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'{{EngvarB|date=May 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}} {{Infobox scientist | honorific_prefix = [[Dame]] | name = Jocelyn Bell Burnell | honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|DBE|FRS|FRSE|FRAS|FInstP}} | image = File:Launch of IYA 2009, Paris - Grygar, Bell Burnell cropped.jpg | image_size = | caption = Bell Burnell in 2009 | birth_name = Susan Jocelyn Bell | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1943|7|15}}{{sfn|Who's Who|2017}} | birth_place = [[Lurgan]], [[Northern Ireland]]{{sfn|''Lurgan Mail''|2007}} | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = | workplaces = {{Plainlist | * [[University of Bath]] * [[University of Cambridge]] * [[University of Glasgow]] * [[Open University]] * [[University of Oxford]] * [[University of Southampton]] * [[University College London]] }} | education = {{Plainlist| * [[Lurgan College]] * [[The Mount School, York]] }} | alma_mater = {{Plainlist | * [[University of Glasgow]] (BSc) * [[University of Cambridge]] (PhD)<!-- neither Murray Edwards College, Cambridge or New Hall, Cambridge award degrees--> }} | thesis_title = The Measurement of radio source diameters using a diffraction method | thesis_url = https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.4926 | thesis_year = 1968 | doctoral_advisor = [[Antony Hewish]]{{sfn|Bell|1968}}{{sfn|Hewish|Bell|Pilkington|Scott|1968|p=709}}{{sfn|Pilkington|Hewish|Bell|Cole|1968|p=126}} | known_for = Discovering the first four [[pulsar]]s{{sfn|Bell Burnell|2007|pp=579–581}} | influences = {{Plainlist| * [[Fred Hoyle]] ''Frontiers of Astronomy'' (1955) * Henry Tillott{{sfn|AIP|2000}} (her school physics teacher) }} | website = {{URL|https://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/contacts/people/bellburnell}} | spouse = {{marriage|Martin Burnell|1968|1993|end=div.}} | children = Gavin Burnell | field = [[Astrophysics]] | prizes = {{Plainlist| * [[J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize]] (1978) * [[Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize]] (1986) * [[Herschel Medal]] (1989) * [[Michael Faraday Prize]] (2010) * [[Royal Medal]] (2015) * [[Grande Médaille]] (2018) * [[Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics#Difference between Breakthrough Prize and Special Breakthrough Prize|Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics]] (2018) }} | module = {{Listen | embed = yes | filename = Dame Jocelyn Bell-Burnell BBC Radio4 The Life Scientific 25 Oct 2010 b016812j.flac | title = Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell's voice | type = speech | description = from the BBC programme ''[[The Life Scientific]]'', 25 October 2011.{{sfn|''The Life Scientific''|2011}} }} }} '''Dame Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|DBE|FRS|FRSE|FRAS|FInstP}} ({{IPAc-en|b|ɜr|ˈ|n|ɛ|l}}; born 15 July 1943) is an [[astrophysics|astrophysicist]] from [[Northern Ireland]] who, as a postgraduate student, discovered the first radio [[pulsar]]s in 1967.{{sfn|Cosmic Search Vol. 1}} She was credited with "one of the most significant scientific achievements of the 20th century".{{sfn|BBC Scotland|2014}} The discovery was recognised by the award of the 1974 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], but despite the fact that she was the first to observe and precisely analyse the pulsars,{{sfn|Hargittai|2003|p=240}} Bell was excluded from the recipients of the prize. The paper announcing the discovery of pulsars had five authors. Bell's thesis supervisor [[Antony Hewish]]{{sfn|Hewish|Bell|Pilkington|Scott|1968|p=709}}{{sfn|Pilkington|Hewish|Bell|Cole|1968|p=126}} was listed first, Bell second. Hewish was awarded the Nobel Prize, along with the astronomer [[Martin Ryle]]. Many prominent astronomers criticised Bell's omission,{{sfn|Westly|2008}} including Sir [[Fred Hoyle]].{{sfn|Judson|2003}}{{sfn|McKie|2010}} In 1977, Bell Burnell played down this controversy, saying, "I believe it would demean Nobel Prizes if they were awarded to research students, except in very exceptional cases, and I do not believe this is one of them."{{sfn|NYAS|1977}} The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, in its press release announcing the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics,{{sfn|Nobelprize.org|1974}} cited Ryle and Hewish for their pioneering work in radio-astrophysics, with particular mention of Ryle's work on [[aperture synthesis|aperture-synthesis technique]], and Hewish's decisive role in the discovery of pulsars. Bell served as [[president of the Royal Astronomical Society]] from 2002 to 2004, as president of the [[Institute of Physics]] from October 2008 until October 2010, and as interim president of the Institute following the death of her successor, [[Marshall Stoneham]], in early 2011. In 2018, she was awarded the [[Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics#Difference between Breakthrough Prize and Special Breakthrough Prize|Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics]]. She gave the whole of the £2.3m prize money to help women, ethnic minority, and refugee students become physics researchers.{{sfn|Sample|2018}}{{sfn|Kaplan|Farzan|2018}} == Education and early life == [[File:Susan Jocelyn Bell (Burnell), 1967.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Jocelyn Bell, June 1967]] Jocelyn Bell was born in [[Lurgan]], [[Northern Ireland]], to M. Allison and G. Philip Bell.