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'[[Nova Scotia]] is a Canadian [[Provinces of Canada|province]] located on [[Canada]]'s [[Maritimes]]. Originally part of [[New England]], it became [[self-governing colony|self-governing]] in 1848 and joined the [[Canadian Confederation]] in 1867. ==Early history== [[Paleo Indians|Paleo-Indians]] [[campsite|camp]]ed at locations in present-day Nova Scotia approximately 11,000 years ago. [[Archaic stage|Archaic Indians]] are believed to have been present in the area between 1,000 and 5,000 years ago. [[Mi'kmaq]], the [[First Nations]] of the province and region, may be their direct descendants. OH SHIT SOOOONNNNNN DALTON LIKES ADAM LAMBERT ==Early European settlements== While there is some debate over where he landed, it is most widely believed that the Venetian explorer [[Giovanni Caboto|John Cabot]] visited present-day [[Cape Breton Island]] in 1497.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/journals/EH/EH33/croxto33.html| title = The Cabot Dilemma: John Cabot's 1497 Voyage & the Limits of Historiography| author= University of Virginia - Corcoran Department of History|accessdate=2007-02-09|year=1991}}</ref> The first European settlement in the area was established in 1604. The [[France|French]], led by [[Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts]] established a settlement on [[Saint Croix Island, Maine|Saint Croix Island]] in the [[Saint Croix River]]. The difficult conditions of their first winter led them to move in 1605 to the [[Annapolis Basin]], where they established [[Port Royal, Nova Scotia|Port Royal]], which became the capital of the French colony of [[Acadia]]. Port Royal and other early settlements were abandoned after Port Royal was raided in 1613 by the Englishman [[Samuel Argall]], with some settlers apparently living with the [[Mi'kmaq]] afterwards. The French claim was disputed when in 1620, the [[Plymouth Council for New England]], under [[James I of England|King James I (of England) & VI (of Scots)]] designated the whole shorelines of Acadia and the Mid-Atlantic colonies south to the [[Chesapeake Bay]] as [[New England]]. The first documented Scottish settlement in the Americas was of Nova Scotia in 1621. On 29 September 1621, the charter for the foundation of a colony was granted by King James to [[William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling]] and, in 1622, the first settlers left [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]]. This settlement initially failed due to difficulties in obtaining a sufficient number of skilled emigrants and in 1624, James VI created a new order of [[Baronet]]s; admission to this order was obtained by sending 6 labourers or artisans, sufficiently armed, dressed and supplied for two years, to Nova Scotia, or by paying 3,000 [[merk (coin)|merks]] to William Alexander. For six months, no one took up this offer until James compelled one to make the first move. In 1627, there was a wider uptake of baronetcies, and thus more settlers available to go to Nova Scotia. However, in 1627, war broke out between [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[France]] and the French re-established the settlement at Port Royal. Later that year, a combined Scottish and English force destroyed the French settlement, forcing them out. In 1629, the first Scottish settlement at Port Royal was inhabited. The colony's charter, in law, made Nova Scotia (defined as all land between [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[New England]]) a part of mainland Scotland, and this was later used to get around the English [[navigation acts]]. However, this did not last long: in 1631 [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] in 1631 signed the [[Treaty of Suza]], under whose terms the territory was returned to the French. This forced the Scots to abandon their mission before their colony had been properly established. In 1654, [[King Louis XIV of France]] appointed aristocrat [[Nicholas Denys]] as Governor of [[Acadia]] and granted him the confiscated lands and the right to all its minerals. English colonists captured Acadia in the course of [[King William's War]], but England returned the territory to France in the [[Treaty of Ryswick]] at the war's end. The territory [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)|was