by foreign imperialism, concessions and spheres of influence. Due to his heroic status, the legends and myths surrounding events in his life are difficult to discern from facts.<ref>{{cite news|title=Martial Arts of the Jingwu|work=Kung Fu Magazine|url= http://www.kungfumagazine.com/ezine/article.php?article=924|accessdate=2010-10-15}}</ref> ==Early life== {{Unreferenced section|date=February 2010}} Huo was born in Xiaonanhe Village in [[Jinghai County]], [[Tianjin]], as the fourth of [[Huo Endi]]'s ten children. The family's main source of income was from agriculture, but Huo Endi also made a living by escorting merchant caravans to [[Manchuria]] and back. Although he was from a family of traditional [[Chinese martial arts|wushu]] practitioners, Huo was born weak and susceptible to illness. He had [[asthma]] and, at an early age, he contracted [[jaundice]], which would recur periodically for the rest of his life. It is theorised that he may have had a mild form of congenital jaundice known as [[Gilbert's syndrome]].{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} Due to his frail frame, his father discouraged him from learning wushu. Huo Endi hired Chen Seng-ho, a tutor from Japan, to teach his son academics and moral values. In return, Chen was taught the Huo family's style of martial arts, [[mizongyi]]. Huo still desired to learn wushu, against his father's wishes, so he observed his father teaching his students martial arts in the day and secretly practised at night with Chen. In 1890, a martial artist from [[Henan]] visited the Huo family and fought with Huo's elder brother, who lost. To the surprise of his family, Huo fought with his brother's opponent and defeated the latter. As Huo proved that he was physically able to practise wushu, his father accepted him as a student. As he became older, Huo went on to challenge martial artists from neighbouring areas and his fame grew as he defeated more opponents in bouts. Huo joined his father at work as a caravan guard. One day, while escorting a group of monks, Huo was confronted by a group of bandits, who threatened to attack the monks. Huo fought the bandit chief and defeated him. News of his feat spread and added on to his growing fame. In 1896, Huo went to [[Tianjin]] and made a living there by working as a porter in the Huaiqing pharmacy and by selling firewood. ==Rise to fame== In 1902, Huo responded to a challenge advertised by a Russian wrestler in Xiyuan Park, [[Tianjin]]. The wrestler openly called the Chinese "[[Sick man of Asia|sick men of Asia]]" because no one accepted his challenge to a fight. The Russian forfeited when Huo accepted his challenge and told Huo that he was merely putting on a performance to make a living and apologised for his earlier remark in the newspaper.<ref name= "Tweaking">Chester, Rodney. (August 26, 2006) [[The Courier-Mail]] ''Tweaking the artistic truth.'' Section: etc1 – First with the news; M04. (Quote, "In reality, big bad O'Brien left town when Huo challenged him to a fight. Likewise, a Russian fighter had a change of heart when Huo challenged him for calling Asian men weak. The Russian opted for a public apology instead of a public brawl.")</ref> Between 1909 and 1910, Huo travelled to [[Shanghai]] twice to accept an open challenge posed by an Irish boxer, Hercules O'Brien. The two of them had arguments over the rules governing such boxing matches and eventually agreed that whoever knocked down his opponent would be the victor. O'Brien fought Huo and lost. Huo's victory was a great inspiration to the Chinese people and had them questioning the basis of imperialistic dominance. However, there is a lot of controversy over whether the fight ever took place. A recent article states that O'Brien<ref>Moore, Roger. (September 22, 2006) [[Orlando Sentinel]] [http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2006-09-22/entertainment/FEARLESS_1_jet-li-huo-fearless ''Li jets out of action genre by playing a generic hero.''] Section: Calendar; Page 14. (Quote: Aussie strongman Nathan Jones "plays Euro-strongman Hercules O'Brien here, a real-life fighter who was supposed to fight Huo but never did.")</ref> opted to leave town instead.<ref name= "Tweaking" /> ==Chin Woo Athletic Association== Between 1909 and 1910,<ref>[http://www.jingmo.org/jingmohistory.html (Chin Woo / Ching Wu)]. Jing Mo. Retrieved on 2012-06-06.</ref> Huo founded the Chin Woo Physical Training Centre (later renamed to "[[Chin Woo Athletic Association]]") with his close friend [[Nong Jinsun]], who served as the president of the association.