{{sfn|''Lurgan Mail''|2007}}{{sfn|Who's Who|2017}} Her father was an architect who had helped design the [[Armagh Planetarium]],{{sfn|Johnston|2007|pp=2–3}} and during visits she was encouraged by the staff to pursue astronomy professionally.{{sfn|Bertsch McGrayne|1998}} Young Jocelyn also discovered her father's books on [[astronomy]]. She grew up in Lurgan and attended the Preparatory Department{{efn|The Preparatory Department of [[Lurgan College]] closed in 2004,{{sfn|Lurgan College history}} the college becoming a selective grammar school for ages 14–19.}} of [[Lurgan College]] from 1948 to 1956,{{sfn|''Lurgan Mail''|2007}} where she, like the other girls, was not permitted to study science until her parents (and others) protested against the school's policy. Previously, the girls' curriculum had included such subjects as cooking and [[cross-stitching]] rather than science.{{sfn|Kaufman|2016}} She failed the [[eleven-plus exam]] and her parents sent her to [[The Mount School, York|The Mount School]],{{sfn|Who's Who|2017}} a [[Quaker]] girls' boarding school in [[York]], England. There she was favourably impressed by her physics teacher, Mr Tillott, and stated: {{quote|You do not have to learn lots and lots&nbsp;... of facts; you just learn a few key things, and&nbsp;... then you can apply and build and develop from those&nbsp;... He was a really good teacher and showed me, actually, how easy physics was.{{sfn|Interview at NRAO|1995}}}} Bell Burnell was the subject of the first part of the [[BBC Four]] three-part series ''[[Beautiful Minds (TV programme)|Beautiful Minds]]'', directed by Jacqui Farnham.{{sfn|BBC|2011b}} == Career and research == [[File:Chandra-crab.jpg|thumb|right|Composite Optical/X-ray image of the [[Crab Nebula]], showing [[synchrotron emission]] in the surrounding [[pulsar wind nebula]], powered by injection of magnetic fields and particles from the central pulsar]] She graduated from the [[University of Glasgow]] with a Bachelor of Science degree in Natural Philosophy (physics), with honours, in 1965 and obtained a PhD degree from the [[University of Cambridge]] in 1969. At Cambridge, she attended [[Murray Edwards College|New Hall, Cambridge]], and worked with Hewish and others to construct{{efn|"... upon entering the faculty, each student was issued a set of tools: a pair of pliers, a pair of long-nose pliers, a wire cutter, and a screwdriver...", said during a public lecture in Montreal during the 40 Years of Pulsars conference, 14 August 2007}} the [[Interplanetary Scintillation Array]] to study [[quasar]]s, which had recently been discovered.{{efn|Interplanetary scintillation allows compact sources to be distinguished from extended ones.{{cn|date=January 2018}}}} In July 1967, she detected a bit of "scruff" on her [[chart recorder|chart-recorder]] papers that tracked across the sky with the stars.{{sfn|The Open University}} She established that the signal was pulsing with great regularity, at a rate of about one pulse every one and a third seconds. Temporarily dubbed "Little Green Man 1" (LGM-1) the source (now known as [[PSR B1919+21]]) was identified after several years as a rapidly rotating [[neutron star]]. This was later documented by the BBC ''[[Horizon (UK TV series)|Horizon]]'' series.{{sfn|BBC|2010}} She worked at the [[University of Southampton]] between 1968 and 1973, [[University College London]] from 1974 to 82 and the [[Royal Observatory, Edinburgh|Royal Observatory]], Edinburgh (1982–91). From 1973 to 1987 she was a tutor, consultant, examiner, and lecturer for the [[Open University]].{{sfn|Jocelyn Bell Burnell profile}} In 1986, she became the project manager for the [[James Clerk Maxwell Telescope]] on [[Mauna Kea]], Hawaii.{{sfn|''Notable Women''|1997}} She was Professor of Physics at the Open University from 1991 to 2001. She was also a visiting professor at [[Princeton University]] in the United States and Dean of Science at the [[University of Bath]] (2001–04),{{sfn|University of Bath|2004}} and President of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]] between 2002 and 2004. Bell Burnell is currently Visiting Professor of Astrophysics at the [[University of Oxford]], and a Fellow of [[Mansfield College]].{{sfn|UoO|2007}} She was President of the [[Institute of Physics]] between 2008 and 2010.{{sfn|Institute of Physics: Council}} In February 2018 she was appointed [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of the [[University of Dundee]].{{sfn|Univ of Dundee|2018}} In 2018, Bell Burnell visited [[Parkes, NSW]], to deliver the keynote [[John Bolton (astronomer)|John Bolton]] lecture at the CWAS AstroFest event.{{sfn|Warren|Thackray|2018}}{{sfn|CWAS|2018}} In 2018, she was awarded the [[Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics#Difference between Breakthrough Prize and Special Breakthrough Prize|Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics]], worth three million dollars (£2.3&nbsp;million), for her discovery of radio pulsars.{{sfn|Merali|2018}} The Special Prize, in contrast to the regular annual prize, is not restricted to recent discoveries.{{sfn|Breakthrough Prize|2018}} She donated all of the money "to fund women, under-represented ethnic minority and refugee students to become physics researchers",{{sfn|Ghosh|2018}} the funds to be administered by the [[Institute of Physics]].