recaptured]] by forces loyal to Britain during the course of [[Queen Anne's War]], and the conquest was confirmed by the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] of 1713. France retained possession of Île St Jean ([[Prince Edward Island]]) and Île Royale ([[Cape Breton Island]]), on which it established a fortress at [[Louisbourg]] to guard the sea approaches to [[Quebec]]. France also continued to claim the mainland portion of Nova Scotia (present-day New Brunswick), resulting in ongoing friction. ==British colony== From 1691 to 1696, what is now Nova Scotia was included as part of the territorial claims of the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]], although there were no English settlements. After the 1710 conquest, [[Samuel Vetch]] became Nova Scotia's first colonial governor, and the capital was renamed [[Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia|Annapolis Royal]], in honor of [[Anne of Great Britain|Queen Anne]]. British control was quite precarious, as there were still significant numbers of Acadians living in the colony. British governing officials became increasingly concerned over the unwillingness of the French-speaking, Roman Catholic [[Acadians]] to pledge allegiance to the [[British Crown]], then [[George II of Great Britain|George II]]. The colony remained mostly Acadian despite the establishment in 1749 of Halifax as the province's capital, and the settlement of a large number of [[foreign Protestants]] (some French and Swiss but mostly German) at [[Lunenburg, Nova Scotia|Lunenburg]] in 1753. ===Seven Years War=== {{Main|Great Britain in the Seven Years War}} In 1750 the British clashed with the French over control of Nova Scotia. Although the dispute was settled peacefully, a battle for control of North America was imminent, particularly the [[Ohio Country]]. Because of the Franco-British frontier, it was clear that Nova Scotia would be in the frontline. In 1755, the British attacked and [[Battle of Fort Beauséjour|captured Fort Beauséjour]], the main French post in the area, ensuring their control of Nova Scotia. In the wake of this the British commander [[Charles Lawrence]] forcibly expelled the over 12,000 Acadians in what became known as the Grand Dérangement, or [[Great Expulsion]]. In their place, American settlers from [[New England]] were brought to repopulate Nova Scotia. Using [[City of Halifax|Halifax]] as a major supply and naval base, the British went on to [[Conquest of Canada|conquer Canada]]. France ceded most of its North American territories to Britain in the 1763 [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], including all of its remaining claims to Nova Scotia. ===Politics=== The colony's jurisdiction changed during this time. Nova Scotia was granted a supreme court in 1754 with the appointment of [[Jonathan Belcher (jurist)|Jonathan Belcher]] and a [[Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia|Legislative Assembly]] in 1758. In 1763 [[Cape Breton Island]] became part of Nova Scotia. In 1769, St. John's Island (now [[Prince Edward Island]]) became a separate colony. The county of [[Sunbury County, Nova Scotia|Sunbury]] was created in 1765, and included all of the territory of current day [[New Brunswick]] and eastern [[Maine]] as far as the [[Penobscot River]]. Claims west of the Saint Croix River were abandoned after the [[United States]] won its independence in 1783, when they became part of [[Massachusetts]] (and eventually part of the state of [[Maine]]). In 1784 the western, mainland portion of the colony was separated and became the province of [[New Brunswick]]. Cape Breton also became a separate colony in 1784 only to be returned to Nova Scotia in 1820. Faced with a large Yankee population sympathetic to the [[American revolution]], Nova Scotian politicians in 1774-75 adopted a policy of enlightened moderation and humanism. A marginal colony that received little attention from British authorities, Nova Scotia's crown-appointed governor, Frances Legge, struggled with the popularly elected legislature for control of the colony's trade, commerce, and taxation practices. John Day, elected to the colonial assembly in 1774, called for Montesquieu-type reforms that would balance power in the colony between the three branches of government. Day suggested that government should assess taxes according to the wealth of the colony, all elected and appointed officials should serve term limits to discourage a patronage system, members appointed to the Executive Council own at least one thousand pounds sterling of property as a means of maintaining their sincere interests in the welfare of Nova Scotia, and dismissal of judges found guilty of misusing their offices. Such reforms suggested that assemblymen in Nova Scotia, aware of the contemporary struggles occurring in the New England colonies, hoped their moderate proposals could reduce Nova Scotia's tensions with the British government.