Edit filter log

'{{About|the natural and historical region|the state during the era of British rule in India|Udaipur State|other uses}} {{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}} {| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 300px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;" |- | colspan="2" style="margin-left: inherit; background:#FFC0CB; text-align:center; font-size: medium;" |Historical Region of Western India<br>'''Mewar''' |- align="center" | colspan="2" | |- style="vertical-align: top;" | '''Location''' | ''Southern Rajasthan'' |- style="vertical-align: top;" | '''[[Language]]''' | [[Mewari]] |- style="vertical-align: top;" | '''[[Dynasty|Dynasties]]''' | [[Mori Rajputs|Moris]] (up to AD 734)<br>[[Guhilas of Medapata|Guhilas]] (Guhilots), [[Sisodia]]s (734&ndash;1952) |- style="vertical-align: top;" | '''Historical [[Capital (political)|capitals]]''' | Nagda, [[Chittaurgarh]], and [[Udaipur]] |- style="vertical-align: top;" <!--| colspan=2 | <small>{{{footnotes}}}</small> --> |} [[File:Map rajasthan mewar.png|thumb|Map of the Mewar Region]] '''Mewar''' or '''Mewāḍ''' is a region of south-central [[Rajasthan]] state in western India. It includes the present-day districts of [[Bhilwara District|Bhilwara]], [[Chittorgarh District|Chittorgarh]], [[Rajsamand District|Rajsamand]], [[Udaipur District|Udaipur]], Pirawa Tehsil of Jhalawar District of [[Rajasthan]], [[Neemuch District|Neemuch]] and [[Mandsaur district|Mandsaur]] of Madhya Pradesh and some parts of Gujarat. For centuries, the region was ruled by [[Rajput]]s. The [[princely state]] of [[Udaipur State|Udaipur]] emerged as an administrative unit during the period of [[British East India Company]] governance in India-ruled and remained until the end of the [[British Raj]] era. The Mewar region lies between the [[Aravali Range]] to the northwest, [[Ajmer region|Ajmer]] to the north, [[Gujarat]] and the [[Vagad]] region of Rajasthan to the south, the [[Malwa]] region of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state to the southeast and the [[Hadoti]] region of Rajasthan to the east. ==Etymology== The word "Mewar" is vernacular form of "Medapata" ([[IAST]]: Medapāṭa), the ancient name of the region. The earliest epigraph that mentions the word "Medapata" is a 996-997 CE (1053 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]) inscription discovered at Hathundi ([[Bijapur, Rajasthan|Bijapur]]). The word "pata" or "pataka" refers to an administrative unit. According to the historian G. C. Raychaudhuri, Medapata was named after the Meda tribe, which has been mentioned in [[Varāhamihira]]'s ''Brihat-Samhita''.<ref>{{cite book |author=G. C. Raychaudhuri |title=History of Mewar from the Earliest Times to 1303 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMIBAAAAMAAJ |year=1940 |publisher=Kanjilal, Calcutta University Press |oclc=917040797 |page=8 }}</ref> The 1460 [[Kumbhalgarh]] inscription associates the Medas with Vardhana-giri (modern [[Badnor, Rajasthan|Badnor]] in Mewar region).<ref>{{cite book |author=Dineschandra Sircar |title=The Guhilas of Kiṣkindhā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VzRAAAAMAAJ |year=1963 |publisher=[[The Sanskrit College and University|Sanskrit College]] |oclc=161579 |page=38 }}</ref> Historian Sashi Bhusan Chaudhuri associates the ancient Medas with the modern [[Mer people]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sashi Bhusan Chaudhuri |title=Ethnic settlements in ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vAu2AAAAIAAJ |year=1955 |publisher=General |location=Calcutta |oclc=2278769 |page=26 }}</ref> The 1285 CE (1342 VS) [[Mount Abu]] ([[Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple|Achaleshwar]]) inscription of the [[Guhila dynasty|Guhila]] king Samarasimha provides the following etymology while describing the military conquests of his ancestor [[Bappa Rawal]] (Bappaka): "This country which was, in battle, totally submerged in the dripping fat (medas) of wicked people by Bappaka bears the name of Śrī Medapāṭa." Historian Anil Chandra Banerjee dismisses this as a "poetic fancy".<ref>{{cite book |author=Anil Chandra Banerjee |title=Medieval studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hOa1AAAAIAAJ |year=1958 |publisher=A. Mukherjee & Co. |oclc=254699661 |page=19 }}</ref> ==Geography== The northern and eastern portions of Mewar are made up of an elevated plateau while the western and southern portions were rocky and hilly with dense forests.