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'{{Globalize/US|date=December 2010}} [[File:Pasteurized egg white.jpg|thumb|200px|Pasteurized egg whites]] '''Pasteurized eggs''' are [[egg (food)|eggs]] that have been [[Pasteurization|pasteurized]] in order to reduce the risk of [[food-borne illness]] in dishes that are not cooked or are only lightly cooked but that dosen't matter this shit is nasty either way They may be sold as liquid egg products or pasteurized in the shell. == Rationale== The 2013 United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] [[Food code|Food Code]] defines regular shell eggs as a potentially hazardous food, i.e., “a food that requires time/temperature control for safety (TCS) to limit pathogenic microorganism growth or toxin formation.” <ref name="fda.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/RetailFoodProtection/FoodCode/ucm374759.htm|title=Summary of Changes In the FDA Food Code 2013|publisher=}}</ref> All egg products sold in the U.S that are pasteurized due to the risk of food-borne illnesses are done per [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]] rules. They also do not allow any egg products to be sold without going through the process of pasteurization. They also do not recommend eating shell eggs that are raw or undercooked due to the possibility that [[Salmonella]] bacteria may be present.<ref name="Shell Eggs from Farm to Table">{{cite web|url=http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/egg-products-preparation/shell-eggs-from-farm-to-table/CT_Index|title=Shell Eggs from Farm to Table|publisher=}}</ref> Because of the risk of food-borne illness caused by ''Salmonella'' bacteria that may be present in raw eggs, the U.S. Department of Agriculture requires a safe-handling advisory statement on all packages of raw shell eggs that are not treated to destroy ''Salmonella'' as follows: "Safe Handling Instructions: To prevent illness from bacteria: Keep eggs refrigerated, cook eggs until yolks are firm, and cook foods containing eggs thoroughly." <ref name="Shell Eggs from Farm to Table"/> === Salmonellosis === The primary risk associated with eggs is food-borne illness caused by ''Salmonella enteritidis'' bacteria. ''Salmonella enteritidis'' is a dangerous bacterium that can be transferred to humans through ingestion of raw or undercooked eggs.<ref name="one">U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service. Risk Assessments for Salmonella enteritidis in Shell Eggs. [http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/SE_Risk_Assess_Oct2005.pdf]</ref> Nearly four out of five ''Salmonella''-related foodborne illness cases share a common vehicle: raw or undercooked shell eggs.<ref name="one" /> [[Salmonellosis]], the illness that a ''Salmonella'' infection causes, is characterized by nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever, and headache. The onset of its symptoms begins between six hours and 72 hours after the consumption of food contaminated with ''Salmonella'' bacteria.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/Features/SalmonellaEggs/|title=CDC Features - Tips to Reduce Your Risk of Salmonella from Eggs|publisher=}}</ref> As few as 15 bacterial cells can cause food-borne illness.<ref name="Shell Eggs from Farm to Table"/> While the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate there are one million cases of salmonellosis per year in the US leading to 19,000 hospitalizations and 380 deaths <ref name="CDC - Salmonella">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/index.html|title=CDC - Salmonella|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref>, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) estimates that only 79,000 cases each year are the result of consuming eggs contaminated with ''Salmonella'', of which only 30 result in death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm077342.htm|title=Egg Safety: What You Need to Know|publisher=U.S. Food & Drug Administration}}</ref> In Europe, all hens are required to be vaccinated against salmonellosis. Eggs are not washed or refrigerated since condensation could lead to salmonellosis contamination.<ref>http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2014/07/why-americans-refrigerate-raw-shell-eggs-and-europeans-dont/#.Wfi71kyZNPU</ref> In the US, it is important to keep eggs refrigerated since not all hens are vaccinated. === Avian flu virus === The process of pasteurizing eggs also destroys [[avian flu]] virus.<ref name="eight">World Health Organization. Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian [[influenza]] outbreaks in poultry and in humans: Food safety implications. 