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'{{Other uses|Heraclea (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox ancient site |name = Heraclea Lyncestis |alternate_name= Herakleia Lynkestis |image = Ancientbitola.jpg |alt = |caption = The Byzantine "small basilica" at Heraclea Lyncestis |map_type = Macedonia |map_alt = |map_size = |coordinates = {{coord|41|00|39|N|21|20|33|E|display=inline,title}} |location = [[Bitola]], [[Pelagonia Statistical Region]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] |region = [[Lynkestis]] |type = Settlement |part_of = |length = |width = |area = |height = |builder = [[Philip II of Macedon]] |material = |built = Middle of the 4th century BC |abandoned = |epochs = [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] to [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] |cultures = |dependency_of = |occupants = |event = |excavations = |archaeologists= |condition = |ownership = |management = |public_access = |website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> |notes = }} '''Heraclea Lyncestis''', also spelled '''Herakleia Lynkestis''' ({{lang-la|Heraclea Lyncestis}}; {{lang-mk|Хераклеа Линкестис}}),<ref>Note that this is a modern name for the site, as the Slavic Macedonian language did not exist in antiquity. Not to be confused with [[Ancient Macedonian language]].</ref> was an [[Ancient Greek architecture|ancient Greek]] city<ref>[[Fergus Millar]], "Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Volume 1: The Roman Republic and the Augustan Revolution", The University of North Carolina Press, 2001, p.225: "...the king took him as confidant and sent him as an ambassador to Pompey, encamped at Heraclea Lyncestis in northern Greece."</ref><ref>Michael Avi Yonab, Israel Shatzman (1976), ''Illustrated Encyclopaedia of the Classical World'', Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Publishing House Ltd. SNB 562 000372 Page 230</ref><ref>H. B. Walters (editor), (1916), ''A Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, Biography, Geography and Mythology'' pp 480-481</ref> in [[Macedon]], ruled later by the Romans. Its ruins are situated 2&nbsp;km south of the present-day town of [[Bitola]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]].<ref>[[NGL Hammond|Hammond, NGL]], (1972), ''A History of Macedonia, Volume I: Historical geography and prehistory'', Oxford:At the Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, pg. 59</ref> It was founded by [[Philip II of Macedon]] in the middle of the 4th century BC. The city was named in honor of the mythological Greek hero [[Heracles]]. The name ''[[Lynkestis]]'' originates from the name of the ancient kingdom, conquered by Philip, where the city was built. Heraclea was a strategically important town during the [[Hellenistic period]], as it was at the edge of Macedon's border with [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirus]] to the west and [[Paeonia (kingdom)|Paeonia]] to the north, until the middle of the 2nd century BC, when the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] conquered Macedon and destroyed its political power. The Romans divided Macedonia into 4 regions and Heraclea was in the fourth region. The main Roman road in the area, [[Via Egnatia]] went through Heraclea, and Heraclea was an important stop. The prosperity of the city was maintained mainly due to this road. Objects discovered from the time of [[Roman Empire|Roman]] rule in Heraclea are [[votive]] monuments, a [[portico]], [[thermae]] (baths), a [[theatre]] and town walls. In the early Christian period, Heraclea was an important [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]] seat. Some of its bishops are mentioned in synods in [[Serdica]] and other nearby towns. The city was gradually abandoned in the 6th century AD following an earthquake and Slavic invasions. ==Roman period== [[Image:Via Egnatia-en.jpg|thumb|Heraclea Lycestis on the [[Via Egnatia]].]] The Roman emperor [[Hadrian]] built a theatre in the center of the town, on a hill, when many buildings in the Roman province of [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]] were being restored. It began being used during the reign of [[Antoninus Pius]]. Discovered in 1931, a small bone ticket for a seat in the 14th (out of 20) row is the earliest known proof of the theatre’s existence. The theatre itself wasn’t discovered until 1968. Inside the theatre there were three animal cages and in the western part a tunnel. The theatre went out of use during the late 4th century AD, when gladiator fights in the [[Roman Empire]] were banned, due to the spread of [[Christianity]], the formulation of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]], and the abandonment of, what was then perceived as, [[pagan]] rituals and entertainment. ==Late Antiquity and Byzantine periods== [[Image:Heraclea.jpg|thumb|left|Great Basilica, narthex mosaic - detail]] In the early [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] period (4th to 6th centuries AD) Heraclea was an important episcopal centre. Some of its bishops have been noted in the acts of the Church Councils as [[bishop]] Evagrius of Heraclea in the Acts of the [[Archbishopric of Sardica#Council of