Edit filter log

'{{About |the U.S. state of New Mexico}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{short description|State of the United States of America}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2018}} {{US state |Name = New Mexico |Fullname = State of New Mexico<br />{{native name|es|Nuevo México}}<br />{{native name|nv|Yootó Hahoodzo}} |Othername = New Mexico |Former = [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México|Nuevo México]] (1598-1848)<br>[[New Mexico Territory]] (1850-1912) |Flag = Flag of New Mexico.svg |Flaglink = [[Flag of New Mexico|Flag]] |StateAnthem = [[O Fair New Mexico]]" and "[[Así Es Nuevo México]] |Seal = NewMexico-StateSeal.svg |Map = New Mexico in United States.svg |Nickname = Land of Enchantment |Motto = ''{{lang|la|[[Crescit eundo]]}}'' ({{lang-en|It grows as it goes}}) |Demonym = New Mexican ({{lang-es|Neomexicano, Neomejicano}})<ref>[http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=neomexicano Neomexicano definition] by [[Royal Spanish Academy]] (Real Academia Española)</ref> |Capital = [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] |LargestCity = [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]] |LargestMetro = [[Albuquerque metropolitan area|Greater Albuquerque]] |Languages = * [[American English|English]] 69.7% * [[New Mexican Spanish|Spanish]] 28.5% * [[Navajo language|Navajo]] 3.5% * other 4.1%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&SRVY_YEAR=2010&geo=state&state_id=35&mode=geographic |title=Most spoken languages in New Mexico in 2010 |publisher=MLA Data Center |accessdate = November 4, 2012 }}</ref> |Governor = [[Michelle Lujan Grisham]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) |Lieutenant Governor = [[Howie Morales]] (D) |Legislature = [[New Mexico Legislature]] |Upperhouse = [[New Mexico Senate|Senate]] |Lowerhouse = [[New Mexico House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] |Senators = {{plainlist}} * [[Tom Udall]] (D) * [[Martin Heinrich]] (D) {{endplainlist}} |Representative = {{plainlist}} * [[New Mexico's 1st congressional district|1]]: [[Deb Haaland]] (D) * [[New Mexico's 2nd congressional district|2]]: [[Xochitl Torres Small]] (D) * [[New Mexico's 3rd congressional district|3]]: [[Ben Ray Luján]] (D) {{endplainlist}} |PostalAbbreviation = NM |TradAbbreviation = N.M., N.Mex. |AreaRank = 5th |TotalAreaUS =121,699 |TotalArea = 315,198 |LandAreaUS = 121,356 |LandArea = 314,590 |WaterAreaUS = 234 |WaterArea = 608 |PCWater = 0.2 |PopRank = 36th |2010Pop = 2,088,070 (2017 est.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/NM,US/PST045217 |date=July 1, 2017 |accessdate=May 6, 2017|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|title=New Mexico: Population estimates}}</ref> |DensityRank = 45th |2000DensityUS = 17.2 |2000Density = 6.62 |MedianHouseholdIncome=$45,119<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|accessdate=December 9, 2016}}</ref> |IncomeRank=46th |AdmittanceOrder = 47th |AdmittanceDate = January 6, 1912 |TimeZone = [[Mountain Time Zone|Mountain]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] [[Mountain Standard Time|−7]]/[[Mountain Daylight Time|−6]] |TZ1Where = all of state (legally) |TimeZone2 = [[Central Time Zone|Central]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] [[Central Standard Time|-6]]/[[Mountain Daylight Time|-7]] |TZ2Where = [[Nara Visa, New Mexico|Nara Visa]] (informally) |Longitude = 103° W to 109° 3′ W |Latitude = 31° 20′ N to 37° N |WidthUS = 343 |Width = 551 |LengthUS = 370 |Length = 595 |HighestPoint = [[Wheeler Peak (New Mexico)|Wheeler Peak]]<ref>{{cite ngs |id=GM0779 |designation=Wheeler |accessdate =October 24, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="USGS">{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |accessdate=October 24, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archivedate=October 15, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="NAVD88">Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref> |HighestElevUS = 13,167 |HighestElev = 4013.3 |MeanElevUS = 5,700 |MeanElev = 1,740 |LowestPoint = [[Red Bluff Reservoir]] on {{nobreak|Texas border}}<ref name="USGS"/><ref name="NAVD88"/> |LowestElevUS = 2,844 |LowestElev = 867 |ISOCode = US-NM |Website = www.newmexico.gov }}<!-- Introduction: location, population, geography, climate -->{{Infobox U.S. state symbols |Name = New Mexico |Flag = Flag of New Mexico.svg |Seal = Seal of New Mexico.svg |Mammal = [[American black bear]] |Bird = [[Greater roadrunner]] |Colors = Red and yellow |Fish = [[Rio Grande cutthroat trout]] |Flower = [[Yucca]] |Food = [[New Mexico chile|Chile peppers]], [[pinto beans]], and [[biscochitos]] |Fossil = [[Coelophysis]] |Gemstone = [[Turquoise]] |Grass = [[Bouteloua gracilis|Blue grama]] |Reptile = [[New Mexico whiptail]] |Tree = [[Pinus edulis|Two-needle piñon]] |Route Marker = New Mexico 120.svg |Quarter = 2008 NM Proof.png |QuarterReleaseDate = 2008 }}'''New Mexico''' ({{lang-es|Nuevo México}} {{IPA-es|ˈnweβo ˈmexiko|pron||Nuevo México.ogg}}, {{lang-nv|Yootó Hahoodzo}} {{IPA-nv|jòːtxó xɑ̀xʷòːtsò|pron}}) is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Southwestern United States|Southwestern region]] of the [[United States|United States of America]]; its capital and cultural center is [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] which was founded in 1610 as capital of [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México|Nuevo México]] (itself established as a province of [[New Spain]] in 1598), while its largest city is [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]] with its accompanying [[Albuquerque metropolitan area|metropolitan area]]. It is one of the [[Mountain States]] and shares the [[Four Corners]] region with [[Utah]], [[Colorado]], and [[Arizona]]; its other neighboring states are [[Oklahoma]] to the northeast, [[Texas]] to the east-southeast, and the [[List of states of Mexico|Mexican states]] of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] to the south and [[Sonora]] to the southwest. With a population around two million, New Mexico is the 36th [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|state by population]]. With a total area of {{convert|121590|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}, it is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|fifth-largest]] and [[List of U.S. states and territories by population density|sixth-least densely populated]] of the 50 states. Due to their geographic locations, [[Northern New Mexico|northern]] and [[eastern New Mexico]] exhibit a colder, [[alpine climate]], while western and southern New Mexico exhibit a warmer, [[Desert climate|arid climate]]. <!-- 2nd Paragraph: economy, military presence, atomic bomb development -><!-- The lack of citations is purposeful. Refer to Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations for more information. Wikipedia allows there to be little to no citations in the lead area if it is cited within the main body. If there is something in the lede not cited in the main part drop a {{not found in body}} citation needed tag and it will be addressed. --> The [[economy of New Mexico]] is dependent on [[Oil well|oil drilling]], [[Mining|mineral extraction]], [[Dryland farming|dryland]] farming, [[Ranch|cattle ranching]], [[lumber]] milling, and retail trade. As of 2016–2017, its total gross domestic product (GDP) was $95 billion with a GDP per capita of $45,465. New Mexico's [[Taxation in New Mexico|status as a tax haven]] yields low to moderate personal income taxes on residents and military personnel, and gives tax credits and exemptions to favorable industries. Because of this, [[:Category:Films shot in New Mexico|its film industry]] has grown and contributed $1.23 billion to its overall economy. Due to its large area and economic climate, New Mexico has a large [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military]] presence marked notably with the [[White Sands Missile Range]]. Various U.S. [[National Security Agency|national security]] agencies base their research and testing arms in New Mexico such as the [[Sandia National Laboratories|Sandia]] and [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos National Laboratories]]. During the 1940s, [[Project Y]] of the [[Manhattan Project]] developed and built the country's first [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]] and nuclear test, [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity]].<!-- 3rd Paragraph: history to establishment as U.S. state --> Inhabited by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] for many thousands of years before [[Exploration of North America|European exploration]], it was colonized by the Spanish in 1598 as part of the [[Spanish Empire|Imperial Spanish]] [[viceroy]]alty of [[New Spain]]. In 1563, it was named [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México|Nuevo México]] after the Aztec [[Valley of Mexico]] by Spanish settlers, more than 250 years before the establishment and naming of the present-day country of [[Mexico]]; thus, the present-day state of New Mexico<!-- DO NOT CHANGE. See Talk:New Mexico/Naming New Mexico II; Towards a Lasting Consensus --> was ''not'' named after the country today known as Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12512979|title=Is New Mexico a State? Some Americans Don't Know|website=npr.org|accessdate=February 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mexika.org/2017/10/13/how-did-new-mexico-get-its-name|title=How Did New Mexico Get Its Name|website=mexica.org|publisher=Word Press|accessdate=February 6, 2018}}</ref> After Mexican independence in 1824, New Mexico became a Mexican territory with considerable autonomy. This autonomy was threatened, however, by the centralizing tendencies of the Mexican government from the 1830s onward, with rising tensions eventually leading to the [[Revolt of 1837 (New Mexico)|Revolt of 1837]]. At the same time, the region became more economically dependent on the United States. At the conclusion of the [[Mexican–American War]] in 1848, the United States annexed New Mexico as the U.S. [[New Mexico Territory]]. It was [[Admission to the Union|admitted to the Union]] as the 47th state on January 6, 1912.<!-- Final Paragraph: populate and present day- historic-inhabitants --> Its history has given New Mexico the highest percentage of [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]], and the second-highest percentage of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] as a population proportion (after [[Alaska]]).<ref name="demo">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-10.pdf|title=The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010|last1=Norris|first=Tina|last2=Vines|first2=Paula L.|date=February 2012|website=Census 2010 Brief|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=May 1, 2012|last3=Hoeffel|first3=Elizabeth M.}}</ref> New Mexico is home to part of the [[Navajo Nation]], 19 federally recognized [[Pueblo|Pueblo communities]] of [[Puebloan peoples]], and three different federally recognized [[Apache]] tribes. In prehistoric times, the area was home to [[Ancestral Puebloans]], [[Mogollon culture|Mogollon]], and the modern extant [[Comanche]] and [[Ute people|Utes]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roberts|first1=Calvin A. Roberts; Susan A.|title=New Mexico|date=2006|publisher=Univ. of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque|isbn=9780826340030|pages=64–65|edition=Rev.}}</ref> inhabited the state. The largest Hispanic and Latino groups represented include the [[Hispanos of New Mexico]], [[Chicano]]s, and [[Mexican Americans]]. The [[flag of New Mexico]] features the state's Spanish origins with the same scarlet and gold coloration as Spain's [[Cross of Burgundy]], along with the ancient sun symbol of the [[Zia people|Zia]], a Puebloan tribe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/flags/nm_flag.htm|title=New Mexico State Flag – About the New Mexico Flag, its adoption and history from|publisher=Netstate.Com|accessdate=June 10, 2012}}</ref> These indigenous, Hispanic, Mexican, Latin, and [[American frontier]] roots are reflected in the eponymous [[New Mexican cuisine]] and the [[New Mexico music]] genre.{{TOC limit|limit=3}} ==Etymology== New Mexico received its name long before the present-day nation of [[Mexico]] won independence from Spain and adopted that name in 1821. Spanish explorers recorded this region as New Mexico (''{{lang|es|Nuevo México}}'' in Spanish) in 1563. In 1581, the [[Chamuscado and Rodríguez Expedition]] named the region north of the Rio Grande "San Felipe del Nuevo México".<ref>{{cite book |first=David J. |last=Weber |title=The Spanish Frontier in North America |publisher=Yale University Press |location=[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] and [[London]] |year=1992 |page=79 }}</ref> The Spaniards hoped to find wealthy Mexican Indian cultures there similar to those of the [[Aztec Empire|Aztec (Mexica) Empire]] of the [[Valley of Mexico]]. The indigenous cultures of New Mexico, however, proved to be unrelated to the Aztecs, and were not wealthy.<ref>{{cite book |first=Joseph P. |last=Sanchez |title=The Rio Abajo Frontier, 1540–1692: A History of Early Colonial New Mexico |location=Albuquerque |publisher=Museum of Albuquerque History Monograph Series |year=1987 |page=51 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States |last=Stewart |first=George |authorlink=George R. Stewart |origyear=1945 |year=2008 |publisher=NYRB Classics |location=New York |pages= 23–24 |isbn=978-1-59017-273-5 |quote=There was Francisco de Ibarra, a great seeker after gold mines. In 1563, he went far to the north ... when he returned south, Ibarra boasted that he had discovered a New Mexico. Doubtless, like others, he stretched the tale, and certainly the land of which he told was well south of the one now so called. Yet, men remembered the name ''Nuevo México'', though not at first, as that of the region which Coronado had once conquered. }}</ref> Before statehood, the name "New Mexico" was applied to various configurations of the U.S. territory, to a Mexican state, and to a province of [[New Spain]], all in the same general area, but of varying extensions.<ref>Rivera, José A., ''Acequia Culture: Water, Land, and Community in the Southwest'', University of New Mexico Press, 1998.</ref> ==Geography== {{Further|List of counties in New Mexico}} {{See also|Delaware Basin}} [[File:Wheeler Pk from Valle Vidal.jpg|thumb|[[Wheeler Peak (New Mexico)|Wheeler Peak]] in the [[Sangre de Cristo Mountains|Sangre de Cristo Range]]]] [[File:Chaco Canyon Hungo Pavi ruins staircase NPS.jpg|thumb|[[Chaco Culture National Historical Park|Chaco Canyon]]]] [[File:Carlsbad Interior Formations.jpg|thumb|[[Carlsbad Caverns]]]] [[File:White sands national monument dune.jpg|thumb|[[White Sands National Monument]]]] [[File:Rio Grande Gorge Bridge.jpg|thumb|[[Rio Grande Gorge Bridge|Rio Grande Gorge]]]] [[File:Shiprock.snodgrass3.jpg|thumb|[[Shiprock]]]] With a total area of {{convert|121699|sqmi|km2}},<ref name="NMSUclimate">{{cite web|url=http://weather.nmsu.edu/News/climate-in-NM.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040708010008/http://weather.nmsu.edu/News/climate-in-NM.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=July 8, 2004 |title=CLIMATE OF NEW MEXICO |publisher=New Mexico State University |accessdate=March 20, 2010 }}</ref> the state is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|fifth-largest state of the US]], and slightly larger than [[British Isles]]. New Mexico's eastern border lies along 103°W [[longitude]] with the state of [[Oklahoma]], and (due to a 19th-century surveying error)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.amerisurv.com/PDF/TheAmericanSurveyor_Roeder-TX-NMLine_December2006.pdf# |title=Archived copy |access-date=February 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424053426/http://www.amerisurv.com/PDF/TheAmericanSurveyor_Roeder-TX-NMLine_December2006.pdf# |archive-date=April 24, 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> {{convert|2.2|mi|abbr=off}} west of 103°W longitude with [[Texas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmpartnership.com/maps.aspx |title=MAPS |publisher=NM Partnership |accessdate=September 17, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914031132/http://www.nmpartnership.com/Maps.aspx |archivedate=September 14, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> On the southern border, Texas makes up the eastern two-thirds, while the [[Mexico|Mexican]] states of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] and [[Sonora]] make up the western third, with Chihuahua making up about 90% of that. The western border with Arizona runs along the [[32nd meridian west from Washington|109° 03'W]] longitude.