{{sfn|Kaplan|Farzan|2018}} === Nobel Prize controversy === That Bell did not receive recognition in the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics has been [[Nobel Prize controversies|a point of controversy]] ever since. She helped build the [[Interplanetary Scintillation Array]] over two years{{sfn|''The Life Scientific''|2011}} and initially noticed the anomaly, sometimes reviewing as much as {{Convert|96|ft}} of paper data per night. Bell later claimed that she had to be persistent in reporting the anomaly in the face of scepticism from Hewish, who was initially insistent that it was due to interference and man-made. She spoke of meetings held by Hewish and Ryle to which she was not invited.{{sfn|BBC|2011a}} In 1977, she commented on the issue: {{quote|First, demarcation disputes between supervisor and student are always difficult, probably impossible to resolve. Secondly, it is the supervisor who has the final responsibility for the success or failure of the project. We hear of cases where a supervisor blames his student for a failure, but we know that it is largely the fault of the supervisor. It seems only fair to me that he should benefit from the successes, too. Thirdly, I believe it would demean Nobel Prizes if they were awarded to research students, except in very exceptional cases, and I do not believe this is one of them. Finally, I am not myself upset about it – after all, I am in good company, am I not!{{sfn|NYAS|1977}}}} === Awards === * The [[Albert A. Michelson Medal]] of the [[Franklin Institute]] of [[Philadelphia]] (1973, jointly with Dr. Hewish).{{sfn|Franklin Institute}}{{sfn|Fi.edu}} * [[J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize]] from the [[Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami]] (1978).{{sfn|Walter|1982|p=438}}{{sfn|AIoP|1978|p=68}} * [[Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize]] of the [[American Astronomical Society]] (1986).{{sfn|Aas.org|1986}} * [[Herschel Medal]] of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]] (1989).{{sfn|RAS}} * [[National Radio Astronomy Observatory#Jansky Prize|Jansky Lectureship]] before the [[National Radio Astronomy Observatory]] (1995).{{sfn|Jansky Home Page}} * [[Magellanic Premium]] of the [[American Philosophical Society]] (2000).{{sfn|APS|2008}} * Elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (FRS) (March 2003).{{sfn|The Royal Society}} * Elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]] (FRSE) (2004).{{sfn|Who's Who|2017}} * [[William E. Gordon]] and Elva Gordon distinguished lecture at the [[Arecibo Observatory]] on 27 June 2006.{{sfn|Gold|2006}} * The Grote Reber Medal at the General Assembly of the International Radio Science Union in Istanbul (19 August 2011){{sfn|QVMAG|2016}} * The [[Royal Medal]] of the [[Royal Society]] (2015).{{sfn|Royal Society}} * The Women of the Year Prudential Lifetime Achievement Award (2015){{sfn|Womenoftheyear.co.uk}} * The Institute of Physics President's Medal (2017){{sfn|Institute of Physics|2017}} * [[Grande Médaille]] of the [[French Academy of Sciences]] (2018){{sfn|Académie des sciences|2018}} * [[Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics#Difference between Breakthrough Prize and Special Breakthrough Prize|Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics]] (2018){{sfn|Ouellette|2018}} === Honours === * In 1999, she was appointed [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) for services to Astronomy and promoted to [[Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (DBE) in 2007.{{sfn|Addley|2007}} * In February 2013, she was assessed as one of the 100 most powerful women in the United Kingdom by [[Woman's Hour]] on [[BBC Radio 4]].{{sfn|BBC|1970}} * In February 2014, she was elected President of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]], the first woman to hold that office. She held the position from April 2014 to April 2018 when she was succeeded by Dame [[Anne Glover (biologist)|Anne Glover]].{{sfn|BBC Scotland|2014}} === Publications === Her publications<ref name=scopus>{{Scopus id}}</ref> include: *{{cite book| title = Broken for Life | last = Burnell | first = S. Jocelyn | publisher = [[Quaker Home Service]] | location = London | series = [[Swarthmore Lecture]] | date = 1989 | isbn = 978-0-85245-222-6 | ref = harv }} *{{cite book| title = Dark Matter: Poems of Space | last1 = Riordan | first1 = Maurice | last2 = Burnell | first2 = S. Jocelyn | publisher = [[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]] | date = 27 October 2008 | isbn = 978-1-903080-10-8 | ref = harv }} == Personal and non-academic life == Bell Burnell is house patron of Burnell House at [[Cambridge House Grammar School]] in [[Ballymena]]. She has campaigned to improve the status and number of women in professional and academic posts in the fields of physics and astronomy.{{sfn|Bell Burnell|2004|pp=426–89}}{{sfn|Allan|2015}} === Quaker activities and beliefs === From her school days, she has been an active [[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]] and served as [[Clerk (Quaker)|Clerk]] to the sessions of Britain Yearly Meeting in 1995, 1996 and 1997. She delivered a [[Swarthmore Lecture]] under the title ''Broken for Life'',{{sfn|Burnell|1989}} at [[Britain Yearly Meeting|Yearly Meeting]] in Aberdeen on 1 August 1989, and was the plenary speaker at the US [[Friends General Conference]] Gathering in 2000.