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006213507|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India : Provincial Series Rajputana|last=|first=|publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing|year=1908|isbn=|location=Calcutta|pages=106–168}}</ref> The watershed divide between drainage of the [[Bay of Bengal]] and drainage of the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] runs almost through the centre of Mewar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S7dCkiyLJ6EC|title=Studies in Indian History: Rajasthan Through the Ages Vol. 5|last=|first=|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2008|isbn=978-81-7625-841-8|editor-last=Gupta|editor-first=R.K.|location=New Delhi|pages=64–77|editor-last2=Bakshi|editor-first2=S.R.}}</ref> The northern and eastern part of Mewar is a gently sloping plain, drained by the Bedach and [[Banas River]] and its tributaries, which empty northwest into the [[Chambal River]], a tributary of the [[Yamuna River]]. The southern and western part of the region is hilly, and marks the divide between the Banas and its tributaries and the headwaters of the [[Sabarmati River|Sabarmati]] and [[Mahi River|Mahi]] rivers and their tributaries, which drain south into the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] through [[Gujarat]] state. The [[Aravalli Range]], which forms the northwestern boundary of the region, is composed mostly of sedimentary rocks, like [[marble]] and [[Kota Stone]], which has traditionally been an important construction material. The region is part of the [[Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests]]' [[ecoregion]]. Protected areas include the [[Jaisamand Wildlife Sanctuary]], the [[Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary]], the [[Bassi (sanctuary)|Bassi Wildlife Sanctuary]] and the [[Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary]]. Mewar has a [[tropical]] climate. Rainfall averages 660&nbsp;mm/year, and is generally higher in the southwest and lower in the northeast of the region. Over 90% of the rain typically falls in the period of June to September every year, during the [[southwest monsoon]]. ==History== [[File:Rana Sanga.jpg|thumb|[[Rana Sanga]] of Mewar]] {{main article|Udaipur State}} The state of Mewar was founded around 530; later it would also, and ultimately predominantly, called [[Udaipur]] after the name of the capital. In 1568, Emperor Akbar conquered Chittorgarh, the capital of Mewar. In 1576, Maharana Pratap, the ruler of Mewar, was defeated at the Battle of Haldighati and Gogunda, Udaipur and Kumbalgarh were conquered. However through guerilla warfare, Mahrana Pratap recaptured Western Mewar.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|pp=121–122}} In 1615, [[Amar Singh I|Amar Singh]] accepted Mughal suzerainty over Mewar.{{sfn|Pant|2012|p=129}} It remained in Mughal hands thereof for about 150 years. When Udaipur State joined the [[Indian Union]] in 1949 it had been ruled by the Rajputs of [[Mori]], [[Guhilot]] and [[Sisodia]] dynasties for over 1,400 years.<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#Udaipur-Mewar Princely States of India]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_093.gif|title=Udaipur State (also called Mewar): History|year=1909|work=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]|pages=v. 24, p. 87.}}</ref> [[Chittaurgarh]] was the capital of Sisodia clans of Rajputs of Mewar. === Founding === [[Bappa Rawal|Bapa Rawal]] is considered the founder of the Mewar state.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35315|title=A Gazetteer of the Udaipur State with a Chapter on the Bhils and Some Statistical Tables|last=Erskine|first=K.D.|publisher=Scottish Mission Industries Co. Ltd.|year=1908|isbn=|location=Ajmer|pages=}}</ref> While his predecessors had enjoyed control over limited areas in the hilly regions in the west and southwest of Mewar, Bappa was the first ruler to expand the state close to its later boundaries.<ref name=":8" /> Bappa, who had his capital at Nagda (19 kilometres north of Udaipur), extended his possessions to the east by ousting Man Singh of the Mori (Maurya) clan from Chittor in 734 AD.<ref name=":8" /> He took on the title of 'Rawal.'<ref name=":8" /> === Treaty with East India Company === For half a century prior to 1818, the armies of [[Holkar]], [[Scindia]], and Amir Khan had plundered Mewar, pauperising its ruler and people.