<ref name="NMSUclimate" /> The southwestern corner of the state is known as the [[New Mexico Bootheel|Bootheel]]. The [[37th parallel north|37°N]] parallel forms the northern boundary with Colorado. The states of New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah come together at the Four Corners in New Mexico's northwestern corner. New Mexico, although a large state, has very little water. Its surface water area is about {{convert|250|sqmi|km2}}. The New Mexican [[landscape]] ranges from wide, rose-colored deserts to broken [[mesa]]s to high, snow-capped peaks. Despite New Mexico's arid image, heavily forested mountain wildernesses cover a significant portion of the state, especially towards the north. The [[Sangre de Cristo Mountains]], the southernmost part of the [[Rocky Mountains]], run roughly north–south along the east side of the [[Rio Grande]] in the rugged, pastoral north. The most important of New Mexico's rivers are the Rio Grande, [[Pecos River|Pecos]], [[Canadian River|Canadian]], [[San Juan River (Colorado River)|San Juan]], and [[Gila River|Gila]]. The Rio Grande is tied for the fourth-longest river in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/riversofworld.html|title=Rivers of the World|publisher=USGS|accessdate=May 22, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305045437/http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/riversofworld.html|archivedate=March 5, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The U.S. government protects millions of acres of New Mexico as [[United States National Forest|national forests]], including:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/map/state_list.shtml#NewMexico|title=Find a Forest by State|publisher=USDA Forest Service|accessdate=March 20, 2010}}</ref> * [[Carson National Forest]] * [[Cibola National Forest]] (headquartered in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]]) * [[Lincoln National Forest]] * [[Santa Fe National Forest]] (headquartered in [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]]) * [[Gila National Forest]] * [[Gila Wilderness]] Areas managed by the [[National Park Service]] include:<ref>{{cite web|title=New Mexico |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=July 17, 2008 |url=http://www.nps.gov/state/nm |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709084846/http://www.nps.gov/state/NM/ |archivedate=July 9, 2008 }}</ref> * [[Aztec Ruins National Monument]] at [[Aztec, New Mexico|Aztec]] * [[Bandelier National Monument]] in [[Los Alamos, New Mexico|Los Alamos]] * [[Capulin Volcano National Monument]] near [[Capulin, New Mexico|Capulin]] * [[Carlsbad Caverns National Park]] near [[Carlsbad, New Mexico|Carlsbad]] * [[Chaco Culture National Historical Park]] at [[Nageezi, New Mexico|Nageezi]] * [[El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro National Historic Trail]] * [[El Malpais National Monument]] in [[Grants, New Mexico|Grants]] * [[El Morro National Monument]] in [[Ramah, New Mexico|Ramah]] * [[Fort Union National Monument]] at [[Watrous, New Mexico|Watrous]] * [[Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument]] near [[Silver City, New Mexico|Silver City]] * [[Old Spanish National Historic Trail]] * [[Manhattan Project National Historical Park]] * [[Pecos National Historical Park]] in [[Pecos, New Mexico|Pecos]] * [[Petroglyph National Monument]] near Albuquerque * [[Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument]] at [[Mountainair, New Mexico|Mountainair]] * [[Santa Fe National Historic Trail]] * [[White Sands National Monument]] near [[Alamogordo, New Mexico|Alamogordo]] * [[Rio Grande del Norte National Monument]] near [[Taos, New Mexico|Taos]] * [[Valles Caldera National Preserve]] Visitors also frequent the surviving native pueblos of New Mexico. Tourists visiting these sites bring significant money to the state. Other areas of geographical and scenic interest include [[Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument]] and the [[Gila Wilderness]] in the southwest of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blm.gov/visit/kktr|title=Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument|website=www.blm.gov|language=en|access-date=April 22, 2018}}</ref> ===Climate=== [[File:New Mexico Köppen.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of New Mexico]] The climate of New Mexico is generally semiarid to arid, though areas of continental and alpine climates exist, and its territory is mostly covered by mountains, high plains, and desert. The [[Great Plains]] (High Plains) are in [[eastern New Mexico]], similar to the Colorado high plains in eastern Colorado. The two states share similar terrain, with both having plains, mountains, basins, mesas, and desert lands. New Mexico's statewide average precipitation is {{convert|13.9|in|mm}} a year, with average monthly amounts peaking in the summer, as at Albuquerque, and [[Las Cruces, New Mexico|Las Cruces]] in the south. The average annual temperatures can range from {{convert|64|°F|°C}} in the southeast to below {{convert|40|°F|°C}} in the northern mountains.<ref name="NMSUclimate" /> During the summer, daytime temperatures can often exceed {{convert|100|°F|°C}} at elevations below {{convert|5000|ft|m}}, the average high temperature in July ranges from {{convert|97|°F|°C}} at the lower elevations down to 78&nbsp;°F (26&nbsp;°C) at the higher elevations. In the colder months of November to March, many cities in New Mexico can have nighttime temperature lows in the teens above zero, or lower. The highest temperature recorded in New Mexico was {{convert|122|°F|°C}} at the [[Waste Isolation Pilot Plant|Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)]] near [[Loving, New Mexico|Loving]] on June 27, 1994, and the lowest recorded temperature is {{convert|-50|°F|°C}} at [[Gavilan, New Mexico|Gavilan]] on February 1, 1951.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/getextreme.php?forwhat=st&elem=ALL&state=NM |title=All-Time Climate Extremes for NM |accessdate=March 18, 2011 |publisher=National Climatic Data Center |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528175146/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/getextreme.php?forwhat=st&elem=ALL&state=NM |archivedate=May 28, 2010 }}</ref> [[:Category:Astronomical observatories in New Mexico|Astronomical observatories in New Mexico]] take advantage of unusually clear skies, including the [[Apache Point Observatory]], the [[Very Large Array]], the [[Magdalena Ridge Observatory]], and others.<ref>John W. Briggs.[https://stellafane.org/misc/activities/publications/Magdalena-Briggs.pdf "Making it in Magdalena"]."Reflector".2016.</ref><ref> Lauren Villagran. [https://www.abqjournal.com/923136/new-mexicos-window-to-the-stars.html "New Mexico’s window to the stars"]. Albuquerque Journal. 2017. </ref> ===Flora and fauna=== [[File:Geococcyx californianus.jpg|thumb|[[Greater roadrunner]] (the state bird of New Mexico)]] New Mexico has five unique floristic zones, providing diverse sets of habitats for many plants and animals. The [[Llano Estacado]] (or [[Shortgrass Prairie]]) in the eastern part of the state is dominated by sod-forming short grasses such as [[Bouteloua gracilis|blue grama]], and it used to sustain [[American bison|bison]]. The [[Chihuahuan Desert]] extends through the south of the state and is dominated by shrubby [[Larrea tridentata|creosote]]. The [[Colorado Plateau]] in the northwest corner of New Mexico is high desert with cold winters, and is characterized by [[Artemisia tridentata|sagebrush]], [[Atriplex confertifolia|shadescale]], [[Sarcobatus|greasewood]], and other plants adapted to the [[Soil salinity|saline]] and seleniferous soil. The mountainous [[Mogollon Plateau]] in the west-central of the state and southern [[Rocky Mountains]] in the north-central, have a wide range in elevation ({{convert|4000|to|13000|ft|sigfig=2|disp=or|abbr=on}}), with vegetation types corresponding to elevation gradients, such as [[Pinyon-juniper woodland|piñon-juniper woodlands]] near the base, through [[evergreen]] [[Pinophyta|conifers]], [[spruce]]-[[fir]] and [[aspen]] forests, [[Krummholz]], and [[alpine tundra]]. The [[Madrean Region|Apachian zone]] tucked into the southwestern bootheel of the state has high-calcium soil, [[Madrean pine-oak woodlands|oak woodlands]], and [[Cupressus arizonica|Arizona cypress]], and other plants that are not found in other parts of the state.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lowrey|first1=Timothy K.|title=Flora of New Mexico: Biology 463|date=2017|publisher=University of New Mexico|pages=88–162}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ivey |first1=Robert DeWitt |title=Flowering plants of New Mexico |date=2008 |publisher=RD & V Ivey |location=Albuquerque, NM |isbn=978-0-9612170-4-4 |edition=5th}}</ref> Some of the native wildlife includes [[American black bear|black bears]], [[bighorn sheep]], [[bobcat]]s, [[cougar]]s, [[coyote]]s, [[deer]], [[elk]], [[jackrabbit]]s, [[kangaroo rat]]s, [[Peccary|javelina]], [[porcupine]]s, [[pronghorn|pronghorn antelope]], [[greater roadrunner|roadrunners]], [[Crotalus atrox|western diamondbacks]], [[wild turkey]]s,<ref>{{cite book|first=Florence|last=Merriam Bailey|year=1928|title=Birds of New Mexico|publisher=The University of Michigan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | first=C. Michael | last=Hogan | year=2008 | url=http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=2199 | title=Wild turkey: Meleagris gallopavo | website=GlobalTwitcher.com | accessdate=April 2, 2010 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725174654/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=2199 | archivedate=July 25, 2017 | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="MexicoCommission1966">{{cite book|author1=New Mexico|author2=New Mexico Compilation Commission|title=New Mexico statutes, 1953, annotated |volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdpGAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=July 31, 2011|year=1966|publisher=A. Smith Co.|location=Indianapolis|oclc=28494004|page=68}}</ref> and the endangered [[Mexican wolf|Mexican gray wolf]] and [[Rio Grande silvery minnow]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Threatened and Endangered Species of New Mexico: 2012 Biennial Review |url=http://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/threatened-endangered-species/biennial-reviews/2012-Biennial-Review-Executive_Summary_and_Full_Text.pdf |website=New Mexico Department of Game and Fish |accessdate=1 June 2018}}</ref> ==History== {{Main|History of New Mexico|New Spain|Santa Fe de Nuevo México|Mexican War of Independence|Treaty of Córdoba|First Mexican Empire|Provisional Government of Mexico (1823–24)|1824 Constitution of Mexico|First Mexican Republic|Siete Leyes|Centralist Republic of Mexico|Texas Revolution|Convention of 1836|Texas Declaration of Independence|Treaties of Velasco|Republic of Texas}} {{See also|Territorial evolution of New Mexico}} [[File:Map Anasazi, Hohokam and Mogollon cultures-en.svg|thumb|left|Ancestral Pueblo territory shown in pink over New Mexico]] The first known inhabitants of New Mexico were members of the [[Clovis culture]] of [[Paleo-Indians]].<ref name="Murphy 2000">{{cite book|last=Murphy|first=Dan|others=photo research by John O. Baxter|title=New Mexico, the distant land: an illustrated history|edition=2000|year=2000|publisher=American Historical Press|location=Sun Valley, CA|isbn=978-1-892724-09-0}}</ref>{{Rp|19}} Later inhabitants include American Indians of the [[Mogollon culture|Mogollon]] and [[Ancient Pueblo Peoples|Ancestral Pueblo peoples]] cultures.<ref name="Simmons 1988">{{cite book |last=Simmons |first=Marc |title=New Mexico: An Interpretive History |edition=New |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |location=Albuquerque |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-8263-1110-8}}</ref>{{Rp|52}} By the time of European contact in the 16th century, the region was settled by the villages of the [[Pueblo people]]s and groups of [[Navajo people|Navajo]], [[Apache]], and [[Ute Tribe|Ute]].<ref name="Murphy 2000" />{{Rp|6,48}} [[Francisco Vásquez de Coronado]] assembled an enormous expedition at [[Compostela, Mexico|Compostela]] in 1540–1542 to explore and find the mythical [[Seven Golden Cities of Cibola]] as described by Fray [[Marcos de Niza]].<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|19–24}} The name ''Nuevo México'' was first used by a seeker of gold mines named [[Francisco de Ibarra]], who explored far to the north of New Spain in 1563 and reported his findings as being in "a New Mexico".<ref>{{cite book |title=Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States |last=Stewart |first=George |authorlink=George R. Stewart |origyear=1945 |year=2008 |publisher=NYRB Classics |location=New York |pages= 23–24 |isbn=978-1-59017-273-5 |quote=There was Francisco de Ibarra, a great seeker after gold mines. In 1563, he went far to the north...when he returned south, Ibarra boasted that he had discovered a New Mexico. Doubtless, like others, he stretched the tale, and certainly the land of which he told was well south of the one now so called. Yet men remembered the name Nuevo México, though not at first as that of the region which Coronado had once conquered. }}</ref> [[Juan de Oñate]] officially established the name when he was appointed the first governor of the new [[Province of New Mexico]] in 1598.<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|36–37}} The same year, he founded the San Juan de los Caballeros colony, the first permanent European settlement in the future state of New Mexico,<ref name="Cuarto Centenario">{{cite web|url=http://www.newmexicoculture.org/CuartoCentenario/index.html |title=Cuarto Centenario: 400 Years of New Mexico Culture and History |accessdate=October 12, 2008 |publisher=New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs |year=1999 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007123143/http://www.newmexicoculture.org/CuartoCentenario/index.html |archivedate=October 7, 2008 }}</ref> on the Rio Grande near [[Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo]].<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|37}} Oñate extended [[El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro]], Royal Road of the Interior, by {{convert|700|mi|km|-2}} from [[Santa Bárbara, Chihuahua]], to his remote colony.<ref name="Simmons Last Conquistador" />{{Rp|49}} The settlement of Santa Fe was established at the foot of the [[Sangre de Cristo Mountains]], the southernmost subrange of the Rocky Mountains, around 1608.<ref name="Simmons Last Conquistador">{{cite book |last=Simmons |first=Mark |title=The Last Conquistador: Juan De Oñate and the Settling of the Far Southwest |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-8061-2368-4}}</ref>{{Rp|182}} The city, along with most of the settled areas of the state, was abandoned by the Spanish for 12 years (1680–92) as a result of the successful [[Pueblo Revolt]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060327110222/http://www.class.uh.edu/gl/mav1.htm Resistance and Accommodation in New Mexico]. Source: C. W. Hackett, ed., Historical Documents relating to New Mexico, Nueva Vizcaya, and Approaches Thereto, to 1773, vol. III [Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1937] pp. 327–335.</ref> After the death of the Pueblo leader [[Popé]], [[Diego de Vargas]] restored the area to Spanish rule.<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|68–75}} While developing Santa Fe as a trade center, the returning settlers founded Albuquerque in 1706 from existing surrounding communities,<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|84}} naming it for the viceroy of New Spain, [[Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 10th Duke of Alburquerque]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cabq.gov/museum/history/foundingabq.html |title=The Founding of Albuquerque – The Albuquerque Museum |accessdate=October 12, 2008 |publisher=City of Albuquerque |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529004544/http://www.cabq.gov/museum/history/foundingabq.html |archivedate=May 29, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[File:Santa Fe of New Mexico (location map scheme).svg|thumb|Territory of [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México]] when it belonged to Mexico in 1824]] As a part of New Spain, the claims for the province of New Mexico passed to independent Mexico in 1821 following the [[Mexican War of Independence]].<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|109}} The [[Republic of Texas]] claimed the portion east of the [[Rio Grande]] when it seceded from Mexico in 1836, when it incorrectly assumed the older Hispanic settlements of the upper Rio Grande were the same as the newly established Mexican settlements of Texas. Texas' only attempt to establish a presence or control in the claimed territory was the failed [[Texan Santa Fe Expedition]]. Their entire army was captured and jailed by Hispanic New Mexico militia. At the turn of the 19th century, the extreme northeastern part of New Mexico, north of the Canadian River and east of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, was still claimed by France, which sold it in 1803 to the United States as part of the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. The United States assigned this portion of New Mexico as part of the [[Louisiana Territory]] until 1812; that year, Louisiana was admitted as a state. The US then reclassified this area as part of the [[Missouri Territory]]. This region of the state (along with territory that makes up present-day southeastern Colorado, the [[Texas Panhandle|Texas]] and [[Oklahoma Panhandle]]s, and southwestern [[Kansas]]) was ceded to Spain under the [[Adams-Onis Treaty]] in 1819. The independent Republic of Texas also claimed this portion of New Mexico. By 1800, the Spanish population had reached 25,000, but Apache and [[Comanche]] raids on Hispanic settlers were common until well into the period of U.S. occupation.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/411812/New-Mexico New Mexico (state)]. ''Britannica Online Encyclopedi''a.</ref> ===1848 cession of land=== {{Main|Texas annexation|U.S. provisional government of New Mexico|Mexican–American War|Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo|Mexican Cession|Organic act#List of organic acts|New Mexico Territory|Gadsden Purchase|Ordinance of Secession|Confederate Arizona|Confederate States of America|New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War}} Following the victory of the United States in the Mexican–American War (1846–48), under the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] in 1848, Mexico ceded its northern holdings, today known as the [[American Southwest]] and California, to the United States of America.<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|132}} The United States vowed to accept the residents' claims to their lands and to accept them as full citizens with rights of suffrage. This acquisition of territory and residents resulted in Mexicans legally being classified as white, since at that time, in most of the southern United States, only whites could vote. Nevertheless, Texas and other western states raised barriers to voting and political participation by ethnic Mexicans, including barring them from serving on juries. After Texas was admitted as a state to the Union, it continued to claim the northeastern portion of present-day New Mexico. Finally, in the [[Compromise of 1850]], Texas ceded these claims to the United States of the area in New Mexico lying east of the Rio Grande, in exchange for $10 million.<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|135}} Congress established the separate [[New Mexico Territory]] in September 1850.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/maps/lapurchase/essay1e_lg.html |title=Boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase as Recognized Today |accessdate=December 6, 2008 |date=December 2001 |website=Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> It included most of the present-day states of Arizona and New Mexico, and part of Colorado. When the boundary was fixed, a surveyor's error awarded the Permian Basin to the State of Texas.