<ref>Donald A. Desserud, "An Outpost's Response: The Language and Politics of Moderation in Eighteenth-century Nova Scotia," ''American Review of Canadian Studies'' 1999 29(3): 379-405; John Brebner, ''The Neutral Yankees of Nova Scotia: A Marginal Colony During the Revolutionary Years'' (1937)</ref> Nova Scotia's New England-born merchants often sympathize with the rebels in the 13 colonies. But the Nova Scotia government was controlled by an Anglo-European mercantile elite for whom loyalty was more profitable than rebellion. The Yankees remained neutral but experienced a religious revival that expressed some of their anxieties.<ref> Barry Cahill, "The Treason of the Merchants: Dissent and Repression in Halifax in the Era of the American Revolution," ''Acadiensis'' 1996 26(1): 52-70; G. Stewart, and G. Rawlyk, ''A People Highly Favoured of God: The Nova Scotia Yankees and the American Revolution'' (1972); Maurice Armstrong, "Neutrality and Religion in Revolutionary Nova Scotia," ''The New England Quarterly'' v19, no. 1 (1946): 50-62 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/361206 in JSTOR]</ref> [[Image:Nova Scotia stamp.jpg|thumb|During the colonial period, Nova Scotia issued its own postage stamps printed in England. This distinctive diamond shape (issued between 1851 and 1857) was also used by neighbouring New Brunswick.]] ===Growth === Ancestors of more than half of present-day Nova Scotians arrived in the period following the [[Acadian Expulsion]]. Between 1759 and 1768, about 8000 [[New England Planters]] responded to Governor [[Charles Lawrence]]'s request for settlers from the New England colonies. Several years later, approximately 30,000 [[United Empire Loyalists]] (American Tories) settled in Nova Scotia (when it comprised present-day [[Maritime Canada]]) following the defeat of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] in the [[American War of Independence]]. Of these 30,000, 14,000 went to New Brunswick and 16,000 to Nova Scotia. Approximately 3,000 of this group were [[Black Loyalist]]s (slaves of African ancestry), about a third of whom soon relocated themselves to [[Sierra Leone]] in [[1792]] via the [[Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor]], becoming the [[Original Settlers (Freetown)|Original settlers]] of [[Freetown, Sierra Leone|Freetown]]. Large numbers of [[Canadian Gaelic|Gaelic-speaking]] [[Highland Scots]] migrated to Cape Breton and the western portion of the mainland during the late 18th century and 19th century. In 1812 [[Sir Hector Maclean, 7th Baronet|Sir Hector Maclean]] (the [[Maclean Baronets|7th Baronet of Morvern]] and 23rd Chief of the [[Clan Maclean]]) emigrated to Pictou from [[Glensanda|Glensanda and Kingairloch]] in Scotland with almost the entire population of 500.<ref name="CamUni">[http://209.85.229.132/search?q=cache:HdCUu92FPcMJ:www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/musicfiles/manuscripts/macinnes/imthesis8.pdf+%22loch+corry%22&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk Cambridge University, Manuscripts - MacLean Sinclair 1899: p282]</ref><ref name="Indy">[http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/country-and-garden-secrets-of-a-mountain-of-wealth-1183308.html The Independent, 7 November 1998, County and Garden, Duff Hart-Davis, Saturday, Secrets of a mountain of wealth]</ref><ref name="MacHist"/> Sir Hector is buried in the cemetery at Pictou.