<ref name=":3" /> As early as 1805, Maharana Bhim Singh of Mewar approached the British for assistance but the Treaty of 1803 with Scindia prevented the British from entertaining the request.<ref name=":3" /> But by 1817, the British too were anxious to have alliances with Rajput rulers and the Treaty of Friendship, Alliances and Unity was concluded between Mewar and East India Company (on behalf of Britain) on January 13, 1818.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/collectionoftrea014371mbp|title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries Vol. III|last=Aitchison|first=C.U.|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India|year=1909|isbn=|location=Calcutta|pages=10–32}}</ref> Under the treaty, the British Government agreed to protect the territory of Mewar, in return for which Mewar acknowledged British supremacy and agreed to abstain from political associations with other states and to pay one-fourth of its revenues as tribute for 5 years, and three-eight in perpetuity.<ref name=":4" /> The British authorities granted the ruler of Udaipur a 19 [[gun salute]].<ref>[http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/u/udaipur_r.html Udaipur (Mewar) Princely State (19 gun salute)].</ref> === Accession to Republic of India === The last ruler of Udaipur Kingdom signed the accession to Independent India on 7 April 1949.<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#Udaipur-Mewar Princely States of India]</ref> == Ruling dynasties and personages of Mewar == ===Sisodia Dynasty=== {{split section|Udaipur State|date=September 2018}} [[Rana Laksha]] of the [[Sisodia]] [[Rajput]] clan with all his 10 sons had rallied in defense of [[Chittor]] but in vain. The Sardars decided that it was time to safeguard the royal lineage. There is mention of only two sons of Rana Laksha by name, [[Ari Singh]] and [[Ajay Singh of Mewar|Ajay Singh]]. Ari Singh I had a son named [[Hamir of Mewar|Hammir Singh I]] who was taken by his uncle Ajay to [[Kelwara]] for safety. After the defeat of Mewar at Chittor by [[Alauddin Khalji]], in which Rana Laksha and his son Ari Singh perished, the people began to rally behind Ajay who pursued a guerrilla campaign until he too died in the 1320s. The Sardars now picked Hamir Singh I as head of the Sisodia clan and rightful heir to the throne of Mewar. He married the daughter of [[Maldeo of Jalore]], who now governed Chittor for the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. He overthrew his father-in-law and reclaimed his ancestral homeland.<ref name="Naravane">''The Rajputs of Rajputana: a glimpse of medieval Rajasthan'' by M. S. Naravane {{ISBN|81-7648-118-1}}</ref> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="presentation" | <strong>Sisodia Dynasty at Chittor</strong> |- | {| class="wikitable" ! colspan=2 | Name<ref name="Naravane"/>{{pn|date=October 2017}} ! Reign Began C.E. ! Reign Ended C.E. |- ! 1 |''Maharana'' [[Hamir of Mewar|Hamir Singh I]] - "First to take the title of Maharana of Mewar" | 1326 | 1364 |- ! 2 | ''Maharana'' [[Kheta of Mewar|Kheta]] - "Takes [[Ajmer]] and [[Mandalgarh]]" | 1364 | 1382 |- ! 3 | ''Maharana'' [[Lakha of Mewar|Lakha]] - "Takes remaining Mewar territories from [[Delhi]]. Killed in Battle." | 1382 | 1421 |- ! 4 | ''Maharana'' [[Mokal of Mewar|Mokal]] – "Marwar invades Mewar and Mokal is assassinated at age 24." His elder brother, Chunda, is called back to safeguard Mewar. | 1421 | 1433 |- ! 5 | ''Maharana'' [[Kumbha of Mewar|Kumbha]] | 1433 | 1468 |- ! 6 | ''Maharana'' [[Udai Singh I]] | 1468 | 1473 |- ! 7 | ''Maharana'' [[Rana Rai Mal|Rai Mal]] | 1473 | 1509 |- ! 8 | ''Maharana'' [[Rana Sanga|Sangram Singh I]] ''Rana Sanga'' - "Defeat to Ibrahim Lodhi three times in delhi. He increased his kingdom to half malwa, half gujarat, ajmer but soon was defeated at Khanwa by Mughals under Babur and died a year later. | rowspan="2" | 1509 | 1528 |- ! 9 | ''Maharana'' [[Ratan Singh II]] | 1531 |- ! 10 | ''Maharana'' [[Vikramaditya Singh]] | 1531 | 1537 |- ! 11 | ''Maharana'' Vanvir Singh | 1537 | 1540 |- ! 12 | ''Maharana'' [[Udai Singh II]] Lost the Chittorgarh fort to the Mughals and moved his capital to Udaipur. | 1540 | 1568 |- |} |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="presentation" | <strong>Sisodia Rajput Dynasty at Udaipur</strong> |- | {| class="wikitable" ! colspan=2 | Name<ref name="Naravane"/> ! Reign Began C.E. ! Reign Ended C.E. |- ! 1 | ''Maharana'' [[Udai Singh II]] | 1568 | 1572 |- ! 2 | ''Maharana'' [[Maharana Pratap|Pratap Singh I]] | 1572 | 1597 |- ! 