{{Dubious|date=February 2017}} New Mexico dropped its claims to the Permian in a bid to gain statehood in 1911. In 1853, the United States acquired the mostly desert southwestern bootheel of the state and southern Arizona south of the Gila River in the [[Gadsden Purchase]]. It wanted to control lands needed for the right-of-way to encourage construction of a [[transcontinental railroad]].<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|136}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | header = Civil war effects in New Mexico | width = 225 | image1 = Wpdms Arizona Territory 1860 ZP.svg | alt1 = | caption1 = New Mexico territory included Arizona, 1860 | image2 = Wpdms new mexico territory 1867.png | alt2 = | caption2 = Territories now divided, 1867 }} New Mexico played a role in the [[Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War]]. Both [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] and [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] governments claimed ownership and territorial rights over New Mexico Territory. In 1861, the Confederacy claimed the southern tract as its own [[Arizona Territory (Confederate States of America)|Arizona Territory]] and waged the ambitious [[New Mexico Campaign]] in an attempt to control the [[American Southwest]] and open up access to Union California. Confederate power in the New Mexico Territory was effectively broken after the [[Battle of Glorieta Pass]] in 1862. However, the Confederate territorial government continued to operate out of Texas, and Confederate troops marched under the Arizona flag until the end of the war. Additionally, more than 8,000 men from New Mexico Territory served in the Union Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civilwardata.com/dbstatus.html |title=American Civil War Research Database statistics |publisher=Civilwardata.com |date=March 4, 2012 |accessdate=June 10, 2012}}</ref> In the late 19th century, the majority of officially European-descended residents in New Mexico were ethnic Mexicans, many of whom had deep roots in the area from early Spanish colonial times. Politically, they still controlled most of the town and county offices through area elections, and wealthy sheepherder families commanded considerable influence. The Anglo-Americans tended to have more ties to the territorial governor and judges, who were appointed by officials out of the region. The two groups struggled for power and the future of the territory. The Anglo minority was "outnumbered, but well-organized and growing".<ref name="montgomery">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27502746?seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents Charles Montgomery, "Becoming 'Spanish-American': Race and Rhetoric in New Mexico Politics, 1880-1928"], ''Journal of American Ethnic History'' Vol. 20, No. 4 (Summer, 2001), pp. 59-84 (published by University of Illinois Press for Immigration and Ethnic History Society); accessed via JSTOR, July 20, 2016</ref> Anglo-Americans made distinctions between the wealthy Mexicans and poor, ill-educated laborers. ===20th century to present=== {{Main|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}} [[File:Homesteader and his children eating barbeque at the New Mexico Fair. Pie Town, New Mexico, October 1940.jpg|thumb|[[Homesteading|Homesteader]] and his children in [[Pie Town, New Mexico]], 1940]] [[United States Congress|Congress]] admitted New Mexico as the [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|47th state in the Union]] on January 6, 1912.<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|166}} European-American settlers in the state had an uneasy relationship with the large Native American tribes, most of whose members lived on [[Indian reservation|reservations]] at the beginning of the 20th century. Although Congress passed a law in 1924 that granted all Native Americans U.S. citizenship, as well as the right to vote in federal and state elections, New Mexico was among several states that restricted Indian voting by raising barriers to voter registration. Their constitution said that Indians who did not pay taxes could not vote, in their interpretation disqualifying those Native Americans who lived on reservations (but only the land was tax free).<ref name="suffrage">[http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1311&context=nlj Willard Hughes Rollings, "Citizenship and Suffrage: The Native American Struggle for Civil Rights in the American West, 1830-1965"], ''Nevada Law Journal'' Vol. 5:126, Fall 2004; accessed July 18, 2016</ref> A major oil discovery in 1928 brought prosperity to the state, especially [[Lea County, New Mexico|Lea County]] and the town of [[Hobbs, New Mexico|Hobbs]]. The town was named after James Hobbs, a homesteader there in 1907.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Mexico Oil Discovery|url=http://aoghs.org/states/hobbs-new-mexico-oil-discovery/|accessdate=July 7, 2014}}</ref> The Midwest State No. 1 well, begun in late 1927 with a standard cable-tool drilling rig, revealed the first signs of oil from the Hobbs field on June 13, 1928. Drilled to 4,330 feet and completed a few months later, the well produced 700 barrels of oil per day on state land. The Midwest Refining Company's Hobbs well produced oil until 2002. The New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources called it "the most important single discovery of oil in New Mexico's history".<ref name=AOGHS>{{cite web|last1=Wells|first1=Bruce|title=New Mexico Oil Discovery|url=http://aoghs.org/oil-and-gas-history/hobbs-new-mexico-oil-discovery/|website=American Oil & Gas Historical Society|accessdate=June 8, 2014}}</ref> During [[World War II]], the first [[atomic bomb]]s were designed and manufactured at [[Los Alamos, New Mexico|Los Alamos]], a site developed by the federal government specifically to support a high-intensity scientific effort to rapidly complete research and testing of this weapon. The first bomb was tested at [[Trinity site]] in the desert between [[Socorro, New Mexico|Socorro]] and [[Alamogordo, New Mexico|Alamogordo]] on what is now [[White Sands Missile Range]].<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|179–180}} {{US Census population |1850= 61547 |1860= 93516 |1870= 91874 |1880= 119565 |1890= 160282 |1900= 195310 |1910= 327301 |1920= 360350 |1930= 423317 |1940= 531818 |1950= 681187 |1960= 951023 |1970= 1017055 |1980= 1303302 |1990= 1515069 |2000= 1819046 |2010= 2059179 |estimate= 2095428 |estyear= 2018 |align-fn=center |footnote=Source: 1910–2010<ref>{{cite web|author=Resident Population Data |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=Resident Population Data – 2010 Census |publisher=2010.census.gov |accessdate=December 24, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archivedate=October 19, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><br />2018 estimate<ref name=PopEstUS /> }} Native Americans from New Mexico fought for the United States in both the [[World War I|First]] and Second World Wars. Veterans were disappointed to return and find their civil rights limited by state discrimination. In Arizona and New Mexico, veterans challenged state laws or practices prohibiting them from voting. In 1948, after veteran Miguel Trujillo, Sr. of [[Isleta Pueblo]] was told by the county registrar that he could not register to vote, he filed suit against the county in federal district court. A three-judge panel overturned as unconstitutional New Mexico's provisions that Indians who did not pay taxes (and could not document if they had paid taxes) could not vote.<ref name="suffrage"/> Judge Phillips wrote: <blockquote>Any other citizen, regardless of race, in the State of New Mexico who has not paid one cent of tax of any kind or character, if he possesses the other qualifications, may vote. An Indian, and only an Indian, in order to meet the qualifications to vote must have paid a tax. How you can escape the conclusion that makes a requirement with respect to an Indian as a qualification to exercise the elective franchise and does not make that requirement with respect to the member of any race is beyond me.<ref name="suffrage" /></blockquote>New Mexico has benefited greatly from federal government spending on major military and research institutions in the state. It is home to three Air Force bases, [[White Sands Missile Range]], and the federal research laboratories [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] and [[Sandia National Laboratories]]. The state's population grew rapidly after World War II, growing from 531,818 in 1940 to 1,819,046 in 2000.<ref name="1990 CPH2">{{cite book|title=Population and Housing Unit Counts |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-dens-text.php |format=PDF |accessdate=July 3, 2008 |series=1990 Census of Population and Housing |volume=CPH-2-1 |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census |pages=26–27 |chapter=Table 16. Population: 1790 to 1990 |isbn=978-99946-41-25-3 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028061117/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-dens-text.php |archivedate=October 28, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Both residents and businesses moved to the state; some northerners came at first for the mild winters; others for retirement. In the late 20th century, Native Americans were authorized by federal law to establish gaming casinos on their reservations under certain conditions, in states which had authorized such gaming. Such facilities have helped tribes close to population centers to generate revenues for reinvestment in economic development and welfare of their peoples. In the 21st century, employment growth areas in New Mexico include [[microelectronics]], [[call center]]s, and [[Indian casino]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bber.unm.edu/pubs/WRSA.pdf |title=The Southwest Heartland: The Good, the Bad & the Ugly |accessdate=October 12, 2008 |last=Reynis |first=Lee A. |author2=Marshall J. Vest |format=PDF |page=12 |publisher=University of New Mexico, Bureau of Business and Economic Research |year=2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225004318/http://bber.unm.edu/pubs/WRSA.pdf |archivedate=February 25, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> ==Demographics== {{See also|List of settlements in New Mexico by population|New Mexico locations by per capita income}} [[File:New Mexico population map.png|thumb|left|New Mexico population density map]] ===Population=== The [[United States Census Bureau]] estimates that the population of New Mexico was 2,085,109 on July 1, 2015, a 1.26% increase since the [[2010 United States Census]].<ref name="PopEstUS">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2015/tables/NST-EST2015-01.csv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223235718/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2015/tables/NST-EST2015-01.csv |dead-url=yes |archive-date=December 23, 2015 |format=CSV |title=Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015 |date=December 26, 2015 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |accessdate=December 26, 2015 }}</ref> The [[2000 United States Census]] recorded the population of New Mexico to be 1,819,046; ten years later the [[2010 United States Census]] recorded a population of 2,059,179, an 11.7% increase.<ref name="bber.unm.edu">{{cite web | url = http://bber.unm.edu/new-mexico | title = New Mexico {{!}} Bureau of Business and Economic Research UNM | website = bber.unm.edu | access-date = February 28, 2016 }}</ref> Of the people residing in New Mexico, 51.4% were born in New Mexico, 37.9% were born in a different US state, 1.1% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 9.7% were foreign born.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk |title=American FactFinder – Results |first=U.S. Census |last=Bureau |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815134909/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk |archivedate=August 15, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> As of May 1, 2010, 7.5% of New Mexico's population was reported as under 5 years of age, 25% under 18, and 13% were 65 or older; women make up around 51% of the population.<ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/35000.html |title=New Mexico QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=March 28, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211133530/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/35000.html |archivedate=February 11, 2010 |df= }}</ref> As of 2000, 8% of the residents of the state were foreign-born.<ref name="QuickFacts"/> Among U.S. states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanic ancestry, at 47% (as of July 1, 2012). This classification covers people of very different cultures and histories, including [[Spanish American|descendants]] of Spanish [[colonist]]s with deep roots in the region, and recent immigrants from a variety of nations in Latin America, each with their own cultures. According to the [[United States Census Bureau]] Model-based Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates, the number of persons in poverty has increased to 400,779 (19.8% of the population) persons in 2010 from 2000. At that time, the estimated number of persons in poverty was recorded at 309,193 (17.3% of the population). The latest available data for 2014 estimate the number of persons in poverty at 420,388 (20.6% of the population).<ref name="bber.unm.edu"/> ===Birth data=== ''Note: Births in table do not add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.'' {| class="wikitable" |+ Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother |- ! [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]] ! 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr64_01.pdf |title=data |website=www.cdc.gov |format=PDF}}</ref> ! 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr64_12.pdf |title=data |website=www.cdc.gov |format=PDF}}</ref> ! 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr66_01.pdf |title=data |website=www.cdc.gov |format=PDF}}</ref> ! 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |title=data |website=www.cdc.gov |format=PDF}}</ref> |- | [[White Americans|White]]: | 21,325 (80.9%) | 21,161 (81.2%) | 21,183 (82.0%) | ... |- | > [[Non-Hispanic whites|Non-Hispanic White]] | 7,428 (28.2%) | 7,222 (27.7%) | 7,157 (27.7%) | 7,004 (28.4%) |- | [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] | 3,763 (14.3%) | 3,581 (13.7%) | 3,452 (13.4%) | 2,827 (11.4%) |- | [[Asian Americans|Asian]] | 597 (2.3%) | 578 (2.2%) | 517 (2.0%) | 425 (1.7%) |- | [[African Americans|Black]] | 669 (2.5%) | 732 (2.8%) | 664 (2.6%) | 354 (1.4%) |- | ''[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]'' (of any race) | ''14,402 (54.6%)'' | ''14,449 (55.5%)'' | ''14,431 (55.9%)'' | ''13,639 (55.2%)'' |- | '''Total New Mexico''' | '''26,354''' (100%) | '''26,052''' (100%) | '''25,816''' (100%) | '''24,692''' (100%) |} * Since 2016, data for births of [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic]] origin are not collected, but included in one ''Hispanic'' group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. ===Settlements=== {{See also|List of municipalities in New Mexico|List of census-designated places in New Mexico|List of counties in New Mexico}} {{Largest cities | name = Largest cities | country = New Mexico | stat_ref = Source:2016 U.S. Census Bureau Estimate | list_by_pop = | class = nav | div_name = | div_link = Counties of New Mexico{{!}}County | city_1 = Albuquerque, New Mexico{{!}}Albuquerque | div_1 = Bernalillo County, New Mexico{{!}}Bernalillo | pop_1 = 559,277 | img_1 = ABQ downtown skyline.JPG | city_2 = Las Cruces, New Mexico{{!}}Las Cruces | div_2 = Doña Ana County, New Mexico{{!}}Doña Ana | pop_2 = 101,759 | img_2 = Las Cruces NM and Organ Mountains.jpg | city_3 = Rio Rancho, New Mexico{{!}}Rio Rancho | div_3 = Sandoval County, New Mexico{{!}}Sandoval / Bernalillo | pop_3 = 96,028 | img_3 = Rio Rancho Sprawl.jpeg | city_4 = Santa Fe, New Mexico{{!}}Santa Fe | div_4 = Santa Fe County, New Mexico{{!}}Santa Fe | pop_4 = 83,875 | img_4 = Santa Fe NM.jpg | city_5 = Roswell, New Mexico{{!}}Roswell | div_5 = Chaves County, New Mexico{{!}}Chaves | pop_5 = 48,184 | img_5 = Main Street Roswell.jpg | city_6 = Farmington, New Mexico{{!}}Farmington | div_6 = San Juan County, New Mexico{{!}}San Juan | pop_6 = 41,629 | img_6 = | city_7 = Clovis, New Mexico{{!}}Clovis | div_7 = Curry County, New Mexico{{!}}Curry | pop_7 = 39,373 | img_7 = | city_8 = Hobbs, New Mexico{{!}}Hobbs | div_8 = Lea County, New Mexico{{!}}Lea | pop_8 = 38,143 | img_8 = | city_9 = Alamogordo, New Mexico{{!}}Alamogordo | div_9 = Otero County, New Mexico{{!}}Otero | pop_9 = 31,283 | img_9 = | city_10 = Carlsbad, New Mexico{{!}}Carlsbad | div_10 = Eddy County, New Mexico{{!}}Eddy | pop_10 = 28,914 | img_10 = }} ===Ancestry=== {|class="infobox" style="border: 1px solid #999; float: right; margin-left: 1em;" |- style="background:#f5f5f5;" ! colspan="2" | Race/Ethnicity in New Mexico (2010)<ref name="Cen2010Summary">{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/ |title=2010 Census Data |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=March 29, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324073045/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/ |archivedate=March 24, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |- | [[White American|White]] || style="text-align: center;" |68.4% |- | • [[Non-Hispanic white]] || style="text-align: center;" |40.5% |- | • [[White Hispanic]] || style="text-align: center;" |28.1% |- | [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] || style="text-align: center;" |9.4% |- | [[Black American|Black/African American]] || style="text-align: center;" |2.1% |- | [[Asian American|Asian]] || style="text-align: center;" |1.4% |- | [[Pacific Islander American|Pacific Islander]] || style="text-align: center;" |0.1% |- | Other || style="text-align: center;" |15.0% |- | [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || style="text-align: center;" | 3.7% |- | [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic/Latino]] || style="text-align: center;" |46.3% |} New Mexico is a [[majority-minority]] state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Of The Four Majority-Minority States In America, Minorities Do Best In Texas |periodical=Forbes.com |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chuckdevore/2015/06/21/america-majority-minority-by-2044-with-four-states-already-there-minorities-do-best-in-texas/#2d44d4dc287c |accessdate=January 14, 2018}}</ref> The U.S. Census Bureau estimated that 48% of the total 2015 population was Hispanic or Latino of any race, the highest of any state. The majority of Hispanics in New Mexico claim to be descendants of Spanish colonists who settled here during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. They speak [[New Mexican Spanish]] or English at home.