<ref name="MacHist">[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GZDRnxhDmUkC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=kingerloch&source=bl&ots=vqQblULlS9&sig=S89r64BtX5KQxQVd5svyaKmHtlQ&hl=en&ei=YPabSsHhG9qhjAfQvuzbDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6#v=snippet&q=1812&f=false A History of the Clan Maclean from its first settlement at Duard Castle, in the Isle of Mull, to the present period including a genealogical account of some of the principal Families together with their Heraldry, Legends, Superstitions etc". ... by J. P. MacLean, 1889, p263]</ref> About a thousand [[Ulster Scots]] settled in the 1760s, largely through the efforts of colonizer [[Alexander McNutt (colonisation)|Alexander McNutt]]. Just over a thousand farming migrants from [[Yorkshire Emigration to Nova Scotia|Yorkshire]] and [[Northumberland]] settled central areas of Nova Scotia between 1772 and 1775. [[File:W&ARGabriel.jpg|275px|left|thumb|An early railway locomotive in Nova Scotia, the "Gabriel" of the [[Windsor and Annapolis Railway]], circa 1870]] Nova Scotia had been settled mainly by Protestant English suppliers and merchants, but many Irish Catholic fishermen visited the area every year. An often rowdy bunch, they engaged in violent fights with the settlers that culminated in a series of mob attacks by sixty to one hundred fishermen on local residents in October 1833. The attacks were perhaps precipitated by what was perceived to be an anti-Catholic action by a local resident. The local Catholic priest had apparently known about the plans for attack and had not discouraged the participation of his parishioners. A tense court trial resulted in the jailing of a number of the rioters.<ref>John N. Grant, "The Canso Riots of 1833: 'The Lawlessness of These People Is Truly Beyond . . . Comprehension'", ''Nova Scotia Historical Review'' 1994 14(2): 1-19, </ref> ====Economy==== Coal was mined on a small scale at several locations in Nova Scotia beginning in the 18th century. In 1827, all of Nova Scotia's coal mines were taken over by the British-based General Mining Association which intensified production with new technology including in 1829 the first steam engine in Nova Scotia and in 1839 the first railway in Nova Scotia using [[Samson (locomotive)|Samson]], the oldest railway locomotive in Canada to carry coal from [[Stellarton, Nova Scotia|Stellarton]] to waiting ships.<ref>*[http://www.parl.ns.ca/samson/index.htm “The Sage Of The Samson: Canada's Oldest Locomotive” ''Pictou County Historical Society'' (1968) digitized by Pictou-Antigonish Regional Library]</ref> Samson is now preserved at the [[Nova Scotia Museum of Industry]] in Stellarton. Nova Scotia emerged as a major shipbuilding power beginning in the 1840s. Large numbers of wooden sailing ships were built and by the 1860s, the colony owned a substantial share of the shipping of the British Empire. At first building ships to sell to British shipowners, the province moved in the 1850s to building and operating its own fleet of merchant ships around the world. Nova Scotian vessels became a common sight in every major port. Some such as the barque [[Stag (barque)|''Stag'']] were famous for speed, but Nova Scotian vessels were most noted as efficient and versatile cargo carriers. One Nova Scotian shipowner, [[Samuel Cunard]], went on to found the giant [[Cunard Line]] steamship company in 1840, but most of the province's shipowners stayed with sail. The shipping industry peaked in the 1870s with the construction of the ship ''[[William D. Lawrence (ship)|William D. Lawrence]]'', the largest sailing ship ever built in Canada. ==Canadian Confederation== Nova Scotia was one of the first colonies in [[British North America]] and in the [[British Empire]] to achieve [[responsible government]] in January-February 1848 and become [[self-governing colony|self-governing]] through the efforts of [[Joseph Howe]]. Pro-Confederate premier [[Charles Tupper]] led Nova Scotia into the [[Canadian Confederation]] in 1867, along with [[New Brunswick]] and the [[Province of Canada]]. In the Provincial election of 1868, the [[Anti-Confederation Party]] won 18 out of 19 Federal seats, and 35 out of 38 seats in the provincial legislature. For seven years, [[William Annand]] and Joseph Howe led the ultimately unsuccessful fight to convince British Imperial authorities to release Nova Scotia from Confederation. The government was vocally against Confederation, contending that it was no more than the annexation of the Province to the pre-existing province of Canada: {{quotation | "...the scheme [confederation with Canada] by