3 | ''Maharana'' [[Amar Singh I]] Accepted Mughal dominance over mewar and became a vassal of Mughals which continued for 150 years. | 1597 | 1620 |- ! 4 | ''Maharana'' [[Karan Singh II]] | 1620 | 1628 |- ! 5 | ''Maharana'' [[Jagat Singh I]] | 1628 | 1652 |- ! 6 | ''Maharana'' [[Raj Singh I]] | 1652 | 1680 |- ! 7 | ''Maharana'' [[Jai Singh of Mewar|Jai Singh]] | 1680 | 1698 |- ! 8 | ''Maharana'' [[Amar Singh II]] | 1698 | 1710 |- ! 9 | ''Maharana'' [[Sangram Singh II]] | 1710 | 1734 |- ! 10 | ''Maharana'' [[Jagat Singh II]] | 1734 | 1751 |- ! 11 | ''Maharana'' [[Pratap Singh II]] | 1751 | 1754 |- ! 12 | ''Maharana'' [[Raj Singh II]] |1754 | 1761 |- ! 13 | ''Maharana'' [[Ari Singh II]] | 1761 | 1773 |- ! 14 | ''Maharana'' [[Hamir Singh II]] | 1773 | 1778 |- ! 15 | ''Maharana'' [[Bhim Singh of Mewar|Bhim Singh]] | 1778 | 1828 |- ! 16 | ''Maharana'' [[Jawan Singh]] | 1828 | 1838 |- ! 17 | ''Maharana'' [[Sardar Singh of Udaipur|Sardar Singh]] | 1838 | 1842 |- ! 18 | ''Maharana'' [[Swarup Singh of Udaipur|Swarup Singh]] | 1842 | 1861 |- ! 19 | ''Maharana'' [[Shambhu Singh]] | 1861 | 1874 |- ! 20 | ''Maharana'' [[Sajjan Singh of Udaipur|Sajjan Singh]] | 1874 | 1884 |- ! 21 | ''Maharana'' [[Fateh Singh of Udaipur and Mewar|Fateh Singh]] | 1884 | 1930 |- ! 22 | ''Maharana'' [[Bhupal Singh]] | 1930 | 1956 |- ! 23 | ''Maharana'' [[Bhagwant Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh]] - "Last ruler of Udaipur State" | 1956 | 1984 |- ! 24 | ''Maharana'' [[Mahendra Singh Mewar|Mahendra Singh]] - "Titular head of clan since India's independence, rule abolished" | 1984 | Present |} |} Maharana Bhagwat Singh died on 2 November 1984. He has two sons: elder [[Maharana Mahendra Singh Mewar|Maharana Mahendra Singh]] and younger [[Arvind Singh Mewar|Arvind Singh.]] The successor of throne was Maharana Mahendra Singhji. Before his death, he founded a trust named Maharana Mewar Foundation and tasked younger son [[Arvind Singh Mewar|Arvind Singh]] to look after the trust. Arvind lives in Udaipur's City Palace. ===Chief Ministers, British Residents and Political Agents=== {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="presentation" | <strong> Dewans{{cn|date=September 2018}}</strong> |- | [[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Rai Pannalal Mehta.jpg|thumb|[[Rai Pannalal Mehta]] (Dewan, from 1878 – September 1894)]] *c. 1708 – c. 1740: Pancholi Biharidas *17.. – 17...: Moji Ram Mehta *1751 – 1768/78?: Amar Chand Barva *1782/8? – 24 Oct 1789: Som Chand Gandhi *1789 – 1794?: Satidas Gandhi + Shivdas Gandhi *1794? – 31 Dec 1799: Mehta Agar Chand (d. 1799) *1800 – 1815: Mehta Devi Chand *1815 – 19 Feb 1823: Shah Sheo Lal Gilundiya *1818 – 18..: Mehta Ram Singh (1st time) *1823? – 1824: Mehta Sher Singh (1st time) *1824 – 1831: Mehta Ram Singh (2nd time) *1831 – 1838: Mehta Sher Singh (2nd time) *1838 – 11 Jul 1844: Mehta Ram Singh (3rd time) *Jul 1844 – 185.: Mehta Sher Singh (3rd time) *185. – Dec 1861: Kothari Kesari Singh (1st time) *Apr 1862 – 1863: Kothari Kesari Singh (2nd time) *Aug 1863 – Nov 1865: William Frederick Eden *1865 – 1867: Zalim Singh *21 Dec 1867 – Jul 1870: Kothari Kesari Singh (3rd time) *1870? – 1877?: Mehta Gokul Chand *Jan 1877 – 1878: Kaviraj Shymaldas (chief counsellor) *1878 – Sep 1894: Mehta Rai Pannalal (b. 1843 – d. 1919) *1894 – 1895: Kothari Balwant Singh (1st time) + Sahiwala Arjun Singh *1895 Jul – Aug 1895: Shyamji Krishnavarman *1895 – 1905: Kothari Balwant Singh (2nd time) + Sahiwala Arjun Singh *1905 – 1911: Mehta Bhopal Singh + Mahasani Heeralal *1911 – 1918: Sukhdev Prasad Kak (1st time) (b. 1864 – d. 1936) + Kothari Balawant Singh (3rd time) (Jun 1911 – Aug 1914) *1918 – 1919: Sukhdev Prasad Kak (2nd time) (s.a.) + Mehta Jagannath Singh *1930 – 1935: Sukhdev Prasad Kak (3rd time) (s.a.) *1935 – 1939: Dharamnarayan Kak (b. 1898 – d. 1971) *25 Dec 1939 – 1947: Sir T. Vijayaraghavacharya (b. 1875 – d. 1953) *Sep 1947 – Dec 1947: Tribhuvan Nath Pande *1947 – 1948: S.V. Ramamurthy (b. 1880 – d. 1964) |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="presentation" | <strong>British Political Agents{{cn|date=September 2018}}</strong> |- | *Mar 1818 – Jun 1822: [[James Tod]] *Jun 1822 – Apr 1823: Patrick Young Waugh (b. 1788 – d. 1829?) *Apr 1823: Alexander Spiers (1st time) *15 Apr 1823 – 12 Nov 1826: Thomas Alexander Cobbe (1st time) (b. 1788 – d. 1836) *12 Nov 1826 – Dec 1826: Sutherland *Dec 1826 – Jan 1831: Thomas Alexander Cobbe (2nd time) (s.a.) *1831 – 1836: post abolished, political charge under the Agent of Ajmer * 6 May 1836 – 31 Dec 1838: Alexander Spiers (2nd time) * 1 Jan 1839 – 18 Jun 1850: Thomas Robinson *18 Jun 1850 – 2 Jul 1850: A. Mackintosh * 2 Jul 1850 – 28 Nov 1851: Charles Lionel Showers (1st time) (b. 1816 – d. 1895) *28 Nov 1851 – 5 Mar 1853: George St. Patrick Lawrence (b. 1804 – d. 1884) * 5 Mar 1853 – 17 Mar 1857: Henry Montgomery Lawrence (b. 1806 – d. 1857) *17 Mar 1857 – 1860: Charles Lionel Showers (2nd time) (s.a.) *1860 – 1862: R.L. Taylor *20 Apr 1862 – 1865: William Frederick Eden (b. 1814 – d. 1867) *1865 – 1867: J.P. Nixon (1st time) *1868 – 1869: Alexander Ross Elliott Hutchinson (b. 1843 – d. 1877) (1st time) *1869 – 1872: J.P. Nixon (2nd time) *1872 – 1874: Alexander Ross Elliott Hutchinson (s.a.) (2nd time) *1874: Edward Bradford *1874 – 1875: J.A. Wright *1875 – 1876: C. Herbert *1876 – 1878: Eugene Clutterbuck Impey (b. 1830 – d. 1904) *1878 – 1879: T. Cadell *1879 – 1881: C.K.M. Walter (1st time) |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="presentation" | <strong>British Residents in Mewar and Southern Rajputana States{{cn|date=September 2018}}</strong> |- | * 4 Mar 1881 – 1882: John Proudfoot Stratton (b. 1830 – d. 1895) *1882: Charles Bean Euan Smith (1st time) (b. 1841 – d. 1910) *1882 – 1885: C.K.M. Walter (2nd time) *1885: Trevor John Chichele-Plowden (b. 1846 – d. 1905) *1885 – 1886: John Biddulph (b. 1840 – d. 1922) *1886: A. Wingate *1886: Charles Bean Euan Smith (2nd time) (s.a.) *1886 – 1887: C.K.M. Walter (3rd time) *1887 – 1889: S.B. Miles (1st time) *1889: H.P. Peacock (1st time) *1889 – 1890: E.A. Fraser *1890: H.P. Peacock (2nd time) *1890: H.B. Abbott *1890 – 1893: S.B. Miles (2nd time) *1893: Norton Charles Martelli *Nov 1893 – 1894: William Hutt Curzon Wyllie (b. 1848 – d. 1909) (1st time) *1894: William Francis Prideaux (acting) (b. 1840 – d. 1914) *1894 – Feb 1898: William Hutt Curzon Wyllie (s.a.) (2nd time) *1896 – 1897: J.H. Newill (acting for Wyllie) *1898 – 1899: Charles Withers Ravenshaw (b. 1835 – d. 1935) *1899 – 1900: G.P. Yate *1900: A.P. Thornton *Apr 1900 – 1902: Alexander Fleetwood Pinhey (b. 1861 – d. 1918) (1st time) *1902: E.H. Blakesley (acting) *1902 – 1906: Alexander Fleetwood Pinhey (s.a.) (2nd time) *Sep 1906 – 1906: Arthur Berkeley Drummond (1st time) (b. 1869 – d. 1918) *1906 – 1907: Claude Hamilton Archer Hill (b. 1866 – d. 1934) (1st time) *1907: R.H. Chenevix Trench (1st time) *1907 – 1908: Claude Hamilton Archer Hill (s.a.) (2nd time) *1908: R.H. Chenevix Trench (2nd time) *1908 – 1911: [[Alan Holme|A.T. Holme]] (1st time) *1911 – 1913: James Levett Kaye (1st time) (b. 1861 – d. 1917) *1913: Robert Erskine Holland *1913 – 1914: James Levett Kaye (2nd time) (s.a.) *1914: Bertrand James Glancy (acting) *1914 – 1915: James Levett Kaye (3rd time) (s.a.) *Feb 1915 – 1915: Arthur Berkeley Drummond (2nd time) (s.a.) *1915 – 1916: James Levett Kaye (4th time) (s.a.) *1916: C.L.S. Russell *1916 – 1919: [[Alan Holme|A.T. Holme]] (2nd time) *1919 – 1920: P.T.A. Spence *1920: A.D. Macpherson *1920 – 1924: W.H.J. Wilkinson *1924 – 1925: Hugh Robert Norman Pritchard (b. 1879 – d. 19..) *1925 – 1927: George Drummond Ogilvie (b. 1886 – d. 1966) *1927: Bisco *1927 – 1928: D.G. Mackenzie *1928 – 1930: Cecil Hamilton Gabriel (b. 1879 – d. 1947) *1930 – 1931: Arthur Cunningham Lothian (b. 1887 – d. 1962) *1931 – 1933: Rawdon James Macnabb (b. 1883 – d. 1935) *1933 – 1935: W.A.M. Garstin *1935 – 1938: Geoffrey Lawrence Betham (b. 1889 – d. 1963) *1938 – 1939: William Pell Barton (b. 1871 – d. 1950) *1940 – 1941: H.J. Todd |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="presentation" | <strong>Political agents in Mewar and Southern Rajputana States{{cn|date=September 2018}}</strong> |- | *Oct 1941 – 1942: Humphrey Trevelyan *1942 – 1943: Williams *1943 – 21 Oct 1943: N.S. Alington (acting) *21 Oct 1943 – 1947: G.A. Kirkbride |} === Jagirdars (nobles) === The nobles of Mewar were numerous and powerful, enjoying rights and privileges that were unusual in other princely states.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48656|title=Chiefs and Leading Families in Rajputana|last=|first=|publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing|year=1908|isbn=|edition=2nd|location=Calcutta|pages=}}</ref> Mewar nobles exhibited "few of the marks of vassalage observable at other courts" and "take rank above the heir-apparent - a custom unprecedented in India."