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} She spoke of her personal religious history and beliefs in an interview with [[Joan Bakewell]] in 2006.{{sfn|Bakewell|2010}} Bell Burnell served on the [[Quaker Peace and Social Witness]] [[Religious Society of Friends#testimonies|Testimonies]] Committee, which produced ''Engaging with the Quaker Testimonies: a Toolkit'' in February 2007.{{sfn|QPSW Testimonies Committe|2007|p=?}} In 2013 she gave a James Backhouse Lecture which was published in a book entitled ''A Quaker Astronomer Reflects: Can a Scientist Also Be Religious?'', in which Burnell reflects about how cosmological knowledge can be related to what the Bible, Quakerism or Christian faith states.{{sfn|Bell Burnell|2013|p=11}} === Marriage === In 1968, soon after her discovery, Bell married Martin Burnell; the couple divorced in 1993 after separating in 1989. Her husband was a local government officer, and his career took them to various parts of Britain. She worked part-time for many years while raising her son, Gavin Burnell, who is a member of the condensed matter physics group at the [[University of Leeds]].{{sfn|Condensed Matter Physics Group|2010}} == Notes == {{notelist}} === Citations === {{Reflist|20em}} == Bibliography == {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite news| title = From Russia with gong | last = Addley | first = Esther | newspaper = The Guardian | url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,,2104409,00.html | date = 16 June 2007 | access-date = 30 December 2015 | ref = harv }} *{{cite news| title = Face to Face: science star who went under the radar of Nobel Prize judges | last = Allan | first = Vicky | newspaper = [[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] | location = Glasgow | url = http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/face-to-face.115314189 | date = 5 January 2015 | access-date = 30 December 2015 | ref = harv }} *{{cite web| title = Interview with Jocelyn Bell Burnell | last = Bakewell | first = Joan | website = Belief | publisher = BBC | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/programmes/belief/scripts/jocelyn_bell_burnell.html] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101109151056/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/programmes/belief/scripts/jocelyn_bell_burnell.html | date = 9 November 2010 | archive-date = 9 November 2010 | ref = harv }} *{{cite web| title = Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize | publisher = American Astronomical Society | url = http://aas.org/prizes/beatrice_m_tinsley_prize | dead-url = no | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=https%3A%2F%2Faas.org%2Fgrants-and-prizes%2Fbeatrice-m-tinsley-prize&date=2018-04-30 | access-date = 30 December 2015 | archive-date = 30 April 2018 | ref = {{harvid|Aas.org|1986}} }} *{{cite web| title = Beautiful Minds, Series 1 | publisher = BBC Four | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00s0ggv | date = 25 April 2011 | access-date = 30 December 2015 | ref = {{harvid|BBC|2011a}} }} *{{cite web| title = Beautiful Minds, Series 1, Jocelyn Bell Burnell (Part 1 of 3) | publisher = BBC Four | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00ry9jq | date = 24 April 2011 | access-date = 30 December 2015 | ref = {{harvid|BBC|2011b}} }} *{{cite book| chapter = Bell Burnell, Dame (Susan) Jocelyn, (born 15 July 1943), astronomer; Visiting Professor of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, since 2004; President, Royal Society of Edinburgh, 2014–March 2018 | title = Who's Who (UK) | publisher = Oxford University Press | chapter-url-access = subscription | chapter-url = http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-7157 | date = 1 December 2017 | doi = 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.7157 | ref = {{harvid|Who's Who|2017}} }} *{{Cite interview| title = The woman who discovered pulsars: An Interview with Jocelyn Bell Burnell at NRAO (National Radio Astronomy Observatory) | last = Bell Burnell | first = Jocelyn | interviewer = Kate Marsh Weatherall; David G. Finley | publisher = Weatherall Technical Applications | url = http://weatheralltech.com/bell/index.html | date = 26 October 1995 | access-date = 2 February 2018 | ref = {{harvid|Interview at NRAO|1995}} }} *{{Cite interview| title = Oral History Interviews: Jocelyn Bell Burnell | last = Bell Burnell | first = Jocelyn | interviewer = David DeVorkin | publisher = [[American Institute of Physics|AIP]] | location = College Park, MD | url = https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/31792 | date = 21 May 2000 | ref = {{harvid|AIP|2000}} }} *{{cite journal | title = Pulsars 40 Years on | last = Bell Burnell | first = Jocelyn | journal = Science | year = 2007 | volume = 318 | issue = 5850 | pages = 579–581 | doi = 10.1126/science.1150039 | issn = 0036-8075 | pmid = 17962545 | ref = harv }} *{{Cite book| title = A Quaker Astronomer Reflects: Can a Scientist Also Be Religious? | last = Bell Burnell | first = Jocelyn | year = 2013 | publisher = Australia Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) | page = 11 | series = James Backhouse Lecture | url = https://books.google.com/?id=4wg2uCA-x64C | isbn = 978-0-646-59239-8 | ref = harv }} *{{Cite journal | title = So Few Pulsars, So Few Females | last = Bell Burnell | first = S.J. | journal = Science | year = 2004 | volume = 304 | issue = 5670 | pages = 426–89 | doi = 10.1126/science.304.5670.489 | pmid = 15105461 | ref = harv }} *{{Cite journal | title = Petit Four – After Dinner Speech published in the Annals of the New York Academy of Science Dec 1977 | last = Bell Burnell | first = S. Jocelyn | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | year = 1977 | volume = 302 | pages = 685–689 | url = http://jila.colorado.edu/~ajsh/astr2030_12/sn/Bell.html | bibcode = 1977NYASA.302..685B | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb37085.x | ref = {{harvid|NYAS|1977}} }} *{{cite thesis| degree = PhD| title = The Measurement of radio source diameters using a diffraction method | last = Bell | first = Susan Jocelyn | author-link = Jocelyn Bell Burnell | publisher = University of Cambridge | website = repository.cam.ac.uk | url = https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/260694 | date = 1968 | doi = 10.17863/CAM.4926 | id = {{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.449485}} | oclc = 500382385 | ref = harv }} *{{Cite book| title = Nobel Prize women in science: their lives, struggles, and momentous discoveries | edition = Rev. | last = Bertsch McGrayne | first = Sharon | year = 1998 | publisher = Carol Pub. Group | location = Secaucus, N.J. | url = https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39633911 | isbn = 978-0-8065-2025-4 | oclc = 39633911 | ref = harv }} *{{cite web| title = Cosmic Search Vol. 1, No. 1 – Little Green Men, White Dwarfs or Pulsars? | url = http://www.bigear.org/vol1no1/burnell.htm | ref = {{harvid|Cosmic Search Vol. 1}} }} *{{cite web| title = Council | publisher = Institute of Physics | url = http://www.iop.org/about/governance/council/page_38744.html | dead-url = yes | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110309170409/http://www.iop.org/about/governance/council/page_38744.html | archive-date = 9 March 2011 | ref = {{harvid|Institute of Physics: Council}} }} *{{Cite episode| title = Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell | series = The Life Scientific | series-link = The Life Scientific | station = [[BBC Radio 4]] | url = http://bbc.co.uk/programmes/b016812j | date = 25 October 2011 | access-date = 18 January 2014 | ref = {{harvid|''The Life Scientific''|2011}} }} *{{Cite news| title = Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell Appointed Chancellor of the University of Dundee | publisher = University of Dundee | url = https://www.dundee.ac.uk/news/2018/dame-jocelyn-bell-burnell-appointed-chancellor-of-the-university-of-dundee.php | date = 20 February 2018 | access-date = 20 February 2018 | ref = {{harvid|Univ of Dundee|2018}} }} *{{cite news| title = Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell to be Royal Society's first female president | publisher = BBC Scotland | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-26049967 | date = 5 February 2014 | access-date = 30 December 2015 | ref = {{harvid|BBC Scotland|2014}} }} *{{cite web| title = Dame Jocelyn Bell-Burnell – 2018 AstroFest Keynote Speaker | publisher = Central West Astronomical Society | url = http://www.cwas.org.au/astrofest/bios/jocelyn_bell-burnell.html | access-date = 25 July 2018 | ref = {{harvid|CWAS|2018}} }} *{{cite episode| title = The discovery of pulsars | series = Horizon | publisher = BBC | network = BBC Two | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009s61s | date = 1 September 2010 | ref = {{harvid|BBC|2010}} }} *{{cite web| title = Dr Gavin Burnell: Associate Professor in Condensed Matter Physics | year = 2010 | publisher = Condensed Matter Physics Group, [[University of Leeds]] | url = https://www.stoner.leeds.ac.uk/people/gb | access-date = 28 January 2018 | ref = {{harvid|Condensed Matter Physics Group|2010}} }} *{{Cite book| chapter = Jocelyn Bell Burnell (1943–) | last = Eisberg | first = Joann | year = 1997 | title = Notable Women in the Physical Sciences: A Biographical Dictionary | editor1-last = Shearer | editor1-first = Benjamin F. | editor2-last = Shearer | editor2-first = Barbara | publisher = Greenwood Press | location = Westport, CT and London | pages = 9–14 | isbn = 978-0-313-29303-0 | ref = {{harvid|''Notable Women''|1997}} }} *{{cite web| title = The Franklin Institute Awards &#124; the Franklin Institute Science Museum | website = Fi.edu | url = http://www.fi.edu/winners/detail.faw?winner_id=2433 | access-date = 30 December 2015 | ref = {{harvid|Fi.edu}} }} *{{cite web| title = Franklin Laureate Database – Albert A. Michelson Medal Laureates | publisher = [[Franklin Institute]] | url = http://www.fi.edu/winners/show_results.faw?gs=&ln=&fn=&keyword=&subject=&award=MICH+&sy=1967&ey=1997&name=Submit | dead-url = yes | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120406103546/http://www.fi.edu/winners/show_results.faw?gs=&ln=&fn=&keyword=&subject=&award=MICH+&sy=1967&ey=1997&name=Submit | access-date = 15 June 2011 | archive-date = 6 April 2012 | ref = {{harvid|Franklin Institute}} }} *{{Cite news| title = Fund to counter physics 'white male bias' | last = Ghosh | first = Pallab | publisher = BBC News | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-45425872 | date = 6 September 2018 | access-date = 6 September 2018 | ref = harv }} *{{cite news| title = Discoverer of pulsars (aka Little Green Men) reflects on the process of discovery and being a female pioneer | last = Gold | first = Lauren | newspaper = Cornell Chronicle | url = http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2006/07/jocelyn-bell-burnell-reflects-discovery-pulsars | date = 6 July 2006 | ref = harv }} *{{Cite book| title = The road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, science, and scientists | last = Hargittai | first = István | publisher = Oxford University Press | page = 240 | date = 2003 | bibcode = 2002rost.book.....H | isbn = 978-0-19-860785-4 | ref = harv }} *{{cite journal | title = Hawking receives Einstein Award | journal = Physics Today | date = April 1978 | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | page = 68 | bibcode = 1978PhT....31d..68. | doi = 10.1063/1.2995004 | quote = Jocelyn Bell Burnell, researcher on the staff of the Mullard Space Science Laboratory of University College London, is the recipient of the 1978 J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize. | ref = {{harvid|AIoP|1978}} }} *{{cite web| title = Herschel Medal Winners | publisher = Royal Astronomical Society | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084829/http://www.ras.org.uk/images/stories/awards/winners/herschel_medallists.pdf | format = PDF | access-date = 27 December 2016 | ref = {{harvid|RAS}} }} *{{Cite journal | title = Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source | last1 = Hewish | first1 = A. | last2 = Bell | first2 = S. J. | last3 = Pilkington | first3 = J. D. H. | last4 = Scott | first4 = P. F. | last5 = Collins | first5 = R. A. | journal = Nature | year = 1968 | volume = 217 | issue = 5130 | page = 709 | bibcode = 1968Natur.217..709H | doi = 10.1038/217709a0 | ref = harv }} For the follow-up paper, see {{harvnb|Pilkington|Hewish|Bell|Cole|1968}}. *{{cite web| title = Jansky Home Page | publisher = [[National Radio Astronomy Observatory]] | url = http://www.nrao.edu/jansky/janskyprize.shtml | access-date = 14 May 2009 | ref = {{harvid|Jansky Home Page}} }} *{{cite web| title = Jocelyn Bell Burnell | website = QuakersInTheWorld web portal (QITW) | url = http://www.quakersintheworld.org/quakers-in-action/366 | access-date = 30 January 2018 | ref = {{harvid|QITW|2018}} }} *{{cite web| title = Jocelyn Bell Burnell profile | publisher = Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics (CWP) | url = http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Burnell,_Jocelyn_Bell@841234567.html | dead-url = yes | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070707232702/http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Burnell,_Jocelyn_Bell@841234567.html | access-date = 7 July 2007 | archive-date = 7 July 2007 | ref = {{harvid|Jocelyn Bell Burnell profile}} }} *{{cite news| title = Jocelyn Bell Burnell retires as Dean | publisher = [[University of Bath]] | url = http://www.bath.ac.uk/internal/news/bell_burnell.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070529133512/http://www.bath.ac.uk/internal/news/bell_burnell.htm | date = 16 August 2004 | archive-date = 29 May 2007 | ref = {{harvid|University of Bath|2004}} }} *{{Cite news| title = Jocelyn Bell: the true star | newspaper = Belfast Telegraph | url = https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/jocelyn-bell-the-true-star-28528404.html | date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 7 February 2018 | ref = {{harvid|''Belfast Telegraph''|2007}} }} *{{cite news| title = Pulsar Pioneer visits us | last = Johnston | first = Colin | work = Astronotes | pages = 2–3 | publisher = [[Armagh Planetarium]] | url = http://armaghplanet.com/pdf/Astronotes/Astronotes2007/Astronotes_Mar_2007.pdf | format = PDF | date = March 2007 | access-date = 10 July 2009 | ref = harv }} *{{cite news| title = No Nobel Prize for Whining | last = Judson | first = Horace | author-link = Horace Freeland Judson | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C02E4DE123EF933A15753C1A9659C8B63 | date = 20 October 2003 | access-date = 3 August 2007 | ref = harv }} *{{cite news| title = She made the discovery, but a man got the Nobel. A half-century later, she's won a $3 million prize | last1 = Kaplan | first1 = Sarah | last2 = Farzan | first2 = Antonia Noori | newspaper = The Wahington Post | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/09/08/she-made-discovery-man-got-nobel-half-century-later-shes-won-million-prize/?utm_term=.53660342a656 | date = 8 September 2018 | ref = harv }} *{{cite web| title = Dame Jocelyn Bell-Burnell: No asking, just telling | last = Kaufman | first = Rachel | publisher = Sigma Pi Sigma | location = College Park, MD | url = http://www.sigmapisigma.org/sigmapisigma/congress/2016/jocelyn-bell-burnell | date = 24 June 2016 | access-date = 6 July 2016 | ref = harv }} *{{cite web| title = Les lauréats des prix de l'Académie des sciences attribués en 2018 | trans-title = 2018 Laureates of the French Academy of Sciences Prize | language = fr | publisher = Académie des sciences | url = http://www.academie-sciences.fr/fr/Laureats/les-laureats-des-prix-2018.html | date = 24 July 2018 | access-date = 26 July 2018 | ref = {{harvid|Académie des sciences|2018}} }} *{{cite web| title = Lurgan College: School History | url = http://lurgancollege.co.uk/History.html | access-date = 7 February 2018 | ref = {{harvid|Lurgan College history}} }} *{{cite web| title = The Magellanic Premium of the American Philosophical Society | year = 2008 | publisher = [[American Philosophical Society]] | url = http://www.amphilsoc.org/prizes/magellanic.