<ref name="QuickFacts"/> The state also has a large Native American population, second in percentage behind that of Alaska.<ref name="QuickFacts"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Alaska QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau |publisher=US Census Bureau |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/02000.html |accessdate=April 10, 2010}}</ref> The 2016 racial composition of the population was estimated to be:<ref>{{cite web |title=Quick Facts - New Mexico Population Estimates, July 1, 2016 |publisher=US Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/NM |accessdate=December 7, 2017}}</ref> * 82.6% [[White American]] * 10.6% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] and [[Alaska Native]] * 2.5% [[African American|Black or African American]] * 1.7% [[Asian American|Asian]] * 0.2% [[Native Hawaiian]] and other [[Pacific Islander]] * 2.5% Two or more races * 48.5% Hispanic or Latino * 38.1% White alone {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" |+ '''New Mexico Racial Breakdown of Population''' |- ! Racial composition !! 1970<ref name="census"/> !! 1990<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |publisher=Census.gov |accessdate=April 21, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224151538/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archivedate=December 24, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>!! 2000<ref>[http://censusviewer.com/city/NM Population of New Mexico: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web|author=2010 Census Data |url=https://www.census.gov/2010census/data/ |title=2010 Census Data |publisher=Census.gov |accessdate=April 21, 2014}}</ref> |- | [[White American|White]] || 90.1% || 75.6% || 66.7% || 68.6% |- | [[Native Americans in the United States|Native]] || 7.2% || 8.9% || 9.5% || 9.4% |- | [[African American|Black]] || 1.9% || 2.0% || 1.9% || 2.1% |- | [[Asian American|Asian]] || 0.2% || 0.9% || 1.1% || 1.4% |- | [[Native Hawaiian]] and <br />[[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islander]] || – || – || 0.1% || 0.1% |- | [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 0.6% || 12.6% || 17.0% || 15.0% |- | [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || – || – || 3.6% || 3.7% |} According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], 1.5% of the population identifies as multiracial/mixed-race, a population larger than both the Asian and NHPI population groups.<ref name="QuickFacts"/> In 2008, New Mexico had the highest percentage (47%) of Hispanics (of any race) of any state,<ref name="QuickFacts"/> with 83% native-born and 17% foreign-born.<ref>[http://www.pewhispanic.org/states/state/nm/ Demographic Profile of Hispanics in New Mexico, 2007]. Pew Hispanic Center.</ref> According to the [[2000 United States Census]],<ref name="Ancestry 2000"> {{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040920132346/http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=September 20, 2004 |title=Table 3. Largest Ancestries for the United States, Regions, States, and for Puerto Rico: 2000 |accessdate=November 8, 2008 |last1=Brittingham |first1=Angela |last2=de la Cruz |first2=G. Patricia |date=June 2004 |format=PDF |website=Ancestry: 2000; Census 2000 Brief |publisher=US Census Bureau }}</ref>{{Rp|6}} the most commonly claimed ancestry groups in New Mexico were: * [[Mexican American|Mexican]] (16.3%) * Native American (10.3%) * [[German American|German]] (9.8%), * [[Spanish American|Spanish]] (9.3%) and * [[English American|English]] (7.2%). ===Languages=== {|class="infobox" style="font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid #999; float: right; margin-left: 1em; width: 240px;" |- style="background:#f5f5f5;" ! colspan="2" | Languages Spoken in New Mexico |- | English only || style="text-align: center;" |64% |- | Spanish || style="text-align: center;" |28% |- | [[Navajo language|Navajo]] || style="text-align: center;" |4% |} According to the [[2010 U.S. Census]], 28.45% of the population aged 5 and older speak Spanish at home, while 3.50% speak [[Navajo language|Navajo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=35&mode=state_tops |title=MLA Language Map Data Center: Most spoken languages in New Mexico |publisher=Mla.org |date=July 17, 2007 |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}</ref> Speakers of [[New Mexican Spanish]] dialect are mainly descendants of Spanish [[settler|colonists]] who arrived in New Mexico in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/spanishlanguagei00espirich/spanishlanguagei00espirich_djvu.txt |title=The Spanish language in New Mexico and southern Colorado |publisher=Archive.org |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}</ref> New Mexican Spanish is an archaic form of 17th-century Castilian Spanish.<ref>Rubén Cobos. A Dictionary of New Mexico & Southern Colorado Spanish. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 2003</ref> ====Official language==== The original state constitution of 1912 provided for a bilingual government with laws being published in both English and Spanish;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crawford |first1=John |title=Language loyalties: a source book on the official English controversy |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=1992 |page=62}}</ref> this requirement was renewed twice, in 1931 and 1943.<ref name="Cobarrubia">{{cite book |last1=Cobarrubias |first1=Juan |last2=Fishman |first2=Joshua A |title=Progress in Language Planning: International Perspectives |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1983 |page=195}}</ref> Nonetheless, the constitution does not declare any language as "official".<ref name="const">[http://www.sos.state.nm.us/uploads/FileLinks/493231b9f2fc45808a19dbb2c0cf6bec/NMConst2010Eng.pdf ''Constitution of the State of New Mexico''.] Adopted January 21, 1911.</ref> While Spanish was permitted in the legislature until 1935, all state officials are required to have a good knowledge of English. Cobarrubias and Fishman therefore argue that New Mexico cannot be considered a bilingual state as not all laws are published in both languages.<ref name="Cobarrubia"/> Others, such as Juan Perea, claim that the state was officially bilingual until 1953.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perea |first1=Juan F. |title=Los Olvidados: On the Making of Invisible People |publisher=New York University Law Review, 70(4), 965-990}}</ref> With regard to the judiciary, witnesses have the right to testify in either of the two languages, and monolingual speakers of Spanish have the same right to be considered for jury-duty as do speakers of English.<ref name="const"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Calvin A. |title=Our New Mexico: A Twentieth Century History |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |location=Albuquerque |year=2006 |page=23}}</ref> In public education, the state has the constitutional obligation to provide for bilingual education and Spanish-speaking instructors in school districts where the majority of students are [[hispanophone]].<ref name="const"/> In 1995, the state adopted an official bilingual song, "[[New Mexico – Mi Lindo Nuevo México]]".<ref name="Blue Book State Symbols">{{cite book|title=New Mexico Blue Book 2007–2008 |url=http://www.sos.state.nm.us/sos-bluebook.html |accessdate=January 3, 2009 |publisher=New Mexico Secretary of State |chapter=State Symbols |chapterurl=http://www.sos.state.nm.us/BlueBook2008/StateSymbols.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081129051906/http://www.sos.state.nm.us//sos-bluebook.html |archivedate=November 29, 2008 }}</ref>{{Rp|75,81}} In 1989, New Mexico became the first state to officially adopt the [[English Plus]] resolution,<ref name="JosephJE">{{cite book|title=Language and Politics|last1=Joseph|first1=John Earl|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2006|page=63}}</ref> and in 2008, the first to officially adopt a [[Navajo language|Navajo]] textbook for use in public schools.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Mexico first state to adopt Navajo textbook |author=Felicia Fonseca |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2008083264_apnavajotextbook.html?syndication=rss |newspaper=Seattle Times |date=July 31, 2008 |accessdate=October 29, 2011}}</ref> ===Religion=== [[File:Santa Fe San miguel chapel.jpg|thumb|San Miguel Chapel, built in 1610 in [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], is the oldest church structure in the U.S.]] {{bar box|float=none|width=250px |title = Religion in New Mexico (2014)<ref name="pew2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/new-mexico/|title=Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics - Pew Research Center|publisher=}}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=Percent |bars = {{bar percent|[[Protestant]]|purple|38}} {{bar percent|[[Catholic]]|dodgerblue|34}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|None]]|black|21}} {{bar percent|[[Mormon]]|pink|2}} {{bar percent|[[Jehovah's Witness]]|yellow|1}} {{bar percent|[[Buddhist]]|orange|1}} {{bar percent|Other faith|grey|3}} }} According to [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] (ARDA), the largest denominations in 2010 were the [[Catholic Church]] with 684,941; the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] with 113,452; [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] with 67,637, and the [[United Methodist Church]] with 36,424 adherents.<ref name="www.thearda.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/35/rcms2010_35_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |accessdate=November 27, 2013}}</ref> According to a 2008 survey by the [[Pew Research Center]], the most common self-reported religious affiliation of New Mexico residents are mentioned in reference.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} Within the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, New Mexico belongs to the [[ecclesiastical province|Ecclesiastical Province]] of Santa Fe. New Mexico has three [[diocese]]s, one of which is an [[archdiocese]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archdiosf.org/|title=ARCHDIOSF.ORG|accessdate=April 11, 2010}} There is one [[Eastern Catholic]] parish in the state, which is under the [[Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Phoenix]].</ref> [[Archdiocese of Santa Fe]], [[Diocese of Gallup]], [[Diocese of Las Cruces]]. ==Economy== {{Main|Economy of New Mexico}} {{See also|New Mexico locations by per capita income}} [[File:2008 NM Proof.png|thumb|upright|New Mexico [[50 state quarters|state quarter]] circulated in April 2008]] Oil and gas production, tourism, and federal government spending are important drivers of the state economy. State government has an elaborate system of tax credits and technical assistance to promote job growth and business investment, especially in new technologies. ===Economic indicators=== In 2010, New Mexico's Gross Domestic Product was $80 billion, and an estimated $85 billion for 2013.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://greyhill.com/gdp-by-state |title=GDP by State |accessdate=September 9, 2011 |publisher=Greyhill Advisors }} </ref> In 2007, the [[per capita income|per capita personal income]] was $31,474 (rank 43rd in the nation).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bber.unm.edu/econ/us-pci.htm |title=Per Capita Personal Income by State |accessdate=October 13, 2008 |publisher=University of New Mexico, Bureau of Business and Economic Research |date=April 4, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302154227/http://bber.unm.edu/econ/us-pci.htm |archivedate=March 2, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In 2005, the percentage of persons below the [[poverty level]] was 18.4%.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://bber.unm.edu/demo/SAIPEallagepov05.htm |title=Persons Below Poverty by New Mexico County |accessdate=October 13, 2008 |publisher=University of New Mexico, Bureau of Business and Economic Research |date=January 18, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624190945/http://bber.unm.edu/demo/SAIPEallagepov05.htm |archivedate=June 24, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The New Mexico Tourism Department estimates that in Fiscal Year 2006, the travel industry in New Mexico generated expenditures of $6.5 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newmexico.org/department/research/docs/Economic_Impact_FY2006.pdf |format=PDF |title=Travel Economic Impact Model |accessdate=October 2, 2008 |publisher=New Mexico Tourism Department |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028193342/http://www.newmexico.org/department/research/docs/Economic_Impact_FY2006.pdf |archivedate=October 28, 2008 }} </ref> {{As of|2012|04}}, the state's unemployment rate was 7.2%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Local Area Unemployment Statistics|url=http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.nm.htm}}</ref> During the late-2000s recession, New Mexico's unemployment rate peaked at 8.0% for the period June–October 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Local Area Unemployment Statistics|url=http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LASST35000003?data_tool=XGtable|accessdate=May 11, 2012}}</ref> ===Oil and gas production=== New Mexico is the third-largest [[crude oil]] and ninth-largest [[natural gas]] producer in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Mexico - State Energy Profile Overview - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/state/?sid=NM#tabs-3 |website=www.eia.gov |accessdate=6 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Permian Basin (North America)|Permian]] and [[San Juan Basin|San Juan]] Basins, which are located partly in New Mexico, account for some of these natural resources. In 2000 the value of oil and gas produced was $8.2 billion,<ref> {{cite web |url=http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/resources/petroleum/ |title=Oil & Gas Program |accessdate=October 9, 2008 |publisher=New Mexico Institute of Technology, New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources }} </ref> and in 2006, New Mexico accounted for 3.4% of the crude oil, 8.5% of the dry natural gas, and 10.2% of the [[natural gas liquids]] produced in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=NM |title=EIA State Energy Profiles: New Mexico |publisher=US Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration |date=October 9, 2008 |accessdate=October 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923225139/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=NM |archive-date=September 23, 2008 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> However, the boom in [[hydraulic fracturing]] and [[directional drilling|horizonal drilling]] beginning in the mid-2010s led to a large increase in the production of crude oil from the Permian Basin and other U.S. sources; these developments allowed the United States to again become the world's largest producer of crude oil, in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=US soon to leapfrog Saudis, Russia as top oil producer |url=https://www.abqjournal.com/1195285/us-soon-to-leapfrog-saudis-russia-as-top-oil-producer.html |website=www.abqjournal.com |publisher=The Associated Press |accessdate=6 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration">{{cite web |title=The United States is now the largest global crude oil producer - Today in Energy - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=37053 |website=www.eia.gov |accessdate=6 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="New Mexico Energy, Minerals, Natural Resources Department: Oil Conservation Division">{{cite web |title=NM Oil and Natural Gas Production |url=http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/OCD/education.html#OGProd1 |website=www.emnrd.state.nm.us |publisher=New Mexico Energy, Minerals, Natural Resources Department: Oil Conservation Division |accessdate=6 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Energy Outlook 2017 |url=https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/0383(2017).pdf |website=www.eia.gov |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration |accessdate=6 October 2018}}</ref> New Mexico's oil and gas operations contribute to the state's above-average release of the greenhouse gas [[methane]], including from a national [[Four Corners Methane Hot Spot|methane hot spot]] in the [[Four Corners]] area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tiny U.S. Region Is Methane 'Hot Spot,' NASA Finds |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4331 |website=NASA: Jet Propulsion Laboratory |accessdate=6 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EIA - Greenhouse Gas Emissions Overview |url=https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/ghg_report/tables_ghg.php |website=www.eia.gov |accessdate=6 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EPA Facility Level GHG Emissions Data |url=https://ghgdata.epa.gov/ghgp/main.do#/facility/?q=Find%20a%20Facility%20orhttps://ghgdata.epa.gov/ghgp/main.do |website=ghgdata.epa.gov |accessdate=6 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Robinson-Avila |first1=Kevin |title=Study: Methane emissions much higher than EPA says |url=https://www.abqjournal.com/1187547/study-methane-emissions-much-higher-than-epa-says.html |website=www.abqjournal.com |publisher=Albuquerque Journal |accessdate=7 October 2018}}</ref> ===Federal government=== [[File:Holloman AFB F-22.jpg|thumb|The [[F-22 Raptor]] is flown by the [[49th Fighter Wing]] at [[Holloman AFB]].]] Federal government spending is a major driver of the New Mexico economy. In 2005, the federal government spent $2.03 on New Mexico for every dollar of tax revenue collected from the state. This rate of return is higher than any other state in the Union.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taxfoundation.org/research/show/266.html |title=Federal Spending Received Per Dollar of Taxes Paid by State, 2005 |accessdate=September 21, 2008 |publisher=Tax Foundation |date=October 9, 2007 }}</ref> Many of the federal jobs relate to the military; the state hosts three air force bases ([[Kirtland Air Force Base]], [[Holloman Air Force Base]], and [[Cannon Air Force Base]]); a testing range ([[White Sands Missile Range]]); and an army proving ground and maneuver range ([[Fort Bliss]] – McGregor Range). A May 2005 estimate by [[New Mexico State University]] is that 11.65% of the state's total employment arises directly or indirectly from military spending.