<ref name=":7" /> During the rule of Umra Singh II (1700-1716), the nobles were arranged into three ranks<ref name=":7" />: # 'Solah' (Hindi: सोलह): The highest rank consisting of 16 nobles # 'Battis' (Hindi: बत्तीस): The second rank consisting of 32 nobles # 'Gol' (Hindi: गोल): Rest of the nobles Over time, the number in each class has increased.<ref name=":7" /> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="presentation" | <strong>1st Class Jagirdars </strong> |- | The 1st Class [[Jagirdar]]s, the 1st 16 Umraos (no order of precedence), seated on the either side of the Maharana. Ideally, those to right were seated at right angles to the Gaadi and were called ''Badi Ole'' and those to the left, not to feel any inferior, were seated parallel to the Gaadi and were called ''Munda-barobur'' (parallel to the face of the Maharana). The visiting dignitaries/guests and some of the relatives of Maharana and main Purohits were seated in front of Maharana’s Gaadi, ''Saamey-ki-baithak''. {| class="wikitable" |- ! No ! Thikana / Place ! Caste |- | 1. | Bari sadri | jhala |- | 2. |[[Salumbar]] | chundawat - Sisodia |- | 3. |[[Kotharia, Rajasthan|Kotharia]] |Chauhan - Purabia |- | 4. | [[Baansi]] | Shaktawat- Sisodia |- | 5. | Ghanerao | Mertia Rathore |- | 6. | Bhindar | Shaktawat- Sisodia |- | 7a. | Deogarh | Choondawat - Sisodia |- | 7b. | Begun | Choondawat - Sisodia |- | 8. | Delwara | Jhala |- | 9a. | Amet | Choondawat - Sisodia |- | 9b. | Meja | Choondawat - Sisodia |- | 10. | [[Gogunda]] | Jhala |- | 11. | [[Kanore]] | Sarangdevot - Sisodia |- | 12. | Bedla | Chouhan- Purabia |- | 13. | Badnore | Mertia Rathore |- | 14a. | Bijolia | Panwaar |- | 14b. | Bhainsrodgadh |Choondawat(Krishnawat)- Sisodia |- | 15a. | Parsoli | Chauhan |- | 15b. | Kurabad | Choondawat - Sisodia |- | 16. | Sardargarh | Dodiya |} * a, b = Aik Baithak (same seat/status), any ONE was invited for the Durbar usually as per Osra (alternately / roster) * 5th Ranked Thikana Ghanerao was transferred to [[Marwad]] with Godwar, the seat was kept vacant for a while, the thikana also had a seat amongst the first class nobles - Sirayat - in the Marwad Court/Durbar. *17. Mahuwada- Descendants of Abdur Rahim Baig of Sindh who bravely assisted Maharana Ari Singh II against the Maratha invasion in AD 1769 and therefore made the 17th Umarao |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="presentation" | <strong>2nd Class Sardars - Bateesa</strong> |- | There were 32 Jagirdars after 1939. Prior to AD 1935 just four. They were later called ''Bada Bateesaa''. | |- | 1. Boheda (Shaktawat)<br/> 2. Hamirgadh (Hameergadh) (Veeramdevot-Baba Ranawat)<br/> 3. [[Sinhad]] (Shaktawat- Sisodia) - Migrated from [[Baansi]]<br/> 4. Pipalya (Shaktawat)<br/> 5. Amargadh (Kanawat)<br/> 6. Badi Rupaheli (Badi Roopaheli) (Mertia Rathore)<br/> 7. Bambori (Paramaras)<br/> 8. Banol [http://www.thikanaofbanolmewar.webs.com] (Jaitmal Rathore)<br/> 9. Batherda (Sarangdevot)<br/> 10. Bavlas (Ranawat) <br/> 11. Akolagarh(solanki)<br/> 12. Bhadesar (Choondawat)<br/> 13. Bhagwanpura (Choondawat)<br/> 14. Bhopalnagar ( Chauhan) <br/> 15. Bhunas ( Bhunawaas, Baba Ranawat)<br/> 16. Kansya (Chouhan) 17. Chavand (Choondawat)<br/> 18. Dharyavad (Dhariawad) (Ranawat)<br/> 19. Falichda (Falichra) (Chauhan)<br/> 20. Jarkhana (Dhanerya, Ranawat) Descendants of Second son of the first Shivrati Maharaj Arjun Singh, who was the fourth son of Maharana Sangram Singh II, AD 1710-1734<br/> 21 . Kheroda (Mertia Rathore) - Prathvirajot subclan 22. Kareda (Choondawat)<br> 23. Karoi (Ranawat) <br/> 24. Kelwa (Jaitmal Rathore)<br/> 25. Khairabad (Kherabad) (Veeramdevot-Baba Ranawat)- Elder house of the descendents from the third son of Maharana Udai Singh II (1537–72), Maharana Veeramdeo, also known as Baba Ranawats. They were the first branch of Sisodia rajputs to carry this patronym.<br/> 26. Lasani (Choondawat)<br/> 27. Loonda (krishnawat)<br/> 28. Mahua (Mahuva) (Ranawat)<br/> 29. Maharaj ki '''Netawal''' (Ranawat)<br/> 30. Nimbaheda (Mertia Rathore)<br/> 31. Peeladhar (Sisodia) 32. Rampura (Mertia Rathore)<br/> 33. Sangramgadh (Choondawat)<br/> 34. Sanjela (choondawat) <br/> 35. Sanwar (Viramdevot- Baba Ranawat)<br/> 36. Vijaipur (Bijaipur) (Achlawat-Shaktawat)<br/> |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="presentation" | <strong>Category 3 of Mewad Sardars</strong> |- | 1. Aarjya (Ajarya) (Chavda) <br/> 2. Amlda (Kanawat) <br/> 3. Athun (Athoon) (Poorawat) <br/> 4. Bambora (Choondawat) <br/> 5. Bansra (Ranawat) <br/> 6. Barliawas (Barlyawas) (Ranawat) <br/> 7. Bassi (Choondawat) <br/> 8. Bhadu (Choondawat) <br/> 9. Bhanpura (Dulhawat) <br/> 10. Bokhada (Dulhawat) <br/> 11. Dabla (Mertia) <br/> 12. bhindar (KUNDAI Sisodia)<br> 13. Gadar Mala (Gadarmala) <br/> 14. Gudla (Gudlan) (Chauhan) <br/> 15. Gurlan (Poorawat) <br/> 16. Gyangadh(Choondawat) <br/> 17. Hinta (Shaktawat) <br/> 18. Jagpura (Mertia Rathore) <br/> 19. Jamoli (Baba) <br/> 20. Jeelola <br/> 21. Jeewana (Veeramdevot- Baba Ranawat)- descendents of the third son of Maharana Udai Singh II (1537–72), Maharana Veeramdeo, also known as Baba Ranawats. They were the first branch of Sisodia rajputs to carry this patronym.