2005. http://www.who.int/foodsafety/fs_management/No_07_AI_Nov05_en.pdf</ref> === Food code compliance === The 2013 FDA [[Food code|Food Code]] states that in serving highly susceptible populations (preschool age children; older adults; individuals with compromised immune systems; and individuals who receive meals through custodial care-giving environments such as child or adult day care centers, kidney [[dialysis]] centers, hospitals, or nursing homes <ref name="CDC - Salmonella"/>): <blockquote>“Pasteurized eggs or egg products shall be substituted for raw eggs in the preparation of Foods such as [[Caesar salad]], [[hollandaise]] or [[Béarnaise sauce]], [[mayonnaise]], [[meringue]], [[eggnog]], [[ice cream]], egg-fortified beverages and recipes in which more than one egg is broken and the eggs are combined.”<ref name="one"/></blockquote> The FDA Food Code has gained adoption by health jurisdictions throughout the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/RetailFoodProtection/FederalStateCooperativePrograms/ucm108156.htm|title=Real Progress in Food Code Adoptions|publisher=}}</ref> == Products == As distinct from whole shell eggs, “egg products” are defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as “eggs that are removed from their shells for processing." The processing of egg products includes breaking eggs, filtering, mixing, stabilizing, blending, pasteurizing, cooling, freezing or drying, and packaging. This is done at U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)-inspected plants. Egg products include whole eggs, whites, yolks and various blends with or without non-egg ingredients that are processed and pasteurized and may be available in liquid, frozen, and dried forms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/egg-products-preparation/egg-products-and-food-safety/ct_index|title=Egg Products and Food Safety|publisher=}}</ref> This is achieved by heating the products to a specified temperature for a specified period. == Pasteurized shell eggs == According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, in-shell pasteurized eggs may be used safely without cooking. For example, they may safely be consumed raw (as in raw cookie dough or [[eggnog]]) or in undercooked forms (such as a sunny-side up egg).<ref name="Shell Eggs from Farm to Table"/> Many food service and health care providers use these eggs to prevent cross-contamination in their kitchens. ===History=== By traditional [[pasteurization]] methods, heating a raw shell egg to a high enough temperature to achieve pasteurization would also cook the egg. However, beginning in the early 1980s, Dr. James P. Cox and R.W. Duffy Cox of Lynden, Washington, began developing methods to pasteurize shell eggs. In the early 1990s, the Coxes were introduced to L. John Davidson. Davidson recognized the market need and opportunity for a safer egg option for consumers and food operations around the country. Davidson acquired a license agreement on the technology from the Cox Family and formed Pasteurized Egg Corporation to introduce safe egg technology to the consumer marketplace. The process for pasteurizing shell eggs has been patented.<ref name="patent">Hyperpasteurization of food. http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP0661921.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.safeeggs.com/safest-choice-pasteurized-eggs/how-we-pasteurize-eggs|title=How We Pasteurize Eggs|publisher=}}</ref> Currently, National Pasteurized Eggs Inc. of Lansing, Illinois, owns Dr. Cox's patent to the pasteurization process. Only National Pasteurized Eggs Inc. can provide pasteurized shell eggs produced through these patented processes. The eggs can be found in all U.S. states under the brand Davidson's Safest Choice®, introduced in 2003.<ref name="zeldes">{{Cite web | last = Zeldes | first = Leah A. | authorlink = Leah A. Zeldes | title =Eat this! Old-fashioned eggnog, made safer, thanks to Chicago-area eggs | work = Dining Chicago | publisher = Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. | date = December 23, 2009| url = http://blog.diningchicago.com/2009/12/23/eat-this-old-fashioned-eggnog-made-safer-thanks-to-chicago-area-eggs/ | format = | doi = | accessdate = January 1, 2010}}</ref> === Process === Pasteurizing eggs in their shells is achieved through a technique that uses precise time and temperature zones within water baths.