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://bbrs.nmsu.edu/nmbizoutlook/showarticle.php?articleID=50106 |title=Economic Impact of the Closure of Cannon Air Force Base |author=Dr. Chris Erickson |author2=Erin Ward |accessdate=October 13, 2008 |website=New Mexico Business Outlook |publisher=New Mexico State University |date=May 2005 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060902233558/http://bbrs.nmsu.edu/nmbizoutlook/showarticle.php?articleID=50106 |archivedate = September 2, 2006}} </ref> Other federal installations include the technology labs of [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] and [[Sandia National Laboratories]]. ===Economic incentives=== [[File:Albuquerque Studios.jpg|thumb|Albuquerque Studios, built in 2007 for the rising demand of film production in the state]] New Mexico provides a number of economic incentives to businesses operating in the state, including various types of [[tax credits]] and [[tax exemptions]]. Most of the incentives are based on job creation.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.edd.state.nm.us/businessAssistance/incentives/index.html |title=Business Assistance: Incentives |accessdate=June 2, 2008 |publisher=State of New Mexico Economic Development Department |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406065835/http://www.edd.state.nm.us/businessAssistance/incentives/index.html |archivedate=April 6, 2008 |df=mdy-all }} </ref> New Mexico law allows governments to provide land, buildings, and infrastructure to businesses to promote job creation. Several municipalities have imposed an Economic Development [[Gross receipts tax|Gross Receipts Tax]] (a form of Municipal Infrastructure GRT) that is used to pay for these infrastructure improvements and for marketing their areas.<ref> {{Cite book | last = Domrzalski | first = Dennis | publication-date = September 19, 2003 | title = 28 New Mexico towns tap into $45M in incentives | periodical = New Mexico Business Weekly | url = http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2003/09/22/story2.html | oclc = 30948175 | accessdate =June 2, 2008 }} </ref> The state provides financial incentives for film production.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 4, 2002 |title=Governor Signs Film Production Tax Incentives |publisher=New Mexico Economic Development Department |url=http://www.nmpartnership.com/press-releases/article.php?id=1022&title=Governor+Signs+Film+Production+Tax+Incentives |accessdate=September 12, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114192754/http://www.nmpartnership.com/press-releases/article.php?id=1022&title=Governor+Signs+Film+Production+Tax+Incentives |archivedate=November 14, 2006 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmfilm.com/filming/incentives/ |title=New Mexico's Film Incentives |accessdate=June 2, 2008 |publisher=New Mexico Film Office |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509163914/http://www.nmfilm.com/filming/incentives/ |archivedate=May 9, 2008 }} </ref> The New Mexico Film Office estimated at the end of 2007 that the incentive program had brought more than 85 film projects to the state since 2003 and had added $1.2 billion to the economy.<ref> {{Cite book | last = Hay | first = Kiera | publication-date = December 10, 2007 | title = State's Incentives Keep Film Industry Growing | publisher=Albuquerque Journal | oclc = 9392114 | url = http://www.abqjournal.com/AED/268427business12-10-07.htm | accessdate =June 2, 2008 }} </ref> ===Taxation=== {{main|Taxation in New Mexico}} Since 2008, personal [[income tax]] rates for New Mexico have ranged from 1.7% to 4.9%, within four income brackets.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bankrate.com/finance/taxes/state-taxes-new-mexico.aspx|title=State taxes: New Mexico|last=Bell|first=Kay|date=|work=Bankrate|access-date=April 21, 2018}}</ref> As of 2007, [[Active duty|active-duty military]] salaries are exempt from state income tax.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Governor Richardson Announces New Laws to Take Effect; New State laws go into effect June 15, 2007 |publisher=Office of the Governor, State of New Mexico |date=June 14, 2008 |url=http://www.governor.state.nm.us/press/2007/june/061407_04.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=September 5, 2008 |quote=HB 436 Working Families Tax Credit...eliminates taxes on active duty military salaries. }}{{dead link|date=June 2012}}</ref> New Mexico is one of the largest [[tax haven]]s in the U.S., offering numerous [[Incentive|economic incentives]] and [[tax break]]s on [[Personal income in the United States|personal]] and [[Corporate tax in the United States|corporate income]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcmag.info/news/2012/may/top-10-us-tax-haven-states|title=Top 10 US Tax Haven States {{!}} SBC Magazine|last=Sohm|first=Joe|date=May 4, 2012|website=www.sbcmag.info|language=en|access-date=April 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/blog/morning-edition/2015/09/new-mexico-touted-as-tax-friendly-state-in-latest.html|title=New Mexico touted as tax-friendly state in latest ranking|last=English|first=Michael|date=September 18, 2015|website=www.bizjournals.com|access-date=April 21, 2018}}</ref> It does not have [[inheritance tax]], [[Estate tax in the United States|estate tax]], or [[sales tax]]es.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://smartasset.com/retirement/new-mexico-retirement-taxes|title=New Mexico Retirement Tax Friendliness {{!}} SmartAsset.com|last=|first=|date=|website=SmartAsset|language=en|access-date=April 21, 2018}}</ref> New Mexico imposes a [[Gross Receipts Tax]] (GRT) on many transactions, which may even include some governmental receipts. This resembles a [[sales tax]] but, unlike the sales taxes in many states, it applies to services as well as tangible goods. Normally, the provider or seller passes the tax on to the purchaser, however legal incidence and burden apply to the business, as an [[excise tax]]. GRT is imposed by [[New Mexico Taxation and Revenue Department|the state]] and there may an additional locality component to produce a total tax rate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tax.state.nm.us/oos/GrossReceiptsTaxFAQ.pdf |format=PDF |title=Gross Receipts Taxes FAQ |accessdate=October 9, 2008 |publisher=State of New Mexico, Taxation and Revenue Department |date=August 6, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331014708/http://www.tax.state.nm.us/oos/GrossReceiptsTaxFAQ.pdf |archivedate=March 31, 2007 }} </ref> As of July 1, 2013 the combined tax rate ranged from 5.125% to 8.6875%.<ref>[http://www.tax.newmexico.gov/Forms-and-Publications/Forms/Gross-Receipts/Pages/Home.aspx#Rates.aspx] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024210432/http://www.tax.newmexico.gov/Forms-and-Publications/Forms/Gross-Receipts/Pages/Home.aspx#Rates.aspx|date=October 24, 2013}}</ref> [[Property tax]] is imposed on [[real property]] by the state, by counties, and by school districts. In general, personal-use [[personal property]] is not subject to property taxation. On the other hand, property tax is levied on most business-use personal property. The taxable value of property is 1/3 of the assessed value. A tax rate of about 30 [[mill (currency)|mills]] is applied to the taxable value, resulting in an effective tax rate of about 1%. In the 2005 tax year, the average millage was about 26.47 for residential property, and 29.80 for non-residential property. Assessed values of residences cannot be increased by more than 3% per year unless the residence is remodeled or sold. Property tax deductions are available for military veterans and heads of household.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tax.state.nm.us/oos/PropertyTaxFAQ.pdf |format=PDF |title=Property Tax FAQ |accessdate=October 9, 2008 |publisher=State of New Mexico, Taxation and Revenue Department |date=August 7, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331014658/http://www.tax.state.nm.us/oos/PropertyTaxFAQ.pdf |archivedate=March 31, 2007 }} </ref> ==Transportation== [[File:Santa Fe Trail sign IMG 0516.JPG|thumb|Santa Fe Trail in [[Cimarron, New Mexico]]]] [[File:USA Mexico border New Mexico.JPG|thumb|In this photo, the [[US-Mexico border]] divides [[Sunland Park, New Mexico|Sunland Park]] and the Mexican state of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]].]] New Mexico has long been an important corridor for trade and [[human migration|migration]]. The builders of the ruins at [[Chaco Canyon]] also created a radiating network of roads from the mysterious settlement.<ref>[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/northamerica/chaco.html Chaco Canyon<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604094657/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/northamerica/chaco.html |date=June 4, 2010 }}</ref> Chaco Canyon's trade function shifted to [[Casas Grandes]] in the present-day Mexican [[state of Chihuahua]], however, north-south trade continued. The pre-[[Christopher Columbus|Columbian]] trade with [[Mesoamerican cultures]] included northbound exotic birds, seashells and copper. Turquoise, pottery, and salt were some of the goods transported south along the [[Rio Grande]]. Present-day New Mexico's pre-Columbian trade is especially remarkable for being undertaken on foot. The north-south trade route later became a path for colonists with horses arriving from [[New Spain]] as well as trade and communication. The route was called ''[[El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro]]''.<ref name="Suina">{{cite web|url=http://www.newmexicohistory.org/story2.php?catid=727 |title=Indigenous trade |last=Suina |first=Kim |website=Digital History Project—Book of Migrations |publisher=New Mexico Office of the State Historian |accessdate=March 31, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903153033/http://www.newmexicohistory.org/story2.php?catid=727 |archivedate=September 3, 2007 }}</ref> The [[Santa Fe Trail]] was the 19th-century US territory's vital commercial and military highway link to the Eastern United States.<ref>[http://www.santafetrail.org/index.php Santa Fe Trail Association] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305202118/http://www.santafetrail.org/index.php |date=March 5, 2011 }}</ref> All with termini in Northern New Mexico, the Camino Real, the Santa Fe Trail and the [[Old Spanish Trail (trade route)|Old Spanish Trail]] are all recognized as [[National Historic Trail]]s. New Mexico's latitude and low passes made it an attractive east-west transportation corridor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/safe/ |title=Santa Fe National Historic Trail (U.S. National Park Service) |publisher=Nps.gov |accessdate=June 10, 2012}}</ref> As a territory, the [[Gadsden Purchase]] increased New Mexico's land area for the purpose of the construction of a southern [[transcontinental railroad]], that of the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]]. Another transcontinental railroad was completed by the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway]]. The railroads essentially replaced the earlier trails but brought on a population boom. Early transcontinental [[auto trail]]s later crossed the state bringing more migrants. Railroads were later supplemented or replaced by a system of highways and airports. Today, New Mexico's [[Interstate Highway]]s approximate the earlier land routes of the Camino Real, the Santa Fe Trail and the transcontinental railroads. ===Road=== {{See also|Speed limits in the United States by jurisdiction#New Mexico|List of New Mexico highways}} [[File:National-atlas-new-mexico.png|thumb|left|Map of New Mexico highways]] New Mexico has had a problem with drunk driving, but that has lessened. According to the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', for years the state had the highest alcohol-related crash rates in the U.S., but ranked 25th in alcohol-related fatal crash rates, {{as of|lc=y|2009|07}}.<ref>Los Angeles Times, New Mexico turns a corner on drunk driving, July 7, 2009, by Kate Linthicum, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jul/07/nation/na-new-mexico-dwi7</ref> The automobile changed the character of New Mexico, marking the start of large-scale immigration to the state from elsewhere in the United States. Settlers moving West during the [[Great Depression]] and post-World War II American culture immortalized the [[National Old Trails Highway]], later [[U.S. Route 66]]. Today, New Mexico relies heavily upon the automobile for transportation. New Mexico had 59,927 route miles of highway {{as of|lc=y|2000}}, of which 7,037 receive federal aid.<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Table 1-2: New Mexico Public Road Length, Miles by Ownership 2000 [http://www.bts.gov/publications/state_transportation_statistics/new_mexico/html/table_01_02.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017024457/http://www.bts.gov/publications/state_transportation_statistics/new_mexico/html/table_01_02.html |date=October 17, 2008 }}</ref> In that same year there were {{convert|1003|mi|km}} of freeways, of which 1000 were the route miles of Interstate Highways [[Interstate 10 in New Mexico|10]], [[Interstate 25 in New Mexico|25]] and [[Interstate 40 in New Mexico|40]].<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Table 1-1: New Mexico Public Road Length, by Functional System [http://www.bts.gov/publications/state_transportation_statistics/new_mexico/html/table_01_01.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017023538/http://www.bts.gov/publications/state_transportation_statistics/new_mexico/html/table_01_01.html |date=October 17, 2008 }}</ref> The former number has increased with the upgrading of roads near [[Pojoaque, New Mexico|Pojoaque]], [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] and [[Las Cruces, New Mexico|Las Cruces]] to freeways. The highway traffic fatality rate was 1.9 fatalities per million miles traveled in 2000, the 13th highest rate among U.S. states.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/state_transportation_statistics/new_mexico/html/table_02_01.html |title=U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Table 2-1: Highway Traffic Fatalities and Fatality Rates: 2000 |publisher=Bts.gov |accessdate=June 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623111327/http://www.bts.gov/publications/state_transportation_statistics/new_mexico/html/table_02_01.html |archive-date=June 23, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Notable bridges include the [[Rio Grande Gorge Bridge]] near [[Taos, New Mexico|Taos]]. {{As of|2001}}, 703 highway bridges, or one percent, were declared "structurally deficient" or "structurally obsolete".<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Table 1-5: Highway Bridge Condition: 2001 [http://www.bts.gov/publications/state_transportation_statistics/new_mexico/html/table_02_01.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623111327/http://www.bts.gov/publications/state_transportation_statistics/new_mexico/html/table_02_01.html |date=June 23, 2012 }}</ref> Rural and intercity public transportation by road is provided by [[Americanos USA, LLC]], [[Greyhound Lines]] and several government operators. [[File:RailRunner.jpg|thumb|The [[New Mexico Rail Runner Express]] is a commuter rail operation train that runs along the Central Rio Grande Valley.]] ===Urban mass transit=== {{See also|Category:Bus transportation in New Mexico}} The [[New Mexico Rail Runner Express]] is a [[commuter rail]] system serving the metropolitan area of [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]]. It began operation on July 14, 2006.<ref name="Holmes"/> The system runs from [[Belen, New Mexico|Belen]] to downtown [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]]. Larger cities in New Mexico typically have some form of public transportation by road; [[ABQ RIDE]] is the largest such system in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cabq.gov/transit/index.html |title=ABQ RIDE – City of Albuquerque |publisher=City of Albuquerque |accessdate=April 12, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317142408/http://www.cabq.gov/transit/index.html |archivedate=March 17, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> ===Rail=== {{See also|List of New Mexico railroads}} [[File:Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad excursion train headed by locomotive 484 in 2015.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad]]]] There were 2,354 route miles of railroads in the year 2000; this number increased with the opening of the [[New Mexico Rail Runner Express|Rail Runner]]'s extension to Santa Fe.<ref name="bts.gov">U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Table 1-9: Freight Railroads in New Mexico and the United States: 2000 [http://www.bts.gov/publications/state_transportation_statistics/new_mexico/html/table_01_09.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320230412/https://www.bts.gov/publications/state_transportation_statistics/new_mexico/html/table_01_09.html |date=March 20, 2018 }}</ref> In addition to local railroads and other tourist lines, the state jointly owns and operates a heritage [[narrow gauge|narrow-gauge]] steam railroad, the [[Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railway]], with the state of [[Colorado]]. Narrow gauge railroads once connected many communities in the northern part of the state, from [[Farmington, New Mexico|Farmington]] to Santa Fe.<ref name="Myrick" />{{Rp|110}} No fewer than 100 railroads of various names and lineage have operated in the jurisdiction at some point.<ref name="Myrick" />{{Rp|8}} New Mexico's rail transportation system reached its height in terms of length following admission as a state; in 1914 eleven railroads operated 3124 route miles.<ref name="Myrick" />{{Rp|10}} Railroad surveyors arrived in New Mexico in the 1850s.<ref name="mapping">{{cite web|url=http://www.newmexicohistory.org/story2.php?catid=731 |title=New Mexico and its Railroads |date=August 1984 |website=La Crónica de Nuevo México/New Mexico Office of the State Historian: Digital History Project—The Book of Mapping |publisher=Historical Society of New Mexico |accessdate=March 31, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903152916/http://www.newmexicohistory.org/story2.php?catid=731 |archivedate=September 3, 2007 }}</ref> The first railroads incorporated in 1869.