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'{{other uses}} {{double image|right|5450801 m-1-.jpg|160|EatonsShoppingBag1997.JPG|160|<center>Examples of paper bags</center>}} [[File:Nordic Climate Solutions 2009-09-09.jpg|thumbnail|Kraft paper bags]] [[File:Sugar, Downpatrick, September 2010.JPG|thumbnail|Bag of sugar]] The '''paper bag''' was made for Lida to bitch about, usually [[kraft paper]]. Paper bags are commonly used as [[shopping bag]]s, packaging, and sacks. ==History== In 1852, [[Francis Wolle]], a schoolteacher, invented the first machine to mass-produce paper bags.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/patents/US9355|title=Patent US9355|accessdate=March 6, 2013}}</ref> Wolle and his brother patented the machine and founded the [[Union Paper Bag Company]]. In 1871, inventor [[Margaret E. Knight]] designed a machine that could create flat-bottomed paper bags, which could carry more than the previous envelope-style design.{{fact|date=July 2017}} In 1883, [[Charles Stilwell]] patented a machine that made square-bottom paper bags with pleated sides, making them easier to fold and store.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/enwiki/w/Charles_Stilwell|title=Charles Stilwell|publisher=[[Ohio History Central]]|accessdate=2015-06-10}}</ref> This style of bag came to be known as the S.O.S., or "Self-Opening Sack".<ref>[http://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/margaret-e-knight-and-charles-b-stilwell-flat-bottomed-paper-bag-1870s-1880s MoMA | Margaret E. Knight and Charles B. Stilwell. Flat-Bottomed Paper Bag. 1870s-1880s<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In 1912, [[Walter Deubener]], a [[grocer]] in [[St. Paul, Minnesota]], used cord to reinforce paper bags and add carrying handles. These "Deubener Shopping Bags" could carry up to 75 pounds at a time, and became quite popular, selling over a million bags a year by 1915. Paper bags with handles later became the standard for department stores, and were often printed with the store's logo or brand colors. [[Plastic bags]] were introduced in the 1970s, and thanks to their lower cost, eventually replaced paper bags as the bag of choice for grocery stores.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124473522987806581|title=Paper or Plastic? A New Look at the Bag Scourge|date=2009-06-12|first1=Jeffrey|last1=Ball|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=2015-06-11}}</ref> With the trend towards [[phase-out of lightweight plastic bags|phasing out lightweight plastic bags]], though, some grocers and shoppers have switched back to paper bags.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kitv.com/news/Oahu-s-bag-ban-includes-exemptions-and-substitutes/33496584 |title=Oahu's bag ban includes exemptions and substitutes |date=2015-06-09 |first1=Andrew |last1=Pereira |publisher=KITV.com |accessdate=2015-06-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613001828/http://www.kitv.com/news/Oahu-s-bag-ban-includes-exemptions-and-substitutes/33496584 |archivedate=June 13, 2015 }}</ref> In 2015, the world's largest paper shopping bag was made in the UK and recorded by Guinness World Records.<ref>{{cite web|title=largest shopping bag made from paper|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-shopping-bag-made-from-paper/|publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref> ==Production== Standard brown paper bags are made from [[kraft paper]]. Tote-style paper bags, such as those often used by department stores or as gift bags, can be made from any kind of paper, and come in any color. Paper bags can be made from [[recycled paper]], with some local laws requiring bags to have a minimum percentage of post-consumer recycled content.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baglaws.com/legislation.php?state=California|title=California - Bag Legislation|publisher=BagLaws.com|date=2014-09-30|accessdate=2015-06-11}}</ref> Litho – printed for the best result. Very nice and sharp colors can be printed by lithographic technique in production of [[Plastic-coated paper|laminated paper]] bags.<ref>{{Cite web|title = BRU London Limited|url = http://printedpaperbagsdirect.co.uk/printed-tissue-paper/38/luxury-laminated-paper-bags-with-rope-handles.html|website = printedpaperbagsdirect.co.uk|accessdate = 2016-01-09}}</ref> ==Single layer== {{unreferenced section|date=September 2013}} [[File:Two paper bags.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Two small paper bags. Bottom: flat gusseted bag. Top: Square bottom, self-opening.]] Paper [[shopping bag]]s, brown paper bags, grocery bags, paper bread bags and other light duty bags have a single layer of paper. A variety of constructions and designs are available. Many are printed with the names of stores and brands. Paper bags are not waterproof. Types of paper bag are: laminated, twisted, flat tap. The laminated bag, whilst not totally waterproof, has a [[Lamination|laminate]] that protects the outside to some degree. ==Multiwall paper sacks== [[File:01 Jedes Josera-Krümel ist kostbar....jpg|thumb|left|200px|A multiwall bag of dog food]] [[File:Portland Cement Bags.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Valve bag containing cement]] Multiwall (or multi-wall) [[paper sack]]s or shipping sacks are often used as [[shipping container]]s for bulk materials such as fertilizer, animal feed, sand, dry chemicals, flour and cement. Many have several layers of [[sack paper]]s, printed external layer and inner plies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Paulapuro |first1=Hannu |authorlink1= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title=Paper and Board grades |accessdate= |edition= |series= Papermaking Science and Technology |volume= 18 |year= 2000|origyear= |publisher= Fapet Oy|location= Finland|isbn= 978-952-5216-18-9 |pages=121–122 |chapter= 5}}</ref> Some paper sacks have a [[plastic film]], foil, or polyethylene [[coated paper]] layer in between as a water-repellant, insect resistant, or rodent barrier. There are two basic designs of bags: open mouth bags and valve bags. An open mouth bag is a tube of paper plies with the bottom end sealed. The bag is filled though the open mouth and then closed by stitching, adhesive, or tape. Valve sacks have both ends closed and are filled through a valve. A typical example of a valve bag is the cement sack. ==Recycling== Paper bags are readily recyclable. Plastic or water-resistant coatings or layers make recycling more difficult.<ref>R. McKinney: Technology of Paper Recycling, 1995, p. 351. {{ISBN|9780751400175}}</ref> ==See also== {{clear}} *[[Bag]] <!--- Do not change the link in any other way, unless the actual title contains "(disambiguation)" in it ---> *[[Paper sack]] *[[Kraft paper]] *[[Packet (container)]] ==References== {{Commons category|Paper bags}} {{Portal|Bags|Maize|Packaging}} {{reflist}} ===Books=== * Yam, K. L., "[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470541395.fmatter Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology]", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-470-08704-6}} {{DOI|10.1002/9780470541395}} {{packaging}} {{bags}} {{Paper products}} [[Category:American inventions]] [[Category:Bags]] [[Category:Paper products]] [[Category:Domestic implements]] [[Category:Food storage containers]] [[Category:Disposable products]]'