Sardica|Sardica Council]] from 343&nbsp;AD. A small and a great basilica, the bishop's residence, and a funerary basilica and the necropolis are some of the remains of this period. Three [[nave]]s in the Great Basilica are covered with [[mosaics]] of very rich floral and figurative [[iconography]]; these well preserved mosaics are often regarded as fine examples of the early [[Christian art]] period. Other bishops from Heraclea are known between 4th and 6th century AD as bishop Quintilinus mentioned in the Acts of the [[Second Council of Ephesus]], from 449&nbsp;AD. The city was sacked by [[Ostrogoth]]/[[Visigoth]] forces, commanded by [[Theodoric the Great]] in 472&nbsp;AD and, despite a large gift to him from the city's bishop, it was sacked again in 479&nbsp;AD. It was restored in the late 5th and early 6th century. When an earthquake struck in 518 AD, the inhabitants of Heraclea gradually abandoned the city.<ref>Macedonia, Bradt Guides, Thammy Evans, Bradt Travel Guides, 2007, {{ISBN|1841621862}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4CpYot4N2PUC&pg=PA182&dq=heraclea+lyncestis+abandoned+slavs&hl=bg&sa=X&ei=k-ljUruMB4SXtQa4nIHIAQ&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 182.]</ref> Subsequently, at the eve of the 7th century, the [[Drougoubitai|Dragovites]], a [[Slavs|Slavic]] tribe pushed down from the north by the Avars, settled in the area. The last coin issue dates from ca. 585, which suggests that the city was finally captured by the Slavs. As result, in place of the deserted city theatre several huts were built.<ref>Echos Du Monde Classique, Classical Association of Canada, 1988, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5_t8AAAAIAAJ&q=heraclea+lyncestis++slavs&dq=heraclea+lyncestis++slavs&hl=bg&sa=X&ei=ze9jUoGNGojItQbMn4CABw&ved=0CFwQ6AEwBzgU p. 368.]</ref> ===Mosaics in the basilicas=== [[File:Heraclea Lyncestis.jpg|thumb|200px|Ruins at Heraclea]] The so-called Small Basilica was discovered in excavations made before the outbreak of [[World War II]] between 1936 and 1938. At first it was thought to be an ancient palace, but in the later research from 1960 to 1964, it became clear that it was an early Christian [[basilica]]. There is a decorated floor mosaic laid in the technique of "[[opus sectile]]" within the basilica and several rooms have been unearthed. The first room was used for baptizing, and the second room has a floor mosaic made in "[[opus tessellatum]]" technique. After the creation of the complex Great Basilica, the function of these rooms was changed. By discovering the walls, architectonic plastic and floors were reconstructed electronically. The Great Basilica is a monumental building with a room of open porch colonnades, a room of [[exonarthex]], one of [[narthex]], two north annexes, and a room of three south annexes. The floors of these rooms have mosaics with geometric and floral designs. The mosaic in the narthex is of early [[Byzantine art|Byzantine]] art, a big composition at a size of {{convert|100|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. There are birds, trees, bushes, a red dog, which is a symbol of paradise, and animals beasts as a domain of the earth. This mosaic dates from the end of the 6th century. The Great Basilica is built on top of another pre-existing one and it is believed to have been built sometime between the 4th and 6th century. [[File:AHeraclea35.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Great Basilica, narthex mosaic - pomegranate tree]] The Great Basilica's mosaic floor is depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]] of the Macedonian 5000 [[Macedonian denar|denars]] banknote, issued in 1996.<ref>[http://www.nbrm.gov.mk National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia]. Macedonian currency. Banknotes in circulation: [http://www.nbrm.gov.mk/default-en.asp?ItemID=061547767D9F93459B8971DBBE74A75A 5000 Denars] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427003831/http://www.nbrm.gov.mk/default-en.asp?ItemID=061547767D9F93459B8971DBBE74A75A |date=2009-04-27 }}. – Retrieved on 30 March 2009.</ref> The Episcopacy Residence was excavated between 1970 and 1975. The western part was discovered first and the southern side is near the town wall. The luxury rooms are located in the eastern part. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th rooms all have mosaic floors. Between the 3rd and 4th rooms there is a hole that led to the eastern entrance of the residence. The hole was purposefully created between the 4th and 6th century. ==See also== *[[Macedon]] *[[Lynkestis]] *[[Stobi]] *[[Nikola Vulić]] [[File:Rep. of Macedonic-Heraclea Lyncestis-Museum-4.JPG|thumb|80px|right|Heraclea museum, the statue of Athena Parthenos]] {{commons category}} ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{commons category}} {{Bitola}} [[Category:Populated places in ancient Macedonia]] [[Category:Ancient Roman theatres in the Republic of Macedonia]] [[Category:Archaeological sites in the Republic of Macedonia]] [[Category:Argead colonies in Macedonia]] [[Category:Bitola Municipality]] [[Category:Former populated places in the Balkans]] [[Category:Populated places established in the 4th century BC]] [[Category:Upper Macedonia]]'