<ref name="Myrick" />{{Rp|9}} The first operational railroad, the [[Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway]] (ATSF), entered the territory by way of the lucrative and contested [[Raton Pass]] in 1878. It eventually reached [[El Paso, Texas]] in 1881 and with the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]] created the nation's [[Transcontinental railroad#United States of America|second transcontinental railroad]] with a junction at [[Deming, New Mexico|Deming]]. The Southern Pacific Railroad entered the territory from the [[Territory of Arizona]] in 1880.<ref name="Myrick">{{cite book|last=Myrick|first=David F.|title=New Mexico's Railroads—An Historical Survey|publisher=[[Colorado Railroad Museum]]|location=Golden, Colorado|year=1970|id= Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 70-116915|isbn=978-0-8263-1185-6}}</ref>{{Rp|9, 18, 58–59}}<ref name="mapping" /> The [[Denver & Rio Grande Railway]], who would generally use [[narrow gauge]] equipment in New Mexico, entered the territory from [[Colorado]] and began service to [[Espanola, New Mexico|Española]] on December 31, 1880.<ref name="Myrick" />{{Rp|95–96}}<ref name="mapping" /> These first railroads were built as long-distance corridors, later railroad construction also targeted resource extraction.<ref name="Myrick" />{{Rp|8–11}} ====Freight==== New Mexico is served by two [[class I railroad]]s, the [[BNSF Railway]] and the [[Union Pacific Railroad]]. Combined, they operate 2,200 route miles of railway in the state.<ref name="bts.gov"/> ====Passenger==== [[File:Santa fe depot railrunner.jpg|thumb|Downtown Santa Fe train station]] A [[commuter rail]] operation, the [[New Mexico Rail Runner Express]], connects the state's capital, its largest city, and other communities.<ref name="nmrailrunner.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.nmrailrunner.com/stations.asp |title=Stations – New Mexico Rail Runner Express |publisher=Nmrailrunner.com |accessdate=June 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106174708/http://www.nmrailrunner.com/stations.asp# |archive-date=January 6, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The privately operated state owned railroad began operations in July 2006.<ref name="Holmes">{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/01/14/mass_firm_sues_state_over_railrunner_name/ |title=Mass. firm sues state over Railrunner name |last=Holmes |first=Sue Major |date=January 14, 2009 |work=Boston Globe |accessdate=February 2, 2009 |df= }}{{dead link|date=January 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The [[BNSF Railway]]'s entire line from [[Belen, New Mexico|Belen]] to [[Raton, New Mexico]] was sold to the state, partially for the construction of phase II of this operation, which opened in December 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.santafenewmexican.com/Local%20News/Delays-mark-first-morning-of-commuter-train-service |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120908203848/http://www.santafenewmexican.com/Local%20News/Delays-mark-first-morning-of-commuter-train-service |dead-url=yes |archive-date=September 8, 2012 |title=Delays, struck cow mark Rail Runner's first day, but riders optimistic |last=Grimm |first=Julie Ann |date=December 17, 2008 |publisher=[[The Santa Fe New Mexican]] |accessdate=February 2, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Phase II of Rail Runner extended the line northward to [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] from the [[Sandoval County/US 550 (Rail Runner station)|Sandoval County]] station, the northernmost station under Phase I service. The service now connects [[Santa Fe County|Santa Fe]], [[Sandoval County|Sandoval]], [[Bernalillo County|Bernalillo]], and [[Valencia County|Valencia]] counties. The trains connect Albuquerque's population base and central business district to downtown Santa Fe with up to eight roundtrips in a day. The section of the line running south to [[Belen, New Mexico|Belen]] is served less frequently.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmrailrunner.com/PDF/Weekday%20Schedule%20SF%2012-08.pdf |title=New Mexico Rail Runner Express weekday schedule |format=PDF |accessdate=July 31, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325113040/http://www.nmrailrunner.com/PDF/Weekday%20Schedule%20SF%2012-08.pdf |archivedate=March 25, 2009 }}</ref> Rail Runner operates scheduled service seven days per week.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nmrailrunner.com/schedule.asp |title=Rail Runner schedule page |publisher=Nmrailrunner.com |date=April 12, 2010 |accessdate=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723135959/http://www.nmrailrunner.com/schedule.asp |archive-date=July 23, 2010 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[File:Tucumcari NM Train Station.jpg|thumb|The railway station in [[Tucumcari, New Mexico|Tucumcari]]]] With the rise of [[rail transportation]] many settlements grew or were founded and the territory became a tourist destination. As early as 1878, the ATSF promoted [[#Tourism|tourism in the region]] with emphasis on Native American imagery.<ref name="Richards">{{cite book|last=Richards|first=C Fenton Jr|others=Robert Strein & John Vaughn|title=Santa Fe – The Chief Way|publisher=[[New Mexico Magazine]]|year=2001|series=Second Printing, 2005|isbn= 978-0-937206-71-3}}</ref>{{Rp|64}} [[Named train]]s often reflected the territory they traveled: ''[[Super Chief]]'', the streamlined successor to the ''Chief'';<ref name="Richards" /> ''[[Navajo (passenger train)|Navajo]]'', an early transcontinental tourist train; and ''[[Cavern (passenger train)|Cavern]]'', a through car operation connecting [[Clovis, New Mexico|Clovis]] and [[Carlsbad, New Mexico|Carlsbad]] (by the early 1950s as train 23–24),<ref name="Myrick" />{{Rp|49–50}}<ref name="Dorin">{{cite book|last=Dorin|first=Patrick C.|others=design and layout by Megan Johnson|title=Santa Fe Passenger Trains in the Streamlined Era|publisher=TLC Publishing, Inc.|location=USA|year=2004|isbn=978-1-883089-99-3}}</ref>{{Rp|51}} were some of the named [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway#Passenger train service|passenger trains of the ATSF]] that connoted New Mexico. Passenger train service once connected nine of New Mexico's present [[#Important cities and counties|ten most populous cities]] (the exception is [[Rio Rancho, New Mexico|Rio Rancho]]), while today passenger train service connects two: [[Albuquerque]] and [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]].<ref name="nmrailrunner.com"/> With the decline of most [[intercity rail]] service in the United States in the late 1960s, New Mexico was left with minimal services. No less than six daily long-distance roundtrip trains supplemented by many branch line and local trains served New Mexico in the early 1960s. Declines in passenger revenue, but not necessarily ridership, prompted many railroads to turn over their passenger services in truncated form to [[Amtrak]], a state owned enterprise. Amtrak, also known as the National Passenger Railroad Corporation, began operating the two extant long-distance routes in May 1971.<ref name="Myrick" /><ref name="Richards" /><ref name="Dorin" /> Resurrection of passenger rail service from [[Denver]] to [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]], a route once plied in part by the ATSF's ''El Pasoan'',<ref name="Dorin" />{{Rp|37}} has been proposed over the years. As early as the 1980s, former Governor [[Toney Anaya]] proposed building a [[high-speed rail]] line connecting the two cities with New Mexico's major cities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.observer-online.com/articles/2008/12/21/news/doc494d4df4b3d01455138411.txt|title=Media and politicians enjoy inaugural ride, public opening met with delays|last=Herron|first=Gary|date=December 22, 2008|work=The Observer |location=UK|accessdate=February 2, 2009}}</ref> [[Front Range Commuter Rail]] is a project to connect [[Wyoming]] and New Mexico with high-speed rail.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/stories/2005/05/16/story2.html | first=Cathy | last=Proctor | title=Idea floated for Front Range rail line | date=May 15, 2005}}</ref> Amtrak's ''[[Southwest Chief]]'' passes through daily at stations in [[Gallup, New Mexico|Gallup]], Albuquerque, [[Lamy, New Mexico|Lamy]], [[Las Vegas, New Mexico|Las Vegas]], and [[Raton, New Mexico|Raton]], offering connections to Los Angeles, Chicago and intermediate points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amtrak.com/timetable/oct08/P03.pdf|title=Southwest Chief passenger timetable|date=October 2008|publisher=[[Amtrak]]|accessdate=February 2, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304021219/http://www.amtrak.com/timetable/oct08/P03.pdf|archivedate=March 4, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The ''Southwest Chief'' is a fast Amtrak long distance train, being permitted a maximum speed of {{convert|90|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} in various places on the tracks of the [[BNSF Railway]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blaszak|first=Michael W.|year=2009|title=Speed, Signals, and Safety|journal=Fast Trains|series=Classic Trains Special Edition No. 7|page=47|isbn=978-0-89024-763-1}}</ref> It also operates on [[New Mexico Rail Runner Express]] trackage. The ''Southwest Chief'' is the successor to the ''Super Chief'' and ''[[El Capitan (passenger train)|El Capitan]]''.<ref name="Dorin" />{{Rp|115}} The [[streamliner]] ''Super Chief'', a favorite of early Hollywood stars, was one of the most famous named trains in the United States and one of the most esteemed for its luxury and exoticness—train cars were named for regional Native American tribes and outfitted with the artwork of many local artists—but also for its speed: as few as 39 hours 45 minutes westbound.<ref name="Richards" /> [[File:Sierra County NM - new mexico space port sign.jpg|thumb|A sign in Southern New Mexico indicating the "future site of the New Mexico Spaceport"]] The ''[[Sunset Limited]]'' makes stops three times a week in both directions at [[Lordsburg, New Mexico|Lordsburg]], and [[Deming, New Mexico|Deming]], serving Los Angeles, New Orleans and intermediate points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amtrak.com/timetable/jan09/P01.pdf|title=Sunset Limited passenger timetable|date=January 2009|publisher=[[Amtrak]]|accessdate=February 2, 2009}}</ref> The ''Sunset Limited'' is the successor to the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]]'s train of the same name and operates exclusively on [[Union Pacific]] trackage in New Mexico. ===Aerospace=== {{See also|List of airports in New Mexico}} The [[Albuquerque International Sunport]] is the state's primary port of entry for air transportation. [[Upham, New Mexico|Upham]], near [[Truth or Consequences, New Mexico|Truth or Consequences]], is the location of the world's first operational and purpose-built commercial [[spaceport]], [[Spaceport America]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ohtake |first=Miyoko |date=August 25, 2007 |title=Virgin Galactic Preps for Liftoff at World's First Commercial Spaceport |journal=Wired Magazine |issue=15:10 |url=https://www.wired.com/science/space/magazine/15-10/st_spaceport |accessdate=January 24, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515205505/http://www.wired.com/science/space/magazine/15-10/st_spaceport |archivedate=May 15, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="BizWeek">{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2008/12/29/daily19.html|title=NM Spaceport, Virgin Galactic sign 20-year lease|last=Robinson-Avila|date=December 31, 2008|publisher=New Mexico Business Weekly|accessdate=January 24, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Discovery">{{cite news|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/12/19/spaceport-commercial.html|title=First Commercial Spaceport Gets Green Light|author=AFP|date=December 19, 2008|publisher=Discovery Channel|accessdate=January 24, 2009}}</ref> [[Rocket launch]]es began in April 2007.<ref name="Discovery" /> It is undeveloped and has one tenant, [[UP Aerospace]], launching small payloads.<ref>UP Aerospace does launches 'quickly and cheaply', DenverBiz Journal, October 2008 [http://denver.bizjournals.com/denver/stories/2008/10/06/story13.html?b=1223265600^1710262]</ref> [[Virgin Galactic]], a [[space tourism]] company, plans to make this their primary operating base.<ref name="BizWeek" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virgingalactic.com/htmlsite/news.php |title=News Release 03.04.2008 / Spaceport Sweden and Virgin Galactic |accessdate=June 26, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701131905/http://www.virgingalactic.com/htmlsite/news.php |archivedate=July 1, 2008 |df= }}</ref> ==Government and politics== [[File:Michelle Lujan Grisham official photo.jpg|thumb|upright|Governor [[Michelle Lujan Grisham]] (D)]] ===Government=== {{Main|Government of New Mexico}} The [[Constitution of New Mexico]] established New Mexico's governmental structure. The executive branch of government is fragmented as outlined in the state constitution. The executive is composed of the [[Governor of New Mexico|Governor]] and other statewide elected officials including the [[Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico|Lieutenant Governor]] (elected on the same ticket as the Governor), [[Attorney General of New Mexico|Attorney General]], [[Secretary of State of New Mexico|Secretary of State]], [[New Mexico State Auditor|State Auditor]], [[New Mexico State Treasurer|State Treasurer]], and [[New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands|Commissioner of Public Lands.]] The governor appoints a cabinet that leads agencies statutorily designated under their jurisdiction. The [[New Mexico Legislature]] consists of the [[New Mexico House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[New Mexico Senate|Senate]]. The judiciary is composed of the [[New Mexico Supreme Court]] and lower courts. There is also local government, consisting of counties, municipalities and special districts.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Mexico Government |url=http://www.newmexico.gov/government/ |website=www.newmexico.gov |accessdate=1 January 2019}}</ref> ===Politics=== {{more citations needed|section|date=January 2018}}<!--several paragraphs have no citations--> {{See also|Category:New Mexico elections|label 1=Elections in New Mexico|Political party strength in New Mexico|New Mexico Legislature}} [[File:New Mexico party registration by county.svg|thumb|Party registration by county (November 2018): {{legend|#becbff|2=Democrat >= 30%}} {{legend|#a5b0ff|2=Democrat >= 40%}} {{legend|#7996e2|2=Democrat >= 50%}} {{legend|#6674de|2=Democrat >= 60%}} {{legend|#584cde|2=Democrat >= 70%}} {{legend|#ffb2b2|2=Republican >= 40%}} {{legend|#e27f7f|2=Republican >= 50%}} ]] Current Governor [[Michelle Lujan Grisham]] (D) and Lieutenant Governor [[Howie Morales]] (D), were first elected in 2018. Terms for both the Governor and Lieutenant Governor expire in January 2023. Governors serve a term of four years, and may seek re-election for one additional term ([[term limit|limit]] of two terms). Other constitutional officers, all of whose terms also expire in January 2023, include Secretary of State [[Maggie Toulouse Oliver]] (D),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.nm.us |title=NM Secretary of State's Office official web site |publisher=Sos.state.nm.us |accessdate=January 20, 2017}}</ref> Attorney General [[Hector Balderas]] (D),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ago.state.nm.us |title=NM Attorney General's Office official web site |publisher=Ago.state.nm.us |accessdate=July 31, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817235410/http://www.ago.state.nm.us/ |archivedate=August 17, 2007 |df= }}</ref> State Auditor [[Brian Colón]] (D),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saonm.org |title=NM State Auditor's Office official web site |publisher=Saonm.org |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}</ref> State Land Commissioner [[Stephanie Garcia Richard]] (D),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmstatelands.org |title=NM State Lands official web site |publisher=Nmstatelands.org |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}</ref> and State Treasurer [[Tim Eichenberg]] (D).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stonm.org |title=NM State Treasurer's Office official web site |publisher=Stonm.org |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}</ref> {| class="wikitable floatright" |- ! colspan = 6 | State Executive Officers |- !