them assented to would, if adopted, deprive the people [of Nova Scotia] of the inestimable privilege of self-government, and of their rights, liberty, and independence, rob them of their revenue, take from them the regulation of trade and taxation, expose them to arbitrary taxation by a legislature over which they have no control, and in which they would possess but a nominal and entirely ineffective representation; deprive them of their invaluable fisheries, railroads, and other property, and reduce this hitherto free, happy, and self-governed province to a degraded condition of a servile dependency of Canada." | from Address to the Crown by the Government (Journal of the House of Assembly, Province of Nova Scotia, 1868) }} A motion passed by the Nova Scotia House of Assembly in 1868 refusing to recognize the legitimacy of Confederation has never been rescinded. Repeal, as anti-confederation became known, would rear its head again in the 1880s, and transform into the Maritime Rights Movement in the 1920s. Some Nova Scotia flags flew at half mast on Canada Day as late as that time. ==First World War== During [[World War I]], Halifax became a major international [[port]] and [[Navy|naval]] facility. The harbour became a major shipment point for war supplies, [[troop ship]]s to [[Europe]] from [[Canada]] and the [[United States]] and [[hospital ship]]s returning the wounded. These factors drove a major [[military]], [[Industrial sector|industrial]] and [[residential]] expansion of the city.<ref>''The Halifax Explosion and the Royal Canadian Navy'' John Armstrong, University of British Columbia Press, 2002, p.10-11.</ref> On Thursday, December 6, 1917, when the city of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, was devastated by [[Halifax Explosion|the huge detonation]] of a French cargo ship, fully loaded with wartime explosives, that had accidentally collided with a Norwegian ship in "The Narrows" section of the [[Halifax Harbour]]. Approximately 2,000 people (mostly Canadians) were killed by debris, fires, or collapsed buildings, and it is estimated that over 9,000 people were injured.<ref name=cbc>[http://www.cbc.ca/halifaxexplosion/he2_ruins/he2_ruins_explosion.html CBC - Halifax Explosion 1917]</ref> This is still the [[List of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions|world's largest man-made accidental explosion]].<ref name="Jay White 1994 p. 266">Jay White, "Exploding Myths: The Halifax Explosion in Historical Context", ''Ground Zero: A Reassessment of the 1917 explosion in Halifax'' Alan Ruffman and Colin D. Howell editors, Nimbus Publishing (1994), p. 266</ref> ==Other facts== {{trivia|date=January 2009}} *In November [[1761]] a furious storm sent the merchant ship ''[[Auguste (ship)|Auguste]]'' to its doom, taking with it 114 people bound for [[France]] and all of their earthly possessions. One of seven survivors, Monsieur [[St. Luc de la Corne]], made an epic trek of almost one thousand miles in winter back to his family in [[Montreal]]. Almost 250 years later, what is left of the ''Auguste'' and her valuable cargo of gold and silver lies at the bottom of [[Cape Breton Island|Cape Breton's]] [[Aspy Bay]]. Underwater explorer, Joe Amaral, and his team have sifted through the sands of Aspy Bay looking for treasure and answers to what really happened during this devastating shipwreck. So far, they have found several cannons, lead sheathing from repairs to the ship, a few coins, and a spoon. *[[City of Halifax|Halifax]] played a key role in the aftermath of the loss of the [[RMS Titanic]] on April 15, 1912, becoming the final resting place of many of her unclaimed victims. Three Halifax ships were involved in the grim task of recovering victims - many of whom were laid to rest in [[Fairview Cemetery]]. The [[Maritime Museum of the Atlantic]] on the Halifax waterfront has an exhibition of items recovered from the disaster, including the passenger list and one of the few deck chairs from the Titanic known to exist. *In [[1621]] [[James I of England|King James I]] granted [[William Alexander, Earl of Stirling|Sir William Alexander]] the land between [[New England]] and [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] as New Scotland (Nova Scotia). The [[Baronetage of Nova Scotia|Baronets of Nova Scotia]] were created as a means of encouraging