<br/> 22. Jhadol (Jharol) (Jhala) <br/> 23. Kaladwas(Chavda) <br/> 24. Kankarwa/Khartana (Veeramdevot-Baba Ranawat)<br/> 25. Kantora (Rathore) <br/> 26. Kerya (Poorawat) <br/> 27. Kunthawas (Kunthavas) (Shaktawat), (Sisodiya) <br/> 28. Mangrop (Poorawat) <br/> 29. Marchya Khedi(Solanki) <br/> 30. Moie <br/> 31. Muroli <br/> 32. Neemri (Mahecha Rathore) <br/> 33. Pahuna (Veeramdevot- Baba Ranawat)descendents of the third son of Maharana Udai Singh II (1537–72), Maharana Veeramdeo, also known as Baba Ranawats. They were the first branch of Sisodia rajputs to carry this patronym.<br/> 34. Pansal (Shaktawat) <br/> 35. Parsad (Prasad) (Sisodia) <br/> 36. Pithawas (Peethwas) (Choondawat) <br/> 37. Rood (Shaktawat) <br/> 38. Roopnagar (Rupnagar) (Solanki) <br/> 39. Samal (Dulhawat) <br/> 40. Satola (krishnawat) <br/> 41. Semari (Shaktawat) <br/> 42. Khodiyo Ka Khera (Shaktawat) <br/> 43. Sihar (Shaktawat) <br/> 44. Singhada (Dulhawat) <br/> 45. Singoli (Poorawat) <br/> 46. Taal (Choondawat) <br/> 47. Taloli (Choondawat) <br/> 48. Junda (Chouhan) <br/> 49. Gopalpura[Koon](Shaktawat) <br/> 50 Mandakala (Shaktawat)<br/> 51. bhanpura (ranawat)<br/> 52. Tana(jhala)<br/> |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="presentation" | <strong>Bhumiya Sardars of Mewad</strong> |- | 1. Jawaas (Chauhan) <br/> 2. Jooda ( Chauhan)<br/> 3. Pahada (Chauhan)<br/> 4. Panerwa ( Solanki)<br/> 5. Ogna ( Solanki)<br/> 6. Madri (Sarangdewot)<br/> 7. Umeriya (Solanki) <br/> 8. Chaani (Chauhan)<br/> 9. Thana ( Chauhan)<br/> 10. Nainwada <br/> 11. Sarwan <br/> 12. Paatiya (Panwar) |} == Administrative structure == At the time of the 1901 census, the state was divided into 17 administrative sub-divisions - 11 ''zilas'' and 6 ''parganas'', the difference between a ''zila'' and ''pargana'' being that the latter was larger and broken up into further subdivisions.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.117117/2015.117117.Rajasthan--Distict-Gazetteer-Of--Udaipur#page/n1/mode/2up/search/mewar+administration|title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Udaipur|last=Agarwal|first=B.D.|publisher=Government of Rajasthan|year=1979|isbn=|location=Jaipur|pages=2}}</ref> Further, there were 28 principal ''jagir''s and 2 ''bhumats''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006213507|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India : Provincial Series Rajputana|last=|first=|publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing|year=1908|isbn=|location=Calcutta|pages=106–168}}</ref> Each ''zila'' was administered by a ''hakim'', a state official, supported at each ''tehsil'' (a ''zila'' sub-division) by an assistant ''hakim''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/545811|title=उदयपुर राज्य का इतिहास|last=Ojha|first=Gaurishankar Hirachand|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=1999|isbn=|location=Jodhpur|pages=15–16}}</ref> === Land tenure in Mewar State === The principal forms of land tenure in the state were jagir, bhum, sasan, and khalsa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=11576&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX&sbtsro=1&viewall=1|title=Rajputana Gazetteers, Vol II-A (The Mewar Residency)|last=Erskine|first=K.D.|publisher=Scottish Mission Industries Co. Ltd.|year=1908|isbn=|location=Ajmer|pages=71–72}}</ref> Jagirs were grants of land made in recognition service of a civil or political nature. Jagirdars, the holders of jagir, usually paid a fixed annual tribute called chhatund on an annual basis, and nazarana on the succession of a new Maharana. On the death of a jagirdar, the jagir reverted to the Maharana until the late jagirdar's successor was recognized by the Maharana. Those holding bhum tenures paid a small tribute or nominal quit-rent (bhum barar), and were liable to be called on for local service. Sasan (also known as muafi) holders were not liable for payments to the Maharana but taxes were sometimes recovered from them. Khalsa (crown lands) holders were cultivators who were undisturbed in their possession as long as they continued to pay land revenue.