| Office ! Name ! Party |- | Governor | [[Michelle Lujan Grisham]] |{{party shading/Democratic}} | Democrat |- | Lieutenant Governor | [[Howie Morales]] | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democrat |- | Secretary of State | [[Maggie Toulouse Oliver]] | {{party shading/Democratic}}| Democrat |- | Attorney General | [[Hector Balderas]] | {{party shading/Democratic}}| Democrat |- | Auditor | [[Brian Colón]] | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democrat |- | Treasurer | [[Tim Eichenberg]] | {{party shading/Democratic}}| Democrat |- | Land Commissioner | [[Stephanie Garcia Richard]] | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democrat |} {| class="wikitable floatright" ! colspan = 6 | Qualified political parties in New Mexico <ref>{{cite web|title = New Mexican political parties | publisher=New Mexico Secretary of State Voter Information | format = aspx | accessdate =August 15, 2018 | url = http://www.sos.state.nm.us/Elections_Data/NM_Political_Parties.aspx}}</ref> |- ! colspan = 2 | Party ! Status |- {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}} | [[Democratic Party (New Mexico)|Democratic]] | style="text-align:center;"| Major |- {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}} | [[Republican Party (New Mexico)|Republican]] | style="text-align:center;"| Major |- {{party color|Libertarian Party (United States)}} | [[Libertarian Party (New Mexico)|Libertarian]] | style="text-align:center;"| Major |- {{party color|Green Party (United States)}} | [[Green Party (New Mexico)|Green]] | style="text-align:center;"| Minor |- {{party color|Constitution Party (United States)}} | [[Constitution Party (New Mexico)|Constitution]] | style="text-align:center;"| Minor |- {{party color|Independent Party (United States)}} | [[Better for America Party (New Mexico)|Better for America]] | style="text-align:center;"| Minor |} {| class="wikitable floatright" ! colspan = 6 | Voter Registration and Party Enrollment {{as of|lc=y|df=US|2016|11|03}}<ref>{{cite web|title = Voter Registration Statistics | publisher=New Mexico Secretary of State Elections Bureau | format = PDF | accessdate =November 8, 2016 | url = http://sos.state.nm.us/uploads/FileLinks/c2426e22e02d478ca940282b232f0647/STATEWIDE_11_3_16.PDF}}</ref> |- ! colspan = 2 | Party ! Number of Voters ! Percentage |- {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | style="text-align:center;"| 599,813 | style="text-align:center;"| 47% |- {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | style="text-align:center;"| 399,930 | style="text-align:center;"| 31% |- {{party color|Independent Party (United States)}} | Unaffiliated | style="text-align:center;"| 242,106 | style="text-align:center;"| 19% |- {{party color|Libertarian Party (United States)}} | Minor parties | style="text-align:center;"| 47,571 | style="text-align:center;"| 4% |- ! colspan = 2 | Total ! style="text-align:center;"| 1,289,420 ! style="text-align:center;"| 100% |} Currently, both chambers of the [[New Mexico State Legislature]] have Democratic majorities. There are 26 Democrats and 16 Republicans in the Senate, and 38 Democrats and 32 Republicans in the House of Representatives. New Mexico's members of the [[United States Senate]] are Democrats [[Martin Heinrich]] and [[Tom Udall]]. Democrats represent the state’s three [[United States House of Representatives]] congressional districts, with [[Deb Haaland]], [[Xochitl Torres Small]] and [[Ben Ray Luján]] representing the first, second and third districts respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=NM Federal Representatives |url=http://www.newmexico.gov/government/representatives.aspx |website=www.newmexico.gov |accessdate=2 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New Mexico Senators, Representatives, and Congressional District Maps |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/NM |website=GovTrack.us |accessdate=2 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> See [[List of United States congressional districts#New Mexico|New Mexico congressional map]]. New Mexico had been considered a [[swing state]], whose population has favored both [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidates, but it became more of a Democratic stronghold after the [[United States presidential election, 2008|presidential election of 2008]]. The governor is [[Michelle Lujan Grisham]] (D), who succeeded [[Susana Martinez]] (R) on January 1, 2019 after she served two terms as governor from 2011 to 2019. [[Gary Johnson]] served as governor from 1995 to 2003. Johnson served as a Republican, but in [[U.S. presidential election, 2012|2012]] and [[U.S. presidential election, 2016|2016]], he ran for President from the [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]]. In previous presidential elections, [[Al Gore]] carried the state (by 366 votes) in [[U.S. presidential election, 2000|2000]]; [[George W. Bush]] won New Mexico's five electoral votes in [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004]], and the state's electoral votes were won by [[Barack Obama]] and [[Hillary Clinton]] in [[U.S. presidential election, 2008|2008]], 2012, and 2016. Since achieving statehood in [[U.S. presidential election, 1912|1912]], New Mexico has been carried by the national popular vote victor in every presidential election of the past 104 years, except [[U.S. presidential election, 1976|1976]], when [[Gerald Ford]] won the state by 2%, but lost the national popular vote by 2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.270towin.com/states/new+mexico |title=New Mexico Presidential Election Voting History |publisher=270towin.com |accessdate=April 21, 2014}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em" |+Gubernatorial election results |- style="background:lightgrey;" ! Year ! [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] ! [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] |- | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[New Mexico gubernatorial election, 2018|2018]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|42.08% ''298,091 | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|'''57.02%''' ''398,368 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|[[New Mexico gubernatorial election, 2014|2014]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|'''57.34%''' ''288,549 | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|42.66% ''214,636 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|[[New Mexico gubernatorial election, 2010|2010]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|'''53.29%''' ''321,219 | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|46.55% ''280,614 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[New Mexico gubernatorial election, 2006|2006]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|31.18% ''174,364 | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|'''68.82%''' ''384,806 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[New Mexico gubernatorial election, 2002|2002]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|39.05% ''189,074 | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|'''55.49%''' ''268,693 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|[[New Mexico gubernatorial election, 1998|1998]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|'''54.53%''' ''271,948 | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|45.47% ''226,755 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|[[New Mexico gubernatorial election, 1994|1994]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|'''49.81%''' ''232,945 | style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|39.92% ''186,686 |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|1990 | style="background:#fff3f3;"|45.15% ''185,692 | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''54.61%''' ''224,564 |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fff3f3;"|1986 | style="background:#fff3f3;"|'''53.05%''' ''209,455 | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|46.95% ''185,378 |} {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:1em;" |+ '''Presidential elections results''' |- style="background:lightgrey;" ! Year ! [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] ! [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] |- | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 2016|2016]] | style="background:#fff3f3;"|40.04% 319,685 | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''48.25%''' ''385,232'' |- | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 2012|2012]] | style="background:#fff3f3;"|42.84% ''335,788'' | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''52.99%''' ''415,335'' |- | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 2008|2008]] | style="background:#fff3f3;"|41.78% ''346,832'' | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''56.91%''' ''472,422'' |- | style="background:#fff3f3;"|[[United States presidential election, 2004|2004]] | style="background:#fff3f3;"|'''49.8%''' ''376,930'' | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|49.1% 370,942 |- | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 2000|2000]] | style="background:#fff3f3;"|47.85% ''286,417'' | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''47.91%''' ''286,783'' |- | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 1996|1996]] | style="background:#fff3f3;"|42% ''232,751'' | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''49%''' ''273,495'' |- | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 1992|1992]] | style="background:#fff3f3;"|37% ''212,617'' | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''46%''' ''261,617'' |- | style="background:#fff3f3;"|[[United States presidential election, 1988|1988]] | style="background:#fff3f3;"|'''51%''' ''270,341'' | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|46% ''244,49'' |- | style="background:#fff3f3;"|[[United States presidential election, 1984|1984]] | style="background:#fff3f3;"|'''59%''' ''307,101'' | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|39% ''201,769'' |- | style="background:#fff3f3;"|[[United States presidential election, 1980|1980]] | style="background:#fff3f3;"|'''55%''' ''250,779'' | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|36% ''167,826'' |- | style="background:#fff3f3;"|[[United States presidential election, 1976|1976]] | style="background:#fff3f3;"|'''50%''' ''211,419'' | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|48% ''201,148'' |- | style="background:#fff3f3;"|[[United States presidential election, 1972|1972]] | style="background:#fff3f3;"|'''60%''' ''235,606'' | style="background:#f0f0ff;"|36% ''141,084'' |} Democratic strongholds in the state include the [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe Area]], various areas of the [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque Metro Area]] (such as the southeast and central areas, including the affluent Nob Hill neighborhood and the vicinity of the [[University of New Mexico]]), Northern and West Central New Mexico, and most of the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] reservations, particularly the [[Navajo Nation]]. Republicans have traditionally had their strongholds in the eastern and southern parts of the state, the [[Farmington, New Mexico|Farmington]] area, [[Rio Rancho, New Mexico|Rio Rancho]], and the newly developed areas in the Northwest mesa. Albuquerque's Northeast Heights have historically leaned Republican, but have become a key swing area for Democrats in recent election cycles. While registered Democrats outnumber registered Republicans by nearly 200,000, New Mexico voters have favored moderate to conservative candidates of both parties at the state and federal levels. On major political issues, New Mexico abolished its death penalty statute, though not retroactively, effective July 1, 2009. This means individuals on New Mexico's Death Row can still be executed. On March 18, 2009, then Governor [[Bill Richardson]] signed the law abolishing the death penalty in New Mexico following the assembly and senate vote the week before, thus becoming the 15th U.S. state to abolish the penalty.<ref>Le Nouveau-Mexique abolit la peine de mort [archive] in Le Monde of March 19, 2009</ref> On [[gun control]], New Mexico arguably has some of the least restrictive firearms laws in the country. State law pre-empts all local gun control ordinances. Unlike states with strong gun control laws, a New Mexico resident may purchase any firearm deemed legal under federal law. There are no waiting periods under state law for picking up a firearm after it has been purchased, and there are no restrictions on magazine capacity. Additionally, New Mexico allows [[open carry]] of a loaded firearm without a permit, and is "shall-issue" for [[concealed carry]] permits. Before December 2013, New Mexico law neither explicitly allowed nor prohibited [[Same-Sex Marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]]. Policy concerning the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples was determined at the county level; that is, some county clerks issued marriage licenses to same-sex couples, while others did not. In December 2013, the [[New Mexico Supreme Court]] issued a unanimous ruling directing all county clerks to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples, thereby making New Mexico the 17th state to recognize same-sex marriage at the statewide level. New Mexico is not considered a [[right to work law|Right to Work state]], as state law does not contain any provisions either requiring or prohibiting employees to be members of a [[labor union]] and pay union dues as a condition of employment, and right to work policies are currently established at the local level. Several counties have enacted local ordinances prohibiting employers to require union membership and the paying of union dues as a condition of employment. New Mexico procurement policies do require state agencies to give preference to contractors with collective bargaining agreements when outsourcing work to the private sector. ==Education== [[File:ApodacaBuildingNMEd.JPG|thumb|The [[New Mexico Public Education Department]] is situated in Santa Fe.]] Due to its relatively low population, in combination with numerous federally funded research facilities, New Mexico had the highest concentration of PhD holders of any state in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.07/silicon_pr.html |title=Venture Capitals |website=Wired |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}</ref> Despite this, the state routinely ranks near the bottom in surveys of the quality of primary and secondary school education.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/04/wallethub-education-rankings_n_5648067.html| title=These Are The States With The Best And Worst School Systems, According To New Rankings| date=August 4, 2014| publisher=Huffington Post| accessdate=November 22, 2015}}</ref> In a landmark decision, a state judge ruled in 2018 that "New Mexico is violating the constituional rights of at-risk students by failing to provide them with sufficient education,"<ref name=“:1”>{{cite web |last1=Mckay |first1=Dan |last2=Perea |first2=Shelby |title=New Mexico loses education lawsuit |url=https://www.abqjournal.com/1199185/nm-loses-landmark-education-case-ordered-to-provide-adequate-funding.html |website=www.abqjournal.com |publisher=Albuquerque Journal |accessdate=11 January 2019}}</ref> and ordered that the governor and Legislature provide an adequate system by April 2019.<ref name=“:1” /><ref>{{cite web |title=Martinez v. New Mexico, consolidated with Yazzie v. New Mexico |url=http://nmpovertylaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Courts-Findings-of-Fact-and-Conclusions-of-Law-2018-12-20.pdf |website=nmpovertylaw.org |publisher=State of New Mexico, County of Santa Fe, First Judicial District Court |accessdate=11 January 2019}}</ref> New Mexico has a higher concentration of persons who do not finish high school or have some college without a degree than the nation as a whole. For the state, 23.9% of people over 25 years of age have gone to college but not earned a degree.<ref name="bber.unm.edu"/> This is compared with 21.0% of the nation as a whole according to [[United States Census Bureau]] 2014 [[American Community Survey]] estimates.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bber.unm.edu/data | title = Data {{!}} Bureau of Business and Economic Research UNM | website = bber.unm.edu | access-date = February 28, 2016 }}</ref> [[Los Alamos County, New Mexico|Los Alamos County]] has the highest number percent of post secondary degree holders of any county in New Mexico with 38.7% of the population (4,899 persons) estimated by the 2010-2014 American Community Survey.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bber.unm.edu/county-profiles | title = County Data {{!}} Bureau of Business and Economic Research UNM | website = bber.unm.edu | access-date = February 28, 2016 }}</ref> ===Primary and secondary education=== {{See also|List of high schools in New Mexico}} The [[New Mexico Public Education Department]] oversees the operation of primary and secondary schools; individual school districts directly operate and staff said schools. ===Postsecondary education=== {{See also|List of colleges and universities in New Mexico}} ==== Lottery scholarship ==== New Mexico is one of eight states that funds college scholarships through the state [[lottery]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A Comparison of States' Lottery Scholarship Programs |url=https://thec.ppr.tn.gov/THECSIS/Lottery/pdfs/SpecialReports/A%20Comparison%20of%20States'%20Lottery%20Scholarship%20Programs%20120717.pdf |website=tn.gov/thec |publisher=TENNESSEE HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION |accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Montoya Bryan |first1=Susan |title=Falling lottery sales pinch college scholarships in 8 states - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/03/02/falling-lottery-sales-pinch-college-scholarships-states/dQJQCVq9ulGtn2orSu29nI/story.html |website=BostonGlobe.com |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |last1=Peterson |first1=Deb |title=Which States Have Lottery Scholarships |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/which-states-have-lottery-scholarships-31569 |website=ThoughtCo. |accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref> The state of New Mexico requires that the [[New Mexico Lottery|lottery]] put 30% of its gross sales into the scholarship fund.<ref>{{cite web |author= Jessica Dyer - ''Journal'' Staff writer |title= NM lottery scholarships to get big increase |url= https://www.abqjournal.com/1173844/nm-lottery-scholarship-gets-boost-for-2018-19.html |website= www.abqjournal.com, Albuquerque Journal |accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref> The scholarship is available to residents who graduated from a state high school, and attend a state university full-time while maintaining a 2.5 GPA or higher.<ref>{{cite web |title=Legislative Lottery Scholarship Program |url=http://www.hed.state.nm.us/students/lotteryscholarship.aspx |website=www.hed.state.nm.us |publisher=New Mexico Higher Education Department |accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref> It covered 100% of tuition when it was first instated in 1996,<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Montoya Bryan |first1=Susan |title=Changes made in lottery scholarship system |url=https://www.abqjournal.com/1143417/new-mexico-changes-system-for-state-lottery-scholarships.html |website=Albuquerque Journal |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref> decreased to 90%, then dropped to 60% in 2017.<ref name=":1" /> The value slightly increased in 2018, and new legislation was passed to outline what funds are available per type of institution.