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2009/09/national-pasteurized-eggs-expanding-fast/#.UzW5I_ldV9k|title=National Pasteurized Eggs Expanding Fast|work=Food Safety News}}</ref><ref name="schuman">{{cite journal | last1 = Schuman | first1 = J. | last2 = Sheldon | first2 = B. | last3 = Vandepopuliere | first3 = J. | last4 = Ball, Jr. | first4 = H. | display-authors = 2 | title = Immersion heat treatments for inactivation of Salmonella enteritidis with intact eggs | journal = Journal of Applied Microbiology | volume = 83 | issue = 4 | pages = 438–444 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00253.x | pmid=9351225 | date=Oct 1997}}</ref> Pasteurizing eggs in their shells can also be achieved through a process that involves treatment with [[ozone]] and [[reactive oxygen species]] under high and low pressures, followed by replacement with an inert gas, such as [[nitrogen]]. Currently, shell eggs pasteurized using the heating technique are the only commercially available pasteurized eggs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Luis_Rodriguez-Saona/publication/267237216_OZONE_BASED_TREATMENTS_FOR_INACTIVATION_OF_SALMONELLA_ENTERICA_SEROVAR_ENTERITIDIS_IN_SHELL_EGGS/links/54b3d9b50cf28ebe92e42f89.pdf|title=Ozone Based Treatments For Inactivation Of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis In Shell Eggs}}</ref> According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, <blockquote>Shell eggs can be pasteurized by a processor if FDA accepted the process for the destruction of Salmonella. Pasteurized shell eggs are now available at some grocery stores and must be kept refrigerated to retain quality. The equipment to pasteurize shell eggs isn't available for home use, and it is very difficult to pasteurize shell eggs at home without cooking the contents of the egg.<ref name="Shell Eggs from Farm to Table"/></blockquote> After pasteurization, the eggs are coated with food-grade wax to maintain freshness and prevent environmental contamination and stamped with a blue "P" in a circle to distinguish them from unpasteurized eggs. === Quality === Opinion on the quality of pasteurized shell eggs is mixed, and sometimes depends on whether comparisons involve experimental processes or products that are actually on the market. Taste tests noted deficiencies in pasteurized shell eggs experimentally produced via a microwaved pasteurization process (not for commercially available pasteurized shell eggs).<ref>[http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca:8881/thesisfile18270.pdf Microwave Pasteurization of Shell Eggs - A Prelude]</ref> Using commercially available pasteurized shell eggs, a ''San Francisco Chronicle'' reporter noted a "slight chemical taste" for pasteurized shell eggs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2000/04/19/FD50008.DTL|title=Pending Pasteurization Policy Could Alter Eggs Forever|date=19 April 2000|work=SFGate}}</ref> and a Lifescript blogger noted a "barely detectable" flavor and aroma difference and stated the eggs were "worth" their price.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lifescript.com/Body/Food/Eating_Well_articles/Think_Outside_the_Carton.aspx|title=Think Outside the Carton|publisher=}}</ref> ''Relish'' magazine states that pasteurized shell eggs “look like real eggs, act like real eggs and taste like real eggs.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://relish.com/articles/pasteurized-shell-eggs/|title=Pasteurized Shell Eggs|author=Relish|publisher=}}</ref> “Independent taste tests conducted in Good Housekeeping kitchens have not been able to tell any differences between raw and pasteurized eggs,” according to ''[[Food Safety News]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2009/09/national-pasteurized-eggs-expanding-fast/#.Uzl-dvldV9k|title=National Pasteurized Eggs Expanding Fast|work=[[Food Safety News]]|location=Seattle}}</ref> and in two out of three tastings a ''Chicago Tribune'' reporter preferred pasteurized eggs flavor over farmers market eggs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-09-08/features/sc-food-0910-pasteurized-eggs-20100908_1_regular-eggs-whites-proteins|title=Pasteurized eggs put to test|work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> According to ''International Business Times'', demand for pasteurized shell eggs within the food service industry is strong because, as of 2008, “states such as California, Iowa, Michigan, Wisconsin and Illinois have adopted the most recent FDA Food Code, in which pasteurized shell eggs shall be substituted for raw eggs to at-risk groups.” <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hospitality-industry.com/index.php/news/comments/national_pasteurized_eggs_reaches_production_milestone_processes_its_600_mi/|title=National Pasteurized Eggs Reaches Production Milestone; Processes Its 600 Millionth Egg|publisher=}}</ref> === Exemption === The FDA Food Code exempts pasteurized shell eggs from the definition of "time/temperature control for safe food.”<ref name="fda.gov"/><ref name="one"/> requirement to carry a safe handling advisory statement.<ref name="Shell Eggs from Farm to Table"/> The U.S. Department of Agriculture also states, “In-shell pasteurized eggs may be used safely without cooking.”<ref name="Shell Eggs from Farm to Table"/> == See also == *[[Pasteurization]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} {{portalbar|Food|Technology}} {{Cooking techniques}} {{Eggs}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pasteurized Eggs}} [[Category:Eggs (food)]] [[Category:Pasteurized foods]]'