<ref name=":0" /> As of 1912, 38% of the land revenue of the State was from khalsa land, the rest from other forms of tenure.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36064|title=Administration Report of the Mewar State for the Year 1910-11|last=|first=|publisher=Scottish Mission Industries Co., Ltd.|year=1911|isbn=|location=Ajmer|pages=1}}</ref> ==Economy== The economy of the Mewar region relies primarily on tourism, the marble and stone industry, mining, handicrafts, zinc smelters, cement and tyre factories, as well as agriculture. Major crops include maize, groundnut, soybean, wheat, and mustard. Opium is also grown in the adjoining regions of the southeast ([[Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]] and [[Nimbahera]]). Fishery also thrives in the region's various lakes, supported by a government fisheries department. ==Tourism== [[File:A View of Sita Mata sanctuary, Pratapgarh, Rajasthan, India.jpg|right|thumb|Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary]] [[File:Udaipur-2.jpg|right|thumb|[[City Palace, Udaipur]].]] [[File:Chaumukha Jain temple at Ranakpur in Aravalli range near Udaipur Rajasthan India.jpg|thumb|[[Ranakpur Jain temple]]]] <!-- Unsourced image removed: [[File:Kumbhalgarh1_copy.jpg|right|thumb|Kumbhalgarh Palace]] --> * The massive Chittorgarh hilltop fort is one of the main tourist attractions of Mewar. The fort is a depiction of Rajput culture and values. It stands on a 2.4 square kilometre site on a 180 m high hill that rises rapidly from the plains below. The fort was sacked thrice by a stronger enemy. The first sacking occurred in 1303 by [[Alauddin Khalji]]. In 1535 [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]] besieged the fort, causing the women to commit [[Jauhar]]. In 1568 the Mughal emperor Akbar captured the fort. This war between the Mewar and Mughal turned the fort to rubble. Akbar's dream to conquer the whole of Mewar was never fulfilled but Chittorgarh was not resettled by the royal family again. * [[Udaipur, Rajasthan|Udaipur]], also known as the city of lakes, is a world-famous and a very popular tourist destination with its grand palaces, lakes, temples, gardens and narrow lanes. * The [[Lake Palace]] is a palace inaugurated in 1746, completely made of [[marble]], and situated in the middle of [[Lake Pichola]]. In recent years Lake Pichola has experienced drought conditions. * UnthalaGarh * Jaisamand Lake * Udaisagar lake * Fatehsagar lake * [[Shilpgram]], a village northwest of Udaipur, hosts a crafts fair every year, which is one of the largest in India. * [[Eklingji]], a temple dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]], the ruling deity of Mewar. * [[Keshariaji]], a temple of [[Rishabhdev]]. * [[Nathdwara]], a temple of Lord [[Shrinathji]], one of the most important pilgrimage sites of India. * [[Haldighati]], a mountain pass in [[Rajsamand]] district that hosted the battle between [[Rana Pratap Singh]] and the Mughal emperor Akbar. * [[Kumbhalgarh]], a 15th-century fortress, built by [[Rana Kumbha]], with 36 kilometres of walls. Over 360 temples are within the fort. It also has a wildlife sanctuary. * [[Charbhuja]] Temple, dedicated to Lord Vishnu. * Rajsamand, a huge lake near Rajsamand city, from which the city derives its name. * The [[Ranakpur]] village is home to one of the most important [[Jain]] temples, which escaped the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s efforts to destroy Hindu and Jain temples, because it is hidden in a geographically difficult terrain. ==See also== *[[Baansi]] *[[Gogunda]] *[[Ajmer-Merwara]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * ''Mewar through the ages'', by D. L. Paliwal. Sahitya Sansthan, Rajasthan Vidyapeeth, 1970 * ''The Kingdom of Mewar: great struggles and glory of the world's oldest ruling dynasty'', by Irmgard Meininger. D.K. Printworld, 2000. {{ISBN|81-246-0144-5}}. * ''Costumes of the rulers of Mewar: with patterns and construction techniques'', by Pushpa Rani Mathur. Abhinav Publications, 1994. {{ISBN|81-7017-293-4}}. {{Rajasthan}} {{GeoSouthAsia}} {{Historical regions of North India}} {{coord missing|Rajasthan}} [[Category:Mewar|*]] [[Category:Regions of Rajasthan]] [[Category:Historical Indian regions]]'