<ref name=":2" /> ====Major state universities==== * [[University of New Mexico|University of New Mexico at Albuquerque]] * [[New Mexico State University|New Mexico State University throughout the state]] * [[Eastern New Mexico University|Eastern New Mexico University at Portales]] * [[New Mexico Highlands University|New Mexico Highlands University at Las Vegas]] * [[Western New Mexico University|Western New Mexico University at Silver City]] * [[New Mexico Tech|New Mexico Institute of Mining & Technology at Socorro]] <gallery mode="packed" heights="140" caption="Four campus libraries" style="line-height:130%"> File:Unm zimmermanlibrary.jpg|Zimmerman Library at The University of New Mexico File:NMSU Zuhl 2008.JPG|Zuhl Library at New Mexico State University File:Walkway outside Golden Library, NMU.jpg|Walkway outside Golden Library at Eastern New Mexico University File:donnelly library.jpg|Donnelly Library at New Mexico Highlands University </gallery> ==Culture== {{See also|List of people from New Mexico|New Mexican cuisine|New Mexico chile|New Mexico wine|List of breweries in New Mexico|Music of New Mexico|New Mexico music}} [[File:Southwestern Chillis and Skull.jpg|thumb|upright|Symbols of the Southwest: a string of dried [[chili pepper|chile pepper pods]] (a [[ristra]]) and a bleached white [[Cattle|cow]]'s [[skull]] hang in a market near [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]]]] With a Native American population of 134,000 in 1990,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/c2kbr01-15.pdf|title=The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2000|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref> New Mexico still ranks as an important center of Native American culture. Both the [[Navajo Nation|Navajo]] and [[Apache Tribe|Apache]] share [[Athabaskan]] origin. The Apache and some [[Ute Tribe|Ute]] live on federal [[Native American reservation|reservations]] within the state. With 16 million acres (6,500,000 [[hectare|ha]]), mostly in neighboring [[Arizona]], the reservation of the [[Navajo Nation]] ranks as the largest in the United States. The prehistorically agricultural [[Pueblo Indians]] live in pueblos scattered throughout the state. Almost half of New Mexicans claim Hispanic origin; many are descendants of colonial settlers. They settled in the state's northern portion. Most of the Mexican immigrants reside in the southern part of the state. Also 10-15% of the population, mainly in the north, may contain [[Who is a Jew?#New Mexico's Crypto-Jews|Hispanic Jewish ancestry]].{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} Many New Mexicans speak a unique dialect of Spanish. Because of the historical isolation of New Mexico from other speakers of the Spanish language, some of the vocabulary of [[New Mexican Spanish]] is unknown to other Spanish speakers. It uses numerous Native American words for local features and includes anglicized words that express American concepts and modern inventions. Albuquerque has the [[New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science]], the [[National Hispanic Cultural Center]], and the [[National Museum of Nuclear Science & History]], as well as hosts the famed annual [[Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta]] every fall. ===Art and literature=== The earliest New Mexico artists whose work survives today are the Mimbres Indians, whose black and white pottery could be mistaken for modern art, except for the fact that it was produced before 1130 CE. See [[Mimbres culture]]. Many examples of this work can be seen at the [[Deming Armory|Deming Luna Mimbres Museum]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lunacountyhistoricalsociety.com/ |title=Deming Luna County Museum |publisher=Lunacountyhistoricalsociety.com |accessdate=April 21, 2014}}</ref> and at the [[Western New Mexico University]] Museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wnmumuseum.org/ |title=Western New Mexico University Museum |publisher=Wnmumuseum.org |accessdate=April 21, 2014}}</ref> A large artistic community thrives in [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], and has included such people as [[Bruce Nauman]], [[Richard Tuttle]], [[John Connell]] and [[Steina Vasulka]]. The capital city has several art museums, including the [[New Mexico Museum of Art]], Museum of Spanish Colonial Art, [[Museum of International Folk Art]], [[Museum of Indian Arts and Culture]], [[Museum of Contemporary Native Art]]s, [[SITE Santa Fe]] and others. Colonies for artists and writers thrive, and the small city teems with art galleries. In August, the city hosts the annual [[Santa Fe Indian Market]], which is the oldest and largest juried Native American art showcase in the world. Performing arts include the renowned [[Santa Fe Opera]] which presents five operas in repertory each July to August, the [[Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival]] held each summer, and the restored [[Lensic Theater]] a principal venue for many kinds of performances. Santa Fe is also home to [[Frogville Records]], an indie record label. The weekend after Labor Day boasts the burning of [[Zozobra]], a 50&nbsp;ft (15 m) marionette, during [[Fiestas de Santa Fe]]. [[File:Santa Fe Opera interior view from section 10.jpg|thumb|left|The interior of the Crosby Theater at the [[Santa Fe Opera]], viewed from the mezzanine]] Art is also a frequent theme in [[Albuquerque]], New Mexico's largest city. The [[National Hispanic Cultural Center]] has held hundreds of performing arts events, art showcases, and other events related to Spanish culture in New Mexico and worldwide in the centerpiece Roy E Disney Center for the Performing Arts or in other venues at the 53 acre facility. New Mexico residents and visitors alike can enjoy performing art from around the world at Popejoy Hall on the campus of the University of New Mexico. Popejoy Hall hosts singers, dancers, Broadway shows, other types of acts, and Shakespeare.<ref>{{cite web|title=Popejoy Hall|url=http://www.popejoypresents.com|accessdate=May 15, 2012}}</ref> Albuquerque also has the unique and memorable [[KiMo Theater]] built in 1927 in the [[Pueblo Revival Style architecture]]. The KiMo presents live theater and concerts as well as movies and [[simulcast]] operas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cabq.gov/kimo/|title=KiMo Theater|accessdate=May 15, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516004829/http://www.cabq.gov/kimo/|archivedate=May 16, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In addition to other general interest theaters, Albuquerque also has the African American Performing Arts Center and Exhibit Hall which showcases achievements by people of African descent<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aapacnm.org/content.asp?CustComKey=351038&CategoryKey=351039&pn=Page&DomName=aapacnm.org |title=African American Performing Arts Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico |publisher=Aapacnm.org |accessdate=June 10, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418075923/http://www.aapacnm.org/content.asp?CustComKey=351038&CategoryKey=351039&pn=Page&DomName=aapacnm.org |archivedate=April 18, 2012 }}</ref> and the [[Indian Pueblo Cultural Center]] which highlights the cultural heritage of the [[First Nations]] people of New Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianpueblo.org|title=Indian Pueblo Cultural Center|accessdate=May 15, 2012}}</ref> New Mexico holds strong to its Spanish heritage. Old Spanish traditions such [[zarzuela]]s and [[flamenco]] are popular in New Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zarzuela.net/ref/feat/newmexico.htm |title=Zarzuela in New Mexico |publisher=Zarzuela.net |accessdate=June 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.newmexico.org/hispanic/experience/flamenco.php] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307131437/http://www.newmexico.org/hispanic/experience/flamenco.php|date=March 7, 2012}}</ref> Flamenco dancer and native New Mexican [[María Benítez]] founded the Maria Benítez Institute for Spanish Arts "to present programs of the highest quality of the rich artistic heritage of Spain, as expressed through music, dance, visual arts, and other art forms". There is also the Festival Flamenco Internacional de Alburquerque held each year in which native Spanish and New Mexican flamenco dancers perform at the University of New Mexico. In the mid-20th century there was a thriving [[Hispanos|Hispano]] school of literature and scholarship being produced in both English and Spanish. Among the more notable authors were: [[Angélico Chávez]], [[Adelina Otero-Warren|Nina Otero-Warren]], Fabiola Cabeza de Baca, Aurelio Espinosa, Cleofas Jaramillo, [[Juan Bautista Rael]], and Aurora Lucero-White Lea. As well, writer [[D. H. Lawrence]] lived near [[Taos, New Mexico|Taos]] in the 1920s, at the [[D. H. Lawrence Ranch]], where there is a shrine said to contain his ashes. New Mexico's strong Spanish, Native American, and Wild West frontier motifs have provided material for many authors in the state, including internationally recognized [[Rudolfo Anaya]] and [[Tony Hillerman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genordell.com/travel/NMauthors.htm|title=New Mexico Authors Page|accessdate=May 15, 2012}}</ref> [[Silver City, New Mexico|Silver City]], in the southwestern mountains of the state, was originally a mining town, and at least one nearby mine still operates. It is perhaps better known now as the home of or exhibition center for large numbers of artists, visual and otherwise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silvercity.org/arts_list.php |title=Silver City Art |accessdate=May 15, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421031853/http://www.silvercity.org/arts_list.php |archivedate=April 21, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Another former mining town turned art haven is [[Madrid, New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitmadridnm.com/|title=Madrid Art|accessdate=May 15, 2012}}</ref> It was brought to national fame as the filming location for the movie ''[[Wild Hogs]]'' in 2007. The City of Las Cruces, in southern New Mexico, has a museum system that is affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution Affiliations Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.las-cruces.org/en/Departments/Public%20Services/Services/Museums.aspx |title=City of Las Cruces |accessdate=May 15, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413121937/http://www.las-cruces.org/en/Departments/Public%20Services/Services/Museums.aspx |archivedate=April 13, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Las Cruces also has a variety of cultural and artistic opportunities for residents and visitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.staysunny.org/ThingsToDo/Museums.aspx/|title=Las Cruces Convention and Visitors Bureau|accessdate=May 15, 2012}}</ref> Aside from the aforementioned ''Wild Hogs'', other movies filmed in New Mexico include ''[[Sunshine Cleaning]]'' and ''[[Vampires (film)|Vampires]]. The various seasons of the [[A&E (TV channel)|A&E]]/[[Netflix]] series ''[[Longmire (TV series)|Longmire]]'' have been filmed in several New Mexico locations, including [[Las Vegas, New Mexico|Las Vegas]], [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], [[Eagle Nest, New Mexico|Eagle Nest]], and [[Red River, New Mexico|Red River]].<ref>{{cite web|author = Christine |url = http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2012/01/16/a-e-will-film-the-new-series-longmire-starring-katee-sackhoff-lou-diamond-phillips-in-new-mexico-this-spring/ |title = A & E will film the new series 'Longmire', starring Katee Sackhoff & Lou Diamond Phillips, in New Mexico this spring |publisher = Onlocationvacations.com |date = January 16, 2012 |accessdate = June 15, 2012}}</ref> ===Sports=== [[File:Santa Ana Star Center.jpg|thumb|The New Mexico Stars play in the [[Santa Ana Star Center]].]] No major league professional sports teams are based in New Mexico, but the [[Albuquerque Isotopes]] are a [[Pacific Coast League]] [[Triple-A (baseball)|Triple-A]] baseball affiliate of the [[MLB]] [[Colorado Rockies]]. New Mexico is home to several baseball teams of the [[Pecos League]]: the [[Santa Fe Fuego]], the [[Roswell Invaders]] and the [[White Sands Pupfish]]. The [[Duke City Gladiators]] of the [[Champions Indoor Football|CIF]] are an indoor football team that plays their home games at [[Tingley Coliseum]] in Albuquerque. [[New Mexico United]], also based in Albuquerque, will begin play in the second tier of the [[United States soccer league system|American soccer pyramid]], the [[USL Championship]], in 2019. Another soccer team from that city, [[Albuquerque Sol FC]], plays in the fourth-tier [[USL League Two]]. Collegiate athletics in New Mexico involve various [[New Mexico Lobos]] and [[New Mexico State Aggies]] teams in many sports. For many years the two universities have had a rivalry often referred to as the "[[Rio Grande Rivalry]]" or the "Battle of [[Interstate 25 in New Mexico|I-25]]" in recognition of the campuses both being located along that [[interstate highway]]. [[NMSU]] also has a rivalry with the [[University of Texas at El Paso]] that is called "[[The Battle of I-10]]". The winner of the NMSU-UTEP football game receives the [[Silver Spade]] trophy. Olympic gold medalist [[Tom Jager]], who is an advocate of controversial [[high-altitude training]] for swimming, has conducted training camps in Albuquerque (elevation 5,312&nbsp;ft&nbsp;(1,619.1&nbsp;m)) and [[Los Alamos, New Mexico|Los Alamos]] (7,320&nbsp;ft&nbsp;(2,231&nbsp;m)).<ref>"High Hopes: Altitude Training for Swimmers", by Michael Scott, SwimmingWorldMagazine.com magazine archives [http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/articles/swimtechnique/articles/200001-01st_art.asp] (10-15-08)</ref> [[NRA Whittington Center]] in Raton is the United States' largest and most comprehensive competitive shooting range and training facility.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/03/sports/othersports/03outdoors.html |title=The N.R.A. Whittington Center Shooting Range in New Mexico Caters to All in the Middle of Nowhere |last=[[Associated Press]] |first= |website= |publisher=The New York Times |accessdate=October 12, 2017 }}</ref> ==See also== {{portal|New Mexico|United States}} * [[Index of New Mexico-related articles]] * [[Outline of New Mexico]] – organized list of topics about New Mexico {{clear}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin|30em}} * Beck, Warren. ''Historical Atlas of New Mexico'' 1969. * Chavez, Thomas E. ''An Illustrated History of New Mexico'', 267 pages, University of New Mexico Press 2002, {{ISBN|0-8263-3051-7}} * Bullis, Don. ''New Mexico: A Biographical Dictionary, 1540–1980'', 2 vol, (Los Ranchos de Albuquerque: Rio Grande, 2008) 393 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-890689-17-9}} * [[Erlinda Gonzáles-Berry|Gonzales-Berry, Erlinda]], David R. Maciel, eds. ''The Contested Homeland: A Chicano History of New Mexico'', University of New Mexico Press 2000, {{ISBN|0-8263-2199-2}}, 314 pp. * Gutiérrez, Ramón A. ''When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500–1846'' (1991) * Hain, Paul L., [[F Chris Garcia|F. Chris Garcia]], Gilbert K. St. Clair; ''New Mexico Government'' 3rd ed. (1994) * [[Paul Horgan|Horgan, Paul]], ''Great River, The Rio Grande in North American History'', 1038 pages, Wesleyan University Press 1991, 4th Reprint, {{ISBN|0-585-38014-7}}, Pulitzer Prize 1955 * Larson, Robert W. ''New Mexico's Quest for Statehood, 1846–1912'' (1968) * Nieto-Phillips, John M. ''The Language of Blood: The Making of Spanish-American Identity in New Mexico, 1880s–1930s'', University of New Mexico Press 2004, {{ISBN|0826324231}} * Simmons, Marc. ''New Mexico: An Interpretive History'', University of New Mexico Press 1988, {{ISBN|0-8263-1110-5}}, 221 pp, good introduction * Szasz, Ferenc M., and Richard W. Etulain, eds. ''Religion in Modern New Mexico'' (1997) * Trujillo, Michael L. ''Land of Disenchantment: Latina/o Identities and Transformations in Northern New Mexico'' (2010) 265 pp; an experimental ethnography that contrasts life in the Espanola Valley with the state's commercial image as the "land of enchantment". * Weber; David J. ''Foreigners in Their Native Land: Historical Roots of the Mexican Americans'' (1973), primary sources to 1912 {{refend}} '''Primary sources''' {{refbegin}} * Ellis, Richard, ed. ''New Mexico Past and Present: A Historical Reader''. 1971. primary sources * [[Tony Hillerman]], ''The Great Taos Bank Robbery and other Indian Country Affairs'', University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1973, trade paperback, 147 pages, ({{ISBN|0-8263-0530-X}}), fiction {{refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|voy=New Mexico|q=no|s=Portal:New Mexico|b=no|v=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no}} * {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/New_Mexico}} ===State Government=== * [http://www.newmexico.gov/ New Mexico Government] * [http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/New_Mexico New Mexico State Databases] – Annotated list of searchable databases produced by New Mexico state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association. * [http://bber.unm.edu/ Bureau of Business and Economic Research (BBER)] at [[University of New Mexico]] – Exists to provide credible and objective data and research to inform economic development and public policy in New Mexico. === US Government === * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/newmexico/index.html New Mexico State Guide, from the Library of Congress] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080923225139/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=NM Energy Profile for New Mexico– Economic, environmental, and energy data] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070106170120/https://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=NM New Mexico] – ''Science In Your Backyard'' – United States Geological Society * [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/amsw/ "American Southwest"] – ''Discover Our Shared Heritage'' travel itinerary – National Park Service * [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=35&StateName=New%20Mexico#.U8BACfldUeo New Mexico state facts] – Economic Research Service – United States Department of Agriculture ===Tourism=== * [http://www.gilaflora.com/ Flora of the Gila National Forest in New Mexico] * {{osmrelation-inline|162014}} <br /><!--this break is to put visual space between the last information and the following template if needed--> {{s-start}} {{s-bef|before=[[Oklahoma]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of U.S. states by date of statehood]]|years=Admitted on January 6, 1912 (47th)}} {{s-aft|after=[[Arizona]]}} {{s-end}} {{Navboxes |title = <span style="font-size:11pt;">Topics related to New Mexico</span><br />''Land of Enchantment'' |list = {{New Mexico|expanded}} {{Protected areas of New Mexico}} {{Western United States}} {{New France}} {{New Spain}} {{United States political divisions}} |state=expanded}} {{Coord|display=title|34|N|106|W|region:US-NM_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:New Mexico| ]] [[Category:Former Spanish colonies]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1912]] [[Category:States of the United States]] [[Category:Western United States]] [[Category:1912 establishments in New Mexico]]'