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090417141917/http://www.amphilsoc.org/prizes/magellanic.htm | archive-date = 17 April 2009 | ref = {{harvid|APS|2008}} }} *{{cite news| title = Fred Hoyle: the scientist whose rudeness cost him a Nobel prize | last = McKie | first = Robin | newspaper = The Guardian | url = https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/oct/03/fred-hoyle-nobel-prize | date = 2 October 2010 | ref = harv }} *{{cite book| title = Engaging with the Quaker Testimonies: a Toolkit | last1 = McNaughton | first1 = Marion | last2 = Pegler | first2 = Linda | last3 = Arriens | first3 = Jan | last4 = Dale | first4 = Jonathan | last5 = Steven | first5 = Helen | last6 = Perks | first6 = Nick | last7 = Michaelis | first7 = Laurie | year = 2007 | publisher = Quaker Books for Quaker Peace & Social Witness Testimonies Committee | url = https://books.google.com/?id=-2edNwAACAAJ&dq=0901689599 | isbn = 978-0-901689-59-7 | ref = {{harvid|QPSW Testimonies Committe|2007}} }} *{{Cite journal | title = Pulsar discoverer Jocelyn Bell Burnell wins $3-million Breakthrough Prize | last = Merali | first = Zeeya | journal = Nature | date = 6 September 2018 | volume = 561 | issue = 7722 | page = 161 | url = https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06210-w | doi = 10.1038/d41586-018-06210-w | issn = 0028-0836 | pmid = 30206391 | ref = harv }} *{{cite news| title = Jocelyn Bell Burnell wins $3 million prize for discovering pulsars | last = Ouellette | first = Jennifer | website = [[Ars Technica]] | url = https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/09/jocelyn-bell-burnell-wins-3-million-prize-for-discovering-pulsars/ | date = 6 September 2018 | access-date = 6 September 2018 | ref = harv }} *{{Cite journal | title = Observations of some further Pulsed Radio Sources | last1 = Pilkington | first1 = J. D. H. | last2 = Hewish | first2 = A. | last3 = Bell | first3 = S. J. | last4 = Cole | first4 = T. W. | journal = Nature | year = 1968 | volume = 218 | issue = 5137 | page = 126 | bibcode = 1968Natur.218..126P | doi = 10.1038/218126a0 | ref = harv }} For the first paper (announcing the discovery), see {{harvnb|Hewish|Bell|Pilkington|Scott|1968}}. *{{cite web| title = President's medal recipients: Professor Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell (full citation) | publisher = Institute of Physics | url = http://www.iop.org/about/awards/president/medallists/page_69815.html | date = 2017 | access-date = 17 July 2017 | ref = {{harvid|Institute of Physics|2017}} }} *{{cite web| title = Press Release: The 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1974/press.html | date = 15 October 1974 | access-date = 30 December 2015 | ref = {{harvid|Nobelprize.org|1974}} }} *{{cite web| title = Professor Jocelyn Bell Burnell FRS – Spectrum of astronomy | publisher = [[The Royal Society]] | url = http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/page.asp?tip=1&id=1481] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061014231547/http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/page.asp?tip=1&id=1481 | date = n.d. | archive-date = 14 October 2006 | ref = {{harvid|The Royal Society}} }} *{{cite news| title = Queen's Birthday Honours 2007 | publisher = [[University of Oxford]] | url = http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/po/news/2006-07/jun/18a.shtml | date = 18 June 2007 | access-date = 10 July 2007 | ref = {{harvid|UoO|2007}} }} *{{cite web| title = QVMAG: Grote Reber Medal Winners: 2011 Winner: Professor Jocelyn Bell Burnell | publisher = [[Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery|QVMAG]] | url = http://www.qvmag.tas.gov.au/qvmag/?c=89 | dead-url = yes | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160106231935/http://www.qvmag.tas.gov.au/qvmag/?c=89 | access-date = 30 December 2015 | archive-date = 6 January 2016 | ref = {{harvid|QVMAG|2016}} }} *{{cite web| title = The Restless Universe: Some Highlights of Physics | website = OpenLearn | publisher = The Open University | url = http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/science/physics-and-astronomy/the-restless-universe/content-section-3 | access-date = 27 January 2015 | ref = {{harvid|The Open University}} }} *{{cite web| title = Royal Medal | publisher = [[Royal Society]] | url = https://royalsociety.org/awards/royal-medal | access-date = 20 July 2015 | ref = {{harvid|Royal Society}} }} *{{cite news| title = British astrophysicist overlooked by Nobels wins $3m award for pulsar work | last = Sample | first = Ian | newspaper = [[The Guardian]] | url = http://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/sep/06/jocelyn-bell-burnell-british-astrophysicist-overlooked-by-nobels-3m-award-pulsars | date = 6 September 2018 | access-date = 6 September 2018 | ref = harv }} *{{cite press release| title = Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics Awarded to Jocelyn Bell Burnell for Discovery of Pulsars | publisher = Breakthrough Prize | url = https://breakthroughprize.org/News/45 | date = 6 September 2018 | quote = A Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics can be awarded by the Selection Committee at any time, and in addition to the regular Breakthrough Prize awarded through the ordinary annual nomination process. Unlike the annual Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics, the Special Prize is not limited to recent discoveries. | ref = {{harvid|Breakthrough Prize|2018}} }} *{{cite news| title = Visiting star at college | newspaper = Lurgan Mail | url = https://www.lurganmail.co.uk/news/visiting-star-at-college-1-1766991 | date = 13 February 2007 | access-date = 6 February 2018 | ref = {{harvid|''Lurgan Mail''|2007}} }} *{{cite book| title = Winners, the blue ribbon encyclopedia of awards | last = Walter | first = Claire | year = 1982 | publisher = Facts on File | page = 438 | isbn = 978-0-87196-386-4 | ref = harv }} *{{cite web| title = The pioneer of pulsars pops into Parkes | last1 = Warren | first1 = Andrew | last2 = Thackray | first2 = Lucy | website = CSIROscope | url = https://blog.csiro.au/pioneer-pulsars-pops-into-parkes/ | date = 25 July 2018 | access-date = 25 July 2018 | ref = harv }} *{{cite magazine| title = No Nobel for You: Top 10 Nobel Snubs | last = Westly | first = Erica | magazine = Scientific American | date = 6 October 2008 | url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/slideshow.cfm?id=10-nobel-snubs | ref = harv }} *{{cite web| title = Woman's Hour – the Power List 2013 | publisher = BBC | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007qlvb/features/power-list-100 | date = 1 January 1970 | access-date = 30 December 2015 | ref = {{harvid|BBC|1970}} }} *{{cite web| title = Women of the Year Prudential Lifetime Achievement Award | publisher = Womenoftheyear.co.uk | url = http://www.womenoftheyear.co.uk/women-year-prudential-lifetime-achievement-award | dead-url = yes | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160106231935/http://www.womenoftheyear.co.uk/women-year-prudential-lifetime-achievement-award/ | access-date = 30 December 2015 | archive-date = 6 January 2016 | ref = {{harvid|Womenoftheyear.co.uk}} }} {{refend}} == Further reading == *{{cite book| chapter = Jocelyn Bell Burnell | last1 = Coroniti | first1 = Ferdinand V. | last2 = Williams | first2 = Gary A. | year = 2006 | title = Out of the Shadows: Contributions of Twentieth-Century Women to Physics | editor1-last = Byers | editor1-first = Nina | editor2-last = Williams | editor2-first = Gary | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521821971 | isbn = 978-0-521-82197-1 | ref = harv }} == External links == {{Sister project links|wikt=no|s=no|v=no|voy=no|b=no|d=Q233974|n=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|c=Category:Jocelyn Bell Burnell}} === Video === * [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/69 Freeview video "Tick, Tick, Pulsating Star: How I Wonder What You Are?" A Royal Institution Discourse by the Vega Science Trust] (accessed 24 December 2007). === Audio === * [http://www.counterbalance.net/ssq2/bell.ram Counterbalance Library: Bell Burnell talk "Science and the Spiritual Quest" (24 Minutes)] (Accessed 7 April 2010). * [http://www.jodcast.net/archive/200706/ University of Manchester – Jodcast] Interview with Jocelyn Bell-Burnell === Text === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223841/http://www.csupomona.edu/~nova/scientists/articles/burn.html Biographical article, indicating Bell Burnell's beliefs and personal life, from California State Polytechnic University NOVA project.] (Accessed 24 December 2007). * [http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/sciencetoday/2012/0112/1224310139591.html Irishwoman who discovered the "lighthouses of the universe"] [[The Irish Times|''Irish Times'']] profile. {{s-start}} {{s-aca}} {{succession box|title=[[University of Dundee|Chancellor of the University of Dundee]]|years=2018-|before=[[Narendra Patel, Baron Patel|Baron Patel]]|after=Incumbent}} {{end}} {{FRS 2003}} {{Breakthrough Prize laureates}} {{University of Dundee}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bell Burnell, Jocelyn}} [[Category:1943 births]] [[Category:20th-century American scientists]] [[Category:20th-century educators from Northern Ireland]] [[Category:20th-century Irish people]] [[Category:20th-century women scientists]] [[Category:21st-century educators from Northern Ireland]] [[Category:21st-century Irish people]] [[Category:Academics of the Open University]] [[Category:Academics of University College London]] [[Category:Academics of the University of Bath]] [[Category:Academics of the University of Southampton]] [[Category:Alumni of New Hall, Cambridge]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow]] [[Category:Astronomers from Northern Ireland]] [[Category:BBC 100 Women]] [[Category:British astrophysicists]] [[Category:British women scientists]] [[Category:Chancellors of the University of Dundee]] [[Category:Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:Educators from Northern Ireland]] [[Category:Fellows of the Institute of Physics]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society]] [[Category:Female Fellows of the Royal Society]] [[Category:Irish women scientists]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]] [[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:People educated at Lurgan College]] [[Category:People educated at The Mount School, York]] [[Category:Physicists from Northern Ireland]] [[Category:Presidents of the Institute of Physics]] [[Category:Presidents of the Royal Astronomical Society]] [[Category:Presidents of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]] [[Category:Quakers from Northern Ireland]] [[Category:Scientists from Belfast]] [[Category:Winners of the Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize]] [[Category:Women astronomers]] [[Category:Women educators from Northern Ireland]] [[Category:Women physicists]]'