settlement. There is now a piece of land under the [[Esplanade]] of [[Edinburgh Castle]] which is deemed, under [[Scotland|Scottish]] Law, to be Nova Scotia for the purposes of claiming one of these Baronetages. The law has never been repealed. *The Halifax Regional Municipality played a key role during the events of [[9/11]], as [[Halifax International Airport]] was a principal landing point for many airborne planes that could not land in the U.S. following the [[FAA]] ban on domestic air traffic. On September 11, 2006, [[US Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] attended a ceremony in Halifax to honour and thank the residents of Halifax for helping stranded passengers. *At 2:00AM on Sunday, April 15, 1923 all drivers on Nova Scotia roads switched from driving on the left side to driving on the right.<ref>http://alts.net/ns1625/automobiles.html#roadrule1923</ref> ==Bibliography== ===Surveys=== * Beck, J. Murray. ''The Government of Nova Scotia'' University of Toronto Press, 1957, the standard history * Choyce, Lesley. ''Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea. A Living History.'' Toronto: Penguin Books Canada, 1996. 305 pp. * Donovan, Kenneth, ed. ''Cape Breton at 200: Historical Essays in Honour of the Island's Bicentennial, 1785-1985.'' Sydney, N.S.: U. Coll. of Cape Breton Pr., 1985. 261 pp. * Fingard, Judith; Guildford, Janet; and Sutherland, David. ''Halifax: The First 250 Years'' Halifax: Formac, 1999. 192 pp. * Girard, Philip; Phillips, Jim; and Cahill, Barry, ed. ''The Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1754-2004: From Imperial Bastion to Provincial Oracle'' U. of Toronto Press 2004. * Johnson, Ralph S. ''Forests of Nova Scotia: A History.'' Tantallon: Nova Scotia Dept. of Lands and Forests; Four East Publ., 1986. 407 pp. * Loomer, L. S. ''Windsor, Nova Scotia: A Journey in History.'' Windsor, N.S.: West Hants Hist. Soc., 1996. 399 pp. * Robertson, Allen B. ''Tide & Timber: Hantsport, Nova Scotia, 1795-1995.'' Hantsport, N.S.: Lancelot, 1996. 182 pp. * Robertson, Barbara R. ''Sawpower: Making Lumber in the Sawmills of Nova Scotia.'' Halifax: Nimbus; Nova Scotia Mus., 1986. 244 pp. ===Since 1900=== * Beck, J. Murray. ''Politics of Nova Scotia. vol 2: 1896-1988.'' Tantallon, N.S.: Four East 1985 438 pp. * Bickerton, James P. ''Nova Scotia, Ottawa and the Politics of Regional Development.'' U. of Toronto Press 1990. 412 pp. * Creighton, Wilfred. ''Forestkeeping: A History of the Department of Lands and Forests in Nova Scotia, 1926-1969.'' Halifax: Nova Scotia Dept. of Lands and Forests, 1988. 155 pp. * Earle, Michael, ed. ''Workers and the State in Twentieth Century Nova Scotia.'' Fredericton: Acadiensis, 1989. * Frank, David. ''J. B. McLachlan: A Biography - the Story of a Legendary Labour Leader and the Cape Breton Coal Miners.'' Toronto: Lorimer, 1999. 592 pp. * Fraser, Dawn. ''Echoes from Labor's Wars: The Expanded Edition, Industrial Cape Breton in the 1920s, Echoes of World War One, Autobiography and Other Writings.'' Wreck Cove, N.S.: Breton Books, 1992. 177 pp. * McKay, Ian. ''The Quest of the Folk: Antimodernism and Cultural Selection in Twentieth-Century Nova Scotia.'' McGill-Queen's U. Pr., 1994. 371 pp. * McKay, Ian. ''The Craft Transformed: An Essay on the Carpenters of Halifax, 1885-1985.'' Halifax, N.S.: Holdfast, 1985. 148 pp. * March, William DesB. ''Red Line: The Chronicle-Herald and Mail-Star, 1875-1954.'' Halifax, N.S.: Chebucto Agencies, 1986. 415 pp. * Morton, Suzanne. ''Ideal Surroundings: Domestic Life in a Working-Class Suburb in the 1920s.'' U. of Toronto Pr., 1995. 201 pp. about Richmond Heights * Sandberg, L. Anders and Clancy, Peter. ''Against the Grain: Foresters and Politics in Nova Scotia.'' U. of British Columbia Pr., 2000. 352 pp. * Sandberg, L. Anders, ed. ''Trouble in the Woods: Forest Policy and Social Conflict in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.'' Fredericton, N.B.: Acadiensis, 1992. 234 pp. ===Pre 1900=== * Beck, J. Murray. '' Joseph Howe Volumes I & II : Conservative Reformer 1804-1848; The Briton Becomes Canadian 1848-1873'' (1984) * Beck, J. Murray. ''Politics of Nova Scotia. vol 1 1710-1896'' Tantallon, N.S.: Four East 1985 438 pp. * Bell, Winthrop P. ''The "Foreign Protestants" and the Settlement of Nova Scotia: The History of a Piece of Arrested British Colonial Policy in the Eighteenth Century.'' (1961). reprint Fredericton, N.B.: Acadiensis for Mount Allison U., Cen. for Can. Studies, 1990. 