<ref>[http://www.chinwoomen.com/history.html The Chin Woo Founder Master Huo Yuan Jia]. chinwoomen.com</ref> Huo was encouraged by his close friends and was sponsored by [[Sun Yat-sen]] and [[Song Jiaoren]], who were living in [[Tokyo]]. The centre was meant to be a school for learning the arts of self-defence and improvement of health and mind. Huo suffered from [[jaundice]] and [[tuberculosis]] and started seeing a Japanese physician for medication and treatment. The physician, who was a member of the Japanese Judo Association in Shanghai, invited Huo to a competition upon hearing of the latter's fame. Huo's student, Liu Zhensheng, competed with a judo practitioner. Although there were disputes over who won the match, both sides generally agreed that the disagreement culminated in a brawl and that members of the judo team were injured, some with broken fingers and hands, including the head instructor.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} ==Death== Huo died in 1910 at the age of 42. In 1989, the remains of Huo and his wife were excavated and relocated elsewhere. Black spots were discovered in Huo's pelvic bones. The Tianjin Municipality Police Laboratory confirmed that they contained [[arsenic]].<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/book/2011-09/29/c_122106587_2.htm 霍元甲死亡之谜:练气功致病还是被日本人毒死?_读书频道_新华网] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105012404/http://news.xinhuanet.com/book/2011-09/29/c_122106587_2.htm |date=2013-11-05 }}. News.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved on 2012-06-06.</ref> However, it is difficult to ascertain whether Huo's death was caused by malicious poisoning or by the prescription of medicine. This was because [[arsenic trioxide]] has been used therapeutically for approximately 2,400 years as part of [[traditional Chinese medicine]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090225214633/http://www.ccmp.gov.tw/en/research/result_detail.asp?relno=51&selno=0&no=95&detailno=1020 Committee on Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy,Department of Health, Taiwan, R.O.C.-Abstract of Yearbook]. Ccmp.gov.tw (2005-11-17). Retrieved on 2012-06-06.</ref> The historian [[Chen Gongzhe]], who was also one of Huo's students, believed that the cause of his master's death was [[hemoptysis]] disease. Chen wrote that Huo was introduced to a Japanese physician by the judo instructor as his health declined. The physician prescribed some medicine for his condition, but Huo's health continued to deteriorate. Huo was admitted to the Shanghai Red Cross Hospital, where he died two weeks later. Although Chen did not mention that the medicine prescribed by the Japanese physician contained arsenic or any other poison, some leaders of the [[Chin Woo Athletic Association]] speculated that Huo was poisoned around the time of his death.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Brian|author2=Guo, Elizabeth|title=Jingwu: The School that Transformed Kung Fu (Paperback)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWv26Msr0bkC&printsec=frontcover|isbn=1583942424|page=77|date=Publisher: Blue Snake Books (June 15, 2010)}}</ref> Huo was survived by three sons, two daughters.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} ==Legacy and expansion of Chin Woo== {{Unreferenced section|date=February 2010}} Huo died months after co-founding the [[Chin Woo Athletic Association]]. Before his death, he invited Zhao Lianhe of the Shaolin Mizong Style to teach in Chin Woo and Zhao agreed. Subsequently, a number of other martial arts masters agreed to teach at the school. They included [[Eagle Claw]] master Chen Zizheng, [[Seven Star Praying Mantis]] master Luo Guangyu, [[Five Animals]] master Tang Min, [[Xingyiquan]] master Geng Xiaguang, and [[Wu Chien-ch'uan|Wu Jianquan]], the founder of [[Wu-style taijiquan]]. In June 1910, the ''[[Eastern Times]]'' announced the establishment of the Chin Woo association in Huo's name. It was the first civil martial arts organisation in China that was not associated with a particular school or style. During the period of the Japanese sphere of influence, the [[Twenty-One Demands]] sent to the government of [[Republic of China (1912–49)|the Republic of China]] resulted in two treaties with Japan on 25 May 1915. This prevented the ruling class from exercising full control over the commoners. With their new freedom, Huo's students purchased a new building to serve as the organisation's headquarters and named it "Chin Woo Athletic Association". The association accepted new styles of martial arts other than those taught by Huo. In 1918, Chin Woo opened a branch at [[Nathan Road]] in Hong Kong. In July 1919, Chin Woo sent five representatives to Southeast Asia to expand their activities overseas. The five were Chen