673 pp. * Brebner, John Bartlet. ''New England's Outpost. Acadia before the Conquest of Canada'' (1927) * Brebner, John Bartlet. ''The Neutral Yankees of Nova Scotia: A Marginal Colony During the Revolutionary Years'' (1937) * Byers, Mary and McBurney, Margaret. ''Atlantic Hearth: Early Homes and Families of Nova Scotia.'' U. of Toronto Press, 1994. 364 pp. * Campey, Lucille H. ''After the Hector: The Scottish Pioneers of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton'' Toronto: Natural Heritage Books, 2004. 376 pp. * J. A. Chisholm, ed. ''Speeches and Public Letters of Joseph Howe'' 2 vol Halifax, 1909 * Conrad, Margaret and Moody, Barry, ed. ''Planter Links: Community and Culture in Colonial Nova Scotia.'' Fredericton, : Acadiensis, 2001. 236 pp. * Conrad, Margaret, ed. ''Intimate Relations: Family and Community in Planter Nova Scotia, 1759-1800.'' Fredericton, : Acadiensis, 1995. 298 pp. * Conrad, Margaret, ed. ''Making Adjustments: Change and Continuity in Planter Nova Scotia, 1759-1800.'' Fredericton: Acadiensis, 1991. 280 pp. * Cuthbertson, Brian. ''Johnny Bluenose at the Polls: Epic Nova Scotian Election Battles, 1758-1848.'' Halifax: Formac, 1994. 344 pp. * Donald A. Desserud; "Outpost's Response: The Language and Politics of Moderation in Eighteenth-Century Nova Scotia" [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002307961 ''American Review of Canadian Studies,'' Vol. 29, 1999 online] * Faragher, John Mack. ''A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland'' New York: W.W. Norton, 2005, 562 p. * Frost, James D. ''Merchant Princes: Halifax's First Family of Finance, Ships, and Steel'' Toronto: Lorimer, 2003. 376 pp. * Gwyn, Julian. ''Excessive Expectations: Maritime Commerce and the Economic Development of Nova Scotia, 1740-1870'' McGill-Queen's U. Pr., 1998. 291 pp. * Griffiths, Naomi. E. S. ''From Migrant to Acadian, 1604-1755: A North American Border People''. Montreal and Kingston, McGill / Queen's University Press, 2004. * Hornsby, Stephen J. ''Nineteenth-Century Cape Breton: A Historical Geography.'' McGill-Queen's U. Pr., 1992. 274 pp. * Johnston, A. J. B. ''Control and Order in French Colonial Louisbourg, 1713-1758.'' Michigan State U. Pr., 2001. 346 pp. * Krause, Eric; Corbin, Carol; and O'Shea, William, ed. ''Aspects of Louisbourg: Essays on the History of an Eighteenth-Century French Community in North America.'' Sydney, N.S.: U. Coll. of Cape Breton Pr., 1995. 312 pp. * Lanctôt, Léopold. ''L'Acadie des Origines, 1603-1771'' Montreal: Fleuve, 1988. 234 pp. * LeBlanc, Ronnie-Gilles (2005). Du Grand Dérangement à la Déportation: Nouvelles Perspectives Historiques, Moncton: Université de Moncton, 465 pages (book in French and English) * McKay, Ian. ''The Craft Transformed: An Essay on the Carpenters of Halifax, 1885-1985.'' Halifax, N.S.: Holdfast, 1985. 148 pp. * MacKinnon, Neil. ''This Unfriendly Soil: The Loyalist Experience in Nova Scotia, 1783-1791.'' McGill-Queen's U. Pr., 1986. 231 pp. * Mancke, Elizabeth. ''The Fault Lines of Empire: Political Differentiation in Massachusetts and Nova Scotia, ca. 1760-1830'' [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109185194 Routledge, 2005. 214 pp. online] * Marble, Allan Everett. ''Surgeons, Smallpox, and the Poor: A History of Medicine and Social Conditions in Nova Scotia, 1749-1799.'' McGill-Queen's U. Pr., 1993. 356 pp. * Pryke, Kenneth G. ''Nova Scotia and Confederation, 1864-74'' (1979) (ISBN 0-8020-5389-0) * Reid, John G. et al. ''The "Conquest" of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, and Aboriginal Constructions.'' U. of Toronto Pr., 2004. 297 pp. * Waite, P. B. ''The Lives of Dalhousie University. Vol. 1: 1818-1925, Lord Dalhousie's College.'' McGill-Queen's U. Pr., 1994. 338 pp. * Walker, James W. St. G. ''The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783-1870.'' (1976). reprint U. of Toronto Pr., 1992. 438 pp * Whitelaw, William Menzies; ''The Maritimes and Canada before Confederation'' [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=900720 (1934) online] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Canada History}} [[Category:History of Nova Scotia| ]] [[fr:Histoire de la Nouvelle-Écosse]]'