Gongzhe, Li Huisheng, Luo Xiaoao, Chen Shizhao and Ye Shutian. They made their first stop in Saigon, Vietnam, where they opened the first Chin Woo school outside of China. They opened schools in Malaysia and Singapore later as well. By 1923, these five masters had opened schools all over Southeast Asia and visited nine different countries. In 1966, Shanghai's Chin Woo school was forced to discontinue its activities by the [[Communist Party of China|Chinese Communist Party]] due to the [[Cultural Revolution]], whose goals were to destroy old ideas, cultures and customs for the purpose of modernizing China. Those restrictions were lifted in 1976, after which Shanghai's Chin Woo school resumed its activities. Chin Woo is currently one of the largest wushu organisations in the world with branches in various countries, including Japan, Hong Kong, Macau, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Poland, Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web|title=Directory of World Chin Woo Federations|url=http://www.chinwoo.com/directory.htm|accessdate=7 December 2015}}</ref> ==In popular culture== Huo's life has been adapted into films and television series. In these adaptations, Huo is typically depicted as a heroic martial artist who fights to uphold the dignity of the Chinese people in the face of foreign aggression. He is secretly poisoned to death by foreigners, usually the Japanese, who see him as a threat to their exploitation of China. A notable feature in some of these adaptations is the appearance of [[Chen Zhen (character)|Chen Zhen]], a fictional character first portrayed by [[Bruce Lee]] in the 1972 film ''[[Fist of Fury]]''. In the film, Chen Zhen is one of Huo's apprentices. He brings his teacher's murderers to justice and ensures that Huo's legacy, the [[Chin Woo Athletic Association|Jingwu School]] and "Jingwu Spirit", continues to live on. Notable actors who have portrayed Huo on screen include: Wong Yuen-sun, in ''[[The Legendary Fok]]'' (1981); [[Bryan Leung]], in ''[[Legend of a Fighter]]'' (1982); [[Eddy Ko]], in ''[[Fist of Fury (TV series)|Fist of Fury]]'' (1995); [[Vincent Zhao]], in ''[[Huo Yuanjia (2001 TV series)|Huo Yuanjia]]'' (2001); [[Jet Li]], in ''[[Fearless (2006 film)|Fearless]]'' (2006); [[Ekin Cheng]], in ''[[Huo Yuanjia (2008 TV series)|Huo Yuanjia]]'' (2008). ==References== {{Reflist|35em}} ==Further reading== * [http://granitestudio.org/2006/09/24/a-historians-review-of-jet-lis-fearless-who-was-the-real-huo-yuanjia-%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%83%E7%94%B2%EF%BC%9F/ A Historian’s review of Jet Li’s Fearless: Who was the real Huo Yuanjia (霍元甲)?] * [http://www.hkflix.com/xq/asp/filmID.2787/rtype.4/qx/reviews.htm Earlier film portraying Huo Yuanjia's biography]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.pasadena.edu/chinese/cultural/wushu.html Wushu and Qigong] * [http://www.oralchelation.net/data/HistoricalDiets/data10a.htm British pharmacopoeia dating from 1917 regarding the use of arsenic as treatment of tuberculosis] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090225214633/http://www.ccmp.gov.tw/en/research/result_detail.asp?relno=51&selno=0&no=95&detailno=1020 Arsenic used in Chinese Herbal Medicine for over 2400 years] * Jingwu Athletic Association – 100 Years by Robert Yandle ({{ISBN|978-189251535-3}}) * Fearless: The Story of Chin Woo Kung Fu by Glen Stanway ({{ISBN|978-1291139686}}) ==External links== {{Commons category|Huo Yuanjia}} * [http://www.kungfufrance.com/ Lineage of Huo Yuanjià in French] – Official site * [http://www.chinwoo.com/ World Chin Woo Federation] – Official site * [http://www.chinwoo.com/directory.htm Locations of Jing Wu Sports Federations around the world with contact details ] * [http://www.chinwoo.com.au/ Western Australia Chin Woo Athletic Association] – Official site * [http://www.chin-woo.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=65 British Institute for Chinese Martial Arts] – Official site * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151031071956/http://www.chinwoo.org/history.htm Chinwoo Athletic Association National Chinese Feeling] – Official site * [http://www.chinwoomen.com/history.html World Chin Woo Men] – Official site * [http://www.chinwooitalia.altervista.org/storia.html Chin Woo Italia] Huo Yuanjià {{Huo Yuanjia and Chen Zhen}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Huo, Yuanjia}} [[Category:1868 births]] [[Category:1910 deaths]] [[Category:Chinese wushu practitioners]] [[Category:Martial arts school founders]] [[Category:My Jhong Law Horn practitioners]] [[Category:Burials in Tianjin]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Tianjin]]'